Muscles: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.Muscle Proteins: The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.Muscle, Smooth: Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Muscle Fibers, Skeletal: Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.Muscle, Smooth, Vascular: The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.Muscle Development: Developmental events leading to the formation of adult muscular system, which includes differentiation of the various types of muscle cell precursors, migration of myoblasts, activation of myogenesis and development of muscle anchorage.Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.Muscle Fatigue: A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle.Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch: Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type II MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have high ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. Several fast types have been identified.Muscle Denervation: The resection or removal of the innervation of a muscle or muscle tissue.Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch: Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type I MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have low ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment.Myocytes, Smooth Muscle: Non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They are derived from specialized myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SMOOTH MUSCLE).Mitochondria, Muscle: Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.Neck Muscles: The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus).Oculomotor Muscles: The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.Muscle, Striated: One of two types of muscle in the body, characterized by the array of bands observed under microscope. Striated muscles can be divided into two subtypes: the CARDIAC MUSCLE and the SKELETAL MUSCLE.Muscle Spindles: Skeletal muscle structures that function as the MECHANORECEPTORS responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex (REFLEX, STRETCH). They are composed of a bundle of encapsulated SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS, i.e., the intrafusal fibers (nuclear bag 1 fibers, nuclear bag 2 fibers, and nuclear chain fibers) innervated by SENSORY NEURONS.Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.Respiratory Muscles: These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.Muscle Weakness: A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)Papillary Muscles: Conical muscular projections from the walls of the cardiac ventricles, attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by the chordae tendineae.Abdominal Muscles: Muscles forming the ABDOMINAL WALL including RECTUS ABDOMINIS, external and internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, and quadratus abdominis. (from Stedman, 25th ed)Quadriceps Muscle: The quadriceps femoris. A collective name of the four-headed skeletal muscle of the thigh, comprised of the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis.Muscle Cells: Mature contractile cells, commonly known as myocytes, that form one of three kinds of muscle. The three types of muscle cells are skeletal (MUSCLE FIBERS, SKELETAL), cardiac (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC), and smooth (MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE). They are derived from embryonic (precursor) muscle cells called MYOBLASTS.Masseter Muscle: A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws.Facial Muscles: Muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles that include the numerous muscles supplied by the facial nerve that are attached to and move the skin of the face. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Masticatory Muscles: Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Intercostal Muscles: Respiratory muscles that arise from the lower border of one rib and insert into the upper border of the adjoining rib, and contract during inspiration or respiration. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.Isometric Contraction: Muscular contractions characterized by increase in tension without change in length.Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle: Elongated, spindle-shaped, quiescent myoblasts lying in close contact with adult skeletal muscle. They are thought to play a role in muscle repair and regeneration.Pectoralis Muscles: The pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles that make up the upper and fore part of the chest in front of the AXILLA.Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.Psoas Muscles: A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek "psoa", the plural meaning "muscles of the loin". It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology.Myofibrils: The long cylindrical contractile organelles of STRIATED MUSCLE cells composed of ACTIN FILAMENTS; MYOSIN filaments; and other proteins organized in arrays of repeating units called SARCOMERES .Temporal Muscle: A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws; its posterior portion retracts the mandible.Hindlimb: Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Myosin Heavy Chains: The larger subunits of MYOSINS. The heavy chains have a molecular weight of about 230 kDa and each heavy chain is usually associated with a dissimilar pair of MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS. The heavy chains possess actin-binding and ATPase activity.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Pharyngeal Muscles: The muscles of the PHARYNX are voluntary muscles arranged in two layers. The external circular layer consists of three constrictors (superior, middle, and inferior). The internal longitudinal layer consists of the palatopharyngeus, the salpingopharyngeus, and the stylopharyngeus. During swallowing, the outer layer constricts the pharyngeal wall and the inner layer elevates pharynx and LARYNX.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.Biomechanical Phenomena: The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.GlycogenNeuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.Muscular Dystrophy, AnimalMyoblasts: Embryonic (precursor) cells of the myogenic lineage that develop from the MESODERM. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes (MYOCYTES, SKELETAL; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC; MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE).Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Muscle Cramp: A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)Actins: Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Regeneration: The physiological renewal, repair, or replacement of tissue.Mice, Inbred mdx: A strain of mice arising from a spontaneous MUTATION (mdx) in inbred C57BL mice. This mutation is X chromosome-linked and produces viable homozygous animals that lack the muscle protein DYSTROPHIN, have high serum levels of muscle ENZYMES, and possess histological lesions similar to human MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. The histological features, linkage, and map position of mdx make these mice a worthy animal model of DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY.Sarcomeres: The repeating contractile units of the MYOFIBRIL, delimited by Z bands along its length.Myostatin: A growth differentiation factor that is a potent inhibitor of SKELETAL MUSCLE growth. It may play a role in the regulation of MYOGENESIS and in muscle maintenance during adulthood.MyoD Protein: A myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. Though it is not clear how its function differs from the other myogenic regulatory factors, MyoD appears to be related to fusion and terminal differentiation of the muscle cell.Leg: The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.Physical Exertion: Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.Muscle Stretching Exercises: Exercises that stretch the muscle fibers with the aim to increase muscle-tendon FLEXIBILITY, improve RANGE OF MOTION or musculoskeletal function, and prevent injuries. There are various types of stretching techniques including active, passive (relaxed), static, dynamic (gentle), ballistic (forced), isometric, and others.Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.Muscle Rigidity: Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)Exercise: Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).Dystrophin: A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as SPECTRIN and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa.Physical Endurance: The time span between the beginning of physical activity by an individual and the termination because of exhaustion.Myoblasts, Skeletal: Precursor cells destined to differentiate into skeletal myocytes (MYOCYTES, SKELETAL).Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Tendons: Fibrous bands or cords of CONNECTIVE TISSUE at the ends of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that serve to attach the MUSCLES to bones and other structures.Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Hindlimb Suspension: Technique for limiting use, activity, or movement by immobilizing or restraining animal by suspending from hindlimbs or tails. This immobilization is used to simulate some effects of reduced gravity and study weightlessness physiology.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Mice, Inbred C57BLThigh: The portion of the leg in humans and other animals found between the HIP and KNEE.Muscle Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer located in muscle tissue or specific muscles. They are differentiated from NEOPLASMS, MUSCLE TISSUE which are neoplasms composed of skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle tissue, such as MYOSARCOMA or LEIOMYOMA.Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.Pterygoid Muscles: Two of the masticatory muscles: the internal, or medial, pterygoid muscle and external, or lateral, pterygoid muscle. Action of the former is closing the jaws and that of the latter is opening the jaws, protruding the mandible, and moving the mandible from side to side.Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.Oxygen Consumption: The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)Muscular Dystrophies: A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.Skeletal Muscle Myosins: Myosin type II isoforms found in skeletal muscle.Anura: An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions.Muscle Relaxants, Central: A heterogeneous group of drugs used to produce muscle relaxation, excepting the neuromuscular blocking agents. They have their primary clinical and therapeutic uses in the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. They have been used also for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p358)Sarcolemma: The excitable plasma membrane of a muscle cell. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Muscle Spasticity: A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne: An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.Myositis: Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.Myogenin: A myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. Myogenin is induced during differentiation of every skeletal muscle cell line that has been investigated, in contrast to the other myogenic regulatory factors that only appear in certain cell types.Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)Muscle Strength Dynamometer: A device that measures MUSCLE STRENGTH during muscle contraction, such as gripping, pushing, and pulling. It is used to evaluate the health status of muscle in sports medicine or physical therapy.Desmin: An intermediate filament protein found predominantly in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells. Localized at the Z line. MW 50,000 to 55,000 is species dependent.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Energy Metabolism: The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.Smooth Muscle Myosins: Myosin type II isoforms found in smooth muscle.Receptors, Cholinergic: Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.Movement: The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Reflex, Stretch: Reflex contraction of a muscle in response to stretching, which stimulates muscle proprioceptors.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by TROPONIN.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Stress, Mechanical: A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.Adaptation, Physiological: The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Citrate (si)-Synthase: Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Regional Blood Flow: The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Body Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.Potassium: An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Sarcopenia: Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.Histocytochemistry: Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.Neuromuscular Diseases: A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.Rana temporaria: A species of the family Ranidae occurring in a wide variety of habitats from within the Arctic Circle to South Africa, Australia, etc.Deltoid Muscle: Thick triangular muscle in the SHOULDER whose function is to abduct, flex, and extend the arm. It is a common site of INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONS.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Heart: The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes SMOOTH MUSCLE, stimulates CARDIAC MUSCLE, stimulates DIURESIS, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide PHOSPHODIESTERASES, antagonism of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Myogenic Regulatory Factors: A family of muscle-specific transcription factors which bind to DNA in control regions and thus regulate myogenesis. All members of this family contain a conserved helix-loop-helix motif which is homologous to the myc family proteins. These factors are only found in skeletal muscle. Members include the myoD protein (MYOD PROTEIN); MYOGENIN; myf-5, and myf-6 (also called MRF4 or herculin).Motor Endplate: The specialized postsynaptic region of a muscle cell. The motor endplate is immediately across the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic axon terminal. Among its anatomical specializations are junctional folds which harbor a high density of cholinergic receptors.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Glucose Transporter Type 4: A glucose transport protein found in mature MUSCLE CELLS and ADIPOCYTES. It promotes transport of glucose from the BLOOD into target TISSUES. The inactive form of the protein is localized in CYTOPLASMIC VESICLES. In response to INSULIN, it is translocated to the PLASMA MEMBRANE where it facilitates glucose uptake.Organ Specificity: Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.Rana pipiens: A highly variable species of the family Ranidae in Canada, the United States and Central America. It is the most widely used Anuran in biomedical research.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Flight, Animal: The use of wings or wing-like appendages to remain aloft and move through the air.Creatine Kinase, MM Form: An isoenzyme of creatine kinase found in the MUSCLE.Running: An activity in which the body is propelled by moving the legs rapidly. Running is performed at a moderate to rapid pace and should be differentiated from JOGGING, which is performed at a much slower pace.Immobilization: The restriction of the MOVEMENT of whole or part of the body by physical means (RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL) or chemically by ANALGESIA, or the use of TRANQUILIZING AGENTS or NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS. It includes experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility.PAX7 Transcription Factor: A paired box transcription factor that is involved in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and SKELETAL MUSCLE.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Muscle Hypertonia: Abnormal increase in skeletal or smooth muscle tone. Skeletal muscle hypertonicity may be associated with PYRAMIDAL TRACT lesions or BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.Extremities: The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5: A SKELETAL MUSCLE-specific transcription factor that contains a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF. It plays an essential role in MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT.Paraspinal Muscles: Deep muscles in the BACK whose function is to extend and rotate the SPINE and maintain POSTURE. It consists splenius, semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores, interspinales, intertransversarii and sacrospinalis.Posture: The position or attitude of the body.Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Chick Embryo: The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.Adipose Tissue: Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.Arm: The superior part of the upper extremity between the SHOULDER and the ELBOW.Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Forelimb: A front limb of a quadruped. (The Random House College Dictionary, 1980)Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel: A tetrameric calcium release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.Capillaries: The minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.Knee: A region of the lower extremity immediately surrounding and including the KNEE JOINT.Recruitment, Neurophysiological: The spread of response if stimulation is prolonged. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 8th ed.)Insulin Resistance: Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.Muscular Disorders, Atrophic: Disorders characterized by an abnormal reduction in muscle volume due to a decrease in the size or number of muscle fibers. Atrophy may result from diseases intrinsic to muscle tissue (e.g., MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY) or secondary to PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES that impair innervation to muscle tissue (e.g., MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL).Isoenzymes: Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.Paralysis: A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)Aorta, Thoracic: The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.Neural Conduction: The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.Back: The rear surface of an upright primate from the shoulders to the hip, or the dorsal surface of tetrapods.Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.Vasoconstriction: The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.Weight Lifting: A sport in which weights are lifted competitively or as an exercise.Muscle Hypotonia: A diminution of the skeletal muscle tone marked by a diminished resistance to passive stretching.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.
Requirement of a novel gene, Xin, in cardiac morphogenesis. (1/28646)
A novel gene, Xin, from chick (cXin) and mouse (mXin) embryonic hearts, may be required for cardiac morphogenesis and looping. Both cloned cDNAs have a single open reading frame, encoding proteins with 2,562 and 1,677 amino acids for cXin and mXin, respectively. The derived amino acid sequences share 46% similarity. The overall domain structures of the predicted cXin and mXin proteins, including proline-rich regions, 16 amino acid repeats, DNA-binding domains, SH3-binding motifs and nuclear localization signals, are highly conserved. Northern blot analyses detect a single message of 8.9 and 5.8 kilo base (kb) from both cardiac and skeletal muscle of chick and mouse, respectively. In situ hybridization reveals that the cXin gene is specifically expressed in cardiac progenitor cells of chick embryos as early as stage 8, prior to heart tube formation. cXin continues to be expressed in the myocardium of developing hearts. By stage 15, cXin expression is also detected in the myotomes of developing somites. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that the mXin protein is colocalized with N-cadherin and connexin-43 in the intercalated discs of adult mouse hearts. Incubation of stage 6 chick embryos with cXin antisense oligonucleotides results in abnormal cardiac morphogenesis and an alteration of cardiac looping. The myocardium of the affected hearts becomes thickened and tends to form multiple invaginations into the heart cavity. This abnormal cellular process may account in part for the abnormal looping. cXin expression can be induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in explants of anterior medial mesoendoderm from stage 6 chick embryos, a tissue that is normally non-cardiogenic. This induction occurs following the BMP-mediated induction of two cardiac-restricted transcription factors, Nkx2.5 and MEF2C. Furthermore, either MEF2C or Nkx2.5 can transactivate a luciferase reporter driven by the mXin promoter in mouse fibroblasts. These results suggest that Xin may participate in a BMP-Nkx2.5-MEF2C pathway to control cardiac morphogenesis and looping. (+info)Coupling of the cell cycle and myogenesis through the cyclin D1-dependent interaction of MyoD with cdk4. (2/28646)
Proliferating myoblasts express the muscle determination factor, MyoD, throughout the cell cycle in the absence of differentiation. Here we show that a mitogen-sensitive mechanism, involving the direct interaction between MyoD and cdk4, restricts myoblast differentiation to cells that have entered into the G0 phase of the cell cycle under mitogen withdrawal. Interaction between MyoD and cdk4 disrupts MyoD DNA-binding, muscle-specific gene activation and myogenic conversion of 10T1/2 cells independently of cyclin D1 and the CAK activation of cdk4. Forced induction of cyclin D1 in myotubes results in the cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation of cdk4. The specific MyoD-cdk4 interaction in dividing myoblasts, coupled with the cyclin D1-dependent nuclear targeting of cdk4, suggests a mitogen-sensitive mechanism whereby cyclin D1 can regulate MyoD function and the onset of myogenesis by controlling the cellular location of cdk4 rather than the phosphorylation status of MyoD. (+info)Cloning and characterization of the promoters of the maxiK channel alpha and beta subunits. (3/28646)
Large conductance, calcium-activated potassium (maxiK) channels are expressed in nerve, muscle, and other cell types and are important determinants of smooth muscle tone. To determine the mechanisms involved in the transcriptional regulation of maxiK channels, we characterized the promoter regions of the pore forming (alpha) and regulatory (beta) subunits of the human channel complex. Maximum promoter activity (up to 12.3-fold over control) occurred between nucleotides -567 and -220 for the alpha subunit (hSlo) gene. The minimal promoter is GC-rich with 5 Sp-1 binding sites and several TCC repeats. Other transcription factor-binding motifs, including c/EBP, NF-kB, PU.1, PEA-3, Myo-D, and E2A, were observed in the 5'-flanking sequence. Additionally, a CCTCCC sequence, which increases the transcriptional activity of the SM1/2 gene in smooth muscle, is located 27 bp upstream of the TATA-like sequence, a location identical to that found in the SM1/2 5'-flanking region. However, the promoter directed equivalent expression when transfected into smooth muscle and other cell types. Analysis of the hSlo beta subunit 5'-flanking region revealed a TATA box at position -77 and maximum promoter activity (up to 11.0-fold) in a 200 bp region upstream from the cap site. Binding sites for GATA-1, Myo-D, c-myb, Ets-1/Elk-1, Ap-1, and Ik-2 were identified within this sequence. Two CCTCCC elements are present in the hSlo beta subunit promoter, but tissue-specific transcriptional activity was not observed. The lack of tissue-specific promoter activity, particularly the finding of promoter activity in cells from tissues in which the maxiK gene is not expressed, suggests a complex channel regulatory mechanism for hSlo genes. Moreover, the lack of similarity of the promoters of the two genes suggests that regulation of coordinate expression of the subunits does not occur through equivalent cis-acting sequences. (+info)Perioperative growth hormone treatment and functional outcome after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. (4/28646)
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate short- and long-term effects of perioperative human growth hormone (hGH) treatment on physical performance and fatigue in younger patients undergoing a major abdominal operation in a normal postoperative regimen with oral nutrition. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Muscle wasting and functional impairment follow major abdominal surgery. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with ulcerative colitis undergoing ileoanal J-pouch surgery were randomized to hGH (12 IU/day) or placebo treatment from 2 days before to 7 days after surgery. Measurements were performed 2 days before and 10, 30, and 90 days after surgery. RESULTS: The total muscle strength of four limb muscle groups was reduced by 7.6% in the hGH group and by 17.1% in the placebo group at postoperative day 10 compared with baseline values. There was also a significant difference between treatment groups in total muscle strength at day 30, and at the 90-day follow-up total muscle strength was equal to baseline values in the hGH group, but still significantly 5.9% below in the placebo group. The work capacity decreased by approximately 20% at day 10 after surgery, with no significant difference between treatment groups. Both groups were equally fatigued at day 10 after surgery, but at day 30 and 90 the hGH patients were less fatigued than the placebo patients. During the treatment period, patients receiving hGH had reduced loss of limb lean tissue mass, and 3 months after surgery the hGH patients had regained more lean tissue mass than placebo patients. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative hGH treatment of younger patients undergoing major abdominal surgery preserved limb lean tissue mass, increased postoperative muscular strength, and reduced long-term postoperative fatigue. (+info)Spinal cord-evoked potentials and muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in 10 awake human subjects. (5/28646)
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TCMS) causes leg muscle contractions, but the neural structures in the brain that are activated by TCMS and their relationship to these leg muscle responses are not clearly understood. To elucidate this, we concomitantly recorded leg muscle responses and thoracic spinal cord-evoked potentials (SCEPs) after TCMS for the first time in 10 awake, neurologically intact human subjects. In this report we provide evidence of direct and indirect activation of corticospinal neurons after TCMS. In three subjects, SCEP threshold (T) stimulus intensities recruited both the D wave (direct activation of corticospinal neurons) and the first I wave (I1, indirect activation of corticospinal neurons). In one subject, the D, I1, and I2 waves were recruited simultaneously, and in another subject, the I1 and I2 waves were recruited simultaneously. In the remaining five subjects, only the I1 wave was recruited first. More waves were recruited as the stimulus intensity increased. The presence of D and I waves in all subjects at low stimulus intensities verified that TCMS directly and indirectly activated corticospinal neurons supplying the lower extremities. Leg muscle responses were usually contingent on the SCEP containing at least four waves (D, I1, I2, and I3). (+info)Wasting of the small hand muscles in upper and mid-cervical cord lesions. (6/28646)
Four patients are described with destructive rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine and neurogenic wasting of forearm and hand muscles. The pathological connection is not immediately obvious, but a relationship between these two observations is described here with clinical, radiological, electrophysiological and necropsy findings. Compression of the anterior spinal artery at upper and mid-cervical levels is demonstrated to be the likely cause of changes lower in the spinal cord. These are shown to be due to the resulting ischaemia of the anterior part of the lower cervical spinal cord, with degeneration of the neurones innervating the forearm and hand muscles. These findings favour external compression of the anterior spinal artery leading to ischaemia in a watershed area as the likeliest explanation for this otherwise inappropriate and bizarre phenomenon. (+info)Fas and Fas ligand interaction induces apoptosis in inflammatory myopathies: CD4+ T cells cause muscle cell injury directly in polymyositis. (7/28646)
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the involvement of the Fas/Fas ligand (Fas/FasL) system in the inflammatory myopathies. METHODS: Frozen muscle sections obtained from 7 patients with polymyositis (PM), 4 patients with dermatomyositis (DM), and 3 controls were studied by immunochemistry. Apoptosis was detected by DNA electrophoresis and in situ labeling using the TUNEL method. RESULTS: Fas was detected on muscle fibers and infiltrating mononuclear cells (MNC) in 6 PM patients and 2 DM patients. FasL was expressed mainly on CD4+ T cells and some CD8+ T cells, and on macrophages surrounding Fas-positive muscles in 4 PM patients and 1 DM patient. In 3 of the 5 patients with FasL-positive MNC, the TUNEL method showed that both invaded myonuclei and MNC underwent apoptosis. Chromosomal DNA from the muscle tissue of these patients showed ladder formation. CONCLUSION: Fas/FasL is involved in muscle cell apoptosis in at least 2 of the inflammatory myopathies, PM and DM. Although CD8+-mediated cytotoxicity is thought to be the main mechanism of muscle injury in PM, our data suggest that CD4+ T cells also directly cause muscle cell damage. (+info)A novel interaction mechanism accounting for different acylphosphatase effects on cardiac and fast twitch skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pumps. (8/28646)
In cardiac and skeletal muscle Ca2+ translocation from cytoplasm into sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is accomplished by different Ca2+-ATPases whose functioning involves the formation and decomposition of an acylphosphorylated phosphoenzyme intermediate (EP). In this study we found that acylphosphatase, an enzyme well represented in muscular tissues and which actively hydrolyzes EP, had different effects on heart (SERCA2a) and fast twitch skeletal muscle SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA1). With physiological acylphosphatase concentrations SERCA2a exhibited a parallel increase in the rates of both ATP hydrolysis and Ca2+ transport; in contrast, SERCA1 appeared to be uncoupled since the stimulation of ATP hydrolysis matched an inhibition of Ca2+ pump. These different effects probably depend on phospholamban, which is associated with SERCA2a but not SERCA1. Consistent with this view, the present study suggests that acylphosphatase-induced stimulation of SERCA2a, in addition to an enhanced EP hydrolysis, may be due to a displacement of phospholamban, thus to a removal of its inhibitory effect. (+info)
Constitutive STAT3 Phosphorylation Contributes to Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes | Diabetes
COMPOSITION FOR PROMOTING LOCAL MUSCLE GROWTH OR SLOWING DOWN OR PREVENTING LOCAL MUSCLE ATROPHY AND USE THEREOF - VICTORIA...
Skeletal Muscle Chart - localprivate.info
Studying skeletal muscle physiology to better understand diseases such as type II diabetes - Inspiration Dissemination
Antioxidants and Skeletal Muscle Performance: "Common Knowledge" vs. Experimental Evidence - Rogue Health and Fitness
C57BL/6-GFP Mouse Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Endothelial Cells | Creative Bioarray
Differences in Plantar Flexor Fascicle Length and Pennation Angle between Healthy and Poststroke Individuals and Implications...
Human Muscle Cell Line - localprivate.info
Effects of intermittent pressure imitating rolling manipulation on calcium ion homeostasis in human skeletal muscle cells<...
Mouse Skeletal Muscle Cells | Creative Bioarray
Satellite cells and skeletal muscle characteristics in sarcopenia</em>...
skeletal muscle tissue diagram diagram of skeletal muscle - Human Anatomy Charts
LIM and cysteine-rich domains 1 (LMCD1) regulates skeletal muscle hypertrophy, calcium handling, and force | Skeletal Muscle |...
Treating the Heart Versus Treating Skeletal Muscle - Muscular Dystrophy
Influence of hormone replacement therapy with maximal eccentric exercise on estrogen receptor coregulators and skeletal muscle...
Distinct muscle apoptotic pathways are activated in muscles with different fiber types in a rat model of critical illness...
Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation and Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Mass, Muscle Damage, and Exercise Performance
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Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Skeletal Muscle: A Novel Role for Nitric Oxide as a Modulator of Insulin Action |...
Age- and stroke-related skeletal muscle changes a review for the geriatric clinician<...
Abstract 12196: Optic Atrophy 1 Deficiency in Skeletal Muscle Results in Progressive Mitochondrial Dysfunction, but Prevents...
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Pterostilbene Enhances Endurance Capacity via Promoting Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Exercise...
Inferring muscle functional roles of the ostrich pelvic limb during walking and running using computer optimization | Journal...
NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 20025567 - Effects of range of motion on skeletal muscle morphology due to stretch-shortening...
Validity of ultrasound muscle thickness measurements for predicting leg skeletal muscle mass in healthy Japanese middle-aged...
Training Effects on Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Metabolism - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Skeletal Muscle | Manuscript transfers
Motor unit composition has little effect on the short-range stiffness of feline medial gastrocnemius muscle<...
Histology of Skeletal Muscle Tutorial | Sophia Learning
Frontiers | Deficiency of Vgll2 Gene Alters the Gene Expression Profiling of Skeletal Muscle Subjected to Mechanical Overload |...
A 2 week routine stretching programme did not prevent contraction-induced injury in mouse muscle | IslandScholar
Skeletal muscle cell legal definition of skeletal muscle cell
A novel polymorphism in the proximal UCP3 promoter region: effect on skeletal muscle UCP3 mRNA expression and obesity in male...
Skeletal muscle atrophy is thought to result from hyperactivation of intracellular | Role of NK1 and NK2 receptors in mouse...
Effect of training status on regional disposal of circulating free fatty acids in the liver and skeletal muscle during...
Post - Lifestyle Medicine
Improvement of insulin sensitivity by antagonism of the renin-angiotensin system | Read by QxMD
Single molecular image of cytosolic free Ca2+ of skeletal muscle cells in rats pre- and post-exercise-induced fatigue | (2009) ...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Potential Mechanisms of Muscle Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging and Obesity and Cellular Consequences
Human muscle response to sprint exercise and nutrient supply with focus on factors related to protein metabolism
Skeletal Muscle and Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise Conditioning in Older Coronary Patients | Circulation
Muscle - Biology-Online Dictionary
MicroRNA-23a has minimal effect on endurance exercise-induced adaptation of mouse skeletal muscle<...
Skeletal Muscle Diagram - Anatomy Chart Body
Investigation of the effects of bioactive peptide nanofibers on acute muscle injury regeneration
Reperfusion injury to skeletal muscle affects primarily type II muscle fibers. - Semantic Scholar
Effects of ageing and gender on the spatial organisation of nuclei in single human skeletal muscle cells
Frontiers | Erythropoietin Does Not Enhance Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis Following Exercise in Young and Older Adults |...
EMS Electrical Muscle Stimulation on sales of page 7 - Quality EMS Electrical Muscle Stimulation supplier
Influence of exercise contraction mode and protein supplementation on human skeletal muscle satellite cell content and muscle...
Leg blood flow and skeletal muscle microvascular perfusion responses to submaximal exercise in peripheral arterial disease
Adult Stem Cells and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration | Bentham Science
Beta -Adrenoceptor blockage and skeletal muscle energy metabolism during endurance exercise
Assessment of satellite cell number and activity status in human skeletal muscle biopsies
Acute muscle soreness - Wikipedia
Dietary supplementation with shiikuwasha extract attenuates dexamethasone-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in aged rats |...
Mechanisms for fiber-type specificity of skeletal muscle atrophy<...
PSRC - Local Mild Hypothermia (30-32°C) Is Effective In Protection Of Ex Vivo Human Skeletal Muscle From Hypoxia/reoxygenation...
Laminin mimetic peptide nanofibers regenerate acute muscle defect
Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual: A Hands-on Approach | 1st edition | Pearson
Rosmarinic Acid, a Rosemary Extract Polyphenol, Increases Skeletal Muscle Cell Glucose Uptake and Activates AMPK
Skeletal muscle blood flow in anaesthetized horses. Part II: effects of anaesthetics and vasoactive agents - Murdoch Research...
Electrical Muscle Stimulation in Bolingbrook | muscle stimulation, electrotherapy, muscle stimulator
Electrical Muscle Stimulation in Urbandale | muscle stimulation, electrotherapy, muscle stimulator
Satellite cells in human skeletal muscle : molecular identification quantification and function
Contractile properties and susceptibility to exercise-induced damage of normal and mdx mouse tibialis anterior muscle |...
Neural crest cell lineage restricts skeletal muscle progenitor cell differentiation through Neuregulin1-ErbB3 signaling - MDC...
Exercise training impacts skeletal muscle gene expression related to the kynurenine pathway<...
The effect of a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor on human mixed muscle protein synthesis after acute resistance exercise
The calcineurin-NFAT pathway controls activity-dependent circadian gene expression in slow skeletal muscle | Archivio della...
STORRE: Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Synthesis with Combined Glucose and Fructose Ingestion
Influence of muscle glycogen availability on ERK1/2 and Akt signaling after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle<...
ISMRM 2006) PPAR&[delta] Agonist Treatment Increases Skeletal Muscle Lipid Metabolism Without Altering Mitochondrial Coupling:...
"Mechanisms of Centrally-Mediated Skeletal Muscle Fatigue: Small Fiber" by Amelia Marie Campbell
Differential expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOS 1-3) in human skeletal muscle following exercise countermeasure during...
The excitation-contraction coupling on C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes was modulated by NO-donor ester of gemfibrozil | IRIS...
Sarcomere number regulation maintained after immobilization in desmin-null mouse skeletal muscle | Journal of Experimental...
Activation of the dopamine 1 and dopamine 5 receptors increase skeletal muscle mass and force production under non-atrophying...
Abductor Hallucis Strain - Anatomy
The human proteome in skeletal muscle - The Human Protein Atlas
JCI Insight -
Systemic inflammation is associated with exaggerated skeletal muscle protein catabolism in maintenance...
Relationship between intracellular amino acids and protein synthesis in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of rats |...
Is electrical muscle stimulation the same as magnetic or/ magnetic electrotherapy? BIG NO!
The regulation of skeletal muscle growth via the myostatin signalling pathway - Spectrum: Concordia University Research...
STIM-Orai Channels - Inhibitors of Protein Methyltransferases as Chemical Tools
The decrease in mature myostatin protein in male skeletal muscle is developmentally regulated by growth hormone
Skeletal muscle phosphocreatine depletion depresses myocellular energy status during sepsis<...
Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I in skeletal muscle and muscle cells - Minerva Endocrinologica 2003 March;28(1):53-74...
Altmetric - Skeletal muscle protein metabolism in the elderly: Interventions to counteract the 'anabolic resistance' of ageing
β2-adrenergic stimulation enhances Ca2+ release and contractile properties of skeletal muscles, and counteracts exercise...
Metabolic rate - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Skeletal Muscle and Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise Conditioning in Older Coronary Patients | Circulation
Skeletal muscle cell legal definition of skeletal muscle cell
Histology of Skeletal Muscle Tutorial | Sophia Learning
Signaling pathways controlling skeletal muscle mass. - PubMed - NCBI
Human skeletal muscle sodium channelopathies | SpringerLink
Atlas of Skeletal Muscle Pathology - Janice R. Anderson - Google Books
Human Skeletal Muscle Possesses an Epigenetic Memory of Hypertrophy | Scientific Reports
Optically controlled contraction of photosensitive skeletal muscle cells. - PubMed - NCBI
Does Skeletal Muscle Have Gap Junctions? | Reference.com
UCLA researchers create skeletal muscle from stem cells | EurekAlert! Science News
Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function with aging in humans | PNAS
Functional Overload Enhances Satellite Cell Properties in Skeletal Muscle
Functional Overload Enhances Satellite Cell Properties in Skeletal Muscle
JCI -
Skeletal muscle inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity
Researchers Engineer Light-Activated Skeletal Muscle - Slashdot
Uncovering the genetics of skeletal muscle growth and regeneration | EurekAlert! Science News
Human skeletalAtrophyTissueAbstractSuggest that treating skeletHypertrophyBiopsiesMetabolismRegenerationCellsMyoblastsRegulationGeneExerciseNegativelyPhysiologicalMyogenesisFunctions of skeletalFindingsMiceInsulin-stimulated glucoseFunctionRelaxantsType of skeletal muscleMitochondrialAffect skeletal muscleCardiac muscleMolecularOxidativePlasticityContractionsSomaticRegenerationEnergy metabolismGlucoseTendonsActinAttached to the skeletonAmyotrophic lateral sChanges in skeletal muscleSuggest that skeletal muscleProtein synthesis and degradationSignalingMyopathyIntact skeletal muscleRegulatesDiseasesStimulationAdultFiberMechanismEffects on skeletalHomeostasisExtracellularFunctionalSkeletonHumansPathologyPathwaysRelaxantVertebratesInsulin sensitivityContributesAcuteFibreVoluntary muscle
Human skeletal2
- A novel atlas of gene expression in human skeletal muscle reveals molecular changes associated with aging. (lu.se)
- To address these issues, we have performed a complete re-annotation of public microarray data from human skeletal muscle biopsies and constructed a muscle expression compendium consisting of nearly 3000 samples. (lu.se)
Atrophy1
- This article reviews the impact of aging and stroke on muscle morphology and composition, including fiber atrophy, reductions in muscle cross-sectional area, changes in muscle fiber distributions, and increases in intramuscular fat. (elsevier.com)
Tissue13
- This packet will show you the morphological characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue that you need to know in order to identify it under a microscope. (sophia.org)
- Furthermore, current researches mainly adopt muscle tissue homogenate as experiment material, but the studies based on cellular and subcellular level is seldom. (spie.org)
- Three days later, all the rats were sacrificed, the muscle tissue from the same site of skeletal muscle were taken out and digested to cells. (spie.org)
- After primary culture of the two kinds of skeletal muscle cells from tissue, a fluorescent dye-Fluo-3 AM was used to label the cytosolic free Ca 2+ . (spie.org)
- Mouse Skeletal Muscle Cells are isolated form normal mouse skeletal muscle tissue. (creative-bioarray.com)
- Muscle quality is influenced by fatty infiltration or myosteatosis, which can be assessed on computed tomography (CT) scans by analysing skeletal muscle density (SMD) and the amount of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT). (biomedcentral.com)
- Myosteatosis can be apparent within muscle fibres and evaluated on CT scans by measuring skeletal muscle density (SMD), or between muscle fibres and evaluated on CT scans by measuring the amount of adipose tissue between muscles (also termed intermuscular adipose tissue or IMAT). (biomedcentral.com)
- We investigated the genetic and non-genetic regulation of FTO mRNA in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and their influence on in vivo glucose and fat metabolism. (ku.dk)
- FTO mRNA expression was determined in subcutaneous adipose tissue (n=226) and skeletal muscle biopsies (n=158). (ku.dk)
- FTO mRNA expression in skeletal muscle was regulated by age and sex, whereas age and BMI were predictors of adipose tissue FTO mRNA expression. (ku.dk)
- The heritability of FTO expression in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle is low and not influenced by obesity-associated FTO genotype. (ku.dk)
- In livestock, skeletal muscle is a tissue of major economic importance for meat production and muscle mass is largely determined during the prenatal period by the number and the size of muscle fibres. (wur.nl)
- The improvement in the quality of the muscle tissue after treatment with uP-mGM affected the increase in the TA muscle mass and the maximum running speed on a treadmill. (biomedcentral.com)
Abstract1
- abstract = "Independently, aging and stroke each have a significant negative impact on skeletal muscle, but the potential cumulative effects of aging and stroke have not been explored. (elsevier.com)
Suggest that treating skelet1
- This seems to suggest that treating skeletal muscle alone should increase cardiac output and improve heart function. (fitness-vip.com)
Hypertrophy2
- Skeletal myofibers also undergo hypertrophy with work overload, characterized by size increase and biochemical changes. (illinois.edu)
- I showed that the IGF-I-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy requires mTOR and its kinase activity, as well as its major downstream effector S6K1. (illinois.edu)
Biopsies1
- Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken at day 0 and day 56. (epfl.ch)
Metabolism1
- Context/Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the regulation of the fuel partitioning and energy metabolism in skeletal muscle during lipid overfeeding in healthy men. (epfl.ch)
Regeneration3
- 1999). MyoD is involved in skeletal, but not cardiac, muscle regeneration. (fitness-vip.com)
- and muscle fiber number during regeneration. (biomedcentral.com)
- Efficient regeneration of the injured muscle is thought to compete with fibrotic healing, and excessive fibrosis is thought to impede regeneration. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells10
- A growing body of literature indicated the cytosolic free Ca 2+ concentration of skeletal muscle cells changes significantly during exercise-induced fatigue. (spie.org)
- This study is aimed to establish rat skeletal muscle cell model of exercise-induced fatigue, and confirm the change of cytosolic free Ca 2+ concentration of skeletal muscle cells in rats preand post- exercise-induced fatigue. (spie.org)
- In conclusion, cytosolic free Ca 2+ concentration of skeletal muscle cells has a close relation with exercise-induced fatigue, and the increase of cytosolic free Ca 2+ concentration may be one of the important factors of exercise-induced fatigue. (spie.org)
- Harold Laughlin found that diaphragm muscle cells and smooth muscle cells behave differently-a finding that could influence future research on respiratory ailments associated with diabetes. (missouri.edu)
- However, in the past, researchers have not differentiated diaphragm muscle cells and the muscle cells of limb skeletal muscle in their studies. (missouri.edu)
- Now, researchers from the University of Missouri have found that diaphragm muscle cells and other skeletal muscle cells behave differently-a finding that could influence future research on respiratory ailments associated with diabetes. (missouri.edu)
- One of the crucial problems facing individuals with Type 2 diabetes is that small blood vessels essentially disappear making it harder for muscle cells, even those cells that make up the diaphragm, to respond to insulin," said M. Harold Laughlin , Curators Professor and chair of the Department of Biomedical Sciences in the College of Veterinary Medicine and an investigator at the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center at MU. (missouri.edu)
- Previous research on respiratory distress has focused on the similarities in limb skeletal muscle cells and diaphragm cells. (missouri.edu)
- Because diaphragm muscle cells are similarly arranged as other skeletal muscle cells, the two have often been studied together. (missouri.edu)
- We found that smooth muscle cells in the arteries of the diaphragm do undergo adaptive changes in response to exercise training," Laughlin said. (missouri.edu)
Myoblasts1
- Skeletal myogenesis is a well-coordinated process composed of the determination of myogenic lineage of somitic stem cell, cell cycle withdrawal, the expression of myogenic specific genes and the fusion of myoblasts to form multinucleated myotubes. (illinois.edu)
Regulation2
- Here, I investigated the function of mTOR for the activation of newly found S6K1 homologue, S6K2, and for the regulation of skeletal muscle myotube growth. (illinois.edu)
- Conclusion: Adaptation to lipid overfeeding and regulation of fuel partitioning in human muscle appear to rely on a dissociation between the regulatory functions of the sirtuin-PGC-1 alpha pathway on fatty acid oxidation and on mitochondrial regulation. (epfl.ch)
Gene2
- Main Outcome Measures: Change in gene expression, mitochondrial respiration, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) content, and acetylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) in skeletal muscle was measured. (epfl.ch)
- The understanding of gene expression changes during prenatal pig muscle development is still limited. (wur.nl)
Exercise2
- Our results indicate just the opposite-in obese patients suffering from diabetes skeletal muscle arteries and diaphragm arteries adapt to exercise in different ways. (missouri.edu)
- Using this data set, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of muscle aging and to describe how physical exercise may alleviate negative physiological effects. (lu.se)
Negatively1
- In skeletal muscle, FTO mRNA expression was negatively associated to fat and positively to glucose oxidation rates as well as positively correlated with expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation including PGC1alpha. (ku.dk)
Physiological1
- Cox regression analysis was used to determine the association between SMD or IMAT and 6-month mortality, with adjustments for Acute Physiological, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, body mass index (BMI), and skeletal muscle area. (biomedcentral.com)
Myogenesis1
- We hypothesized that increasing the number of M1 macrophages early after traumatic muscle injury would produce more cellular and molecular substrates for myogenesis and fewer substrates for fibrosis, leading to better muscle healing. (biomedcentral.com)
Functions of skeletal1
- You will also learn about the basic functions of skeletal muscle in here as well. (sophia.org)
Findings1
- Taken together, these findings suggest that worsening of skeletal muscle disease may promote heart deterioration in untreated patients. (fitness-vip.com)
Mice2
- When skeletal muscle contractility is severely compromised (such as in m-dko mice), cardiac output will decrease as a consequence of reduced venous return. (fitness-vip.com)
- As expected, m-dko mice develop much severer skeletal muscle disease (Megeney et al. (fitness-vip.com)
Insulin-stimulated glucose1
- PURPOSE: Rac1 is required for normal insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle. (wku.edu)
Function3
- It is generally agreed that normalizing skeletal muscle function alone cannot halt heart disease (Muntoni et al. (fitness-vip.com)
- 1990). A recent mouse study also found that transgenic amelioration of skeletal muscle disease alone increased physical activity and worsened heart function (Townsend et al. (fitness-vip.com)
- Relationships between changes in muscle structure, muscle function, and physical mobility are reviewed. (elsevier.com)
Relaxants6
- 1) Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants: These drugs selectively act on the central nervous system that governs skeletal muscle tone and are used to control skeletal muscle spasms and treat tonic spasms or are used during surgical procedures. (scirp.org)
- Which medications in the drug class Skeletal Muscle Relaxants are used in the treatment of Spasticity? (medscape.com)
- Agents of treatment include Celecoxib (Celebrex), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), skeletal muscle relaxants, and local anesthetics. (medscape.com)
- Muscle relaxants often are used to reduce muscle spasm after initial injury. (medscape.com)
- Skeletal muscle relaxants are indicated as an adjunct to rest, physical therapy, and other measures for the relief of discomfort associated with acute painful musculoskeletal conditions. (medscape.com)
- Skeletal muscle relaxants have modest short-term benefit as adjunctive therapy for nociceptive pain associated with muscle strains and are used intermittently for diffuse and certain regional chronic pain syndromes. (medscape.com)
Type of skeletal muscle3
- Exercise that violates the principle of progression can lead to this type of skeletal muscle damage. (mhhe.com)
- There are several different ways to categorize the type of skeletal muscle. (bionity.com)
- This type of skeletal muscle fiber is often found in the highest concentrations in the arms and shoulders, as these muscles are generally used less frequently than those of the back and neck. (wisegeek.com)
Mitochondrial19
- Skeletal muscle mitochondrial and high fat feeding 9. (vanstockum.nl)
- We determined whether aging results in increased DNA oxidative damage and reduced mtDNA abundance and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of human subjects. (pnas.org)
- The content of several mitochondrial proteins was reduced in older muscles, whereas the level of the oxidative DNA lesion, 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine, was increased, supporting the oxidative damage theory of aging. (pnas.org)
- These results demonstrate that age-related muscle mitochondrial dysfunction is related to reduced mtDNA and muscle functional changes that are common in the elderly. (pnas.org)
- Reduced muscle mitochondrial function could contribute to age-related muscle dysfunction and reduced aerobic capacity. (pnas.org)
- The activity of oxidative enzymes and content mRNA transcripts encoding mitochondrial proteins are also reduced in older muscles ( 3 , 7 , 10 , 11 ). (pnas.org)
- The major functional role of mitochondria is ATP generation, but it remains unclear whether mitochondrial ATP production rate (MAPR) in skeletal muscle declines with age in humans. (pnas.org)
- We therefore performed a comprehensive study to examine whether muscle mitochondrial function declines with age in humans by using a large group of well-characterized healthy men and women across a wide age span. (pnas.org)
- Here, we analyze the ability of skeletal muscle to respire lactate by using an in situ mitochondrial preparation that leaves the native tubular reticulum and subcellular interactions of the organelle unaltered. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Antioxidant supplementation reduces skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. (biomedsearch.com)
- However, exercise-induced ROS may regulate beneficial skeletal muscle adaptations, such as increased mitochondrial biogenesis. (biomedsearch.com)
- We therefore investigated the effects of long-term antioxidant supplementation with vitamin E and α-lipoic acid on changes in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle of exercise-trained and sedentary rats. (biomedsearch.com)
- CONCLUSIONS: : Vitamin E and α-lipoic acid supplementation suppresses skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, regardless of training status. (biomedsearch.com)
- Disturbances in mitochondrial oxidative capacity occur with statin use even in subjects without statin-induced muscle complaints. (greenmedinfo.com)
- To determine whether differences exist in exercise performance, muscle function and mitochondrial oxidative capacity and content between symptomatic and asymptomatic statin users, and non-statin using controls. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Statin use attenuates substrate use during maximal exercise performance, induces muscle fatigue during repeated muscle contractions and decreases mitochondrial oxidative capacity of the muscle. (greenmedinfo.com)
- We assessed muscular mitochondrial function and lipid deposition in liver (HCL) and muscle (IMCL) using 31 P/ 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), insulin sensitivity and endogenous glucose production (EGP) by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps combined with isotopic tracer dilution in one female suffering from the MELAS syndrome and in six controls (CON). (diabetesjournals.org)
- Impairment of muscle mitochondrial fitness promotes insulin resistance and could thereby contribute to the development of diabetes in certain patients with the MELAS syndrome. (diabetesjournals.org)
- We propose that increased protein and enzymatic activity of AK1 is representative of a compensatory glycolytic drift to counteract reduced muscle mitochondrial function with the progression of obesity. (diabetesjournals.org)
Affect skeletal muscle1
- We need to consider how these mutations may affect skeletal muscle function. (asbmb.org)
Cardiac muscle4
- Skeletal muscle is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle . (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle is under voluntary control. (britannica.com)
- It does not include cardiac muscle and smooth muscle, which are associated with the systems in which they are found, such as the cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, or other organ systems. (cliffsnotes.com)
- Skeletal muscle cells contract more forcefully than smooth or cardiac muscle cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
Molecular12
- The molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle maintenance involve interplay between multiple signaling pathways. (nih.gov)
- These studies collectively suggest that skeletal muscle cells could be epigenetically regulated, as they appear to not only retain information from the environmental niche from which they originated, but also to pass this molecular 'signature' onto future daughter cell progeny in-vitro . (nature.com)
- Furthermore, we have recently reported that mouse skeletal muscle cells (C2C12), following an early-life inflammatory stress, pass molecular information onto future generations (30 cellular divisions), through a process of DNA methylation 11 . (nature.com)
- Molecular mechanism of post-meal regulation of muscle anabolism 7. (vanstockum.nl)
- Our group aims to analyze molecular changes within the skeletal muscle of pre-diabetic patients through the use of a clinical trial in humans. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Charge, S. B. & Rudnicki, M. A. Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration. (nature.com)
- We currently have a good descriptive understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the muscle phenotype. (biologists.org)
- The plasticity of skeletal muscle is further illustrated by the myriad of effects that either endurance- or resistance-based training induce at the cellular and molecular levels ( 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
- In summary, proteome analysis of muscle has helped us better describe the molecular etiology of obesity-related disease. (diabetesjournals.org)
- New techniques for the unbiased ascertainment of complex molecular events in diseased, damaged, and exercise-adapted skeletal muscle include the use of oligonucleotide microarrays and proteomic analysis using mass spectroscopy ( 7 - 10 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- Consequently, there is growing support for the use of protein profiling techniques to help produce a more comprehensive molecular etiology of muscle remodeling and disease states. (diabetesjournals.org)
- The present review addresses current understanding of the functional roles of the molecular clock with respect to skeletal muscle and the potential of chronotherapy for diseases associated with skeletal muscle. (dovepress.com)
Oxidative5
- Oxidative stress in skeletal muscle and high fat feeding 12. (vanstockum.nl)
- In this review, we discuss possible mechanisms of iron dependent oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, its impact on muscle mass and endocrine function, as well as on neurodegeneration processes. (frontiersin.org)
- In the skeletal muscle, oxidative stress not only causes muscle damage but also negatively impacts its endocrine function. (frontiersin.org)
- In addition, skeletal muscle accounts for a large portion of oxidative metabolism and of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. (frontiersin.org)
- Although there have been a number of microarray studies of diabetic and obese muscle across a variety of animal and human experimental models, the only real consensus is the apparent downregulation of genes encoding oxidative metabolism enzymes with obesity and diabetes ( 11 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Plasticity3
- Understanding the regulation of muscle plasticity. (nih.gov)
- The purpose of the present review is to give a short overview of the currently known factors and their role in skeletal muscle plasticity. (biologists.org)
- These results suggest that the expression of αB-crystallin is dynamically related to the muscle plasticity. (go.jp)
Contractions5
- Both skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles contain striations among muscle cells and produce strong contractions, according to class notes from Yale Univers. (reference.com)
- Maximal incremental cycling tests and involuntary electrically stimulated isometric quadriceps muscle contractions were performed and a muscle biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Theriault E, Diamond J. Nociceptive cutaneous stimuli evoke localized contractions in a skeletal muscle. (unboundmedicine.com)
- TY - JOUR T1 - Nociceptive cutaneous stimuli evoke localized contractions in a skeletal muscle. (unboundmedicine.com)
- These muscles are under the control of the somatic nervous system , the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with voluntary muscle contractions. (biology-online.org)
Somatic1
- Skeletal muscle is innervated by somatic (as opposed to autonomic) motor axons at a synaptic structure called a motor endplate, where acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter. (thefreedictionary.com)
Regeneration27
- This Book is a collection of classic and cutting edge protocols optimized for mice, but in most cases adaptable to rat or other mammalian models, that will allow an investigator to develop and implement a research study on skeletal muscle regeneration. (springer.com)
- Chapters address the three major areas of study: provoking regeneration by inducing damage to muscle, analyzing the progenitor cells of skeletal muscle, and quantifying overall muscle function. (springer.com)
- Cutting edge and practical, Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in the Mouse: Methods and Protocols is an essential laboratory reference for research in skeletal muscle growth, damage, repair, degeneration, and regenerative therapy in the mouse model system. (springer.com)
- Recent studies have further defined the pathways leading to gain and loss of skeletal muscle as well as the signaling events that induce differentiation and post-injury regeneration, which are also essential for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass. (nih.gov)
- Muscle derived stem cells are presently considered the best source for muscle regeneration. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Skeletal-muscle-specific stem cells, termed satellite cells, contribute to the postnatal maintenance, growth, repair, and regeneration of skeletal muscle [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- To investigate the mechanism behind skeletal muscle growth and regeneration, researchers from Brigham and Women's Hospital bombarded zebrafish with chemical mutagen and screened for larvae with defective skeletal muscle structure. (eurekalert.org)
- Using genetic mapping, they found that zebrafish larvae with a mutation in DDX27 showed reduced muscle growth and impaired regeneration. (eurekalert.org)
- Looking ahead the researchers hope to further explore the mechanism by which protein synthesis is changed in different disease conditions and develop approaches to target DDX27 regulated pathways to restore muscle growth and regeneration in skeletal muscle disorders. (eurekalert.org)
- In vitro models of muscle self-repair would facilitate the basic understanding of muscle regeneration and the screening of therapies for muscle disease. (nature.com)
- Lepper, C., Partridge, T. A. & Fan, C. M. An absolute requirement for Pax7-positive satellite cells in acute injury-induced skeletal muscle regeneration. (nature.com)
- Tidball, J. G. & Villalta, S. A. Regulatory interactions between muscle and the immune system during muscle regeneration. (nature.com)
- Turner, N. J. & Badylak, S. F. Regeneration of skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
- Obesity is increasing rapidly worldwide and is accompanied by many complications, including impaired muscle regeneration. (diabetesjournals.org)
- We hypothesized that the loss of AMPK activity is a major reason for hampered muscle regeneration in obese subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
- We found that obesity inhibits AMPK activity in regenerating muscle, which was associated with impeded satellite cell activation and impaired muscle regeneration. (diabetesjournals.org)
- To test the mediatory role of AMPKα1, we knocked out AMPKα1 and found that both proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells are reduced after injury and that muscle regeneration is severely impeded, reminiscent of hampered muscle regeneration seen in obese subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
- We also found that attenuated muscle regeneration in obese mice is rescued by AICAR, a drug that specifically activates AMPK, but AICAR treatment failed to improve muscle regeneration in obese mice with satellite cell-specific AMPKα1 knockout, demonstrating the importance of AMPKα1 in satellite cell activation and muscle regeneration. (diabetesjournals.org)
- In summary, AMPKα1 is a key mediator linking obesity and impaired muscle regeneration, providing a convenient drug target to facilitate muscle regeneration in obese populations. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Skeletal muscle regeneration is an integrated part of the physiological process in skeletal muscle. (diabetesjournals.org)
- In both exercise-induced muscle damage and muscle trauma, skeletal muscle regeneration is required for recovery after injury ( 4 , 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- Moreover, sustained but attenuated muscle regeneration is indispensable in the etiology of muscular diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy ( 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- Improper muscle regeneration leads to muscle atrophy and impairment of muscle contractile function ( 9 - 11 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- On the other hand, successful muscle regeneration requires both sufficient quantity and proper myogenic differentiation of satellite cells ( 12 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- disrupted expression of MRFs negatively affects muscle regeneration ( 14 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- However, the role of AMPK in impaired muscle regeneration due to obesity and type 2 diabetes has not been defined. (diabetesjournals.org)
- We previously identified the stimulatory effect of AMPKα1, the dominant AMPKα isoform in satellite cells, on myogenin expression and fusion into myotubes ( 20 , 21 ), which led us to hypothesize that AMPKα1 facilitates muscle regeneration and that obesity impedes muscle regeneration mainly through inhibition of AMPK. (diabetesjournals.org)
Energy metabolism6
- Voluntary movement, which is effected by skeletal muscle, contributes greatly to energy metabolism and its regulation via glucose uptake and storage by insulin. (qiagen.com)
- Because skeletal muscle expresses the leptin receptor and plays a major role in determining energy metabolism, we studied leptin's effects on glucose and fatty acid (FA) metabolism in isolated mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Moreover, as a major storage site for glucose, lipids and amino acids, muscle is an essential coordinator of whole-body energy metabolism. (frontiersin.org)
- The total enzymatic activity of creatine kinase, which also regulates energy metabolism in muscle, was shown to increase 30% in obese/overweight women only. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Taken together, the data suggest that BRCA1 is important in regulating energy metabolism in skeletal muscle. (asbmb.org)
- Skeletal muscle functions in locomotion, postural support, and energy metabolism. (dovepress.com)
Glucose7
- thus, dysregulation of skeletal muscle metabolism can strongly influence whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. (jci.org)
- The contralateral muscle was treated with insulin (10 mU/ml), leptin (0.01-10 μg/ml), or insulin plus leptin, and incorporation of [ 14 C]glucose or [ 14 C]oleate into CO 2 and into either glycogen or triacylglycerol (TAG) was determined. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Leptin did not alter insulin-stimulated muscle glucose metabolism. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Skeletal muscle, which accounts for 40% of body mass, is responsible for locomotion and is the major site for glucose and fatty acid utilization, playing a key role in preventing obesity and type 2 diabetes ( 1 - 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- The present study examined whether a reduction in the concentration of the insulin-stimulated glucose transporter (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle was associated with advancing age in men ( n = 55) and women ( n = 29). (diabetesjournals.org)
- Skeletal muscle is by far the most common type of muscle in the body and it plays a major role in normal metabolism, e.g., after a meal, excess glucose is removed from the blood stream primarily by skeletal muscle. (thefreedictionary.com)
- It is now widely accepted that skeletal muscle plays a considerable role in regulating levels of circulating glucose and lipids and that this capacity is significantly depressed in obese and/or inactive individuals ( 2 , 3 , 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Tendons4
- Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons , and they produce all the movements of body parts in relation to each other. (britannica.com)
- Skeletal muscles are generally to be found attached to the skeleton, usually by tendons . (wisegeek.com)
- Answer: tendons Diff: 1 Page Ref: 185 13) The __________ zone of a sarcomere contains no actin filaments while the skeletal muscle is at rest (noncontractile state).12) Skeletal muscle is often attached to bone by strong. (scribd.com)
- Because of these different architectures, the tension a muscle can create between its tendons varies by more than simply its size and fiber-type makeup. (wikipedia.org)
Actin2
- The myofibrils are composed of actin and myosin filaments, repeated in units called sarcomeres , which are the basic functional units of the muscle fiber. (wikipedia.org)
- This work introduces such a method, which analyzes fluctuations of anisotropy of a few actin molecules in muscle. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
Attached to the skeleton1
- Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle , usually attached to the skeleton. (bionity.com)
Amyotrophic lateral s3
- Vitamin D and skeletal muscle of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 25. (vanstockum.nl)
- Additional diseases of the skeletal muscle include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and myasthenia gravis . (wisegeek.com)
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also referred to as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease, is one of the most debilitating skeletal muscle diseases. (wisegeek.com)
Changes in skeletal muscle2
- Nutrition and Skeletal Muscle provides coverage of the evidence of dietary components that have proven beneficial for bettering adverse changes in skeletal muscle from disuse and aging. (vanstockum.nl)
- Chronic adaptations are a result of consistent acute changes in skeletal muscle and persist for longer periods of time, as well. (livestrong.com)
Suggest that skeletal muscle1
- 3 These findings suggest that skeletal muscle homeostasis might be disturbed not only by a lack of exercise and low intake of dietary protein but also by the disruption of circadian rhythm circumstances such as continuous night work, shift work, lack of sleep, and jet lag. (dovepress.com)
Protein synthesis and degradation2
- Maintenance of skeletal mass relies on a dynamic balance between protein synthesis and degradation. (eurekalert.org)
- Balanced muscle protein synthesis and degradation can retain skeletal muscle mass and muscle performance. (dovepress.com)
Signaling8
- Signaling pathways controlling skeletal muscle mass. (nih.gov)
- Signaling activated by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) positively regulates muscle mass, primarily via induction of protein synthesis, downstream of Akt and mTOR. (nih.gov)
- Another more recently discovered E3 ligase is Fbxo40, which can ubiquitinate IRS1 upon IGF1 stimulation, short-circuiting this pathway unless the muscle is capable of synthesizing new IGF1, via maintenance of TORC1/protein synthesis signaling. (nih.gov)
- Vitamin D signaling and skeletal muscle cells 21. (vanstockum.nl)
- Physical exercise induces changes in extracellular signaling in skeletal muscle that affect satellite cells. (hindawi.com)
- J. A. Powell, M. A. Carrasco, D. S. Adams, B. Drouet, J. Rios, M. Müller, M. Estrada, E. Jaimovich, IP 3 receptor function and localization in myotubes: An unexplored Ca 2+ signaling pathway in skeletal muscle. (sciencemag.org)
- In endurance exercise, stress-induced signaling leads to transcriptional upregulation of genes, with Ca 2+ signaling and the energy status of the muscle cells sensed through AMPK being major input determinants. (biologists.org)
- As a consequence, muscle structural and functional modifications can be achieved by an almost unlimited combination of inputs and downstream signaling events. (biologists.org)
Myopathy1
- Statin-induced myopathy is associated with skeletal muscle cell MHC I expression changes. (greenmedinfo.com)
Intact skeletal muscle1
- Zebrafish larvae with intact skeletal muscle structure and function (top) and impaired skeletal muscle structure (as seen with reduced birefringence, right panel) and function due to loss of Ddx27 (bottom). (eurekalert.org)
Regulates2
- The myostatin/GDF11/activin pathway negatively regulates muscle size, as a result of the phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 - primarily by inhibiting Akt. (nih.gov)
- Substrate elasticity regulates skeletal muscle stem cell self-renewal in culture. (nature.com)
Diseases17
- This article reviews the clinical features of the skeletal muscle sodium channel diseases and highlights the phenotypic or genetic overlap in these disorders. (springer.com)
- The findings are a major step towards developing a stem cell replacement therapy for muscle diseases including Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, which affects approximately 1 in 5,000 boys in the U.S. and is the most common fatal childhood genetic disease. (eurekalert.org)
- Skeletal muscle has a remarkable capacity to regenerate - a capacity that is diminished in many skeletal muscle diseases and aging. (eurekalert.org)
- A major hindrance in the development of effective therapies for skeletal muscle diseases thus far has been a lack of understanding of the biological processes that promote muscle growth and repair," said corresponding author Vandana Gupta, PhD, of the Division of Genetics at BWH. (eurekalert.org)
- Our study is one of the first efforts to provide specificity to the processes controlling protein synthesis in muscles, which will hopefully allow for the development of effective targeted treatments for skeletal muscle diseases. (eurekalert.org)
- Loss of muscle mass is a debilitating feature that is a common manifestation of a wide array of diseases, and leads to reduced muscle function and increased morbidity and mortality. (eurekalert.org)
- What Are the Different Types of Skeletal Muscle Diseases? (wisegeek.com)
- There are a variety of different skeletal muscle diseases, each of which carries its own unique set of symptoms. (wisegeek.com)
- Some of the most common diseases affecting the skeletal muscles include muscular dystrophy , fibromyalgia , and cerebral palsy . (wisegeek.com)
- If the patient or caregiver has any questions or concerns about the diagnosis of specific skeletal muscle diseases, a doctor or other medical professional should be consulted. (wisegeek.com)
- Muscular dystrophy and cerebral palsy are among the most frequently diagnosed skeletal muscle diseases among children. (wisegeek.com)
- Diagnosing skeletal muscle diseases can be very difficult and this certainly applies to fibromyalgia. (wisegeek.com)
- Skeletal muscle health is particularly important for the prevention of various diseases. (mdpi.com)
- We have also discussed, sarcopenia, age-related muscle diseases and exercise. (mdpi.com)
- Further, iron overload in the skeletal muscle not only negatively affects muscle contractility but also might impact its endocrine function, thus possibly affecting the clinical outcome of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. (frontiersin.org)
- In this review we have provided recent Hcy mediated mechanistic insights into different diseases and presented potential implications in the context of reduced muscle function and integrity. (mdpi.com)
- However, because other diseases affecting the heart and lungs, muscles and adrenal glands may produce symptoms of exercise-intolerance similar to HMLR, it is important that these disorders be ruled out as well. (labbies.com)
Stimulation4
- Twitch potentiation and fatigue in skeletal muscle are two conditions in which force production is affected by the stimulation history. (scielo.br)
- Fatigue is the force decrease observed after a period of repeated muscle stimulation. (scielo.br)
- But electricity can cause adverse side effects to a biological environment and does not allow for selective stimulation of distinct regions of muscle to steer the biobot, said research professor Rashid Bashir. (photonics.com)
- 2. Electrophysiological analysis of EMG activity in the muscle reflexly evoked by direct electrical stimulation of individual DCNs revealed a distinct topographic relationship, in that the shortest latency response of EMG activity in the muscle was consistently located approximately 1.0 cm rostral to the dermatome of the stimulated DCN. (unboundmedicine.com)
Adult3
- First, we show that-in contrast with injured neonatal-derived engineered muscle-adult-derived engineered muscle fails to properly self-repair after injury, even when treated with pro-regenerative cytokines. (nature.com)
- The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of fetal undernutrition on the passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscle of weaned and young adult rats. (scielo.br)
- Modifications in muscle fiber type distribution in both young and adult mammals have been reported as well as a decrease in the fiber density in the diaphragm of pups whose mothers had suffered nutritional deprivation. (scielo.br)
Fiber17
- 3D rendering of a skeletal muscle fiber. (wikipedia.org)
- Every single organelle and macromolecule of a muscle fiber is arranged to ensure form meets function. (wikipedia.org)
- While the muscle fiber does not have a smooth endoplasmic cisternae, it contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum . (wikipedia.org)
- These cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other. (wikipedia.org)
- The different fiber arrangements produce broad categories of skeletal muscle architectures including longitudinal, pennate , unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate. (wikipedia.org)
- A muscle fiber is divided into functional units known as sarcomeres which are defined as the distance between 2 sets of Z - lines. (mhhe.com)
- The nuclei of these muscles are located in the peripheral aspect of the cell, just under the plasma membrane , which vacates the central part of the muscle fiber for myofibrils . (bionity.com)
- Each fiber of a muscle can contribute to force production only if it is recruited by the brain. (time-to-run.com)
- One motor nerve can branch into tens, hundreds, or even a thousand branches, each one terminating on a different muscle fiber. (time-to-run.com)
- The different muscle groups of the body usually consist of different concentrations of each type of muscle fiber , depending on the functions of each individual muscle group. (wisegeek.com)
- What is a Motor Unit/Muscle Fiber? (studystack.com)
- the amount of each type of fiber varies from muscle to muscle and from person to person. (wikidoc.org)
- It will be the first study to thoroughly investigate the effects of ST on muscle atrophy, intramuscular fat, muscle fiber characteristics, capillary density and insulin sensitivity after stroke. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Longitudinal architecture The fascicles of longitudinally arranged, parallel, or fusiform muscles run parallel to the axis of force generation, thus these muscles on a whole function similarly to a single, large muscle fiber. (wikipedia.org)
- A motor neuron axon branches many times after entering a target muscle, and each branch makes its way to a different muscle fiber. (getbodysmart.com)
- As it approaches the midpoint of a muscle fiber, the axon splits again, forming a small cluster of terminal branches. (getbodysmart.com)
- The tips of the terminal branches expand into small synaptic bulbs, which fit into grooves along the surface of the muscle fiber. (getbodysmart.com)
Mechanism1
- A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. (fpnotebook.com)
Effects on skeletal2
- Postprandial effects on skeletal muscle 6. (vanstockum.nl)
- These data demonstrate that leptin has direct and acute effects on skeletal muscle. (diabetesjournals.org)
Homeostasis2
- The investigators central hypothesis is that the muscle characteristics derived from ultrasound (US) will be significantly associated with estimates of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) LBM, CT scan measures of IMAT, estimates of insulin homeostasis, and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Skeletal muscle is an essential regulator of energy homeostasis and a potent coordinator of exercise-induced adaptations in other organs including the liver, fat or the brain. (frontiersin.org)
Extracellular1
- Changes in the extracellular matrix and sarcolemma of skeletal muscles which could result in muscle pathology or adaptation were measured. (cdc.gov)
Functional5
- Experiments were designed to develop a reproducible technique for producing chronic strain injury to rat skeletal muscles as a model for cumulative trauma disorder (CTD), and to measure the functional outcome of repeated microtrauma in order to develop strategies and programs for its prevention. (cdc.gov)
- A dynamometer was designed and built to control the velocity and range of movement of the rat foot during a strain overload and test the functional outcome in terms of muscle strength, endurance, and stiffness in-vivo. (cdc.gov)
- We have found that just because a skeletal muscle cell produced in the lab expresses muscle markers, doesn't mean it is fully functional," said Pyle. (eurekalert.org)
- Many structural and functional changes occur with age in skeletal muscle in a wide range of species. (pnas.org)
- From a functional point of view, muscle passive properties are important to take into account because (1) these characteristics contribute in part to the maximal joint range of motion, (2) part of the force developed by the contracting muscle will be devoted to the stretch of passive antagonist and (3) a relation between passive stiffness and spindle discharge has been shown. (scielo.br)
Skeleton3
- The functions of skeletal muscles are to bring about specific movements to the number of bones present in the human skeleton, according to the University of the Western Cape. (reference.com)
- The biceps are classified as skeletal muscles because they attach directly to the skeleton. (reference.com)
- The skeletal muscles are responsible for moving parts of the skeleton (such as in locomotion ). (biology-online.org)
Humans2
- In Caenorhabditis elegans , muscle changes resembling those in humans precede neuronal changes, and are a determinant of morbidity ( 1 ). (pnas.org)
- These findings suggest that a decrement in GLUT4 protein concentration in skeletal muscle may at least partially contribute to the insulin resistance of aging in humans. (diabetesjournals.org)
Pathology1
- The appearance of muscle pathology was related to the strain rate. (cdc.gov)
Pathways1
- The early effects of glucocorticoids on skeletal muscle (SkM) androgen and IGF-1 pathways have not been previously investigated in human subjects. (ingentaconnect.com)
Relaxant3
- These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Skeletal Muscle Relaxant. (fpnotebook.com)
- A synthetic propanediol dicarbamate derivative and an adjunct in the treatment of painful muscle spasms, Carisoprodol is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant that relieves stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by muscle injuries. (fpnotebook.com)
- Tizanidine is a centrally acting muscle relaxant metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine and feces. (medscape.com)
Vertebrates1
- Skeletal muscle , also called voluntary muscle , in vertebrates , most common of the three types of muscle in the body. (britannica.com)
Insulin sensitivity1
- Lipids in skeletal muscle and insulin sensitivity 19. (vanstockum.nl)
Contributes1
- It is important to identify what each individual muscle does, and this is just a start, showing that the multifidus contributes significantly to spinal stabilization," said Garfin. (ucsd.edu)
Acute1
- One acute or immediate response resistance training has on skeletal muscle is the accumulation of fatigue-producing metabolites. (livestrong.com)
Fibre2
- Axon terminal at its junction with a muscle fibre, from an electronmicrograph. (thefreedictionary.com)
- the site where a motor nerve axon terminal makes close contact with the skeletal muscle fibre which it supplies. (thefreedictionary.com)
Voluntary muscle1
- Most skeletal muscles can be controlled consciously, and skeletal muscle is sometimes referred to as voluntary muscle. (thefreedictionary.com)