Muscle proteins. Medical search

The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Histidine substituted in any position with one or more methyl groups.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.

Developmental events leading to the formation of adult muscular system, which includes differentiation of the various types of muscle cell precursors, migration of myoblasts, activation of myogenesis and development of muscle anchorage.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type II MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have high ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. Several fast types have been identified.

The quadriceps femoris. A collective name of the four-headed skeletal muscle of the thigh, comprised of the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis.

The resection or removal of the innervation of a muscle or muscle tissue.

The long cylindrical contractile organelles of STRIATED MUSCLE cells composed of ACTIN FILAMENTS; MYOSIN filaments; and other proteins organized in arrays of repeating units called SARCOMERES .

Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type I MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have low ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment.

A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle.

Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

A giant elastic protein of molecular mass ranging from 2,993 kDa (cardiac), 3,300 kDa (psoas), to 3,700 kDa (soleus) having a kinase domain. The amino- terminal is involved in a Z line binding, and the carboxy-terminal region is bound to the myosin filament with an overlap between the counter-connectin filaments at the M line.

Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They are derived from specialized myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SMOOTH MUSCLE).

A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)

Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.

The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus).

The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.

The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.

One of two types of muscle in the body, characterized by the array of bands observed under microscope. Striated muscles can be divided into two subtypes: the CARDIAC MUSCLE and the SKELETAL MUSCLE.

Skeletal muscle structures that function as the MECHANORECEPTORS responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex (REFLEX, STRETCH). They are composed of a bundle of encapsulated SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS, i.e., the intrafusal fibers (nuclear bag 1 fibers, nuclear bag 2 fibers, and nuclear chain fibers) innervated by SENSORY NEURONS.

That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.

These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.

Mature contractile cells, commonly known as myocytes, that form one of three kinds of muscle. The three types of muscle cells are skeletal (MUSCLE FIBERS, SKELETAL), cardiac (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC), and smooth (MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE). They are derived from embryonic (precursor) muscle cells called MYOBLASTS.

A type of strength-building exercise program that requires the body muscle to exert a force against some form of resistance, such as weight, stretch bands, water, or immovable objects. Resistance exercise is a combination of static and dynamic contractions involving shortening and lengthening of skeletal muscles.

Conical muscular projections from the walls of the cardiac ventricles, attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by the chordae tendineae.

General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.

Muscles forming the ABDOMINAL WALL including RECTUS ABDOMINIS, external and internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, and quadratus abdominis. (from Stedman, 25th ed)

A subset of ubiquitin protein ligases that are formed by the association of a SKP DOMAIN PROTEIN, a CULLIN DOMAIN PROTEIN and a F-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN.

A sport in which weights are lifted competitively or as an exercise.

A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws.

The larger subunits of MYOSINS. The heavy chains have a molecular weight of about 230 kDa and each heavy chain is usually associated with a dissimilar pair of MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS. The heavy chains possess actin-binding and ATPase activity.

These compounds stimulate anabolism and inhibit catabolism. They stimulate the development of muscle mass, strength, and power.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles that include the numerous muscles supplied by the facial nerve that are attached to and move the skin of the face. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A growth differentiation factor that is a potent inhibitor of SKELETAL MUSCLE growth. It may play a role in the regulation of MYOGENESIS and in muscle maintenance during adulthood.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.

Respiratory muscles that arise from the lower border of one rib and insert into the upper border of the adjoining rib, and contract during inspiration or respiration. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)

Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Glucose in blood.

Muscular contractions characterized by increase in tension without change in length.

Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).

Elongated, spindle-shaped, quiescent myoblasts lying in close contact with adult skeletal muscle. They are thought to play a role in muscle repair and regeneration.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are considered the major physiological kinases for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6. Unlike RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 90KDa the proteins in this family are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of RAPAMYCIN and contain a single kinase domain. They are referred to as 70kDa proteins, however ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of mRNAs for proteins in this class also results in 85kDa variants being formed.

A peptide initiation factor that binds specifically to the 5' MRNA CAP STRUCTURE of MRNA in the CYTOPLASM. It is a component of the trimeric complex EIF4F.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

The pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles that make up the upper and fore part of the chest in front of the AXILLA.

Embryonic (precursor) cells of the myogenic lineage that develop from the MESODERM. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes (MYOCYTES, SKELETAL; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC; MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE).

The time frame after a meal or FOOD INTAKE.

Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.

Disorders characterized by an abnormal reduction in muscle volume due to a decrease in the size or number of muscle fibers. Atrophy may result from diseases intrinsic to muscle tissue (e.g., MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY) or secondary to PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES that impair innervation to muscle tissue (e.g., MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL).

Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The time span between the beginning of physical activity by an individual and the termination because of exhaustion.

The chemical reactions that occur within the cells, tissues, or an organism. These processes include both the biosynthesis (ANABOLISM) and the breakdown (CATABOLISM) of organic materials utilized by the living organism.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

A condition of involuntary weight loss of greater then 10% of baseline body weight. It is characterized by atrophy of muscles and depletion of lean body mass. Wasting is a sign of MALNUTRITION as a result of inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, or hypermetabolism.

The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.

Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.

Specialized solutions for PARENTERAL NUTRITION. They may contain a variety of MICRONUTRIENTS; VITAMINS; AMINO ACIDS; CARBOHYDRATES; LIPIDS; and SALTS.

Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.

Stable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen, but differ in atomic weight. N-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope.

A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek "psoa", the plural meaning "muscles of the loin". It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.

General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

The repeating contractile units of the MYOFIBRIL, delimited by Z bands along its length.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws; its posterior portion retracts the mandible.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

Radioactive substances added in minute amounts to the reacting elements or compounds in a chemical process and traced through the process by appropriate detection methods, e.g., Geiger counter. Compounds containing tracers are often said to be tagged or labeled. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

A ribosomal protein that may play a role in controlling cell growth and proliferation. It is a major substrate of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES and plays a role in regulating the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of RNAs that contain an RNA 5' TERMINAL OLIGOPYRIMIDINE SEQUENCE.

Technique for limiting use, activity, or movement by immobilizing or restraining animal by suspending from hindlimbs or tails. This immobilization is used to simulate some effects of reduced gravity and study weightlessness physiology.

A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The restriction of the MOVEMENT of whole or part of the body by physical means (RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL) or chemically by ANALGESIA, or the use of TRANQUILIZING AGENTS or NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS. It includes experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

The processes and properties of living organisms by which they take in and balance the use of nutritive materials for energy, heat production, or building material for the growth, maintenance, or repair of tissues and the nutritive properties of FOOD.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. Though it is not clear how its function differs from the other myogenic regulatory factors, MyoD appears to be related to fusion and terminal differentiation of the muscle cell.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The muscles of the PHARYNX are voluntary muscles arranged in two layers. The external circular layer consists of three constrictors (superior, middle, and inferior). The internal longitudinal layer consists of the palatopharyngeus, the salpingopharyngeus, and the stylopharyngeus. During swallowing, the outer layer constricts the pharyngeal wall and the inner layer elevates pharynx and LARYNX.

A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by TROPONIN.

A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.

Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.

A guanine nucleotide exchange factor that acts to restore EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2 to its GTP bound form.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as SPECTRIN and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa.

The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.

The withholding of food in a structured experimental situation.

Maintenance of a constant blood glucose level by perfusion or infusion with glucose or insulin. It is used for the study of metabolic rates (e.g., in glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism) at constant glucose concentration.

A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

Abstaining from all food.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.

An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)

Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

An intermediate filament protein found predominantly in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells. Localized at the Z line. MW 50,000 to 55,000 is species dependent.

A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery.

A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.

The major protein constituents of milk are CASEINS and whey proteins such as LACTALBUMIN and LACTOGLOBULINS. IMMUNOGLOBULINS occur in high concentrations in COLOSTRUM and in relatively lower concentrations in milk. (Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p554)

The consumption of edible substances.

A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.

A component of eukaryotic initiation factor-4F that is involved in multiple protein interactions at the site of translation initiation. Thus it may serve a role in bringing together various initiation factors at the site of translation initiation.

A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin.

A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.

The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

Peptide initiation factors from eukaryotic organisms. Over twelve factors are involved in PEPTIDE CHAIN INITIATION, TRANSLATIONAL in eukaryotic cells. Many of these factors play a role in controlling the rate of MRNA TRANSLATION.

Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.

The vein accompanying the femoral artery in the same sheath; it is a continuation of the popliteal vein and becomes the external iliac vein.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A portion of the food eaten for the day, usually at regular occasions during the day.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

Any substances taken in by the body that provide nourishment.

Cleavage of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids either by PROTEASES or non-enzymatically (e.g., Hydrolysis). It does not include Protein Processing, Post-Translational.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The physiological renewal, repair, or replacement of tissue.

A strain of mice arising from a spontaneous MUTATION (mdx) in inbred C57BL mice. This mutation is X chromosome-linked and produces viable homozygous animals that lack the muscle protein DYSTROPHIN, have high serum levels of muscle ENZYMES, and possess histological lesions similar to human MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. The histological features, linkage, and map position of mdx make these mice a worthy animal model of DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY.

A highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular PROTEIN TRANSPORT and degradation. Ubiquitin becomes activated through a series of complicated steps and forms an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of specific proteins within the cell. These "ubiquitinated" proteins can be recognized and degraded by proteosomes or be transported to specific compartments within the cell.

A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.

Physiological changes that occur in bodies after death.

One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Proteins which participate in contractile processes. They include MUSCLE PROTEINS as well as those found in other cells and tissues. In the latter, these proteins participate in localized contractile events in the cytoplasm, in motile activity, and in cell aggregation phenomena.

Exercises that stretch the muscle fibers with the aim to increase muscle-tendon FLEXIBILITY, improve RANGE OF MOTION or musculoskeletal function, and prevent injuries. There are various types of stretching techniques including active, passive (relaxed), static, dynamic (gentle), ballistic (forced), isometric, and others.

A family of proteins that are structurally-related to Ubiquitin. Ubiquitins and ubiquitin-like proteins participate in diverse cellular functions, such as protein degradation and HEAT-SHOCK RESPONSE, by conjugation to other proteins.

Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)

Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Regulation of chamber-specific gene expression in the developing heart by Irx4. (1/8990)

The vertebrate heart consists of two types of chambers, the atria and the ventricles, which differ in their contractile and electrophysiological properties. Little is known of the molecular mechanisms by which these chambers are specified during embryogenesis. Here a chicken iroquois-related homeobox gene, Irx4, was identified that has a ventricle-restricted expression pattern at all stages of heart development. Irx4 protein was shown to regulate the chamber-specific expression of myosin isoforms by activating the expression of the ventricle myosin heavy chain-1 (VMHC1) and suppressing the expression of the atrial myosin heavy chain-1 (AMHC1) in the ventricles. Thus, Irx4 may play a critical role in establishing chamber-specific gene expression in the developing heart. (+info)

Gamma-Actinin, a new regulatory protein from rabbit skeletal muscle. I. Purification and characterization. (2/8990)

A new regulatory protein which we have designated as gamma-actinin has been isolated from native thin filaments of rabbit skeletal muscle. Depolymerized native thin filaments were fractionated by salting out with ammonium sulfate, and the precipitates obtained at 40--60% ammonium sulfate saturation were further subjected to DEAE-Sephadex and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The purified gamma-actinin was shown to have a chain weight of 35,000 daltons and had a strong inhibitory action on the polymerization of G-actin. The results of amino acid analysis indicated a unique amino acid composition of gamma-actinin as compared with other structural proteins of muscle. Non-polar and neutral amino acid residues were abundant. One cysteine residue was contained per one molecule of gamma-actinin and played a critical role in the maintenance of the inhibitory activity. Pelleting of gamma-actinin with F-actin showed that gamma-actinin binds to F-action. (+info)

Connectin, an elastic protein from myofibrils. (3/8990)

The elastic protein isolated from myofibrils of chicken skeletal muscle was compared with extracellular non-collagenous reticulin prepared from chicken liver and skeletal muscle. The amino acid compositions of these proteins were similar except that their contents of Phe, Leu, Cys/2, and Hyp were different. The impregnations of the elastic protein and reticulin with silver were also different. The reticulin was not at all elastic. It also differed from reticulin in solubility and antigenicity. It is proposed to call the intracellular elastic protein connectin. (+info)

Model-independent analysis of the orientation of fluorescent probes with restricted mobility in muscle fibers. (4/8990)

The orientation of proteins in ordered biological samples can be investigated using steady-state polarized fluorescence from probes conjugated to the protein. A general limitation of this approach is that the probes typically exhibit rapid orientational motion ("wobble") with respect to the protein backbone. Here we present a method for characterizing the extent of this wobble and for removing its effects from the available information about the static orientational distribution of the probes. The analysis depends on four assumptions: 1) the probe wobble is fast compared with the nanosecond time scale of its excited-state decay; 2) the orientational distributions of the absorption and emission transition dipole moments are cylindrically symmetrical about a common axis c fixed in the protein; 3) protein motions are negligible during the excited-state decay; 4) the distribution of c is cylindrically symmetrical about the director of the experimental sample. In a muscle fiber, the director is the fiber axis, F. All of the information on the orientational order of the probe that is available from measurements of linearly polarized fluorescence is contained in five independent polarized fluorescence intensities measured with excitation and emission polarizers parallel or perpendicular to F and with the propagation axis of the detected fluorescence parallel or perpendicular to that of the excitation. The analysis then yields the average second-rank and fourth-rank order parameters ( and ) of the angular distribution of c relative to F, and and , the average second-rank order parameters of the angular distribution for wobble of the absorption and emission transition dipole moments relative to c. The method can also be applied to other cylindrically ordered systems such as oriented lipid bilayer membranes and to processes slower than fluorescence that may be observed using longer-lived optically excited states. (+info)

Aging-specific expression of Drosophila hsp22. (5/8990)

hsp22 is among the least abundantly expressed Drosophila heat shock (hs) genes during both development and heat stress. In contrast, hsp22 was found to be the most abundantly expressed hs gene during Drosophila aging. During aging, hsp22 RNA was induced 60-fold in the head, with somewhat lower level induction in abdomen and thorax. Induction of the other hs gene RNAs was 150-fold, with particularly abundant expression in eye tissue. Aging-specific induction of hsp22 was reproduced by hsp22:lacZ fusion reporter constructs in transgenic flies. Analysis of specific promoter mutations in transgenic flies indicated that functional heat shock response elements are required for hsp22 induction during aging. Finally, comparison of hsp22 RNA and protein expression patterns suggests that aging-specific expression of hsp22 is regulated at both the transcriptional and the posttranscriptional levels. Aging-specific induction of hsp22 is discussed with regard to current evolutionary theories of aging. (+info)

SNAP-23 participates in SNARE complex assembly in rat adipose cells. (6/8990)

SNARE proteins are required for vesicle docking and fusion in eukaryotic cells in processes as diverse as homotypic membrane fusion and synaptic vesicle exocytosis [SNARE stands for SNAP receptor, where SNAP is soluble NSF attachment protein]. The SNARE proteins syntaxin 4 and vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) 2/3 also participate in the insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane in adipose cells. We now report the molecular cloning and characterization of rat SNAP-23, a ubiquitously expressed homologue of the essential neuronal SNARE protein SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa). Rat SNAP-23 is 86% and 98% identical respectively to human and mouse SNAP-23. Southern blot analysis reveals that the rat, mouse and human SNAP-23 genes encode species-specific isoforms of the same protein. Co-immunoprecipitation of syntaxin 4 and SNAP-23 shows association of these two proteins in rat adipose cell plasma membranes, and insulin stimulation does not alter the SNAP-23/syntaxin 4 complex. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time the participation of SNAP-23, along with syntaxin 4 and VAMP2/3, in the formation of 20S SNARE complexes prepared using rat adipose cell membranes and recombinant alpha-SNAP and NSF proteins. The stoichiometry of the SNARE complexes formed is essentially identical using membranes from either unstimulated or insulin-stimulated adipose cells. These data demonstrate that rat SNAP-23 associates with syntaxin 4 before insulin stimulation and is present in the SNARE complexes known to mediate the translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane of rat adipose cells. (+info)

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha regulates expression of the CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) alpha and beta and determines the occupation of the C/EBP site in the promoter of the insulin-responsive glucose-transporter gene in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (7/8990)

We have demonstrated previously that treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) results in a rapid (4 h) and significant (75-80%) reduction in the rate of transcription of the GLUT4 gene. Control of GLUT4 gene transcription has been suggested at least in part to reside with the CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family (alpha, beta and delta isoforms) of transcription factors. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we have examined the ability of TNF to alter the occupation of the C/EBP site in the GLUT4 promoter. The data suggest that in fully differentiated adipocytes the C/EBP site is a ligand for predominantly alpha/alpha homodimers; however, after exposure to TNF, a shift in occupancy of the site occurs and the ligands become alpha/beta heterodimers and beta/beta homodimers. Partner selection in dimer formation appears to be controlled by selective translocation of the beta-isoform from the cytosol to the nucleus after exposure of the cells to TNF. (+info)

Intestinal trefoil factor binds to intestinal epithelial cells and induces nitric oxide production: priming and enhancing effects of mucin. (8/8990)

Intestinal trefoil factor (ITF or TFF3), NO and epithelium-associated mucin have important roles in sustaining mucosal integrity in the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study we examined ITF-binding molecules on IEC-18 cells (an intestinal epithelial cell line) with the use of flow cytometry and localized these molecules on the cell surface by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, we studied the interaction of mucin and ITF and their co-operative effect on NO production by the epithelium. Stimulation of cells with mucin (5 mg/ml) for 90 min resulted in a 5-fold increase in ITF binding. Treatment of IEC-18 cells with actinomycin D or cycloheximide attenuated mucin-enhanced ITF binding. Ligand blot analysis confirmed the induction of ITF-binding protein in IEC-18 cells by mucin. These results indicate that transcriptional and translational mechanisms are involved in the effect of mucin. Treatment with ITF overnight resulted in a low level of nitrite production by the cells, a 5-fold increase over control, in a concentration-dependent manner. ITF-induced NO production was attenuated by 1400W, a selective type II nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) inhibitor. By immunoblotting we found that NOS2 was up-regulated by ITF treatment. Priming IEC-18 cells with mucin for 90 min enhanced the effect of ITF on NO production, suggesting that the up-regulation of ITF-binding molecules by mucin might be physiologically relevant. Taken together, these observations indicate (1) that ITF-binding molecules that are up-regulated by mucin exist on the intestinal epithelial surface, and (2) that ITF modulates epithelial NO production via the NOS2 pathway, which is enhanced by mucin. (+info)

Salinthone S, Tyagi M, Gerthoffer WT (July 2008). "Small heat shock proteins in smooth muscle". Pharmacol. Ther. 119 (1): 44-54 ... uterine smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. HSPB6 has specific functions for vasodilation, platelet function, ... Heat shock protein beta-6 (HSPB6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPB6 gene. HSPB6 is a 17-kDa member of the ... "The small heat shock protein, HSPB6, in muscle function and disease". Cell Stress Chaperones. 15 (1): 1-11. doi:10.1007/s12192- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPB6

Press, 1997 Muscle elastic proteins, Japan Scientific Soc. Press, 1996 Endo, Makoto (31 August 2006). "Obituary: Setsuro Ebashi ... He is famous for the discovery of Troponin in 1965, which is integral to muscle contraction, as well as for the contribution of ... Ebashi, S; Kodama, A (1965). "A new protein factor promoting aggregation of tropomyosin". Journal of Biochemistry. 58 (1): 107- ... ISBN 978-0-387-12342-4 Protein array: an alternative biomolecular system Japan Scientific Soc. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setsuro_Ebashi

"Entrez Gene: TNNC1 troponin C type 1 (slow)". "Troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas ... Kretsinger RH, Nockolds CE (May 1973). "Carp muscle calcium-binding protein. II. Structure determination and general ... is a protein that resides in the troponin complex on actin thin filaments of striated muscle (cardiac, fast-twitch skeletal, or ... In cardiac muscle, cTnC binds to cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT), whereas cTnC binds to slow skeletal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin_C_type_1

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb12214.x. Tarté, Rodrigo; Amundson, Curtis M. (2006). "Protein interactions in muscle foods". In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beefy_meaty_peptide

August 2017). "Mechanochemical evolution of the giant muscle protein titin as inferred from resurrected proteins". Nature ... November 2003). "The muscle ankyrin repeat proteins: CARP, ankrd2/Arpp and DARP as a family of titin filament-based stress ... The protein's in vivo half-life, the time it takes for half of the amount of protein in a cell to break down after its ... Titin is the third most abundant protein in muscle (after myosin and actin), and an adult human contains approximately 0.5 kg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titin

"Costameric proteins in human skeletal muscle during muscular inactivity". Journal of Anatomy. 213 (3): 284-95. doi:10.1111/j. ... In cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle, the integrin beta-1D isoform is specifically expressed, and localizes to costameres, ... protein that complexes with integrins and other TM4SF proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (46): 29181-9. doi: ... Chang DD, Wong C, Smith H, Liu J (Sep 1997). "ICAP-1, a novel beta1 integrin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein, binds to a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin_beta_1

Grady RM, Starr DA, Ackerman GL, Sanes JR, Han M (March 2005). "Syne proteins anchor muscle nuclei at the neuromuscular ... The protein's in vivo half-life, the time it takes for half of the amount of protein in a cell to disappear after its synthesis ... This gene encodes a spectrin repeat containing protein expressed in skeletal and smooth muscle, and peripheral blood ... Enaptin also known as nesprin-1 or synaptic nuclear envelope protein 1 (syne-1) is an actin-binding protein that in humans that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enaptin

Seene T (July 1994). "Turnover of skeletal muscle contractile proteins in glucocorticoid myopathy". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. ... In medicine, myopathy is a disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly. This results in muscular ... Myopathy means muscle disease (Greek : myo- muscle + patheia -pathy : suffering). This meaning implies that the primary defect ... Glucocorticoid myopathy is caused by this class of steroids increasing the breakdown of the muscle proteins leading to muscle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopathy

Medication could trigger the body to produce more of the protein responsible for bone growth and formation. In space, muscles ... Medication may trigger the body into producing muscle growth proteins. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as a method to ... Astronauts rely on research in the following areas to build muscle and maintain body mass: Exercise may build muscle if at ... These devices can be used from up to half an hour per day to prevent muscle atrophy in paralyzed individuals. It provides ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_medicine

VEGF and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)) and all this process the muscle becomes muscle hypertrophy. Macrophages M2 ... Different muscle fiber types - slow twitch muscle fibers, oxidative muscle fibers, intermediate twitch muscle fibers, and fast ... Many proteins produced by skeletal muscle are dependent upon contraction; therefore, physical inactivity probably leads to an ... "Some myokines exert their effects within the muscle itself. Thus, myostatin, LIF, IL-6 and IL-7 are involved in muscle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myokine

... gene is expressed in vertebrate cardiac muscles and embryonic skeletal muscles. Cardiac TnT is a 35.9 kDa protein ... Cardiac muscle troponin T (cTnT) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNNT2 gene. Cardiac TnT is the tropomyosin- ... "Troponin T, cardiac muscle". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Database. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved ... "Micro-calpain is essential for postmortem proteolysis of muscle proteins". Journal of Animal Science. 84 (10): 2834-40. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNNT2

Proteins, carbohydrates and fats are crucial for new muscle tissues. Water allows all biochemical processes to take place ... Excessive muscle use results in fatigue which limits movement of limbs. An acute injury can be traced back to a specific ... Tendons connect muscle to bone whereas ligaments connect bone to bone. Tendons and ligaments play an active role in maintain ... Tendons connect muscle to bone whereas ligaments connect bone to bone. Tendons and ligaments play an active role in maintain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculoskeletal_injury

Morgan HE, Jefferson LS, Wolpert EB, Rannels DE (April 1971). "Regulation of protein synthesis in heart muscle. II. Effect of ... The Wrn protein is deficient in persons with Werner syndrome, a human premature aging disorder. PARP1 and Wrn proteins are part ... PARP1 is mostly present in cell nucleus, but cytosolic fraction of this protein was also reported. PARP1 works: By using NAD+ ... The messenger RNA level and protein level of PARP1 is controlled, in part, by the expression level of the ETS1 transcription ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARP1

These proteins arise from blood vessels, nerve cells and muscle cells. These tumors, papillary tumors in this case, have no ... The cytoplasmic and often nuclear expression of S100 protein is present in nearly all tumor cells, and vimentin typically ... These cells have proteins that make up the characteristics of the tumor. ... smooth muscle actin) → + The intensity of immunoreactivity was scored as follows: - (absent), + (weak/focal), ++ (moderate), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillary_tumors_of_the_pineal_region

... is highly expressed in muscle, and is homologous to the ferlin family of proteins, which are thought to regulate ... Muscle is thought to be particularly prone to membrane wounds given that muscle cells transmit high force and undergo cycles of ... The human dysferlin protein is a 237 kilodalton type-II transmembrane protein. It contains a large intracellular cytoplasmic N- ... First, dysferlin-deficient muscle fibers show accumulation of vesicles (which are critical for membrane repair in non-muscle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysferlin

The protein may be involved in degradation of muscle-specific proteins. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000132388 - Ensembl, ... The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins ... 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. Bibcode: ... Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2G1 gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBE2G1

The mammalian calpains include ubiquitous, stomach-specific, and muscle-specific proteins. The ubiquitous enzymes consist of ... "Primary structure of a gamma subunit of G protein, gamma 12, and its phosphorylation by protein kinase C". J. Biol. Chem. 270 ( ... Calpain-1 catalytic subunit (CANP 1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAPN1 gene. The calpains, calcium-activated ... Corasaniti MT, Navarra M, Catani MV, Melino G, Nisticò G, Finazzi-Agrò A (1997). "NMDA and HIV-1 coat protein, GP120, produce ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain-1_catalytic_subunit

The two main myofilaments in cardiac (and skeletal) muscle are actin and myosin. Ca2+ binds to a protein called troponin, which ... This activates a protein, called a G-protein and results in a series of reactions (known as a cyclic AMP pathway) that leads to ... Secondly Ca2+ indirectly activates proteins, called myofilaments, resulting in muscle contraction. ... This again activates a G-protein. However this G-protein works by inhibiting, the cAMP pathway, therefore, preventing the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_excitation-contraction_coupling

The final linking protein is attached to the fibrous endomysium of the entire muscle fiber. Dystrophin supports muscle fiber ... Normal skeletal muscle tissue contains only small amounts of dystrophin (about 0.002% of total muscle protein), but its absence ... This complex is variously known as the costamere or the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC). Many muscle proteins, ... It is a cohesive protein, linking actin filaments to other support proteins that reside on the inside surface of each muscle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophin

These proteins include fibroblast activating protein and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Furthermore, TASCs secrete many pro- ... Protein & Cell. 8 (7): 501-513. doi:10.1007/s13238-017-0398-2. ISSN 1674-800X. PMC 5498339. PMID 28364278. Park, Chae Woon; Kim ... "T Cells and MHC Proteins". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th Edition. Zhou, Haibo; Wu, Li (July 2017). "The development and ... TASCs secrete increased levels of proteins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromal_cell

The mammalian calpains include ubiquitous, stomach-specific, and muscle-specific proteins. The ubiquitous enzymes consist of ... Corasaniti MT, Navarra M, Catani MV, Melino G, Nisticò G, Finazzi-Agrò A (1996). "NMDA and HIV-1 coat protein, GP120, produce ... Calpain-2 catalytic subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAPN2 gene. The calpains, calcium-activated neutral ... Potential role of calpain, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b, and p130Cas in integrin-mediated signaling events". J. Biol. Chem. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain-2_catalytic_subunit

"The sarcolemmal proteins dysferlin and caveolin-3 interact in skeletal muscle". Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 (17): 1761-6. doi:10.1093/ ... Caveolin proteins are proposed to be scaffolding proteins for organizing and concentrating certain caveolin-interacting ... "The sarcolemmal proteins dysferlin and caveolin-3 interact in skeletal muscle". Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 (17): 1761-6. doi:10.1093/ ... "Mutations in CAV3 cause mechanical hyperirritability of skeletal muscle in rippling muscle disease". Nat. Genet. 28 (3): 218-9 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveolin_3

McMillan, Fiona (November 25, 2018). "'Longevity Protein' Enables Muscle Regeneration In Old Mice". Forbes. Retrieved September ... two National Institutes of Health awards to study the anti-ageing effect of the protein α-Klotho and dysfunctional muscle ... Using mice, her research team found that chronic exposure to arsenic could lead to stem cell dysfunction that impairs muscle ... Levine, Marty (November 25, 2015). "Chronic arsenic exposure impairs muscle healing". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrisia_Ambrosio

It stimulates myogenesis and inhibits muscle protein degradation. (S)-Canadine blocks K(ATP) channels in dopamine neurons. (S)- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadine

KRP is an abundant smooth muscles-pecific protein. So far it has not been detected in non-muscle tissues and striated muscles. ... Telokin (also known as kinase-related protein or KRP) is an abundant protein found in smooth-muscle. It is identical to the C- ... Vorotnikov AV (1997). "Kinase-related protein: a smooth muscle myosin-binding protein". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 29 (5): 727 ... Thus, Kinase-related protein may have a very important role in relaxed smooth muscle by keeping dephosphorylated myosin in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telokin

"Luminescent Eel Muscles Fluorescent Protein Revolution into Clinic." Huffington Post, June 18, 2013. "Mending Broken Hearts: ... "From CRISPR to glowing proteins to optogenetics - scientists' most powerful technologies have been borrowed from nature." The ... "AI makes huge progress predicting how proteins fold - one of biology's greatest challenges - promising rapid drug development ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Zimmer

"On the association of glycolytic enzymes with structural proteins of skeletal muscle". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - ... "Protein-protein interactions and metabolite channelling in the plant tricarboxylic acid cycle". Nature Communications. 8: 15212 ... such as integral membrane proteins and proteins of the cytoskeleton. The formation of metabolons allows the intermediate ... "Capturing protein communities by structural proteomics in a thermophilic eukaryote". Molecular Systems Biology. 13 (7): 936. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolon

Zhu AX, Zhao Y, Flier JS (Dec 1994). "Molecular cloning of two small GTP-binding proteins from human skeletal muscle". ... Ras-related protein Rab-35 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB35 gene. This GTPase participates in the traffic of ... "A Small Ras-like protein Ray/Rab1c modulates the p53-regulating activity of PRPK". Biochemical and Biophysical Research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAB35

"Entrez Gene: CAPZA2 capping protein (actin filament) muscle Z-line, alpha 2". "Protein sequence of human CAPZA2 (Uniprot ID: ... The function of CapZ-alpha2 may be modulated by the calcium-binding protein S100A in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues, as ... F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-2 also known as CapZ-alpha2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAPZA2 gene. ... CapZ appears to regulate intracellular signaling of contractile proteins in cardiac muscle. It has been demonstrated that the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPZA2

Morgan MJ, Madgwick AJ (Aug 1996). "Slim defines a novel family of LIM-proteins expressed in skeletal muscle". Biochemical and ... Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FHL1 gene. LIM proteins, named for 'LIN11, ... McGrath MJ, Mitchell CA, Coghill ID, Robinson PA, Brown S (Dec 2003). "Skeletal muscle LIM protein 1 (SLIM1/FHL1) induces alpha ... Morgan MJ, Madgwick AJ (Feb 1999). "The LIM proteins FHL1 and FHL3 are expressed differently in skeletal muscle". Biochemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHL1

Muscle and joint haemorrhages - or haemarthrosis - are indicative of haemophilia,[7] while digestive tract and cerebral ... About 5-10% of people with haemophilia A are affected because they make a dysfunctional version of the factor VIII protein, ... as there is a risk of bleeding into the muscles along with potential airway compromise due to a haematoma in the retromolar or ... and the resulting protein). Individuals with haemophilia often have some level of active clotting factor. Individuals with less ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilia_A

The kidney removes the muscle protein from the blood. If the kidney takes up too much protein, it can be hurt. If it is bad ... This can cause weakness and muscle pain. The worse problem though is that when muscle cells die, they release cell proteins ... Rhabdomyolysis means a disease where muscle cells are damaged and die. Statins can cause damage to muscle cells. ... So if people take statins and get muscle pain or weakness, stop the medicine and see a doctor. ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia

... the isoform of pyruvate kinasein found in muscle is not affected by protein kinase A (which is activated by adrenaline in that ... Allosteric inhibition and activation by Protein-protein interactions (PPI).[28] Indeed, some proteins interact with and ... PFK2 is phosphorylated by protein kinase A. The phosphorylation inactivates PFK2, and another domain on this protein becomes ... Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.[§ 1] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

Severe deficiency causes muscle damage and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which may develop into cirrhosis.[28] ... In humans, choline is absorbed from the intestines via the SLC44A1 (CTL1) membrane protein via facilitated diffusion governed ... This is a neurotransmitter which plays a necessary role in muscle contraction, memory and neural development, for example.[6] ... Symptomatic choline deficiency - rare in humans - causes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and muscle damage.[4] Excessive ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline

IL-6 is also considered a myokine, a cytokine produced from muscle, which is elevated in response to muscle contraction.[27] It ... Protein superfamily[edit]. Interleukin is the main member of the IL-6 superfamily (Pfam PF00489), which also includes G-CSF, ... Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA (October 2008). "Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6". Physiological ... muscle contractions. This finding clearly demonstrates that muscle damage is not required to provoke an increase in plasma IL-6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_6

... members of the skeletal muscle lipid droplet-associated proteins family associate with other proteins, as activator of adipose ... To test protein-protein interaction, the targeted protein cDNA and query protein cDNA were immobilized in a same coated slide. ... protein A is inactivated by protein B then the phenotypes will differ depending on which protein is inhibited (inhibit protein ... forms a protein-protein interaction with the ribonuclease protein. The contacts between the two proteins are shown as coloured ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction

... probably because it stops the process of protein catabolism from releasing Phe stored in the muscles and other tissues into the ... "Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington ... Lower-protein "medical food" substitutes are often used in place of normal bread, pasta, and other grain-based foods, which ... Its use is limited in the US due to the cost but is available in most countries as part of a low protein / PHE diet to replace ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKU

In the final stages, the cat starts wasting, with the body breaking down its own fat and muscle to survive. Lethargy/limpness ... Frank GR, Anderson W, Pazak H, Hodgkins E, Ballam J, Laflamme D (2001). "Use of a High Protein Diet in the Management of Feline ... Also, fats and proteins are metabolized slower than carbohydrates, reducing dangerous blood sugar peaks right after meals. ... Because diabetes is a disease of carbohydrate metabolism, a move to a primarily protein and fat diet reduces the occurrence of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_in_cats

"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2 (1): 9-25. doi:10.1007/s13539-011-0019-5. PMC 3063874 . PMID 21475675.. ... Protein dalam urin dianggap sebagai penanda independen untuk memburuknya fungsi ginjal dan penyakit kardiovaskular. Oleh karena ... Diet rendah protein, rendah garam dapat menyebabkan perkembangan GGK yang lebih lambat dan pengurangan proteinuria serta ... Namun, pengobatan dialisis konvensional terbatas dalam kemampuannya untuk menghilangkan racun uremik yang terikat protein.[50] ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagal_ginjal_kronis

... thread keratin (EsTKα and EsTKγ; Q90501 and Q90502), the protein that make up its slime filaments, is under ... In particular, hagfish muscles have increased force and gape size compared to similar-sized jawed vertebrates, but lack the ... The hagfish eye lacks a lens, extraocular muscles, and the three motor cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) found in more complex ... Robertson, J.D (1976), "Chemical composition of the body fluids and muscle of the hagfish Myxine glutinosa and the rabbit-fish ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfish

Within this protein-coding DNA (called the exome), an average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein ... "The association of Epstein-Barr virus with smooth-muscle tumors occurring after organ transplantation". N. Engl. J. Med. 332 (1 ... Cancers are known to exhibit genome instability or a mutator phenotype.[56] The protein-coding DNA within the nucleus is about ... PMS2 protein is unstable in the absence of MLH1).[32] In the other 10 cases, loss of PMS2 expression was likely due to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumour

The triglycerides are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat) into a compound called a chylomicron. ... Hulbert AJ, Faulks S, Buttemer WA, Else PL (November 2002). "Acyl composition of muscle membranes varies with body size in ... FFAs are always bound to a transport protein, such as albumin.[19] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid

Beja-Pereira A, ও অন্যান্য (২০০৩)। "Gene-culture coevolution between cattle milk protein genes and human lactase genes"। Nat ... Miller, AE; MacDougall, JD; Tarnopolsky, MA; Sale, DG (১৯৯৩)। "Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics ...

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/মানব

"Protein-Protein Interaction Panel Using Mouse Full-Length cDNAs"، Genome Res.، 11 (10): 1758-65، 2001، doi:10.1101/gr.180101، ... positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation. • neuron fate commitment. • cell morphogenesis involved in neuron ... "The helix-loop-helix protein Id-2 enhances cell proliferation and binds to the retinoblastoma protein"، Genes Dev.، 8 (11): ... "A human Id-like helix-loop-helix protein expressed during early development"، Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.، 89 (4): 1512-6، ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID2

alveolar collection of material other than gas, such as pus from pneumonia, water and protein from acute respiratory distress ... In spontaneous breathing, a negative pressure is created in the pleural cavity by the muscles of respiration, and the resulting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation

The Human Protein Atlas. "ACE2 protein expression summary". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 12 May 2021.. ... positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction. *regulation of inflammatory response. *positive regulation of gap junction ... The spike protein binds to ACE2 and subsequently down regulated ACE2 protein expression and resulted in worsened acid ... As a transmembrane protein, mACE2 serves as the main entry point into cells for some coronaviruses, including HCoV-NL63,[5] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_converting_enzyme_2

Bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP) should not be routinely used in any type of anterior cervical spine fusion, such as with ... Transpsoas interbody fusion (DLIF or XLIF) - the disc is accessed from an incision through the psoas muscle on one side of the ... Oblique lateral lumbar interbody fusion (OLLIF) - the disc is accessed from an incision through the psoas muscle obliquely ... allowing for less muscle damage, blood loss, infections, pain, and length of stay in the hospital.[12] The following list gives ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_fusion

CMLs (CaM-related proteins)Edit. Plants contain CaM-related proteins (CMLs) apart from the typical CaM proteins. The CMLs have ... ultimately causing smooth muscle contraction.[34] In order to activate contraction of smooth muscle, the head of the myosin ... The AtBAG6 protein is a CaM-binding protein that binds to CaM only in the absence of Ca2+ and not in the presence of it. AtBAG6 ... "Protein-peptide interaction studies demonstrate the versatility of calmodulin target protein binding". Protein and Peptide ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin

Peripheral Nerve Regeneration and Muscle Reinnervation (en anglès). Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Nov 17; 21 (22), pp: 8652. PMID: ... UniProt «Transthyretin» (en anglès). Protein knowledgebase. UniProt Consortium, 2019 Gen 16; P02766 (TTHY_HUMAN) (rev), pàgs: ... Albers JW, Fink JK «Porphyric neuropathy» (en anglès). Muscle Nerve, 2004 Oct; 30 (4), pp: 410-422. DOI: 10.1002/mus.20137. ... Atilano L, Martin JI, Iglesias G, Andia I «Percutaneous needling of Morton's complex: a technical note» (en anglès). Muscles ...

https://ca.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innervació

G.; Umino, T.; Nakagawa, H. (1994). "The effect of Spirulina feeding on muscle protein deposition in red sea bream, Pagrus ... Toyomizu, M.; Sato, K.; Taroda, H.; Kato, T.; Akiba, Y. (2001). "Effects of dietary Spirulina on meat colour in muscle of ... Britz, Peter J. (1996). "The suitability of selected protein sources for inclusion in formulated diets for the South African ... "Spirulina in combating Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) and Protein Energy Wasting (PEW) - A review". Journal of Nutrition ...

https://gl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espirulina

... is also sometimes used as a workout supplement due to this caloric density and a correlation with muscle protein ... "Combination of Soy Protein, Amylopectin, and Chromium Stimulates Muscle Protein Synthesis by Regulation of Ubiquitin- ... involved in the synthesis and degradation of amylopectin that have isoforms that display different relationships with proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylopectin

It is a form of ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib), not mechanical damage to the heart muscle or surrounding organs, and not the ... but probably related to the activation of mechanosensitive proteins, ion channels. These trigger extra electrical excitation ... Also an upper limit of impact energy is applied to the heart; too much energy will create structural damage to the heart muscle ... a marker for muscle cell damage.[11] Obviously, this figure does not include the dissipation of energy through the chest wall, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commotio_cordis

... venoms are complex mixtures of proteins, and are stored in venom glands at the back of the head.[70] In all venomous ... In spite of overall similarities, studies show that the pattern of muscle activation is different in aquatic versus terrestrial ... The vertebrae have projections that allow for strong muscle attachment, enabling locomotion without limbs. ... but also directly affect muscle tissue), and many other toxins that affect the body in different ways.[69] Almost all snake ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes

This type of release increases the activation of protein kinase, and is seen in cardiac muscle where it causes excitation- ... This leads to the actual contraction of the muscle.[15] Contractions of smooth muscle fiber are dependent on how a Ca2+ influx ... Calmodulin may activate the Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, or may act directly on other effector proteins.[14] ... Certain proteins of the cytoplasm and organelles act as buffers by binding Ca2+. Signaling occurs when the cell is stimulated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_signaling

2006). "Ascorbic acid supplementation does not attenuate post-exercise muscle soreness following muscle-damaging exercise but ... Stadtman E (1992). "Protein oxidation and aging". Science. 257 (5074): 1220-4. doi:10.1126/science.1355616. PMID 1355616.. ... Sohal R (2002). "Role of oxidative stress and protein oxidation in the aging process". Free Radic Biol Med. 33 (1): 37-44. doi: ... Rattan S (2006). "Theories of biological aging: genes, proteins, and free radicals". Free Radic Res. 40 (12): 1230-8. doi: ...

https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioksidanti

EDA provides instructions for making a protein called ectodysplasin A.[45] It encodes transmembrane protein that is part of TNF ... MSX1 (muscle segment homeobox 1) is involved in condensation of ectomesenchyme in the tooth germ. Among the members of homeobox ... Hypodontia can have impacts on speech, aesthetics and function of muscles in the mouth.[64] As a result, hypodontia can have ... The AXIN2 (AXIS inhibition protein 2) gene is a negative regulator of the Wnt signalling pathway, which is important in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodontia

"Expression of calcium-buffering proteins in rat intrinsic laryngeal muscles". Physiol Rep 3: e12409. doi:10.14814/phy2.12409. ... "Intrinsic laryngeal muscles are spared from myonecrosis in themdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy". Muscle 35: 349- ...

https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryncs

Stancheva, I; Collins AL, Van den Veyver IB, Zoghbi H, Meehan RR (2003). "A mutant form of MeCP2 protein associated with human ... "Induced dystrophin exon skipping in human muscle explants.". Neuromuscul Disord. 16 (9-10): 583-90. PMID 16919955. doi:10.1016/ ... "Zebrafish miR-214 modulates Hedgehog signaling to specify muscle cell fate.". Nature Genetics 39 (2): 259-263. PMID 17220889. ...

https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfolino

In both types the modified operculum is opened by other muscles that attach to it,[27] or by internal muscles that raise the ... The exoskeleton may be organic (chitin, polysaccharide or protein) or made of the mineral calcium carbonate. The body wall ... The invert is withdrawn, sometimes within 60 milliseconds, by a pair of retractor muscles that are anchored at the far end of ... by similar muscles,[14] while the beak-shaped upper jaw is the inverted body wall.[24] In other species the avicularia are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa

... isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be ... In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[3] ... The chemical composition of titin, the largest known protein. Longest known word overall by magnitudes. Attempts to say the ... The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_word_in_English

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... the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass. Can the process be prevented or slowed by diet and exercise? ... on the contribution of alterations in muscle protein turnover (muscle protein synthesis and breakdown) to muscle wasting in the ... Muscle Protein Metabolism in the Elderly. Skeletal muscle proteins are constantly and simultaneously synthesized and degraded. ... higher quantities of protein to acutely stimulate equivalent muscle protein synthesis above rest and accrue muscle proteins. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/754680

Our artificial muscle is still a prototype, says Schiller. However, the high biocompatibility of the material and the ... of Freiburgs livMatS Cluster of Excellence have succeeded in developing a muscle solely on the basis of natural proteins. The ... In the past, scientists have already taken natural proteins as a basis for developing artificial muscle systems and built them ... Following the model of this protein, the researchers developed two elastin-like proteins, one of which responds, for example, ...

https://www.worldhealth.net/news/artificial-muscles-made-proteins/

Compare many of the best slow-digesting protein products available to see more muscle growth. ... All About Casein Protein. Compare many of the best slow-digesting protein products available to see more muscle growth.. by ... Casein protein continues to deliver amino acids for at least a couple of hours longer than whey protein when taken in equal ... Protein can be a little like sex: Sometimes you want it fast; sometimes you want it slow. And sometimes a mix is even better. ...

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... enhanced muscle mass/strength gains. Twelve men [22.4 +/- 2.4 (SD) yr] received an isoenergetic PRO (tot … ... This randomized double-blind cross-over study assessed protein (PRO) requirements during the early stages of intensive ... Protein requirements and muscle mass/strength changes during intensive training in novice bodybuilders J Appl Physiol (1985). ... and muscle mass [density, creatinine excretion, muscle area (computer axial tomography scan), and biceps N content] gains were ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1400008/?dopt=AbstractPlus

These five protein-rich post-workout meals are delicious, nutritious, and proof can eat like a boss on a budget. Heres your ... Thats why we created 5 for $50, the new meal-prep plan that serves up a week of delicious high-protein meals for right around ... Each plan builds itself upon two base proteins, which you work into meals to reheat and eat throughout the workweek. ... Nutrition per meal: 763 calories, 39g protein, 86g carbs(9g fiber), 31g fat ...

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... University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center researchers discovered a ... For example, skin cells will fuse to each other or to muscle cells very efficiently in the presence of these two proteins. This ... Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body, accounting for about 40% of human body mass, and is the type of muscle used ... When skeletal muscle is injured, it repairs itself and the Myomixer/Myomaker combination is fundamental to that muscle repair ...

https://www.todaysdietitian.com/news/060717_news.shtml

... July 20, 2020 by Nancy Turner, PhD ... References Wirth J, Hillesheim E, Brennan L. The role of protein intake and its timing on body composition and muscle function ... There has been considerable work defining protein needs to maintain lean body mass and muscle function in a variety of age ... In an attempt to better understand the effect of timing of protein supplementation on body composition and muscle function, ...

https://nutrition.org/protein-intake-and-its-timing-on-body-composition-and-muscle-function/

Leucine Oxidation and Protein Turnover in Clofibrate-induced Muscle Protein Degradation in Rats. ... Leucine Oxidation and Protein Turnover in Clofibrate-induced Muscle Protein Degradation in Rats. ... of clofibrate to rats causes myotonia and decreases glucose and fatty acid oxidation and total protein of skeletal muscle. In ... e) The capacity of muscle homogenate for α-decarboxylation of leucine was enhanced, whereas that of liver was unaffected. (f) ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/109791/pdf

These quick and easy high protein recipes will help you build lean muscle and burn body fat by eating nutrient dense snacks and ... Protein is crucial for anyone who is interested in packing on serious muscle mass. Eating enough protein throughout the day is ... You are at:Home»Diet and Nutrition»Recipes for High Protein Snacks and Meals To Build Muscle ... so important because muscles are made primarily from protein building blocks called amino acids. Muscles recover from intense ...

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TA and Sol muscles revealed that the KD suppressed muscle protein synthesis. The mRNA expression of oxidative stress-responsive ... The muscle atrophy-related genes Mafbx, Murf1, Foxo3, Lc3b and Klf15 were upregulated in the skeletal muscles of mice fed with ... We fed mice with a KD for seven days to assess the underlying mechanisms of muscle wasting induced by chronic starvation. This ... The size of Ga, TA, Sol muscle fibers and the grip strength of four limbs also significantly declined by 20%, 28%, 16% and 22 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56166-8?error=cookies_not_supported&code=3c4dde44-ca39-4ead-94e2-6108c74ea0f6

... and nutrient-packed morsels can help you build muscle, recover from workouts, and burn fat. So, what are you waiting for? ... Caterpillars, crickets, and ants; oh my! These little protein- and nutrient-packed morsels can help you build muscle, recover ... Where Can I Buy Bug Protein? Protein bars made with cricket flour (yes, this is what you think it is: roasted, ground crickets ... The latest protein source to hit the global market comes from good ol bugs. With critters such as caterpillars and crickets ...

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... of Muscle Milk Light Chocolate Lean Muscle Protein Powder Drink Mix. Youd need to walk 28 minutes to burn 100 calories. Visit ... How long would it take to burn off 100 Calories of Muscle Milk Light Chocolate Lean Muscle Protein Powder Drink Mix? ... Where do the calories in Muscle Milk Light Chocolate Lean Muscle Protein Powder Drink Mix come from? ... How many calories inMuscle Milk Light Chocolate Lean Muscle Protein Powder Drink Mix. ...

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Here are the best grass-fed whey protein options in 2022. ... Grass fed whey protein powders help build muscle, improve ... Improves muscle mass - whey protein powders may build muscle[11] with their complete amino acid profile. ... Many people who are interested in increasing their muscle gains take protein powders as supplements to meet their daily protein ... Protein-By-Weight Ratio. Choose the whey protein powder that has a high protein-by-weight ratio, meaning there are almost no ...

https://www.healthcanal.com/life-style-fitness/best-grass-fed-whey-protein

A new study by the University of Exeter found that a vegan protein by Quorn stimulated post-exercise muscle building better ... a high-quality protein made from a fungus. Participants muscle-building rates were measured in the hours after protein ... stimulated post-exercise muscle building better than milk protein did. Researchers put 20 healthy young men through resistance ... were happy to be able to offer an alternative protein that can provide exceptional nutrition and muscle growth, all while ...

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Best Whey Proteins for Packing on Muscle, Shredding Down, Meal Replacement, and More. Best Pre-Workouts for Building Muscle, ... Rats in the exercise group were also found to have increased "heat shock proteins" (HSPs). HSP is another protein that aids in ... Exercise Builds Good Proteins for Expectant Moms. A new study suggests regular exercise before and during pregnancy can reduce ... The Breaking Muscle newsletter is everything you need to know about strength in a 3 minute read. ...

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... its likely that youll lose muscle as you age. ... If youre not eating enough protein to build muscle and ... like weight training and eating enough protein to build muscle, you naturally lose muscle mass as you age. Loss of muscle, ... Your Protein Needs So, how do you know if youre eating enough protein to build muscle? Well, everyones needs are slightly ... Will You Lose Muscle If You Dont Eat Enough Protein and Lift Weights? By Lindsay Boyers Updated August 25, 2019 Reviewed by ...

https://www.livestrong.com/article/462651-will-you-lose-muscle-if-you-dont-eat-enough-protein-lift-weights/

Getting an adequate amount of protein as part of a well-rounded diet can help you build lean muscle mass, manage your appetite ... Best sources of daily protein Protein powders can help you consume more protein but dont rely entirely on them entirely. Its ... Benefits of protein intake. Protein is a must-have for your bodys daily functions. And since the body doesnt produce protein ... How much protein dietitians recommend you should eat each day to build lean muscle. By Alex Frost ...

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The giant protein titin helps build muscles. Our muscles are composed of piston-like structures called sarcomeres, made up of ... The terminal assembly complex investigated in this work, though, only covers a tiny part of the giant muscle protein titin, ... Tags: hamburg, muscle, protein, structural biology, tissue biology, wilmanns, x-ray crystallography ... Palindromic assembly of the giant muscle protein titin in the sarcomeric Z-disk. Nature, 12 January 2006 ...

https://www.embl.org/news/science/the-giant-protein-titin-helps-build-muscles/

Dietary whey protein increases liver and skeletal muscle glycogen levels in exercise-trained rats - Volume 93 Issue 4 ... Effects of crude protein intake from forage-only diets on muscle amino acids and glycogen levels in horses in training. Equine ... Dietary whey protein downregulates fatty acid synthesis in the liver, but upregulates it in skeletal muscle of exercise-trained ... Dietary Whey Protein Hydrolysates Increase Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Levels via Activation of Glycogen Synthase in Mice. Journal ...

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/dietary-whey-protein-increases-liver-and-skeletal-muscle-glycogen-levels-in-exercisetrained-rats/6B571B0049D01140F4E6427630DC401C

Protein classi Protein class(es) of the gene product according to selected gene lists. List of protein classes. ... Protein classi Protein class(es) of the gene product according to selected gene lists. List of protein classes. ... Cell Cycle Dependent Proteini Cell cycle dependency of protein expression in the FUCCI U-2 OS cell line, determined by ICC-IF ... Cell Cycle Dependent Proteini Cell cycle dependency of protein expression in the FUCCI U-2 OS cell line, determined by ICC-IF ...

https://www.proteinatlas.org/search/ce_enriched%3Askeletal+muscle%3Bmacrophages%3BHigh

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Myosin heavy chain, muscle, Myosin light.... frugalfisher. Actin-binding, ATP-binding, Nucleotide-binding, muscle protein, ... CONTRACTILE PROTEIN, Methylation, ATP-binding, ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION, microtomy, FREEZE SUBSTITUTION, muscle protein, ... F-actin, G-actin, cytoskelton, CONTRACTILE PROTEIN, ATP-binding, cytoskeleton, Methylation, muscle protein, Nucleotide-binding ... G-actin, CONTRACTILE PROTEIN, ATP-binding, cytoskeleton, Methylation, muscle protein, Nucleotide-binding, Phosphoprotein ...

https://3dprint.nih.gov/discover/muscle-protein

I was wondering what your thoughts on protein intake were? Do you follow the moderate path like... ... Professional Muscle Forum JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before ... Magoo, since you and Lats have similiar training ideas, I was wondering what your thoughts on protein intake were? Do you ... muscle pct peptides powerlifting purity tests included samples shipping steriods steroid steroid cycle steroids strongest test ...

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C) Protein C activation by thrombin in the presence of endothelial cells. Time course for protein C activation on cells in the ... Because protein S is an anticoagulant cofactor for APC, the ability of protein S to enhance SkM-dependent inactivation of FVa ... B) Protein C activation by thrombin with soluble thrombomodulin. Time course for protein C activation in a purified component ... A) Protein C activation in purified component reaction mixtures by thrombin without thrombomodulin. Time course for protein C ...

https://haematologica.org/article/view/10000

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Guanine nucleotide binding proteins may modulate gating of calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle. I. Studies with fluoride ... Guanine nucleotide binding proteins may modulate gating of calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle. I. Studies with fluoride ... Guanine nucleotide binding proteins may modulate gating of calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle. I. Studies with fluoride ... Guanine nucleotide binding proteins may modulate gating of calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle. I. Studies with fluoride ...

https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/250/1/343

A combination of amylopectin and chromium may double the muscle protein synthesis rate compared to what was seen when using ... whey protein alone, says a new study using Nutrition 21s patented Velositol ingredient. ... A combination of amylopectin and chromium may double the muscle protein synthesis rate compared to what was seen when using ... whey protein alone, says a new study using Nutrition 21s patented Velositol ingredient. ...

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Muscle proteins are in a dynamic equilibrium between their respective rates of synthesis and breakdown. (medscape.com)
It has been suggested that age-related sarcopenia is due to: i) elevated basal-fasted rates of muscle protein breakdown, ii) a reduction in basal muscle protein synthesis (MPS), or iii) a combination of the two factors. (medscape.com)
However, basal rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown are unchanged with advancing healthy age. (medscape.com)
Ageing muscle is less sensitive to lower doses of amino acids than the young and may require higher quantities of protein to acutely stimulate equivalent muscle protein synthesis above rest and accrue muscle proteins. (medscape.com)
Although the etiology of sarcopenia is multifaceted, [ 8 ] in the context of this review we will focus, primarily, on the contribution of alterations in muscle protein turnover (muscle protein synthesis and breakdown) to muscle wasting in the elderly. (medscape.com)
Our understanding of the contribution of muscle protein turnover to sarcopenia has shifted from a thesis in which basal muscle protein metabolism was thought to be compromised in the elderly, to a new paradigm whereby the synthetic responsiveness of muscle protein synthesis to anabolic stimuli, such as food and contractile loading, is blunted with aging. (medscape.com)
In accordance with the reduced expression of anabolic genes such as Igf1 , surface sensing of translation (SUnSET) analyses of fast-twitch Ga, TA and Sol muscles revealed that the KD suppressed muscle protein synthesis. (nature.com)
Balanced muscle protein synthesis and degradation can retain skeletal muscle mass and muscle performance. (nature.com)
According to a report published in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in January 2013, just incorporating resistance training into your exercise routine alone has been shown to double the rate of protein synthesis after exercise. (livestrong.com)
A combination of amylopectin and chromium may double the muscle protein synthesis rate compared to what was seen when using whey protein alone, says a new study using Nutrition 21's patented Velositol ingredient. (nutrition21.com)
This is especially true of carbs and proteins, which work hand in hand to maximize protein synthesis during and after your workout, resulting in optimized muscle anabolism. (prosource.net)
Hydrolysates also enhance protein synthesis when combined with lower doses (less than 15 grams) of other forms of protein. (musclefeast.com)
The effect of TNFBP on gastrocnemius weight, protein content, and the rate of protein synthesis was examined 5 days later. (elsevier.com)
Sepsis reduced the rate of protein synthesis by 35% relative to controls by depressing translational efficiency. (elsevier.com)
Decreases in protein synthesis were accompanied by similar reductions in protein content and muscle weight. (elsevier.com)
Treatment of septic animals with TNFBP for 5 days prevented the sepsis-induced inhibition of protein synthesis and restored translational efficiency to control values. (elsevier.com)
TNFBP treatment of Control rats for 5 days was without effect on muscle protein content or protein synthesis. (elsevier.com)
The data suggest that TNF may impair muscle protein synthesis by reducing expression of specific initiation factors during sepsis. (elsevier.com)
Elliott TA, Cree MG, Sanford AP, Wolfe RR & Tipton K (2006) Milk ingestion stimulates net muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise. (stir.ac.uk)
Net muscle protein synthesis results from the combination of resistance exercise and amino acid intake. (stir.ac.uk)
CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of milk following resistance exercise results in phenylalanine and threonine uptake, representative of net muscle protein synthesis. (stir.ac.uk)
These results suggest that whole milk may have increased utilization of available amino acids for protein synthesis. (stir.ac.uk)
The research was revived when scientists moved away from androgenic receptors, and looked at protein synthesis rates. (gghc.org)
They found protein synthesis rates increased in animal muscle tissue . (gghc.org)
Healthy fats known as omega-3 fatty acids found in salmon and tuna help boost the synthesis of muscle proteins and increase the size of muscle cells. (hotspotsmagazine.com)
The three BCAAs have been touted to increase muscle protein synthesis, reduce breakdown, facilitate repair and recovery from exercise, as well as reducing feelings of exertion and fatigue during exercise. (bodybuilding.com)
Rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis from resting/ basal fractional synthetic rate to the end of post-experimental period as measured by deuterium oxide (D2O) uptake into skeletal muscle and calculated by using mass isotopomer distribution analysis based on previous work (PMID: 28855275). (who.int)

How long would it take to burn off 100 Calories of Muscle Milk Light Chocolate Lean Muscle Protein Powder Drink Mix? (calorieking.com)
Today, there are plenty of different kinds of protein powder on the market sourced from both plants and animals. (healthcanal.com)
That being said, it's generally thought to be the case, and you can usually be assured that the protein powder comes from a byproduct of cows that feed on grass, shrubs, leaves, and bushes instead of grains or any other form of food. (healthcanal.com)
This results in a protein powder that's less caloric and better suitable for those with lactose sensitivities, but it's often more expensive to produce and this purchase. (healthcanal.com)
It's important when choosing a whey protein powder to stay away from added sugars, artificial sweeteners, artificial flavors, and unnecessary thickening agents. (healthcanal.com)
Milk protein isolate powder is one of your best choices for muscle building and anabolic conditioning, it may be better than just using whey protein or casein protein alone. (proteinfactory.com)
Milk protein isolate powder that is commercially sold comprises of 80% casein and 20% whey. (proteinfactory.com)
Is a blend of casein and whey better for muscle growth than whey protein isolate or micellar casein protein powder alone? (proteinfactory.com)
Is it better to buy your protein powders separately and get yourself some whey protein isolate or whey protein concentrate, micellar casein, hydrolyzed protein powder , and other proteins and then mix them together OR should you just go out and buy milk protein isolate powder ? (proteinfactory.com)
Do we simply use a 50/50 mix or do we do with a milk protein isolate powder? (proteinfactory.com)
Not very good choice to use for a protein powder. (proteinfactory.com)
Micellar casein protein powder is made using microfiltration which of course if the better version. (proteinfactory.com)
Our blended Promax Lean powder is a fat free, sugar free, high protein shake designed to support lean muscle development. (maximuscle.com)
Mixing this lean definition protein powder is easily mixed. (maximuscle.com)
But does protein (powder) ice cream really have the taste and texture of real ice cream? (burnthefatblog.com)
Understanding that casein is a thicker protein powder, I first started making it exclusively with casein. (burnthefatblog.com)
I didn't find it was even necessary when using casein protein powder. (burnthefatblog.com)
If you try a vegan protein powder that is not casein, please post in the comments and let me know. (burnthefatblog.com)
The ability for hydrolyzed protein powder to be easily digested and absorbed at a quick rate is what sets it apart from other protein powders. (musclefeast.com)
Pyrene labeled rabbit muscle actin has an approximate molecular weight of 43 kDa, and is supplied as a white lyophilized powder. (cytoskeleton.com)
I then answer reader questions about breakfast, protein powder for kids, and using protein powders to build more muscle. (mikeroussell.com)
Some people will tell you to drink water with your protein powder. (musclesportmag.com)
Buy musclesport lean whey revolution™ protein powder - whey protein isolate - low calorie, low carb, low fat, incredible flavors - 25g protein per scoop. (atlocalentertainment.com)
DREXSPORT is well-known for their patent-filed, organic protein powders, Wild Muscle (all-natural muscle builder) and Wild Whey (all-natural protein powder). (hindustantimes.com)
Knowing the cost of sports and a life dedicated to sports, DREXSPORT will provide these 10 athletes with monthly protein powder for 500 to 700 USD annually. (hindustantimes.com)
You can't really just keep downing protein powder for the entire day. (gymjunkies.com)
One diet suggests drastically cutting calories whilst another says to go large on heavy gym workouts and guzzle protein powder . (womenshealthmag.com)
Powders will be provided to participants that contain protein powder and maltodextrin, with the latter added to make up the remaining energy requirements once the protein requirement is met. (who.int)

In short, show me a bodybuilder who is engaging in any sort of "fad diet" that shortchanges carbs, proteins or fats, and I'll show you an athlete on the road to ruin. (prosource.net)
In fact, much of the bodybuilding community associates "eating clean" with emphasizing proteins over carbs. (prosource.net)
Like Dr. Kreider, Anssi Manninen believes that bodybuilders should eat moderate amounts of carbs when trying to maximize muscle gains. (prosource.net)
Manninen continues, "Your body needs muscle glycogen (i.e., a storage form of carbs) to fuel that intense workout you have planned at the gym. (prosource.net)
Protein calories are not likely to be stored as fat as compared to carbs, because protein requires more energy to metabolize and assimilate and has numerous functions. (bottomlinefitness.com)
Anyone who suffers from an exaggerated desire for carbs probably needs to eat more protein. (healthexchange.us)
However, you don't have any carbs at all yet 22 grams of protein. (gymjunkies.com)
When you're looking for a recipe that is full of protein and healthy carbs for a sporting event, this is a great way to go. (gymjunkies.com)
The carbs will give you energy while the protein will sustain you and repair your muscles. (gymjunkies.com)
Your admission ought to be around 25% Protein, half Carbs, and 25% Fats. (detki.biz)

Calcium casein is made using acids to separate the protein from the nonprotein materials. (proteinfactory.com)
Promax Lean contains a high-quality blend of whey protein isolate (55%) and calcium caseinate (41%) whilst delivering 28-30g of protein per serving (depending on the flavour). (maximuscle.com)
Guanine nucleotide binding proteins may modulate gating of calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle. (aspetjournals.org)
Fluoride (F-), a known stimulator of G-proteins, was used to examine the relationship between G-proteins and calcium channels (CaC) in rat vascular smooth muscle (VSM). (aspetjournals.org)
The main negative is that it contains less protein and calcium as cow's milk. (musclesportmag.com)
Pea Protein Drink with Vitamins and Calcium. (tesco.com)
Dairy free, high in pea protein*, fibre, and calcium, Wunda is a source of vitamins D, B2 and B12, low in sugar and fat and is 100% plant based. (tesco.com)
Alpro calcium enriched soya products are nutritionally equivalent to dairy products because they contain high quality protein. (alpro.com)
A lot of this movement stems from the fact that these beverage manufacturers are under pressure to demonstrate that they do have public health and wellness in mind, so they are searching for ways to make convenient products also offer protein or calcium. (dairyfoods.com)
Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. (bvsalud.org)

Many people who are interested in increasing their muscle gains take protein powders as supplements to meet their daily protein goals. (healthcanal.com)
Additionally, there are also different supplements that promote muscle growth and improve lean muscle mass which can be used to complement protein powders. (healthcanal.com)
Best Grass Fed Whey Protein Powders On The Market In (December. (healthcanal.com)
Grass-fed whey protein is one of the most common [1] sources of protein powders and it comes from grass-fed cows. (healthcanal.com)
Whey protein powders contain all the essential amino acids you need to build muscle [4] , increase strength, and promote muscular fitness. (healthcanal.com)
In these cases, supplementation with grass-fed protein powders might be the best way to do so. (healthcanal.com)
Based on these criteria, here are our five best grass-fed whey protein powders. (healthcanal.com)
Most protein powders are sweetened, and strawberries are a very sweet fruit, so this is tasty without any extra sweetener. (burnthefatblog.com)
However, you could experiment with plant-based protein powders and maybe larger fruit amounts and see if you end up with spoonable ice cream. (burnthefatblog.com)

However, strength (voluntary and electrically evoked) and muscle mass [density, creatinine excretion, muscle area (computer axial tomography scan), and biceps N content] gains were not different between diet treatments. (nih.gov)
This diet decreased the weight of the gastrocnemius (Ga), tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (Sol) muscles by 23%, 11% and 16%, respectively. (nature.com)
With critters such as caterpillars and crickets being farmed like cows and chickens, maybe it's time for you to consider adding this readily available and efficient form of protein to your diet. (bodybuilding.com)
Foods like eggs, beans, and fish are great sources of protein and including them in your diet can help you get enough of the important nutrient each day. (insider.com)
The increase in glycogen content in liver was significantly greater in rats fed the whey protein diet compared with those fed the casein diet. (cambridge.org)
We also found that the whey protein diet increased the activity of liver glucokinase, whereas it decreased the activities of 6-phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase compared with the casein diet. (cambridge.org)
The present study is the first to demonstrate that a diet based on whey protein may increase glycogen content in liver and skeletal muscle of exercise-trained rats. (cambridge.org)
Demling, RH, DeSanti, L, "Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers," Ann Nutr Metab. (proteinfactory.com)
I'm looking to start slowly implementing protein shakes into my diet and workout plan. (city-data.com)
If you don't consume enough carbohydrates in your diet," Dr. Kreider continues, "your muscle glycogen levels will be lower as you start a workout. (prosource.net)
We all know that it's easy to meet the protein RDA on a vegan diet. (theveganrd.com)
The quality of protein inherent to a vegetarian diet, especially vegans? (bottomlinefitness.com)
These essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must be obtained by eating protein in a healthy diet. (alpro.com)
Macronutrients-protein, fat, and carbohydrates should form the majority of the diet. (royalcanin.com)
Because of a hardgainer's normally quick digestion it is frequently extremely challenging for them to gain any sort of weight at all, particularly bulk, thus in this article I will be taking a gander at the primary point a) and showing you 5 food varieties that form muscle that you ought to hope to integrate into your day to day diet and sustenance plan. (detki.biz)
A high-protein diet may help increase muscle function in patients with weakness or exercise intolerance. (medscape.com)

CCK is released when we eat protein and fats. (healthexchange.us)
High in high quality protein, with all the essential amino acids your body needs, and low in saturated fats, too. (alpro.com)
It is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, as well as in the metabolic utilization of fats and proteins and the cellular production of energy. (vitacost.com)
Protein, carbohydrates and healthy fats are needed to return the body to homeostasis. (hotspotsmagazine.com)

Personalized health review for musclesport lean whey revolution whey protein, chocolate peanut butter, dietary supplement: 120 calories, nutrition grade (b). 5 lbs of fat burning cla. (atlocalentertainment.com)
So this would give ground beef 54 grams of protein, 450 calories and 24 grams of fat, versus turkey's 42-44 grams of protein, 320 calories and 16 grams of fat. (gymjunkies.com)
Whey protein ingredients and whey concentrates are being used to increase the health quotient in beverages at a time when beverages that provide only "empty calories" are coming under fire. (dairyfoods.com)
In any case, what is fundamentally significant for thin folks and young ladies is to spread your calories out over the course of the day to guarantee a steady stock of energy to your muscles and a predictable metabolic rate, and eating a great deal of food sources that form muscle will assist you with doing that. (detki.biz)

With regard to dietary protein recommendations, emerging evidence suggests that the elderly may need to distribute protein intake evenly throughout the day, so as to promote an optimal per meal stimulation of MPS. (medscape.com)
The branched-chain amino acid leucine is thought to play a central role in mediating mRNA translation for MPS, and the elderly should ensure sufficient leucine is provided with dietary protein intake. (medscape.com)
This randomized double-blind cross-over study assessed protein (PRO) requirements during the early stages of intensive bodybuilding training and determined whether supplemental PRO intake (PROIN) enhanced muscle mass/strength gains. (nih.gov)
A newer question posed by scientists working in this area is the timing of protein intake relative to exercise bouts and the optimal distributions of intake throughout the day. (nutrition.org)
Variables of interest for the meta-analysis included lean body mass, handgrip strength, and leg press strength, which were pooled by age group and timing of protein intake. (nutrition.org)
Exercise training appeared to not affect the outcomes, and the timing of protein intake did not influence the responses in lean body mass or strength for handgrip or leg press. (nutrition.org)
References Wirth J, Hillesheim E, Brennan L. The role of protein intake and its timing on body composition and muscle function in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (nutrition.org)
but combining strength training exercise with an adequate protein intake is considered the holy grail for maintaining muscle mass and function. (livestrong.com)
But even though weight lifting without adequate protein can build muscle on its own, it's a good idea to be conscious about how much protein you're getting each day and to try to time your protein intake in a way that's most beneficial to you. (livestrong.com)
The same January 2013 report in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition notes that it's best to time your protein intake so that you're consuming it not more than three to four hours before or after your workout. (livestrong.com)
Magoo, since you and Lats have similiar training ideas, I was wondering what your thoughts on protein intake were? (professionalmuscle.com)
It can also be used throughout the day to increase your protein intake. (maximuscle.com)
If your protein intake or quality is low your body will get the essential aminos it needs from its most abundant storage system, muscle tissue. (bottomlinefitness.com)
All of our soya products (drinks, desserts and plant-based alternatives to yogurt) are a perfect source of protein to reaching the daily-recommended intake. (alpro.com)
On the other hand, it is formed and accumulated in the liver and skeletal muscle when blood glucose is elevated after food intake or during the "fed state. (medscape.com)

In the present experiments we have investigated amino acid and protein metabolism in these rats. (jci.org)
Muscle protein metabolism varies according to nutritional and environmental circumstances. (nature.com)
We also observed that whey protein regulated glycogen metabolism in these two tissues by different mechanisms. (cambridge.org)
TNFBP ameliorates the sepsis-induced changes in protein metabolism in gastrocnemius, indicating a role for TNF in the septic process. (elsevier.com)

VSMCs are responsible for producing extracellular matrix proteins that provide strength and stability to the lesion. (cdc.gov)
Indeed, the atherosclerotic plaque can remain relatively stable in which a cap of VSMCs and matrix proteins covers the lipid core. (cdc.gov)
Thinning of the fibrous cap reflecting reductions in VSMCs and matrix proteins is a key feature of unstable plaques. (cdc.gov)

The heat-induced gelation properties of mixed protein systems containing chicken breast muscle salt-soluble proteins (SSP) and β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) or SSP and an α-lactalbumin-enriched fraction (α-la) in 0.6 M NaCl, pH 6.5, were investigated using dynamic rheology. (eurekamag.com)

A new report from the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) suggests that older adults may need as much as 1.0 to 1.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight, compared to the 0.8 grams that the RDAs specify. (theveganrd.com)
2, non-consecutive fasting days conducted on non-exercise days, providing approximately 30% of energy requirements and providing 1.6 grams of protein per kilogram of bodyweight. (who.int)
These days will provide 100% of energy requirements and 1.6 grams of protein per kilogram of bodyweight, including protein shakes post-exercise on exercise days and elsewhere during the day on non-fasting days to ensure protein requirements are met. (who.int)

In a world where many people are trying to cut back on their meat consumption, either for environmental or health reasons, we're happy to be able to offer an alternative protein that can provide exceptional nutrition and muscle growth, all while being meat-free. (chooseveg.com)
Breaking Muscle is the fitness world's preeminent destination for timely, high-quality information on exercise, fitness, health, and nutrition. (breakingmuscle.com)
While exercise has benefits on its own, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics notes that making the effort to get good nutrition and enough protein is one of the best ways to support the strength training in a positive way. (livestrong.com)
According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, preserving the muscle mass you already have takes a lot less protein than building new muscle . (livestrong.com)
For help figuring out how much protein you should eat each day, I spoke to Bogden and certified nutrition coach, Emmie Keefe . (insider.com)
Ensure Max Protein Nutrition Shake Ready To Drink French Vanilla - 4-11 Fl. (tomthumb.com)
Ensure High Protein Nutrition Shake Ready To Drink Vanilla - 6-8 Fl. (tomthumb.com)
Best Price Nutrition has been An online retailer since 2000 selling discount Bodybuilding Supplements, Fat Burners, Muscle Builders, Pre-Workouts & Protein. (bestpricenutrition.com)
So if at any point, you felt like you'd reached your personal preference for muscle mass, you or your coach would simply adjust your training and nutrition plan for maintenance at that point. (onlinefitnesscoach.com)

That doesn't mean that you have to guzzle protein shakes after every workout or that you won't experience health benefits by training without protein, though. (livestrong.com)
Do you use Shapeway protein shakes? (city-data.com)
The ONLY shakes I would drink are whey protein shakes, and to a lesser extent (pre workout ONLY) casein protein shakes. (city-data.com)
Cutting out the junk food and replacing it with items that are good for you is hard enough to do for the average person, and the last thing that you need is to run into a wall when it comes to protein shakes. (musclesportmag.com)
Atkins Shakes Protein Rich Milk Chocolate Delight - 4-11 Fl. (tomthumb.com)

Using a technique that removes genes from cells, scientists showed that both Myomixer and Myomaker-another protein the group previously identified-must be present for muscle cells to fuse together to create muscle fibers, the building blocks of muscles. (todaysdietitian.com)
The size of Ga, TA, Sol muscle fibers and the grip strength of four limbs also significantly declined by 20%, 28%, 16% and 22%, respectively. (nature.com)
Skeletal muscle consists of distinct fast-twitch glycolytic and slow-twitch oxidative fibers. (nature.com)
The fast-twitch fibers in the gastrocnemius (Ga) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles are more sensitive to atrophy induced by fasting than slow-twitch fibers 3 possibly because they are prone to GC-induced muscle atrophy 4 , 5 . (nature.com)
It repairs your muscle fibers after a lifting session, providing the raw material that helps them grow bigger when you're trying to gain size. (mikeroussell.com)
The muscles of your pelvic floor also work with the lower fibers of the TA muscle. (breakingmuscle.com)
The large dystrophin complex strengthens muscle fibers and protects them from injury as muscles tense (contract) and relax. (medlineplus.gov)
Problems with these complexes reduce the strength and resilience of muscle fibers and result in the signs and symptoms of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. (medlineplus.gov)

Most contain all nine essential amino acids , which are necessary for muscle building and recovery . (bodybuilding.com)
BCAA are a group of essential amino acids which are naturally found in whey protein. (maximuscle.com)
Yes, the soya protein that is present in the Alpro soya products contains all the essential amino acids - the building blocks of protein - in the right amounts in comparison to animal protein. (alpro.com)

Casein is the fraction of milk protein that clumps after you consume it, delivering amino acids into your system more slowly and for longer periods of time. (muscleandfitness.com)
A study from the University of Exeter found that mycoprotein, a vegan protein created by vegetarian company Quorn , stimulated post-exercise muscle building better than milk protein did. (chooseveg.com)
The results were clear: The increase in muscle-building rates of those who ingested the mycoprotein was more than double the increase of those who consumed the milk protein . (chooseveg.com)
Our data show that mycoprotein can stimulate muscles to grow faster in the hours following exercise compared with a typical animal comparator protein (milk protein)-we look forward to seeing whether these mechanistic findings translate to longer-term training studies in various populations. (chooseveg.com)
If milk protein isolate is a combination of these two proteins, why do so many supplement companies sell whey protein by itself or casein by itself? (proteinfactory.com)
How come you cannot buy milk protein isolate or it is rarely sold? (proteinfactory.com)
Vegetable protein is just as good as meat, fish or milk protein. (bottomlinefitness.com)
MUSCLE MILK Protein Shake Non Dairy Chocolate - 12-11 Fl. (tomthumb.com)
According to research published in 2017, as few as 9 grams of milk protein may be enough to facilitate muscle building and recovery after exercise. (hotspotsmagazine.com)

Eating enough protein throughout the day is so important because muscles are made primarily from protein building blocks called amino acids. (shapefit.com)
Divide this total number up between 5-6 meals throughout the day and you will have enough protein to fuel your body and achieve your muscle building goals! (shapefit.com)
Will You Lose Muscle If You Don't Eat Enough Protein and Lift Weights? (livestrong.com)
If you don't eat enough protein and regularly engage in some type of resistance training, like lifting weights, you will naturally lose muscle as you age. (livestrong.com)
Unless you're taking the proper steps, like weight training and eating enough protein to build muscle, you naturally lose muscle mass as you age. (livestrong.com)
For others, it can be a struggle to get enough protein into their diets, which can weaken the immune system , cause high blood pressure, and weaken bones, among other side effects . (insider.com)
But what constitutes "enough protein" remains a topic of some debate among experts. (theveganrd.com)
I just want to make sure I'm getting enough protein. (olyabrand.com)

Rats in the exercise group were found to have higher levels of a protein known as "vascular endothelial growth factor" (VEGF). (breakingmuscle.com)
In this new research it was noted that excess of a certain protein, named sFIt-1, bonded with PIGF and VEGF in the bloodstream, inhibiting the good proteins from stimulating vascular cells and potentially leading to preeclampsia. (breakingmuscle.com)
Foam cells and extracellular lipid droplets form the central core of the atheroma, which is covered by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and a collagen-rich matrix. (cdc.gov)
Protein tyrosine kinase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from rat aorta. (bvsalud.org)

Rebuilds muscle tissue while you sleep. (muscleandfitness.com)
Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body, accounting for about 40% of human body mass, and is the type of muscle used to move limbs. (todaysdietitian.com)
Scientists at the Hamburg Outstation of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and collaborators from King's College in London have now discovered that something similar happens to a protein that is crucial in the formation of muscle tissue. (embl.org)
Studies have shown CLA to reduce body fat and at the same time increase muscle mass and act as an anti-catabolic (in essence slowing down the breakdown of your muscle tissue). (weightlossandtraining.com)
It helps maintain the structure of muscle tissue by attaching (binding) to and stabilizing the dystrophin complex, which is made up of proteins called dystrophins and dystroglycans. (medlineplus.gov)

The muscle atrophy-related genes Mafbx , Murf1 , Foxo3 , Lc3b and Klf15 were upregulated in the skeletal muscles of mice fed with the KD. (nature.com)
The mRNA expression of oxidative stress-responsive genes such as Sod1 was significantly increased in all muscles examined. (nature.com)
Group leader Professor Dr. Rudolf Wiesner added, "Mutations in the genes that code for these proteins lead to severe neurological diseases, in VPS35 for example Parkinson's disease. (phys.org)
Variants in genes that encode muscle contractile proteins influence risk for isolated clubfoot. (cdc.gov)
Some muscular dystrophies are caused by mutations in genes that make important muscle proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
One promising approach uses an injection of small, harmless viruses to deliver therapeutic dystrophin-producing genes directly into cells in the muscle. (medlineplus.gov)
NIH-supported researchers have been studying ways to deliver dystrophin genes to affected muscles with fewer side effects. (medlineplus.gov)

Instead, it appears that the muscles of the elderly are resistant to normally robust anabolic stimuli such as amino acids and resistance exercise. (medscape.com)
With regards to physical activity, lower, than previously realized, intensity high-volume resistance exercise can stimulate a robust muscle protein synthetic response similar to traditional high-intensity low volume training, which may be beneficial for older adults. (medscape.com)
Resistance exercise combined with amino acid ingestion elicits the greatest anabolic response and may assist elderly in producing a 'youthful' muscle protein synthetic response provided sufficient protein is ingested following exercise. (medscape.com)
Researchers found exercise promoted increased levels of two beneficial proteins. (breakingmuscle.com)
That's why it's a good idea to make sure you're meeting your protein needs and getting regular exercise before you lose muscle, so you can keep it instead of trying to replace it after it's lost. (livestrong.com)
We investigated the effect of different types of dietary protein on glycogen content in liver and skeletal muscle of exercise-trained rats. (cambridge.org)
n 6 per group) were divided into sedentary or exercise-trained groups with each group being fed either casein or whey protein as the source of dietary protein. (cambridge.org)
Exercise training resulted in an increase in the skeletal muscle glycogen content. (cambridge.org)
What's worse is since you don't have enough muscle glycogen to fuel the exercise bout, you will break down more protein in order to maintain blood glucose thereby negating some of the gains you have been trying to achieve to build muscle. (prosource.net)
It is crystal clear that carb ingestion following resistance exercise stimulates muscle glycogen resynthesis. (prosource.net)
This may decrease recovery time following resistance exercise and enable an increase in training volume, which may enhance physiological adaptations (e.g., muscle hypertrophy). (prosource.net)
PURPOSE: Previous studies have examined the response of muscle protein to resistance exercise and nutrient ingestion. (stir.ac.uk)
This study was designed to determine the response of net muscle protein balance following resistance exercise to ingestion of nutrients as components of milk. (stir.ac.uk)
Although weight-training is the most important way to build and preserve muscle, it gets a little bit harder to bulk up as the years pass-probably because protein is used less efficiently to rebuild muscle after exercise when you're older. (theveganrd.com)
NO-boosting supplements increase muscle pump during exercise. (ironmanmagazine.com)
i tried to eat a lot but it didn't helped and tried to do muscle gaining exercise it reduced weight i also bought a mass gaining shake but nothing seems work what should i do? (healthtap.com)
During exercise, muscles use up stored glucose (called glycogen) and you'll feel shaky and tired. (hotspotsmagazine.com)
Restoring the proper nutritional balance after exercise revives energy levels, reduces fatigue, and promotes muscle recovery. (hotspotsmagazine.com)
BCAAs also may reduce muscle soreness from exercise. (bodybuilding.com)

The best part is, this protein ice cream is ridiculously quick and easy to make and only requires three ingredients (four if you add some extra sweetener). (burnthefatblog.com)
This revolutionary protein has been designed by musclesports with active ingredients that assist with easy digestion, nutrient absorption. (atlocalentertainment.com)
When thinking about pet food, it's common to focus on the ingredients of a formula such as the type of protein sources used. (royalcanin.com)
Then there is the whole world of whey protein, which may be the promised land for dairy ingredients. (dairyfoods.com)
There is no question that whey protein and whey-derived ingredients have finally gotten off the ground. (dairyfoods.com)
Due to the metabolic and muscle-building capacities that whey protein has, now whey ingredients are making a significant showing in energy bar applications as well. (dairyfoods.com)
The ingredients that are compounded together have been suggested to not only increase testosterone levels but to increase muscle growth and speed up fat loss. (criticalbench.com)

Protein Supplements Sale! (muscleandstrength.com)
Muscle Feast provides superior nutritional supplements to help you meet your goals. (musclefeast.com)
Do multi-ingredient protein supplements augment resistance training-induced gains in skeletal muscle mass and strength? (bmj.com)
We are dedicatedly involved in providing an excellent quality array of Big Muscles Nutritional Supplements . (moglix.com)
Colossal Labs supplements are ideal for anyone wanting to add lean muscle mass, lose weight and increase athletic performance. (a1supplements.com)
Whether trying to gain muscle, lose fat or simply improve your overall health and wellness, Primaforce has the supplements you need to help achieve your goal. (weightlossandtraining.com)

The IOF report noted that acid-producing diets-those that are high in meat (and also grains)-can stimulate muscle breakdown. (theveganrd.com)
Nevertheless, sipping on BCAAs during those longer cycles or runs may reduce muscle protein breakdown, reduce what is known as "perceived exertion"-how hard it feels like you're working-and encourage workout recovery. (bodybuilding.com)
Consuming BCAAs or EAAs before or during training sessions can offer a low-calorie or no-calorie way to reduce muscle protein breakdown, stay hydrated, and reduce fatigue during a workout. (bodybuilding.com)
Rhabdomyolysis, or rhabdo, is the breakdown of damaged muscles. (cdc.gov)
This breakdown releases muscle cell contents (proteins and electrolytes) into the blood. (cdc.gov)

With rhabdomyolysis, damaged muscle breaks down and releases excess proteins and electrolytes into the blood, causing kidney damage and other severe medical problems. (cdc.gov)

Myosin supports inactivation of activated factor V by activated protein C in purified human coagulation factor reaction mixtures and in human plasma coagulation assays. (haematologica.org)
Although some PKC-binding proteins were detected in overlay assays, their presence did not explain the anomalous PKC alpha 2 activity. (garvan.org.au)

Is there vegan protein ice cream? (burnthefatblog.com)
Delicious Protein-Packed Vegan Protein Smoothie Recipes For Weight Loss, Muscle Building and Optimal Health. (cbproads.com)

Hydrolyzed whey protein is broken down into small pieces known as peptides that are easily digested and quickly absorbed for fast muscle recovery support. (musclefeast.com)

[ 1 ] The diagnosis is made on the basis of findings from the history and physical examination, muscle biopsy, electromyography, ischemic forearm testing, and creatine kinase testing. (medscape.com)
A rare autosomal recessive distal myopathy with characteristics of early adult-onset slowly progressive often asymmetrical lower limb muscle weakness initially affecting the calves (with relative anterior muscle sparing) and later proximal muscle involvement, as well as highly elevated creatine kinase (CK) serum levels. (cdc.gov)

it may only be advantageous for individuals who are trying to build lean muscle mass while simultaneously trying to decrease fat mass. (musclefeast.com)
Supports muscle recovery and lean muscle mass with L-Glutamine and 25 grams of vegan, plant-based protein per serving. (wholefoodsmarket.com)
Real meat helps support lean muscle mass, and several sources of omega fatty acids are included for skin and coat health. (chewy.com)

Although research is a little mixed, this window of time seems to provide the most benefit when it comes to muscle building following a resistance training session. (livestrong.com)
In fact, studies show that muscle glycogen levels may decrease as much as 60-90% during an intense resistance-training workout lasting 1-2 hours. (prosource.net)
Resistance Bands: These allow you to do exercises you cannot do with your bodyweight alone, particularly, exercises for your back muscles that involve pulling. (onlinefitnesscoach.com)
Other evidence suggests that oil drawn from these fatty fish may ease muscle soreness following resistance training. (hotspotsmagazine.com)

Proteins are made up of building blocks called amino acids. (bottomlinefitness.com)

Net muscle protein balance was determined by measuring amino acid balance across the leg. (stir.ac.uk)
This mutation replaces the protein building block (amino acid) arginine with the amino acid cysteine at position 77 in the alpha-sarcoglycan protein, written as Arg77Cys or R77C. (medlineplus.gov)
Taurine is an amino acid found in tissues and organs throughout the body, including the muscles, heart, brain, and retina. (royalcanin.com)
The effectiveness of amino acid supplementation is often hotly debated, particularly when compared to whey protein or whole food sources. (bodybuilding.com)

The main difference between whey protein concentrate and isolate is that whey isolate undergoes a processing stage that strips it off most fat and carbohydrate content, leaving only protein behind. (healthcanal.com)
When you lift weights, you can actually feel your muscles burning carbohydrate and converting it to hydrogen ions and lactic acid as you perform more repetitions. (prosource.net)
A calorie of a carbohydrate does not equate to a calorie of protein when being metabolized in our bodies. (bottomlinefitness.com)
Give energy: Carbohydrate, fat, and protein enable the body to create heat, movement, and other forms of energy. (royalcanin.com)
Most patients experience muscle symptoms, such as weakness and cramps, although certain GSDs manifest as specific syndromes, such as hypoglycemic seizures or cardiomegaly, based on which enzyme is affected in the carbohydrate metabolic pathway. (medscape.com)

Contributing to the risk of these diseases or as a direct predictor of disability itself, is the slow and inevitable age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass, referred to as sarcopenia. (medscape.com)
[ 2-4 ] Although we will all lose muscle mass as we age, individual differences in: i) the rate of loss in muscle mass, ii) the age at which muscle mass starts to decline, and iii) an individual's peak muscle mass, determine the impact sarcopenia has on functional ability. (medscape.com)
These data indicate that, during the early stages of intensive bodybuilding training, PRO needs are approximately 100% greater than current recommendations but that PROIN increases from 1.35 to 2.62 g.kg-1.day-1 do not enhance muscle mass/strength gains, at least during the 1st mo of training. (nih.gov)
There has been considerable work defining protein needs to maintain lean body mass and muscle function in a variety of age groups and among those with differing health status. (nutrition.org)
Lean body mass was improved in adults and older adults with protein supplementation, but it did not improve handgrip strength in older adults or leg press strength in adults or older adults. (nutrition.org)
The authors concluded that there is a positive impact of protein supplementation on the lean body mass of adults and older adults that occurs independently of the timing of consumption. (nutrition.org)
Protein is crucial for anyone who is interested in packing on serious muscle mass. (shapefit.com)
Skeletal muscle comprises 40% of the body mass and it functions in locomotion, postural support, glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation. (nature.com)
The physiological and molecular events that occur in rodents deprived of food for 24-48 h have been determined in a study of the mechanism of muscle mass loss 2 . (nature.com)
As you age, you gradually lose muscle mass. (livestrong.com)
Harvard Health notes that if you're not taking steps to prevent it, you'll naturally lose 3 to 5 percent of your muscle mass every decade after the age of 30. (livestrong.com)
In fact, a January 2014 report in Sports Health notes that with loss of muscle mass, you also decrease your endurance by about 10 percent per decade. (livestrong.com)
For instance, recent studies suggest that consuming 0.7 g of protein per pound of body weight is the ideal amount for those looking to increase muscle mass or lose weight. (insider.com)
Protein contributes to the maintenance and growth of muscle mass. (maximuscle.com)
When it comes to extreme muscle mass gain, some of the best advice I ever got probably came from my mom. (prosource.net)
Among its other functions, protein protects bone health which may in part be due to its effects on muscle mass. (theveganrd.com)
Unfortunately, a decline in muscle mass over the years is more common than not. (theveganrd.com)
Maintaining muscle mass is way easier than rebuilding it after it's been lost. (theveganrd.com)
Protein contributes to a growth in muscle mass. (tesco.com)
Older dogs tend to lose muscle mass and protein reserves. (platinumperformance.com)
Body fat is measured by percentage, calculated by how much body fat you have in relation to the rest of your body (bones, water weight, muscle mass etc). (womenshealthmag.com)
One of the main reasons why it's harder for women to put on a significant amount of muscle mass compared to men is that the balance of testosterone and human growth hormone (HGH) in women is far lower than in men (in terms of the general population). (onlinefitnesscoach.com)
It has been shown to increase testosterone levels [6], leading to evidence of added protein in the muscles and an increase in muscle mass and strength [7]. (criticalbench.com)
Because muscles make up a large portion of our body mass, the dose of viral gene-based therapy needs to be very high to be effective, which can cause unwanted side effects. (medlineplus.gov)

Casein protein continues to deliver amino acids for at least a couple of hours longer than whey protein when taken in equal supplemental doses (a little more than 20 grams). (muscleandfitness.com)
Just mix it with an equal portion of whey, or get in a whey-casein blend to help maximize muscle building. (muscleandfitness.com)
Furthermore, the whey protein group significantly increased the skeletal muscle glycogen content compared with the casein group. (cambridge.org)
In the skeletal muscle, whey protein decreased only 6-phosphofructokinase activity compared with casein. (cambridge.org)
Total glycogen synthase activity in the skeletal muscle in the whey protein group was significantly higher than that in the casein group. (cambridge.org)
However, both cows milk and human milk are both made up of the same proteins, whey and casein. (proteinfactory.com)
Therefore, shall we stick with what mother nature intended and used a protein mix of both whey and casein? (proteinfactory.com)
In my opinion, especially when you use the casein protein, indeed this is very close to real ice cream. (burnthefatblog.com)
Casein works great for making protein ice cream thicker. (burnthefatblog.com)
Casein is one of the milk proteins, the other one being whey, but casein is very different than whey. (burnthefatblog.com)
Whey is a fast-digesting protein, while casein digests slowly. (burnthefatblog.com)
That makes casein great for protein puddings, thick protein smoothies, and in this case protein ice cream. (burnthefatblog.com)

There was significant enrichment of enzymes involved in glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis in LRT muscle but no enrichment of gene ontology phrases in HRT muscle. (jyu.fi)
During aging, enzymes naturally present in the meat break down muscle proteins and connective tissues, while moisture evaporating from meat concentrates flavor. (outdoorlife.com)

Dietary whey protein increases liver and skeletal muscle. (cambridge.org)
Enzyme deficiency results in glycogen accumulation in tissues, especially liver and skeletal muscle cells. (medscape.com)

Your goal should be to eat at least 1 gram of protein per pound of body weight, every day. (shapefit.com)

Impaired insulin signaling and an increase in endogenous GC could trigger the degradation of skeletal muscle proteins by activating the ubiquitin-proteasome (UPS) and autophagy systems 3 . (nature.com)
The protein VPS35, the main component of the retromer, mediates the maturation of early endosomes into late autophagy vesicles, where degradation and recycling ultimately take place," said Pla-Martin. (phys.org)
Auxin-inducible degrons are a chemical genetic tool for targeted protein degradation and are widely used to study protein function in cultured mammalian cells. (elifesciences.org)
Here we develop CRISPR-engineered mouse lines that enable rapid and highly specific degradation of tagged endogenous proteins in vivo . (elifesciences.org)
By combining ligand titrations with genetic crosses to generate animals with different allelic combinations, we show that degradation kinetics depend upon the dose of the tagged protein, ligand, and the E3 ligase substrate receptor TIR1. (elifesciences.org)

BOOST High Protein Nutritional Drink Very Vanilla - 12-8 Fl. (tomthumb.com)
Premier Protein Energy For Everyday Protein Shake Vanilla - 4-11 Fl. (tomthumb.com)
Choose from Chocolate Cinnamon or Vanilla Cinnamon - either one tastes great in our recipe for the Get Over It Green Protein Shake opens in a new tab . (wholefoodsmarket.com)
Love the protein, esp the chocolate and vanilla! (xendurance.com)
I got the vanilla protein which I love! (xendurance.com)

This generalisable approach provides unprecedented temporal control over the dose of endogenous proteins in mouse models, with implications for studying essential biological pathways and modelling drug activity in mammalian tissues. (elifesciences.org)

Muscles recover from intense workouts when amino acids and other nutrients are transported from the bloodstream into your muscles. (shapefit.com)
These little protein- and nutrient-packed morsels can help you build muscle, recover from workouts, and burn fat. (bodybuilding.com)

NaF stimulated accumulation of IP in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that F- stimulated the putative G-protein Gp which couples various receptors to hydrolysis of phosphoinositides and mobilization of Ca++. (aspetjournals.org)
Co-immunoprecipitation of SPEGβ in HRT muscle discovered putative interacting proteins that link with previously reported differences in transforming growth factor-β signalling in exercised muscle. (jyu.fi)

10 -15 minutes pre-workout, immediately post-work, or throughout the day/between meals to meet individual protein requirements. (musclefeast.com)
I love that this box auto ships to me with my protein and pre-workout drinks. (xendurance.com)
Also, on the list of easily assimilated protein rich foods for post workout meals are Greek yogurt, cottage cheese, kefir and eggs. (hotspotsmagazine.com)

If you weigh 175 pounds, you should be eating at least 175 grams of protein per day. (shapefit.com)
If you like eating ice cream, don't stop eating ice cream, start eating high protein strawberry ice cream. (burnthefatblog.com)
I'm definitely going to try to put in more of an effort for eating protein and weight training. (theveganrd.com)
Eating a high protein breakfast is the simplest way that you can set the stage for metabolic. (mikeroussell.com)
Eating more protein will make you fat. (bottomlinefitness.com)
Knowing this explains why strict vegetarians, especially vegans, have a lower percentage of muscle than dairy, meat and fish eating humans and a harder time building muscle or strength in the gym. (bottomlinefitness.com)
Eating adequate protein can also be key in conquering sugar addiction for this same reason. (healthexchange.us)
Eating protein can help to reduce ghrelin release. (healthexchange.us)
You can't build serious strength and muscle by eating rabbit food. (olyabrand.com)
While you will not have the option to eat every one of them consistently, they ought to turn into a staple piece of your eating routine intend to fabricate muscle. (detki.biz)
2/Lean Meats - white and red meat are a portion of a definitive muscle building foods…and so they ought to be, hell after all you're in a real sense eating muscle would you confirm or deny that you are? (detki.biz)

As an added bonus, protein helps to stimulate the secretion of glucagon, which helps mitigate the fat storage effects of insulin. (bottomlinefitness.com)

We've discovered other single proteins that can link to DNA molecules in 'palindromes', but this is the first time we have seen proteins themselves linked like this. (embl.org)
It acts as an anchor, connecting each muscle cell's structural framework (cytoskeleton) with the lattice of proteins and other molecules outside the cell (extracellular matrix). (medlineplus.gov)

The good news is that protein is found in a wide variety of foods, and it's usually pretty easy to meet your needs. (livestrong.com)
And, it's possible that the antioxidants in all plant foods-fruits and veggies especially, but also legumes-help reduce muscle loss according to the IOF. (theveganrd.com)
While many foods trigger the release of insulin, only protein foods trigger glucagon. (healthexchange.us)
Whole Foods Market™ Plant-Based Fit Protein. (wholefoodsmarket.com)

In an attempt to better understand the effect of timing of protein supplementation on body composition and muscle function, Wirth and colleagues conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature. (nutrition.org)
Grass-fed whey protein should be taken by anyone who is looking to increase their muscle gains, burn excess body fat, and improve their athletic performance in the gym. (healthcanal.com)
Studies say 0.7 g of protein per pound of body weight is beneficial for building muscle or losing weight. (insider.com)
From a baseline perspective, the recommended daily protein is 46 grams (g) for women and 56 g for men (or 0.36 g of protein per pound of body weight). (insider.com)
A unique benefit of hydrolysates is they may decrease body fat compared to other forms of whey protein. (musclefeast.com)
Weight training is hard for me to stick with, but I've been hearing for years how important it is for muscle and bone health, and that it can even help increase the amount of mitochondria in the body. (theveganrd.com)
Protein is superfuel for your body. (mikeroussell.com)
Protein is used to make hormones, which are messengers in the body. (healthexchange.us)
To the athlete looking to add more muscle and drop body fat, CLA is a unique discovery that will make accomplishing this feat easier and faster, all the while having positive effects on immune function and antioxidant status. (weightlossandtraining.com)
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a disease that causes a fast rise in body temperature and severe muscle contractions when someone receives general anesthesia with one or more of the following drugs: halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane or succinylcholine. (medlineplus.gov)
Nourish your body with an excellent source of protein and iron. (wholefoodsmarket.com)
Build and maintain the body: Muscles, hair, and skin are made from protein, for example. (royalcanin.com)
This particular protein in the body has a lot to do with the ability of the muscle to contract at very high velocities. (abc7.com)
A serious condition involving the kidneys is rhabdomyolysis , which is caused by high body temperature, physical exertion, overuse of muscles, and/or damage to muscles (e.g., crush injury from a fall). (cdc.gov)
As stand-alone products, whey protein has been a part of the body builder's regime for a long time. (dairyfoods.com)
SMN1 helps the body make an important protein that keeps the nerves that control muscle movement healthy. (medlineplus.gov)
Glycogen is a complex multibranched polysaccharide that acts as energy storage in the human body and is formed mainly in the liver and skeletal muscles. (medscape.com)

Build muscle, lose fat & stay motivated. (muscleandstrength.com)
This is an adequate amount but may not suffice for certain folks looking to lose weight or build or maintain muscle. (insider.com)
You'll need to combine a strength training routine with the addition of more protein to build muscle. (insider.com)
You can't build muscle unless you can train effectively," says Dr. Kreider. (prosource.net)
It's the single most important thing you can do to build and hang on to muscle. (theveganrd.com)
Looking to build muscle or enhance performance? (a1supplements.com)
Protein helps you build muscle, burn more fat, and feel fuller! (whus.org)
Im willing to lose weight and build muscle. (healthtap.com)
What protein shake should I buy to help lose weight and build muscle? (healthtap.com)
Without it, damage to muscle cells build up causing the muscles to get weaker and break down. (medlineplus.gov)

Asthma is a reversible airway obstruction that is characterized by constriction of airway smooth muscle, Abstract hyper secretion of mucus, edema and airway hyper responsiveness (AHR), mucus secretion and thickening of the basement membrane underlying the airway epithelium. (cdc.gov)

Studies of the dietary differences between insects and standard livestock (chicken, beef, pork) concluded that insect protein tended to be higher in micronutrients, sodium, and saturated fat. (bodybuilding.com)

GNC Amp Pure Isolate Protein 1.95lbs. (dickssportinggoods.com)

But calculating the right amount of protein you need to consume each day depends on several factors. (insider.com)
The end result is a whey protein that has double the amount of protein subfractions and I theorize has a higher biological value as well, making it MORE anabolic! (proteinfactory.com)
Because most bodybuilders prefer to have their protein used for muscle-building purposes, the question is what amount of protein maximizes muscle. (ironmanmagazine.com)

Source of Protein. (alpro.com)
Locating the best source of protein to boost muscle growth is a bit of a challenge. (gymjunkies.com)

Anatomy52

Organisms16

Diseases24

Chemicals and Drugs85

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes47

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture7

Information Science3

Health Care4

Regulation of chamber-specific gene expression in the developing heart by Irx4. (1/8990)

Gamma-Actinin, a new regulatory protein from rabbit skeletal muscle. I. Purification and characterization. (2/8990)

Connectin, an elastic protein from myofibrils. (3/8990)

Model-independent analysis of the orientation of fluorescent probes with restricted mobility in muscle fibers. (4/8990)

Aging-specific expression of Drosophila hsp22. (5/8990)

SNAP-23 participates in SNARE complex assembly in rat adipose cells. (6/8990)

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha regulates expression of the CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) alpha and beta and determines the occupation of the C/EBP site in the promoter of the insulin-responsive glucose-transporter gene in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (7/8990)

Intestinal trefoil factor binds to intestinal epithelial cells and induces nitric oxide production: priming and enhancing effects of mucin. (8/8990)

Muscle Proteins

Muscles

Muscle, Skeletal

Muscle, Smooth

Methylhistidines

Phenylalanine

Muscle Fibers, Skeletal

Muscle Development

Muscle, Smooth, Vascular

Muscle Contraction

Muscular Atrophy

Leucine

Amino Acids, Essential

Amino Acids

Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch

Quadriceps Muscle

Muscle Denervation

Myofibrils

Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch

Muscle Fatigue

Mitochondria, Muscle

Insulin

Connectin

Sarcopenia

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Myocytes, Smooth Muscle

Muscle Weakness

Muscular Diseases

Neck Muscles

Oculomotor Muscles

Leg

Muscle, Striated

Muscle Spindles

Muscle Relaxation

Respiratory Muscles

Muscle Cells

Resistance Training

Papillary Muscles

Cachexia

Aging

TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases

Dietary Proteins

Exercise

Abdominal Muscles

SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases

Weight Lifting

Masseter Muscle

Myosin Heavy Chains

Anabolic Agents

Time Factors

Facial Muscles

Myostatin

Protein Biosynthesis

Masticatory Muscles

Kinetics

Oxandrolone

Intercostal Muscles

Hindlimb

Electromyography

Rabbits

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Blood Glucose

Isometric Contraction

HIV Wasting Syndrome

Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E

Protein Hydrolysates

Signal Transduction

Protein Kinases

Body Weight

Pectoralis Muscles

Myoblasts

Postprandial Period

Biopsy

Muscular Disorders, Atrophic

Burns

Energy Metabolism

Actins

RNA, Messenger