Musculocutaneous Nerve
Brachial Plexus
Nerve Transfer
Surgical Flaps
Rectus Abdominis
Radial Nerve
Garcinia kola
Phenanthrenes
Pancreaticojejunostomy
Cola
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases
Aphrodisiacs
Surgical treatment of compression of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. (1/27)
We describe an operation to relieve compression of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve at the elbow. Between 1987 and 1997 we operated on seven patients, one with bilateral compression. In two the compression was associated with injury to biceps. A longitudinal or a transverse incision was carried out and the nerve was released from the deep fascia. Partial excision of the biceps aponeurosis was undertaken in the patients who did not have injury to biceps; some additional procedures were required for those patients with injuries. All patients had symptomatic relief. (+info)The musculocutaneous nerve. (2/27)
We have analysed the results of repair of traumatic lesions of the musculocutaneous nerve in 85 patients, which were graded by Seddon's modification of the Medical Research Council system into three types of injury: open 'tidy', open 'untidy' and closed 'traction'. They were also correlated with associated arterial injury. There were 57 good, 17 fair and 11 poor results. The type of injury was the most important factor in determining the result; 12 of 13 open-tidy lesions gave good results compared with 30 of 48 closed-traction lesions. The results were better when the nerves were repaired within 14 days of injury and when grafts were less than 10 cm long. They were worse in the presence of associated arterial or bony injury. (+info)A variation of the musculocutaneous nerve absent. (3/27)
A variation of the brachial plexus, characterized by the absence of the musculocutaneous nerve on the left arm, was found during the dissection of a 28-year old male cadaver. The whole lateral cord was joined to the median nerve, which it met in two points. One was a typical junction of both roots of the median nerve at the level of the coracoid process. The other was a junction of the remaining lateral cord and the median nerve, which was 92 mm away from the typical junction. This case provided some evidence about the absence of the musculocutaneous nerve, rather than a complete fusion of the median and musculocutaneous nerves. As the nerves are named due to their course or innervation, and not from their origin, it is reasonable to assume that the combined nerve was actually the median nerve, and that the musculocutaneous nerve did not exist. (+info)The transition from development to motor control function in the corticospinal system. (4/27)
During early postnatal development, corticospinal (CS) system stimulation, electrical or transcranial magnetic, is minimally effective in producing muscle contraction, despite having axon terminals that excite spinal neurons. Later, after stimulation becomes more effective, the cortical motor representation develops, and movements the system controls in maturity are expressed. We determined whether development of temporal facilitation (response enhancement produced by the second of a pair of pyramidal tract stimuli, or a higher stimulus multiple of a train of stimuli) correlated with these changes. Facilitation of the monosynaptic CS response was larger in older kittens and adults than younger kittens. When facilitation was strong, strong motor responses were evoked by pyramidal stimulation with small currents and few pulses. With strong facilitation in older kittens, corticospinal axon varicosities colocalize synaptophysin like adults, suggesting a presynaptic mechanism. With effective facilitation, control signals from the cortex can be sufficiently effective to provoke muscle contraction for guiding movements. (+info)Changes in spinal cord architecture after brachial plexus injury in the newborn. (5/27)
Obstetric brachial plexus palsy is a devastating birth injury. While many children recover spontaneously, 20-25% are left with a permanent impairment of the affected limb. So far, concepts of pathology and recovery have focused on the injury of the peripheral nerve. Proximal nerve injury at birth, however, leads to massive injury-induced motoneuron loss in corresponding motoneuron pools and therefore limits the extent of functional recovery. In the present study, the role of spinal cord plasticity after injury and recovery from obstetric brachial plexus lesions was investigated. A selective injury to spinal roots C5 and C6 was induced in newborn Sprague-Dawley rats, leading to motoneuron loss in corresponding motoneuron pools. Recovery of extremity function was evaluated with different behavioural paradigms. Permanent changes of adjacent motoneuron pools were quantitatively evaluated by retrograde tracing and functional muscle testing. We report that the adjacent C7 motoneuron contribution to biceps muscle innervation increased four-fold after upper trunk lesions in newborns, thus compensating for the injury-induced motoneuron loss. These results indicate that, in obstetric brachial plexus palsy, changes in spinal cord architecture are an integral part not only of primary pathology but also of the subsequent recovery process. While present treatment is directed towards the restoration of neural continuity, future treatment strategies must recognize and take advantage of CNS participation in the injury and recovery process. (+info)Tick paralysis with atypical presentation: isolated, reversible involvement of the upper trunk of brachial plexus. (6/27)
Tick paralysis is a disease that occurs worldwide. It is a relatively rare but potentially fatal condition. The only way to establish the diagnosis is to carefully search for the tick paralysis. It is caused by a neurotoxin secreted by engorged female ticks. Tick paralysis generally begins in the lower extremities and ascends symmetrically to involve the trunk, upper extremities and head within a few hours. Although early-onset prominent bulbar palsy and isolated facial weakness without generalised paralysis are rare, there is no report in the English literature concerning isolated, reversible involvement of the upper trunk of brachial plexus caused by tick bite. We report a case of isolated, reversible involvement of the upper trunk of brachial plexus as a variant of tick paralysis. Diagnosis was confirmed with needle electromyography and nerve conduction examination. Within 2 weeks, the patient was fully recovered. The purpose of presenting this case is to remind clinicians that tick paralysis should be considered even in cases with atypical neurological findings admitted to the emergency department. (+info)An anatomical study of the subcoracoid space. (7/27)
PURPOSE: To evaluate the amplitude of the subcoracoid space under maximum internal and external rotations of the humeral head and measure the distance between the apex of the coracoid process and the following anatomical structures: (a) point of entry of the musculocutaneous nerve and its branches into the coracobrachial muscles and into the short head of the biceps brachii muscle; (b) acromial artery; (c) lesser tubercle of the humerus. METHOD: Thirty shoulders of fresh cadavers, without any kind of shoulder pathology, (9 males and 6 females) were dissected, and the distances (in mm) were measured between the anatomical structures defined above and the apex of the coracoid process. RESULTS: The mean distance between the apex of the coracoid process and the musculocutaneous nerve was 49.2 mm (in all specimens a proximal branch of the nerve was identified 34.2 mm away from the apex of the coracoid process), which was not significantly different between the sexes or body sides; the mean distance between the apex of the coracoid process and the acromial artery was 12.4 mm, which was not significantly different between the sexes or body sides; the mean distance between the apex of the coracoid process and the lesser tubercle of the humerus, with the humeral head under internal rotation, was 10.6 mm in men and 8.6 mm in women, values that were significantly different between the sexes. DISCUSSION: In women, the smaller distance between the apex of the coracoid process and the lesser tubercle of the humerus in the arm internal rotation suggests a higher chance of impingement between those bone structures among the female sex. (+info)Repair of brachial plexus lower trunk injury by transferring brachialis muscle branch of musculocutaneous nerve: anatomic feasibility and clinical trials. (8/27)
BACKGROUND: There are few effective methods for treating injuries to the lower trunk of brachial plexus, and the curative effect is usually poor. The purpose of this study was to provide anatomic references for transferring the brachialis muscle branch of musculocutaneous nerve (BMBMCN) for selective neurotization of finger flexion in brachial plexus lower trunk injury, and to evaluate its clinical curative effects. METHODS: Microanatomy and measurement were done on 50 limbs from 25 adult human cadavers to observe the origin, branch, type of the BMBMCN and median nerve, as well as their adjacent structures. Internal topographic features of the fascicular groups of the median nerve at the level of the BMBMCN were observed. In addition, the technique of BMBMCN transfer for selective neurotization of finger flexion of the median nerve was designed and tested in 6 fresh adult human cadavers. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) staining of the BMBMCN and median nerve was done to observe the features of the nerve fibers. This technique was clinically tried to restore digital flexion in 6 cases of adult brachial plexus lower trunk injury. These cases were followed up for 3, 6, 9 and 12 months postoperatively. Recovery of function, grip strength, nerve electrophysiology and muscle power of the affected limbs were observed and measured. RESULTS: The brachialis muscle was totally innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN). Based on the Hunter's line, the level of the origin of the BMBMCN was (13.18 +/- 2.77) cm. AchE histochemical staining indicated that the BMBMCN were totally made up of medullated nerve fibers. At the level of the BMBMCN, the median nerve consistently collected into three fascicular groups as shown by microanatomy in combination with AchE stain. The posterior fascicular group was mainly composed of anterior interosseous nerves and branches to the palmaris longus. The technique was tested in six fresh cadavers successfully, except that stoma split occurred in one case. Five of the six cases recovered digital flexion 12 months after operation, and at the same time grip strength, muscle power, and nerve electrophysiology also recovered markedly. CONCLUSIONS: The technique of transferring the BMBMCN for selective neurotization of finger flexion is anatomically safe and effective, with satisfactory clinical outcomes. (+info)The musculocutaneous nerve is a peripheral nerve that originates from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, composed of contributions from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-C7. It provides motor innervation to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the upper arm: the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis. Additionally, it gives rise to the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, which supplies sensory innervation to the skin on the lateral aspect of the forearm.
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck region and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. It is formed by the ventral rami (branches) of the lower four cervical nerves (C5-C8) and the first thoracic nerve (T1). In some cases, contributions from C4 and T2 may also be included.
The brachial plexus nerves exit the intervertebral foramen, pass through the neck, and travel down the upper chest before branching out to form major peripheral nerves of the upper limb. These include the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median, and ulnar nerves, which further innervate specific muscles and sensory areas in the arm, forearm, and hand.
Damage to the brachial plexus can result in various neurological deficits, such as weakness or paralysis of the upper limb, numbness, or loss of sensation in the affected area, depending on the severity and location of the injury.
A nerve transfer is a surgical procedure where a functioning nerve is connected to an injured nerve to restore movement, sensation or function. The functioning nerve, called the donor nerve, usually comes from another less critical location in the body and has spare nerve fibers that can be used to reinnervate the injured nerve, called the recipient nerve.
During the procedure, a small section of the donor nerve is carefully dissected and prepared for transfer. The recipient nerve is also prepared by removing any damaged or non-functioning portions. The two ends are then connected using microsurgical techniques under a microscope. Over time, the nerve fibers from the donor nerve grow along the recipient nerve and reinnervate the muscles or sensory structures that were previously innervated by the injured nerve.
Nerve transfers can be used to treat various types of nerve injuries, including brachial plexus injuries, facial nerve palsy, and peripheral nerve injuries. The goal of the procedure is to restore function as quickly and efficiently as possible, allowing for a faster recovery and improved quality of life for the patient.
A surgical flap is a specialized type of surgical procedure where a section of living tissue (including skin, fat, muscle, and/or blood vessels) is lifted from its original site and moved to another location, while still maintaining a blood supply through its attached pedicle. This technique allows the surgeon to cover and reconstruct defects or wounds that cannot be closed easily with simple suturing or stapling.
Surgical flaps can be classified based on their vascularity, type of tissue involved, or method of transfer. The choice of using a specific type of surgical flap depends on the location and size of the defect, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's expertise. Some common types of surgical flaps include:
1. Random-pattern flaps: These flaps are based on random blood vessels within the tissue and are typically used for smaller defects in areas with good vascularity, such as the face or scalp.
2. Axial pattern flaps: These flaps are designed based on a known major blood vessel and its branches, allowing them to cover larger defects or reach distant sites. Examples include the radial forearm flap and the anterolateral thigh flap.
3. Local flaps: These flaps involve tissue adjacent to the wound and can be further classified into advancement, rotation, transposition, and interpolation flaps based on their movement and orientation.
4. Distant flaps: These flaps are harvested from a distant site and then transferred to the defect after being tunneled beneath the skin or through a separate incision. Examples include the groin flap and the latissimus dorsi flap.
5. Free flaps: In these flaps, the tissue is completely detached from its original blood supply and then reattached at the new site using microvascular surgical techniques. This allows for greater flexibility in terms of reach and placement but requires specialized expertise and equipment.
Surgical flaps play a crucial role in reconstructive surgery, helping to restore form and function after trauma, tumor removal, or other conditions that result in tissue loss.
A cadaver is a deceased body that is used for medical research or education. In the field of medicine, cadavers are often used in anatomy lessons, surgical training, and other forms of medical research. The use of cadavers allows medical professionals to gain a deeper understanding of the human body and its various systems without causing harm to living subjects. Cadavers may be donated to medical schools or obtained through other means, such as through consent of the deceased or their next of kin. It is important to handle and treat cadavers with respect and dignity, as they were once living individuals who deserve to be treated with care even in death.
The rectus abdominis is a paired, flat, and long muscle in the anterior (front) wall of the abdomen. It runs from the pubic symphysis (the joint where the two pubic bones meet in the front of the pelvis) to the xiphoid process (the lower end of the sternum or breastbone) and costal cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs.
The rectus abdominis is responsible for flexing the lumbar spine (lower back), which helps in bending forward or sitting up from a lying down position. It also contributes to maintaining proper posture and stabilizing the pelvis and spine. The muscle's visibility, especially in its lower portion, is often associated with a "six-pack" appearance in well-trained individuals.
The Radial nerve is a major peripheral nerve in the human body that originates from the brachial plexus, which is a network of nerves formed by the union of the ventral rami (anterior divisions) of spinal nerves C5-T1. The radial nerve provides motor function to extensor muscles of the upper limb and sensation to parts of the skin on the back of the arm, forearm, and hand.
More specifically, the radial nerve supplies motor innervation to:
* Extensor muscles of the shoulder (e.g., teres minor, infraspinatus)
* Rotator cuff muscles
* Elbow joint stabilizers (e.g., lateral head of the triceps)
* Extensors of the wrist, fingers, and thumb
The radial nerve also provides sensory innervation to:
* Posterior aspect of the upper arm (from the lower third of the humerus to the elbow)
* Lateral forearm (from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the wrist)
* Dorsum of the hand (skin over the radial side of the dorsum, including the first web space)
Damage or injury to the radial nerve may result in various symptoms, such as weakness or paralysis of the extensor muscles, numbness or tingling sensations in the affected areas, and difficulty with extension movements of the wrist, fingers, and thumb. Common causes of radial nerve injuries include fractures of the humerus bone, compression during sleep or prolonged pressure on the nerve (e.g., from crutches), and entrapment syndromes like radial tunnel syndrome.
Garcinia kola, also known as bitter kola, is not a medical term but a botanical name of a plant species that has been used in traditional medicine. It belongs to the family Guttiferae and is found in tropical rainforests of Africa. The nuts of this plant have been used in folk medicine for treating various conditions such as liver diseases, malaria, throat infections, and fever. However, it's essential to note that while some studies suggest potential health benefits, more research is needed before any medical claims can be made. It's always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement or treatment.
Phenanthrenes are not typically defined in a medical context, but they are a class of organic compounds that have a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon structure consisting of three benzene rings fused together. They can be found in some natural products and have been studied for their potential pharmacological properties. Some phenanthrenes have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities, among others. However, more research is needed to fully understand their therapeutic potential and safety profile.
Pancreaticojejunostomy is a surgical procedure that involves connecting the pancreas to a portion of the small intestine called the jejunum. This connection is typically created after the head of the pancreas has been removed, as in the case of a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple") procedure. The purpose of this anastomosis is to allow digestive enzymes from the pancreas to flow into the small intestine, where they can aid in the digestion of food.
The connection between the pancreas and jejunum can be created using several different techniques, including a hand-sewn anastomosis or a stapled anastomosis. The choice of technique may depend on various factors, such as the patient's individual anatomy, the surgeon's preference, and the reason for the surgery.
Pancreaticojejunostomy is a complex surgical procedure that requires significant skill and expertise to perform. It carries risks such as leakage of pancreatic enzymes into the abdominal cavity, which can lead to serious complications such as infection, bleeding, or even organ failure. As such, it is typically performed by experienced surgeons in specialized medical centers.
"Cola" is not a medical term. It is a type of flavored carbonated soft drink that originated in the United States. The term "cola" comes from the name of the kola nut, which contains caffeine and has been used as a flavoring ingredient in these drinks. There are many brands of cola, but the two most well-known are Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola.
Colas typically contain carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup or sugar, caramel color, phosphoric acid, natural flavors (including extracts of the kola nut), and sometimes caffeine. Some people may use the term "cola" to refer specifically to Coca-Cola or Pepsi-Cola, while others may use it as a generic term for any type of cola-flavored soft drink.
While colas are widely consumed around the world, they have been associated with certain health concerns due to their high sugar content and other ingredients. For example, excessive consumption of colas has been linked to obesity, tooth decay, and bone density loss. However, it's important to note that these risks can be mitigated by consuming colas in moderation and maintaining a balanced diet.
Aphrodisiacs are substances that are believed to stimulate sexual desire or increase sexual pleasure. They can come in various forms, including foods, drinks, and medications. Some claimed aphrodisiacs include oysters, chocolate, certain herbs like ginseng and gingko biloba, as well as drugs such as Viagra. However, it's important to note that the effectiveness of most aphrodisiacs is not supported by scientific evidence, and some may even have harmful side effects if misused or taken in large quantities.
It's always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any substances for sexual purposes.
Biflavonoids are a type of flavonoid, which are plant-based compounds with antioxidant properties. Biflavonoids are unique because they consist of two flavonoid molecules joined together. They can be found in various plants, including fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Some research suggests that biflavonoids may have potential health benefits, such as reducing inflammation and protecting against oxidative stress. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects and determine the optimal dosages for human consumption.
Musculocutaneous nerve
Coracobrachialis muscle
Arm
Composite muscle
Nerve point of neck
List of anatomy mnemonics
Ulnar nerve
Targeted reinnervation
Erb's palsy
Brachial plexus block
Hilton's law
Brachialis muscle
Fascial compartments of arm
Biceps
Phrenic nerve
Stinger (medicine)
Brachial plexus injury
Upper limb
Biceps reflex
Elbow
Inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm
Lateral cord
Proximal radioulnar articulation
Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
Cervical spinal nerve 5
Upper trunk
Dog anatomy
Cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs
List of nerves of the human body
Head and neck anatomy
Musculocutaneous nerve - Wikipedia
Musculocutaneous Nerve Scan
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2010 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Code 951.5 : Injury to acoustic nerve
Brachial plexus20
- The musculocutaneous nerve is a mixed branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus derived from cervical spinal nerves C5-C7. (wikipedia.org)
- Musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus with root value of C5 to C7 of the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
- Differential diagnosis includes C5 and C6 nerve root lesions of the brachial plexus where the abduction, external rotation, and elbow flexion is lost. (wikipedia.org)
- We present our initial experience of double fascicular nerve transfer for upper brachial plexus avulsion. (thenerve.net)
- 8 ) reported the technique of nerve transfer from a redundant fascicle of the ulnar nerve to the biceps brachii branch of the musculocutaneous nerve for restoration of elbow function due to upper brachial plexus avulsion. (thenerve.net)
- Module 1 ends with an exploration of the peripheral nervous system in the upper limb - the brachial plexus, axillary and arm nerves. (anatomytrains.com)
- The brachial plexus starts as the union of the ventral primary rami of cervical nerves 5 through 8 (C5-C8) and the thoracic nerve T1 (Figure 1). (asra.com)
- The roots of the brachial plexus represent the ventral rami of these spinal nerves. (asra.com)
- The point at which the musculocutaneous nerve exits the brachial plexus is important when considering the location at which to block the brachial plexus. (asra.com)
- Axillary nerves start in your neck at the brachial plexus (a network of nerves in your shoulder). (clevelandclinic.org)
- Arm paralysis due to a brachial plexus (network of nerves in your shoulder) injury. (clevelandclinic.org)
- The upper trunk C5-C6 nerves form part of the brachial plexus, comprising the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-C8 and thoracic nerve T1. (standardofcare.com)
- The brachial plexus (plexus brachialis) is a somatic nerve plexus formed by intercommunications among the ventral rami (roots) of the lower 4 cervical nerves (C5-C8) and the first thoracic nerve (T1). (medscape.com)
- The brachial plexus supplies all of the cutaneous innervation of the upper limb, except for the area of the axilla (which is supplied by the supraclavicular nerve) and the dorsal scapula area, which is supplied by cutaneous branches of the dorsal rami. (medscape.com)
- The spinal nerves that form the brachial plexus run in an inferior and anterior direction within the sulci formed by these structures. (medscape.com)
- The brachial plexus is basically a group of nerves that begin in the cervical and thoracic regions of the spinal cord. (janiceklaw.com)
- The brachial plexus ends with five nerve branches in the arm. (janiceklaw.com)
- Adults can suffer damaged or injured brachial plexus nerves from sports accidents, car accidents, surgeries, and various medical treatments. (janiceklaw.com)
- This type of injury occurs when the brachial plexus nerves are partially or completely torn. (janiceklaw.com)
- This type of injury occurs when an injured brachial plexus nerve attempts to heal itself by forming scar tissue. (janiceklaw.com)
Axillary nerve16
- An additional nerve transfer (triceps branch of the radial nerve to the axillary nerve) was planned for shoulder function. (thenerve.net)
- Motor root avulsion of the C5 and C6 roots results in Erb palsy, with loss of supply to muscles innervated by the suprascapular nerve, axillary nerve, and musculocutaneous nerve 3 ). (thenerve.net)
- The axillary nerve starts in your neck and extends to your shoulder. (clevelandclinic.org)
- What is the axillary nerve? (clevelandclinic.org)
- Your axillary nerve, also known as the circumflex nerve, is one of five peripheral nerves that run through your shoulder. (clevelandclinic.org)
- What other nerves are near the axillary nerve? (clevelandclinic.org)
- The axillary nerve helps you move muscles in your upper limbs, near your shoulder. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Which muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve? (clevelandclinic.org)
- Your axillary nerve starts in the fifth and sixth bones (vertebrae) in your lower cervical spine. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Crutches or support devices that put abnormal pressure on your axillary nerve. (clevelandclinic.org)
- These situations can damage the baby's axillary nerve. (clevelandclinic.org)
- When inflammation in the muscles of your quadrilateral space press on your axillary nerve. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Should I be concerned if I have an axillary nerve injury? (clevelandclinic.org)
- The most commonly involved nerves are the suprascapular nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, and the axillary nerve. (standardofcare.com)
- Treat shoulder pain, numbness, and chronic lateral shoulder blade pain by performing this axillary nerve floss. (perfectposture.co.uk)
- Spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve transfer with or without transferring the long head of triceps branch of the radial nerve to anterior branch of the axillary nerve was used to reconstruct shoulder abduction in 2 patients. (ijssurgery.com)
Branches12
- The musculocutaneous nerve also gives articular branches to the elbow joint and to the humerus. (wikipedia.org)
- In the same way, the variants of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) can include alterations in its course, number of branches, or anatomical relations, whereas its absence is considered an atypical variation. (eurjanat.com)
- The most frequent anatomic variations of the musculocutaneous nerve could be divided in two main groups: communicating branches with the median nerve and variations in relation to the origin, which in turn can be subdivided into absence of the nerve and non-perforation of the coracobrachialis muscle. (unab.edu.co)
- After lesioning of the dorsal root entry zone due to painful avulsion, double fascicles (flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris) of the median and ulnar nerve) were transferred to the biceps brachii and brachialis branches of the musculocutaneous nerve to restore elbow flexion. (thenerve.net)
- The so-called 'double fascicular nerve transfer' entails a surgical transfer of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and flexor carpi ulnar (FCU) branches of the median and ulnar nerves to the biceps brachii and brachialis branches of the musculocutaneous nerve for functional restoration of elbow flexion 2 - 4 , 6 , 7 , 12 - 15 ). (thenerve.net)
- The branches from the cords go to form the terminal nerves of the upper extremity, namely the musculocutaneous, axillary, median,radial, and ulnar nerves. (asra.com)
- The cords then pass into the axilla and divide into nerve branches: the musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar (see the image below). (medscape.com)
- The nerves forming the sacral plexus converge toward the lower part of the greater sciatic foramen, and unite to form a flattened band, from the anterior and posterior surfaces of which several branches arise. (bartleby.com)
- The anterior superior alveolar nerves, branches of the infraorbital nerve (from CN V2), run in canals in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and innervate the upper incisors, canines, premolars, and often part of the first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The inferior alveolar nerve (from CN V3) runs in the mandibular canal, giving off branches to the lower teeth and gingivae as it passes. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The auricular branch of the vagus nerve is a sensory nerve emerging from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and facial nerves, and innervating the lower part of the tympanic membrane and the floor of the external auditory canal. (unboundmedicine.com)
- It is innervated by the ventral branches of the Cx nerves. (onlinepethealth.com)
Radial nerve6
- Occasionally it gives a filament to the pronator teres, and it supplies the dorsal surface of the thumb when the superficial branch of the radial nerve is absent. (wikipedia.org)
- For shoulder function, it is recommended to perform radial nerve transfer at the time of the first surgery. (thenerve.net)
- [2] ICB has less impact on pulmonary function but is more likely to spare the radial nerve distribution if a single injection is used compared with the supraclavicular approach. (asra.com)
- Radial nerve, which goes into muscles in the back of your arm (triceps) and in your wrists. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Radial nerve LMN deficits include abnormal extensor function of the limb causing a dropped elbow posture if the lesion is proximal to the elbow, inability to extend the carpus and to flex and extend the digits. (vin.com)
- Treat tight triceps, pain down the back of the arm, and posterior forearm pain by performing this radial nerve floss. (perfectposture.co.uk)
Ulnar nerves1
- Deficits from LMN disorders affecting the median and ulnar nerves are minimal such as mild hyperextension of the carpus. (vin.com)
Suprascapular3
- Two weeks after the first transfer surgery, the distal accessory nerve was transferred to the suprascapular nerve to ensure shoulder function. (thenerve.net)
- The suprascapular nerve and the nerve to the subclavius arise from the upper trunk. (medscape.com)
- The suprascapular nerve contributes sensory fibers to the shoulder joint and provides motor innervation to the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. (medscape.com)
Elbow flexion7
- Those with this type of lesion is presented with pain, reduced sensation, and tingling of the lateral part of forearm (lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve - terminal sensory only branch of Musculocutaneous nerve) with reduced strength of elbow flexion. (wikipedia.org)
- If reconstruction of the motor function of the musculocutaneous nerve (elbow flexion) is needed then there are several options, depending on the injury pattern and timeframes. (wikipedia.org)
- Six months after the nerve transfers, elbow flexion recovered to Medical Research Council grade 3, but shoulder function did not show any improvement. (thenerve.net)
- However, the importance of the brachial muscle in elbow flexion was subsequently confirmed and the technique for the transfer of double fascicular nerves to both the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles was introduced 7 ). (thenerve.net)
- Double fascicular nerve transfer (a fascicle of the ulnar nerve to biceps branch and a fascicle of the median nerve to brachialis branch of the musculocutaneous nerve) was used to reconstruct elbow flexion in 3 patients. (ijssurgery.com)
- 8,9 In the setting of the iatrogenic cervical nerve root injuries, restoration of the elbow flexion and the shoulder function has higher priority to control antigravity movements. (ijssurgery.com)
- Biceps and shoulder musculature reinnervation involving both nerve grafting and transfer techniques has resulted in reliable restoration of elbow flexion and shoulder abduction when the procedure is undertaken within 6 to 9 months of injury. (medscape.com)
Distal4
- Anatomical relations of muscles and nerves were determined by following proximal to distal ends, relation, vascularization, and innervation pattern. (eurjanat.com)
- A cadaveric study showed that the exit point of the musculocutaneous nerve is typically distal to the coracoid process. (asra.com)
- Identify and shield the dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve in the distal incision. (dnahelix.com)
- Infraclavicular nerve block reduces postoperative pain after distal radial fracture fixation: a randomized controlled trial. (medscape.com)
Humerus2
- In direct trauma, fracture of the humerus, gun shot, glass pieces injuries and more, can cause the musculocutaneous nerve lesion. (wikipedia.org)
- Iatrogenic nerve injuries (for example during orthopedic surgery involving an internal fixation of the humerus) are relatively common and in a certain percentage of cases probably inevitable, though an adequate knowledge of the surgical anatomy can help to reduce its frequency. (wikipedia.org)
Antebrachial cutaneous nerve4
- The anterior division of the lower trunk forms the medial cord, which gives off the medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1), the medial brachial cutaneous nerve (T1), and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (C8, T1). (medscape.com)
- BACKGROUND: Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve is a terminal sensory branch of the musculocutaneous nerve. (henryford.com)
- CONCLUSION: Our study proposes that patient positioning during orthopedic surgeries leading to stretch or compression of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve is the most likely cause of LABCN. (henryford.com)
- Therefore, detailed history, examination, and nerve conduction studies of the bilateral lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve could help establish the diagnosis after other etiologies have been carefully excluded. (henryford.com)
Shoulder12
- Other differential diagnoses that can mimick the symptoms of musculocutaneous palsy are: C6 radiculopathy (pain can be produced by movement of the neck), long head of biceps tendinopathy (no motor or sensory deficits), pain of the bicipital groove (relieved by shoulder joint injection). (wikipedia.org)
- In indirect trauma, violent abduction and retroposition of the shoulder can stretch the nerve and result tension of the coracobrachialis with musculocutaneous nerve lesion. (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, nerve transfer surgery to restore elbow and shoulder function is rarely reported. (thenerve.net)
- In the case of root avulsion, the absence of proximal nerve stump prevents nerve graft reconstruction and no spontaneous recovery of the shoulder and elbow function is anticipated 13 ). (thenerve.net)
- Therefore, nerve transfer should be considered for restoration of the elbow and shoulder function. (thenerve.net)
- What is the anatomy of the shoulder nerve? (clevelandclinic.org)
- What conditions affect shoulder nerve functioning? (clevelandclinic.org)
- This can provide valuable information about the integrity of deep shoulder structures, including your nerves. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Following trauma to the head and shoulder, an injury can cause the nerves of the plexus to violently stretch, with the upper trunk of the plexus sustaining the greatest injury. (standardofcare.com)
- Reduce the effects of ulnar nerve palsy, numbness in the pinky finger, and over active muscles of the shoulder blade by performing this floss. (perfectposture.co.uk)
- Relax the nerve and muscles of the rotator cuff of the shoulder by performing a supracapular nerve floss. (perfectposture.co.uk)
- For example, if a difficult birth injures the nerve roots that are higher up in the baby's neck, then they will likely suffer shoulder pain and mobility issues. (janiceklaw.com)
Branch6
- Its terminal branch, the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm, supplies the sensation of the lateral side of the forearm from the elbow to the wrist. (wikipedia.org)
- less frequently the reverse is the case, and the median sends a branch to join the musculocutaneous. (wikipedia.org)
- The anterior division of the third sacral nerve divides into an upper and a lower branch, the former entering the sacral and the latter the pudendal plexus. (bartleby.com)
- The Superior Gluteal Nerve ( n. glutæus superior ) arises from the dorsal divisions of the fourth and fifth lumbar and first sacral nerves: it leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen above the Piriformis, accompanied by the superior gluteal vessels, and divides into a superior and an inferior branch. (bartleby.com)
- The posterior auricular nerve is a motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that innervates the posterior and intrinsic auricular muscles. (unboundmedicine.com)
- A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
Cutaneous5
- citation needed] after passing the lateral edge of the tendon of biceps brachii it is becomes known as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm. (wikipedia.org)
- at 2 cm above the elbow it pierces the deep fascia lateral to the tendon of the biceps brachii and is continued into the forearm as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm. (wikipedia.org)
- The medial brachial cutaneous and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerves come off the medial cord. (medscape.com)
- It will not anesthetize the axilla or the proximal medial arm, missing the intercostal and medium cutaneous brachii nerves. (medscape.com)
- A cutaneous nerve of the forearm. (unboundmedicine.com)
Coracobrachialis6
- The nerve may pass under the coracobrachialis or through the biceps brachii. (wikipedia.org)
- Overuse of coracobrachialis, biceps, and brachialis muscles can cause the stretching or compression of musculocutaneous nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- Anatomic variations in relation to the origin of the musculocutaneous nerve: Absence and non-perforation of the coracobrachialis muscle. (unab.edu.co)
- The presence or absence of the musculocutaneous nerve was evaluated and whether it pierced the coracobrachialis muscle or not. (unab.edu.co)
- In 10 cases (9.5 %) an unusual origin pattern was observed, of which six (5.7 %) correspond to non-perforation of the coracobrachialis muscle and four (3.8 %) correspond to absence of the nerve. (unab.edu.co)
- The study showed that our population has similar prevalence of absence of the musculocutaneous nerve and non-perforation of the coracobrachialis muscle compared to previous reports in different populations. (unab.edu.co)
Flexion1
- In the thoracic limb, a LMN musculocutaneous nerve deficit involves decreased to absent flexion of the elbow. (vin.com)
Forearm3
- Median nerve, which goes into the front of your forearm, hand and most of your fingers. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Ulnar nerve, which goes into your forearm and hand. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Relief bicipital tightness, elbow pain, and forearm pain by performing this musculocutaneous nerve floss. (perfectposture.co.uk)
Ventral rami1
- The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 are referred to as the "roots" of the plexus. (medscape.com)
Intercostal1
- Neurotization of the donor muscle was performed using the musculocutaneous nerve (one case), spinal accessory nerve (12 cases), or multiple intercostal motor nerves (16 cases). (medscape.com)
Plexus2
- The sacral plexus is formed by the lumbosacral trunk, the anterior division of the first, and portions of the anterior divisions of the second and third sacral nerves. (bartleby.com)
- these two nerves sometimes arise separately from the plexus, and in all cases their independence can be shown by dissection. (bartleby.com)
Proximal1
- Given the proximal take off of the musculocutaneous nerve, the lateral proximal arm would often be spared. (asra.com)
Palsy7
- Erb's palsy is a paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm's main nerves, specifically the severing of the upper trunk C5-C6 nerves. (standardofcare.com)
- The three most common treatments for Erb's palsy are nerve transfers from the opposite arm, subscapularis releases and latissimus dorsi tendon transfers. (standardofcare.com)
- Background Iatrogenic cervical nerve root injury may occur during cervical spine surgeries, which leads to upper limb palsy. (ijssurgery.com)
- This study outlines a new reconstructive approach forupper limb palsy following cervical spine surgery using nerve transfer. (ijssurgery.com)
- Methods In an attempt to reconstruct iatrogenic upper limb palsy, we performed nerve transfer in 4 patients with permanently lost functions. (ijssurgery.com)
- In addition, we have addressed the question of how nerve transfer can help patients with iatrogenic cervical root palsy. (ijssurgery.com)
- The most common nerve transfers that can be performed to treat patients with permanent upper limb palsy after cervical spine surgery. (ijssurgery.com)
Posterior1
- The posterior superior alveolar nerves (also from CN V2) innervate the rest of the upper molars. (unboundmedicine.com)
Sciatic2
- Reduce the effects of sciatica, piriformis syndrome, and overly tight hamstrings and calf muscles by performing this sciatic nerve floss. (perfectposture.co.uk)
- Dadon-Nachum M, Sadan O, Srugo I, Melamed E, Offen D. Differentiated mesenchymal stem cells for sciatic nerve injury. (jamanetwork.com)
Absent1
- Concomitantly, the musculocutaneous nerve was absent. (embrapa.br)
Injuries6
- Injuries to this nerve can affect your ability to rotate your arm or lift it. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Nerve injuries can take a long time to heal. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Severe injuries may need surgery, such as a nerve graft. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Other Injuries as a result of direct violence, including gunshot wounds and traction on the arm can cause nerves related paralysis. (standardofcare.com)
- Categorization of these injuries is dependent on how the nerves are damaged (e.g. were they torn or stretched? (janiceklaw.com)
- In this study, we report the use of nerve transfers to restore lost functions in 4 cases with different nerve root injuries. (ijssurgery.com)
Anterior5
- The typical spinal nerve root results from the confluence of the ventral nerve rootlets originating in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and the dorsal nerve rootlets that join the spinal ganglion in the region of the intervertebral foramen. (medscape.com)
- The anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks unite to form the lateral cord, which is the origin of the lateral pectoral nerve (C5, C6, C7). (medscape.com)
- The anterior divisions of the sacral and coccygeal nerves ( rami anteriores ) form the sacral and pudendal plexuses. (bartleby.com)
- The anterior divisions of the upper four sacral nerves enter the pelvis through the anterior sacral foramina, that of the fifth between the sacrum and coccyx, while that of the coccygeal nerve curves forward below the rudimentary transverse process of the first piece of the coccyx. (bartleby.com)
- The musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7) innervates the muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm. (mhmedical.com)
Iatrogenic1
- Conclusion In our view, these results represent an excellent initial step toward the treatment of iatrogenic nerve root injury after spine surgery. (ijssurgery.com)
Roots1
- The union of the second lateral and medial roots to become a median nerve distantly extended in the arm. (embrapa.br)
Spinal cord3
- It occurs when the nerves completely separate from the spinal cord due to physical trauma. (janiceklaw.com)
- The neuronal cell bodies of a nerve's axons are in the brain, the spinal cord, or ganglia, but the nerves run only in the peripheral nervous system. (unboundmedicine.com)
- A nerve that conducts impulses toward the brain or spinal cord. (unboundmedicine.com)
Sacral4
- Each receives a gray ramus communicans from the corresponding ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, while from the third and frequently from the second and the fourth sacral nerves, a white ramus communicans is given to the pelvic plexuses of the sympathetic. (bartleby.com)
- it appears at the medial margin of the Psoas major and runs downward over the pelvic brim to join the first sacral nerve. (bartleby.com)
- The superior gluteal vessels run between the lumbosacral trunk and the first sacral nerve, and the inferior gluteal vessels between the second and third sacral nerves. (bartleby.com)
- The Nerve to the Obturator Internus and Gemellus Superior arises from the ventral divisions of the fifth lumbar and first and second sacral nerves. (bartleby.com)
Conduction studies1
- The assessment of nerve injury includes a careful neurological examination, sometimes accompanied by tests, e.g., electromyography or nerve conduction studies. (unboundmedicine.com)
Ultrasound1
- Ultrasound orientation of the muscles, arteries, and nerves in a transverse view. (medscape.com)
Cranial4
- From the meninges to the brainstem, we will explore the major structures of the cerebrum and cerebellum, and their extensions into the cranial nerves. (anatomytrains.com)
- Symptoms of nerve injury include paresthesias, loss of sensation and position sense, impaired motor function, cranial nerve malfunction, changes in reflexes, and impairments in glandular secretion. (unboundmedicine.com)
- cranial nerve for illus. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The components of the eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) carrying axons that convey information regarding sound and balance between the spiral ganglion in the inner ear and the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (unboundmedicine.com)
Innervates1
- Sometimes there is a middle superior alveolar nerve that innervates the premolars and first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)
Absence1
- The aim of this work was to report the absence of musculocutaneous nerve associated with the presence of one accessory head of the biceps brachii muscle. (eurjanat.com)
Paralysis2
- In this regard, a variety of nerve transfers based on the pattern of paralysis are introduced ( Figure 1 ). (ijssurgery.com)
- Axon degeneration occurs in the nerve tissue, giving rise to anesthesia, paresthesia and paralysis. (bvsalud.org)
Flexor1
- The results showed that 5 out of 292 (1.71 %) arms had unusual splitting of median nerve that supplied the flexor arm muscles. (embrapa.br)
Peripheral1
- This is an electrophysiologic test that's used to check peripheral nerve and muscle function. (clevelandclinic.org)
Stimulation1
- This technique was most commonly used with nerve stimulation. (medscape.com)