Pharynx: A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx).Muscles: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.Pharyngeal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.Muscle Proteins: The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.Muscle, Smooth: Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Muscle Fibers, Skeletal: Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.Muscle, Smooth, Vascular: The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.Muscle Development: Developmental events leading to the formation of adult muscular system, which includes differentiation of the various types of muscle cell precursors, migration of myoblasts, activation of myogenesis and development of muscle anchorage.Pharyngeal Muscles: The muscles of the PHARYNX are voluntary muscles arranged in two layers. The external circular layer consists of three constrictors (superior, middle, and inferior). The internal longitudinal layer consists of the palatopharyngeus, the salpingopharyngeus, and the stylopharyngeus. During swallowing, the outer layer constricts the pharyngeal wall and the inner layer elevates pharynx and LARYNX.Muscle Fatigue: A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle.Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch: Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type II MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have high ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. Several fast types have been identified.Muscle Denervation: The resection or removal of the innervation of a muscle or muscle tissue.Pharyngeal Diseases: Pathological processes involving the PHARYNX.Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch: Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type I MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have low ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment.Myocytes, Smooth Muscle: Non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They are derived from specialized myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SMOOTH MUSCLE).Mitochondria, Muscle: Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.Neck Muscles: The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus).Oculomotor Muscles: The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.Hypopharynx: The bottom portion of the pharynx situated below the OROPHARYNX and posterior to the LARYNX. The hypopharynx communicates with the larynx through the laryngeal inlet, and is also called laryngopharynx.Deglutition: The act of taking solids and liquids into the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT through the mouth and throat.Muscle, Striated: One of two types of muscle in the body, characterized by the array of bands observed under microscope. Striated muscles can be divided into two subtypes: the CARDIAC MUSCLE and the SKELETAL MUSCLE.Caenorhabditis elegans: A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.Muscle Spindles: Skeletal muscle structures that function as the MECHANORECEPTORS responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex (REFLEX, STRETCH). They are composed of a bundle of encapsulated SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS, i.e., the intrafusal fibers (nuclear bag 1 fibers, nuclear bag 2 fibers, and nuclear chain fibers) innervated by SENSORY NEURONS.Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.Respiratory Muscles: These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.Muscle Weakness: A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)Papillary Muscles: Conical muscular projections from the walls of the cardiac ventricles, attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by the chordae tendineae.Abdominal Muscles: Muscles forming the ABDOMINAL WALL including RECTUS ABDOMINIS, external and internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, and quadratus abdominis. (from Stedman, 25th ed)Quadriceps Muscle: The quadriceps femoris. A collective name of the four-headed skeletal muscle of the thigh, comprised of the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis.Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins: Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.Muscle Cells: Mature contractile cells, commonly known as myocytes, that form one of three kinds of muscle. The three types of muscle cells are skeletal (MUSCLE FIBERS, SKELETAL), cardiac (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC), and smooth (MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE). They are derived from embryonic (precursor) muscle cells called MYOBLASTS.Masseter Muscle: A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws.Laryngeal Neoplasms: Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.Larynx: A tubular organ of VOICE production. It is located in the anterior neck, superior to the TRACHEA and inferior to the tongue and HYOID BONE.Facial Muscles: Muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles that include the numerous muscles supplied by the facial nerve that are attached to and move the skin of the face. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Masticatory Muscles: Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Intercostal Muscles: Respiratory muscles that arise from the lower border of one rib and insert into the upper border of the adjoining rib, and contract during inspiration or respiration. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Esophageal Sphincter, Upper: The structure at the pharyngoesophageal junction consisting chiefly of the CRICOPHARYNGEUS MUSCLE. It normally occludes the lumen of the ESOPHAGUS, except during SWALLOWING.Oropharynx: The middle portion of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth, inferior to the SOFT PALATE, and superior to the base of the tongue and EPIGLOTTIS. It has a digestive function as food passes from the mouth into the oropharynx before entering ESOPHAGUS.Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.Isometric Contraction: Muscular contractions characterized by increase in tension without change in length.Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle: Elongated, spindle-shaped, quiescent myoblasts lying in close contact with adult skeletal muscle. They are thought to play a role in muscle repair and regeneration.Mouth Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.Palate, Soft: A movable fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. The uvula hangs from the middle of the lower border.Pectoralis Muscles: The pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles that make up the upper and fore part of the chest in front of the AXILLA.Planarians: Nonparasitic free-living flatworms of the class Turbellaria. The most common genera are Dugesia, formerly Planaria, which lives in water, and Bipalium, which lives on land. Geoplana occurs in South America and California.Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.Genes, Helminth: The functional hereditary units of HELMINTHS.Biomechanical Phenomena: The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Psoas Muscles: A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek "psoa", the plural meaning "muscles of the loin". It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology.Myosin Heavy Chains: The larger subunits of MYOSINS. The heavy chains have a molecular weight of about 230 kDa and each heavy chain is usually associated with a dissimilar pair of MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS. The heavy chains possess actin-binding and ATPase activity.Hyoid Bone: A mobile U-shaped bone that lies in the anterior part of the neck at the level of the third CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. The hyoid bone is suspended from the processes of the TEMPORAL BONES by ligaments, and is firmly bound to the THYROID CARTILAGE by muscles.Esophagus: The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.Myofibrils: The long cylindrical contractile organelles of STRIATED MUSCLE cells composed of ACTIN FILAMENTS; MYOSIN filaments; and other proteins organized in arrays of repeating units called SARCOMERES .Temporal Muscle: A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws; its posterior portion retracts the mandible.Hindlimb: Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)Uvula: A fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate that hangs above the opening of the throat.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Regeneration: The physiological renewal, repair, or replacement of tissue.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Pressure: A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.Laryngeal Nerves: Branches of the VAGUS NERVE. The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Deglutition Disorders: Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.Chordata, Nonvertebrate: A portion of the animal phylum Chordata comprised of the subphyla CEPHALOCHORDATA; UROCHORDATA, and HYPEROTRETI, but not including the Vertebrata (VERTEBRATES). It includes nonvertebrate animals having a NOTOCHORD during some developmental stage.Mouth: The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.GlycogenAnatomy, Cross-Sectional: Descriptive anatomy based on three-dimensional imaging (IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL) of the body, organs, and structures using a series of computer multiplane sections, displayed by transverse, coronal, and sagittal analyses. It is essential to accurate interpretation by the radiologist of such techniques as ultrasonic diagnosis, MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, and computed tomography (TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED). (From Lane & Sharfaei, Modern Sectional Anatomy, 1992, Preface)Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.Muscular Dystrophy, AnimalMyoblasts: Embryonic (precursor) cells of the myogenic lineage that develop from the MESODERM. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes (MYOCYTES, SKELETAL; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC; MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE).Head: The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Muscle Cramp: A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)Actins: Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.Manometry: Measurement of the pressure or tension of liquids or gases with a manometer.Laryngectomy: Total or partial excision of the larynx.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Mice, Inbred mdx: A strain of mice arising from a spontaneous MUTATION (mdx) in inbred C57BL mice. This mutation is X chromosome-linked and produces viable homozygous animals that lack the muscle protein DYSTROPHIN, have high serum levels of muscle ENZYMES, and possess histological lesions similar to human MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. The histological features, linkage, and map position of mdx make these mice a worthy animal model of DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY.Peristalsis: A movement, caused by sequential muscle contraction, that pushes the contents of the intestines or other tubular organs in one direction.Sarcomeres: The repeating contractile units of the MYOFIBRIL, delimited by Z bands along its length.Myostatin: A growth differentiation factor that is a potent inhibitor of SKELETAL MUSCLE growth. It may play a role in the regulation of MYOGENESIS and in muscle maintenance during adulthood.Digestive System Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.MyoD Protein: A myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. Though it is not clear how its function differs from the other myogenic regulatory factors, MyoD appears to be related to fusion and terminal differentiation of the muscle cell.Head and Neck Neoplasms: Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)Leg: The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.Physical Exertion: Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).Digestive System: A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).Azure Stains: PHENOTHIAZINES with an amino group at the 3-position that are green crystals or powder. They are used as biological stains.Muscle Stretching Exercises: Exercises that stretch the muscle fibers with the aim to increase muscle-tendon FLEXIBILITY, improve RANGE OF MOTION or musculoskeletal function, and prevent injuries. There are various types of stretching techniques including active, passive (relaxed), static, dynamic (gentle), ballistic (forced), isometric, and others.Pneumonia, Aspiration: A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.Zenker Diverticulum: A DIVERTICULUM at the upper end of the ESOPHAGUS through the cricopharyngeal muscle at the junction of the PHARYNX and the esophagus.Muscle Rigidity: Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)Exercise: Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.Animals, Genetically Modified: ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.Laryngoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).Heart: The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.TailRespiratory Tract NeoplasmsDystrophin: A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as SPECTRIN and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa.Urochordata: A subphylum of chordates intermediate between the invertebrates and the true vertebrates. It includes the Ascidians.Physical Endurance: The time span between the beginning of physical activity by an individual and the termination because of exhaustion.Myoblasts, Skeletal: Precursor cells destined to differentiate into skeletal myocytes (MYOCYTES, SKELETAL).Hypoglossal Nerve: The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles.Posture: The position or attitude of the body.Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries.Tendons: Fibrous bands or cords of CONNECTIVE TISSUE at the ends of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that serve to attach the MUSCLES to bones and other structures.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Endoscopy: Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Hindlimb Suspension: Technique for limiting use, activity, or movement by immobilizing or restraining animal by suspending from hindlimbs or tails. This immobilization is used to simulate some effects of reduced gravity and study weightlessness physiology.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Turbellaria: A class of free-living freshwater flatworms of North America.Rhinoscleroma: A granulomatous disease caused by KLEBSIELLA RHINOSCLEROMATIS infection. Despite its name, this disease is not limited to the nose and NASOPHARYNX but may affect any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, sometimes with extension to the lip and the skin.Mice, Inbred C57BLTranscription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Thigh: The portion of the leg in humans and other animals found between the HIP and KNEE.Muscle Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer located in muscle tissue or specific muscles. They are differentiated from NEOPLASMS, MUSCLE TISSUE which are neoplasms composed of skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle tissue, such as MYOSARCOMA or LEIOMYOMA.Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.Morphogenesis: The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.Pterygoid Muscles: Two of the masticatory muscles: the internal, or medial, pterygoid muscle and external, or lateral, pterygoid muscle. Action of the former is closing the jaws and that of the latter is opening the jaws, protruding the mandible, and moving the mandible from side to side.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.Oxygen Consumption: The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)Muscular Dystrophies: A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.Skeletal Muscle Myosins: Myosin type II isoforms found in skeletal muscle.Anura: An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.Torsion Abnormality: An abnormal twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis.Penicillin G Procaine: Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining penicillin G with PROCAINE.Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions.Transplants: Organs, tissues, or cells taken from the body for grafting into another area of the same body or into another individual.Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.Muscle Relaxants, Central: A heterogeneous group of drugs used to produce muscle relaxation, excepting the neuromuscular blocking agents. They have their primary clinical and therapeutic uses in the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. They have been used also for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p358)Sarcolemma: The excitable plasma membrane of a muscle cell. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Fluoroscopy: Production of an image when x-rays strike a fluorescent screen.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Muscle Spasticity: A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne: An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.Surgical Flaps: Tongues of skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle, cut away from the underlying parts but often still attached at one end. They retain their own microvasculature which is also transferred to the new site. They are often used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region.Myositis: Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.Myogenin: A myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. Myogenin is induced during differentiation of every skeletal muscle cell line that has been investigated, in contrast to the other myogenic regulatory factors that only appear in certain cell types.UruguayGlucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)Respiratory Mechanics: The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.Muscle Strength Dynamometer: A device that measures MUSCLE STRENGTH during muscle contraction, such as gripping, pushing, and pulling. It is used to evaluate the health status of muscle in sports medicine or physical therapy.Desmin: An intermediate filament protein found predominantly in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells. Localized at the Z line. MW 50,000 to 55,000 is species dependent.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Air Pressure: The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment.Caenorhabditis: A genus of small free-living nematodes. Two species, CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS and C. briggsae are much used in studies of genetics, development, aging, muscle chemistry, and neuroanatomy.Fiber Optic Technology: The technology of transmitting light over long distances through strands of glass or other transparent material.Energy Metabolism: The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.Smooth Muscle Myosins: Myosin type II isoforms found in smooth muscle.Receptors, Cholinergic: Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.Movement: The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.Foreign Bodies: Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Reflex, Stretch: Reflex contraction of a muscle in response to stretching, which stimulates muscle proprioceptors.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Embryo, Nonmammalian: The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by TROPONIN.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Stress, Mechanical: A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.Sleep Apnea, Obstructive: A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)GATA Transcription Factors: A family of transcription factors that contain two ZINC FINGER MOTIFS and bind to the DNA sequence (A/T)GATA(A/G).
Appendix (anatomy)
Sphaerosyllis bardukaciculata
Sphaerosyllis goorabantennata
Erinaceusyllis cirripapillata
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Category:Medicin infobox template uisin GraySubject or GrayPage
পাকস্থলী - উইকিপিডিয়া
Arachnid - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oesophagus - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pterygopharyngeal part of superior constrictor muscle of pharynx | definition of pterygopharyngeal part of superior constrictor...
Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum surgical therapy using linear stapling device
Intercalary muscle cell renewal in planarian pharynx | SpringerLink
Inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx | Define Inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx at Dictionary.com
Superior constrictor muscle of pharynx | Define Superior constrictor muscle of pharynx at Dictionary.com
Constrictor muscle of pharynx, superior - definition of constrictor muscle of pharynx, superior by The Free Dictionary
Lizars Pl. 70, View of the Muscles of the Pharynx and Larynx | Joel Oppenheimer, Inc.
Middle constrictor muscle of pharynx | definition of middle constrictor muscle of pharynx by Medical dictionary
Anatomy, Head and Neck, Pharynx Muscles Article - StatPearls
Pharynx (throat) anatomy: Muscles, arteries and nerves | Kenhub
Pharynx Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy
Alternative-splicing of serotonin receptor isoforms in the pharynx and muscle of the parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum<...
Stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1)
Apoptosis inhibitor 5 (API5)
Lizars Pl. 70, View of the Muscles of the Pharynx and Larynx | Joel Oppenheimer, Inc.
Ancestral Colonial Choanoflagellate by Javier Mendoza Diek on Prezi
Bassett Collection Large Image - Lane Medical Library, Stanford University Medical Center
Pharynx and Pre-vertebral Flashcards by Courtney @Brainscape | Brainscape
Signal transduction in lower esophageal sphincter circular muscle : GI Motility online
Yorkie is required to restrict the injury responses in planarians
Lab 4: Poriferans and the Radiate Phyla - Zoo-lab | UW-La Crosse
The Acoela: on their kind and kinships, especially with nemertodermatids and xenoturbellids (Bilateria incertae sedis) |...
9780134481456 - Speech Science An Integrated Approach | eCampus.com
Anatomy of the Aplacophora
2011 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Code 478.29 : Other diseases of pharynx or nasopharynx
Bassett Collection Large Image - Lane Medical Library, Stanford University Medical Center
EsophagusDistalNeckCricopharyngeus muscleCricopharyngeal muscleExcessiveLarynxWall of the pharynxThroat called the pharynxTracheaInnervationVagus nerveLongitudinal musclesMiddle constrictorNasalSuperiorlyUpperGross AnatomyPeristalsisInferior constrOesophagusNosePalatopharyngeusFibersConnectsDigestive systemSpasmAuditoryBolusConnectiveBranchialRespiratoryWeaknessStylopharyngeusDysphagiaPterygoid musclesPassesOrgansMusculusGastrointestinalSuperior
Esophagus1
- Zenker's diverticulum (pharyngeal pouch/hypopharyngeal diverticulum/ pharyngoesophageal diverticulum) is a diverticulum which is formed from the mucosa of the pharynx and is situated above the cricopharyngeal muscle, which is present above the upper sphincter of the esophagus. (epainassist.com)
Distal1
- all these things lead to increased pressure in the distal pharynx which leads to its herniation through the point of least resistance. (epainassist.com)
Neck1
- If the diverticulum is large and causes symptoms in the patient, then it is usually treated with a surgical procedure in the neck where the diverticulum is resected and the cricopharyngeal muscle is incised. (epainassist.com)
Cricopharyngeus muscle1
- This point is known as Killian's triangle, which is situated superior to the cricopharyngeus muscle and lower to the inferior constrictor muscles. (epainassist.com)
Cricopharyngeal muscle2
- The main cause of Zenker's Diverticulum is thought to be malfunctioning of the cricopharyngeal muscle due to the aging process. (epainassist.com)
- Neurologic medical conditions, such as a stroke, also can cause malfunctioning of the cricopharyngeal muscle. (epainassist.com)
Excessive1
- Excessive pressure in the lower pharynx causes ballooning out of the weakest part of the pharyngeal wall resulting in formation of diverticulum, which can be many centimeters in diameter. (epainassist.com)
Larynx21
- In addition, the pharynx communicates with the nasal cavity, the middle ear cavity, and the larynx. (medscape.com)
- The pharynx , more commonly known as the throat, is a five cm long tube extending behind the nasal and oral cavities until the voice box (larynx) and the esophagus. (kenhub.com)
- The pharynx is a muscular column that begins in the head posterior to the nasal cavity , travels inferiorly behind the oral cavity before finally merging with the larynx and esophagus . (kenhub.com)
- Where is the larynx, nasal cavity, and oral cavity located in relation to the pharynx? (brainscape.com)
- Further down behind the base of the tongue, where the epiglottis stands guard in front of the entry into the larynx (the glottis), the laryngeal part of the pharynx leads down behind that opening to reach the oesophagus. (encyclopedia.com)
- In humans, the pharynx is particularly important as an instrument of speech: it functions with the various parts of the mouth to articulate the initial sounds produced in the larynx . (encyclopedia.com)
- Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle Deep dissection of larynx, pharynx and tongue seen from behind Deep dissection of larynx, pharynx and tongue seen from behind Deep dissection of larynx, pharynx and tongue seen from behind This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) Rowe LD, Miller AJ, Chierici G, Clendenning D (August 1984). (wikipedia.org)
- The larynx is the short tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the trachea (wind pipe). (healthhype.com)
- Extrinsic laryngeal muscles move the larynx as a whole. (healthhype.com)
- The posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle is one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. (ajnr.org)
- The posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle, an intrinsic muscle of the larynx, has sufficient bulk to be reliably identified on cross-sectional imaging studies. (ajnr.org)
- pharynges ) is the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the esophagus and the larynx , or the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs. (wikipedia.org)
- ) The pharynx makes up the part of the throat situated immediately behind the nasal cavity , behind the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx . (wikipedia.org)
- The exercises may help you increase the strength and mobility of the muscles of your larynx (voice box) over time. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- When you swallow this material, it passes through your mouth and down through parts of your throat called the pharynx and larynx. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- When you breathe, air passes through your pharynx and larynx, too. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- If so, you may benefit from working the muscles in your larynx. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Larynx-lifting exercises may help you keep your food moving normally down through the pharynx and into the esophagus. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes are not suppressed with KETALAR when it is used alone.Avoid use as a sole anesthetic agent in surgery or diagnostic procedures of the pharynx, larynx, or bronchial tree. (nih.gov)
- pharynx and larynx. (mndassociation.org)
- At the same time, the voice box (larynx) is pulled upwards by muscles in the neck, and, as a result, the epiglottis bends downwards. (medicinenet.com)
Wall of the pharynx8
- A muscle with origin in the outer surfaces of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, with insertion to the pharyngeal raphe in the wall of the pharynx, with nerve supply from the pharyngeal plexus, and whose action narrows the lower part of the pharynx in swallowing. (dictionary.com)
- A muscle with origin in the medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphe, mylohyoid line of the mandible, and the floor of the mouth and the side of the tongue, with insertion to the posterior wall of the pharynx, with nerve supply from the pharyngeal plexus, and whose action narrows the pharynx. (dictionary.com)
- The longitudinal muscles, palatopharyngeus (PP), stylopharyngeus (STP), and salpingopharyngeus (SLP), merge caudally to become the medial aspect of the lateral wall of the pharynx. (statpearls.com)
- The external surface is typically described from posterior and lateral views and includes external surface muscles that compose the wall of the pharynx, associated nerves, and blood supply. (medscape.com)
- However, the interior of the pharynx is typically described from either a sagittal cross-section or a posterior view as a dissection in which the external wall of the pharynx is split midline. (medscape.com)
- The exterior wall of the pharynx consists primarily of four muscles: superior pharyngeal constrictor, middle pharyngeal constrictor, inferior pharyngeal constrictor, and stylopharyngeus. (medscape.com)
- This is a groove in the ventral wall of the pharynx. (wikipedia.org)
- Mechanical stimulation of the posterior wall of the pharynx with 11-20 g pressure attenuated secondary peristalsis in 96% of the trials or blocked secondary peristalsis in 41% of the trials. (biomedsearch.com)
Throat called the pharynx2
- oculo-) and a part of the throat called the pharynx (-pharyngeal). (medlineplus.gov)
- When you swallow, food passes through your mouth and into a part of your throat called the pharynx. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Trachea2
- The upper esophageal sphincter, which is under voluntary muscle control, is responsible for preventing food from entering the trachea, or windpipe. (reference.com)
- The neck muscles are separated and the thyroid gland , which overlies the trachea, is usually cut down the middle. (encyclopedia.com)
Innervation4
- Understanding the embryology, structure, blood supply, lymphatics, innervation, and function of each of the paired pharyngeal muscles is critical for diagnosis and treatment of pathologic conditions. (statpearls.com)
- The pharyngeal plexus provides the sensory and motor innervation to the pharynx. (statpearls.com)
- Specifically, the motor innervation of the stylopharyngeus muscle is mostly from the glossopharyngeal nerve, while the vagus nerve supplies the innervation to the other pharyngeal muscles. (statpearls.com)
- The innervation of the cricopharyngeus muscle is from the pharyngeal plexus and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. (statpearls.com)
Vagus nerve4
- Its smooth muscle is innervated by involuntary nerves ( sympathetic nerves via the sympathetic trunk and parasympathetic nerves via the vagus nerve ) and in addition voluntary nerves ( lower motor neurons ) which are carried in the vagus nerve to innervate its striated muscle. (wikipedia.org)
- Similarly to the superior and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles, the middle pharyngeal constrictor is innervated by a branch of the vagus nerve through the pharyngeal plexus. (wikipedia.org)
- The tenth cranial nerve (CN X - vagus nerve) innervates these muscles. (healthhype.com)
- This muscle is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of the vagus nerve, the same nerve that innervates the thyroarytenoid muscle, which accounts for the bulk of the true vocal cord. (ajnr.org)
Longitudinal muscles2
- These are arranged as an inner layer of longitudinal muscles and an outer circular layer. (wikipedia.org)
- The floor is formed by a series of longitudinal muscles - the splenius capitis, levator scapulae, and the middle and posterior scalenes - all covered by the prevertebral fascia. (dartmouth.edu)
Middle constrictor2
- The middle constrictor pharyngeal muscle (MCPM) originates from the stylohyoid ligament and the greater and lesser horns of the hyoid bone. (statpearls.com)
- The inferior constrictor muscle has been partially resected on the left to expose the middle constrictor of the pharynx. (stanford.edu)
Nasal3
- The superior oblique muscle originates at the back of the orbit and courses forward to a rigid pulley, called the trochlea, on the upper, nasal wall of the orbit. (wikidoc.org)
- The last muscle is the inferior oblique , which originates at the lower front of the nasal orbital wall, and passes under the LR to insert on the lateral, posterior part of the globe. (wikidoc.org)
- The soft palate elevates to prevent the food from entering the posterior end of the nasal passages, and the upper pharynx contracts, pushing the food (referred to as a bolus) into the lower pharynx. (medicinenet.com)
Superiorly2
- It fans out to attach along the pharyngeal raphe, but this muscle rarely reaches the top of the pharynx (superiorly) or thyroid cartilage (inferiorly). (statpearls.com)
- It is wide superiorly and progressively narrows toward the level of the cricopharyngeal muscle. (medscape.com)
Upper8
- Caudal to the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles, the cricopharyngeus muscle functions as part of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and has a close relationship with the three longitudinal muscle pairs. (statpearls.com)
- Most of the muscle is smooth muscle although striated muscle predominates in its upper third. (wikipedia.org)
- Diagram of the posterolateral view of the laryngeal skeleton (right thyroid lamina removed) shows the PCA muscle ( middle arrow ) arising from the cricoid lamina ( lower arrow ) posteriorly and inserting on the arytenoid cartilage ( upper arrow ). (ajnr.org)
- Paralysis of muscles of the eye, especially of upper lid. (homeoint.org)
- The sternocleidomastoid, or more simply sternomastoid, muscle arises by two heads from the front of the manubrium sterni and the upper surface of the medial third of the clavicle (see figs. 6-2 , 19-2 , and 50-8 ). (dartmouth.edu)
- During daytime, upper airway patency is maintained by increased muscle activity of the pharyngeal dilators. (ispub.com)
- But, since decreased activity of pharyngeal dilators more than one muscle group is therefore important in maintaining upper airway patency during sleep. (ispub.com)
- 1. Survey of muscles (except upper and lower limbs). (muni.cz)
Gross Anatomy2
- The anatomy of muscles includes both gross anatomy , comprising all the muscles of an organism, and, on the other hand, microanatomy , which comprises the structures of a single muscle. (wikidoc.org)
- The gross anatomy of a muscle is the single most important indicator of its role in the body. (wikidoc.org)
Peristalsis1
- We concluded that 1) the PEIR exists in the cat, 2) mechanical stimulation of the pharynx more strongly activates the PEIR than water, 3) activation of either SLN or GPN afferents attenuates ongoing secondary peristalsis, 4) the receptors mediating the PEIR are located in the pharyngeal mucosa, and 5) both SLN and GPN contribute to the PEIR, but the GPN is the major afferent limb of this reflex. (biomedsearch.com)
Inferior constr1
- Note thin black line of fat between muscle and pharynx ( arrowhead indicates inferior constrictor muscle). (ajnr.org)
Oesophagus2
- The wall of the oesophagus from the lumen outwards consists of mucosa , submucosa (connective tissue), layers of muscle fibers between layers of fibrous tissue , and an outer layer of connective tissue. (wikipedia.org)
- The oesophagus is lined with muscle . (wikipedia.org)
Nose2
- pharynx Derived from the Greek for throat, the pharynx is the continuous space behind the nose and the mouth that leads down both to the passage for food and to the passage for air. (encyclopedia.com)
- Asthma and inflammation of pharynx/nose. (medindia.net)
Palatopharyngeus3
- The palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus muscles receive additional supply from the ascending palatine branch of the facial artery, and the descending palatine branch of the maxillary artery. (statpearls.com)
- Six muscles are predominantly responsible for the voluntary actions of the pharynx: three pharyngeal constrictor muscles that are roughly circularly layered on top of one another and three vertically oriented muscles (stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, and palatopharyngeus). (medscape.com)
- Some of its fibers are lost in the constrictor muscles, while others, joining with the palatopharyngeus muscle, are inserted into the posterior border of the thyroid cartilage . (wikidoc.org)
Fibers5
- A body tissue composed of elongated cells (called muscle fibers) that contract to produce movement. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Although the three pharyngeal constrictor muscles have different origins anteriorly, their fibers all insert in the midline posteriorly to form the pharyngeal raphe. (medscape.com)
- Vocalis muscle which are very fine muscle fibers that attach at various levels along the length of the vocal ligament. (healthhype.com)
- There are two broad types of voluntary muscle fibers, slow twitch and fast twitch. (wikidoc.org)
- This is the only muscle in the pharynx innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and is done by its motor branch which supplies special viceral efferent fibers to it. (wikidoc.org)
Connects1
- While skeletal muscles are arranged in regular, parallel bundles, cardiac muscle connects at branching, irregular angles (called intercalated discs). (wikidoc.org)
Digestive system1
- In humans the pharynx is part of the digestive system and also of the conducting zone of the respiratory system . (wikipedia.org)
Auditory1
- The tensor veli palatini muscle (8) has been reflected anteriorly to expose the levator veli palatini muscle (20) as well as the cartilaginous and membranous parts of the auditory tube(5,6). (stanford.edu)
Bolus1
- The functions of the pharynx are accomplished by two sets of muscles which help push the food bolus further down the digestive tract. (kenhub.com)
Connective1
- Because both food and air pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration . (wikipedia.org)
Branchial2
- Embryologically these muscles are derived from the branchial arches that form during the fourth through seventh weeks of gestation. (statpearls.com)
- The STP is derived from the third branchial arch, while the rest of the pharyngeal muscles arise from the fourth pharyngeal arch. (statpearls.com)
Respiratory2
- In central sleep apnea, the respiratory centers of the brain do not respond properly to rising carbon dioxide levels and do not properly control the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. (nih.gov)
- Test II: respiratory and urogenital systems + muscles of the thorax and pelvic floor. (muni.cz)
Weakness4
- Affected individuals usually first experience weakness of the muscles in both eyelids that causes droopy eyelids ( ptosis ). (medlineplus.gov)
- Along with ptosis, affected individuals develop weakness of the throat muscles that causes difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). (medlineplus.gov)
- Weakness of the muscles of the eyeball, causing asthenopia, amounting even to paralysis, especially with feeling of sand in eyes. (homeoint.org)
- Muscle weakness in these areas can make proper swallowing difficult. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Stylopharyngeus1
- The stylopharyngeus is a muscle in the head that stretches between the styloid process and the pharynx . (wikidoc.org)
Dysphagia2
- If you have dysphagia, the muscles don't work properly, and you may not be able to swallow normally. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- If your child has dysphagia, the muscles don't work normally. (childrensnational.org)
Pterygoid muscles1
- These spaces are bound medially by the pharynx and laterally by pterygoid muscles of the infratemporal fossa and the parotid fascia. (medscape.com)
Passes1
- It arises from the medial side of the base of the styloid process , passes downward along the side of the pharynx between the superior pharyngeal constrictor and the middle pharyngeal constrictor , and spreads out beneath the mucous membrane. (wikidoc.org)
Organs2
- Movement of the muscles of the heart and other organs is involuntary and controlled by the autonomic nervous system. (thefreedictionary.com)
- It is classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle, and its function is to produce force and cause motion , either locomotion or movement within internal organs . (wikidoc.org)
Musculus2
- Comes from Latin musculus, "little mouse," as the ancient Romans thought their muscles wriggled like mice. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Muscle (from Latin musculus , diminutive of mus "mouse" ) is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. (wikidoc.org)
Gastrointestinal1
- 3. Gastrointestinal tube (pharynx to rectum). (muni.cz)
Superior5
- the salpingopalatine fold , a smaller fold, in front of the salpingopharyngeal fold, extending from the superior part of the torus to the palate and containing the levator veli palatini muscle. (wikipedia.org)
- The trapezius muscle (see fig. 8-4 ) arises from the superior nuchal line, the external occipital protuberance, the ligamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of the last cervical and all the thoracic vertebrae. (dartmouth.edu)
- The posterior triangle is divided by the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle into an occipital triangle superior to it and a supraclavicular triangle inferior to it (fig. 50-2 C). (dartmouth.edu)
- The fourth cranial nerve , the trochlear, is so named because the muscle it innervates, the superior oblique, runs through a little fascial pulley that changes its direction of pull (the trochlea of superior oblique ). (wikidoc.org)
- Orbit, Superior Oblique Muscle and Tendon 42. (elsevier.com)
