A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever >38 degrees C or HYPOTHERMIA 90 beat/minute; (3) tachypnea >24 breaths/minute; (4) LEUKOCYTOSIS >12,000 cells/cubic mm or 10% immature forms. While usually related to infection, SIRS can also be associated with noninfectious insults such as TRAUMA; BURNS; or PANCREATITIS. If infection is involved, a patient with SIRS is said to have SEPSIS.
Acute hemorrhage or excessive fluid loss resulting in HYPOVOLEMIA.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.
An acronym for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, a scoring system using routinely collected data and providing an accurate, objective description for a broad range of intensive care unit admissions, measuring severity of illness in critically ill patients.
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.
A dangerous life-threatening hypermetabolic condition characterized by high FEVER and dysfunction of the cardiovascular, the nervous, and the gastrointestinal systems.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility.
An anatomic severity scale based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. It has been used as a predictor of mortality.
Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients.
Injuries caused by impact with a blunt object where there is no penetration of the skin.
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.
Removal of plasma and replacement with various fluids, e.g., fresh frozen plasma, plasma protein fractions (PPF), albumin preparations, dextran solutions, saline. Used in treatment of autoimmune diseases, immune complex diseases, diseases of excess plasma factors, and other conditions.
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Multiple physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously.
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.
Ratings that express, in numerical values, the degree of impairment or abnormality in the function of specific organs.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.
Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis.
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Specialized hospital facilities which provide diagnostic and therapeutic services for trauma patients.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A vital statistic measuring or recording the rate of death from any cause in hospitalized populations.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
Incision into the side of the abdomen between the ribs and pelvis.
The transfer of erythrocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.
The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.
A severe form of acute INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS characterized by one or more areas of NECROSIS in the pancreas with varying degree of involvement of the surrounding tissues or organ systems. Massive pancreatic necrosis may lead to DIABETES MELLITUS, and malabsorption.
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.
The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.
The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.
The administrative procedures involved with acquiring TISSUES or organs for TRANSPLANTATION through various programs, systems, or organizations. These procedures include obtaining consent from TISSUE DONORS and arranging for transportation of donated tissues and organs, after TISSUE HARVESTING, to HOSPITALS for processing and transplantation.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The flesh-eating bacterium: what's next? (1/950)

Since the 1980s, there has been a marked increase in the recognition and reporting of highly invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections associated with shock and organ failure, with or without necrotizing fasciitis. Such dramatic cases have been defined as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (StrepTSS). Strains of GAS isolated from patients with invasive disease have been predominantly M types 1 and 3, which produce either pyrogenic exotoxin A or B or both. The clinical and demographic features of streptococcal bacteremia, myositis, and necrotizing fasciitis are presented and compared with those of StrepTSS. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of invasive streptococcal infection will be presented, with emphasis on the interaction between GAS virulence factors and host defense mechanisms. Finally, new concepts in the treatment of StrepTSS will be discussed.  (+info)

Increased risk of chronic graft-versus-host disease, obstructive bronchiolitis, and alopecia with busulfan versus total body irradiation: long-term results of a randomized trial in allogeneic marrow recipients with leukemia. Nordic Bone Marrow Transplantation Group. (2/950)

Leukemic patients receiving marrow from HLA-identical sibling donors were randomized to treatment with either busulfan 16 mg/kg (n = 88) or total body irradiation ([TBI] n = 79) in addition to cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg. The patients were observed for a period of 5 to 9 years. Busulfan-treated patients had an increased risk of veno-occlusive disease (VOD) of the liver (12% v 1%, P =.01) and hemorrhagic cystitis (32% v 10%, P =.003). Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was similar in the two groups, but the 7-year cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD was 59% in the busulfan-treated group versus 47% in the TBI group (P =.05). Death from GVHD was more common in the busulfan group (22% v 3%, P <.001). Obstructive bronchiolitis occurred in 26% of the busulfan patients but in only 5% of the TBI patients (P <.01). Complete alopecia developed in 8 busulfan patients and partial alopecia in 17, versus five with partial alopecia in the TBI group (P <.001). Cataracts occurred in 5 busulfan-treated patients and 16 TBI patients (P =.02). The incidence of relapse after 7 years was 29% in both groups. Seven-year transplant-related mortality (TRM) in patients with early disease was 21% in the busulfan group and 12% in the TBI group. In patients with more advanced disease, the corresponding figures were 64% and 22%, respectively (P =.004). Leukemia-free survival (LFS) in patients with early disease was 68% in busulfan-treated patients and 66% in TBI patients. However, 7-year LFS in patients with more advanced disease was 17% in the busulfan group versus 49% in the TBI group (P <.01). In patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in first chronic phase, 7-year LFS was 72% and 83% in the two groups, respectively.  (+info)

Stimulation of the inflammatory system by reamed and unreamed nailing of femoral fractures. An analysis of the second hit. (3/950)

It has been suggested that reamed intramedullary nailing of the femur should be avoided in some patients with multiple injuries. We have studied prospectively the effect of femoral reaming on the inflammatory process as implicated in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple-organ failure (MOF). We studied changes in the levels of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) (proinflammatory cytokine), neutrophil CD11b (C3) receptor expression (activated neutrophil adhesion molecule), serum soluble intracellular adhesion molecule (s-ICAM-1), serum soluble E-selectin (the soluble products of endothelial adhesion molecules) and plasma elastase (neutrophil protease) in a series of patients with femoral fractures treated by nailing. We have also compared reamed nailing with unreamed nailing. We found that the levels of serum IL-6 and elastase rose significantly during the nailing procedure indicating a measurable 'second hit'. There was no clear response in leukocyte activation and no difference in the release of endothelial adhesion molecule markers. There was no significant difference between groups treated by reamed and unreamed nailing. Although clinically unremarkable, the one patient who died from ARDS was shown to be hyperstimulated after injury and again after nailing, suggesting the importance of an excessive inflammatory reaction in the pathogenesis of these serious problems. Our findings have shown that there is a second hit associated with femoral nailing and suggest that the degree of the inflammatory reaction may be important in the pathogenesis of ARDS and MOF.  (+info)

Multiple organ failure. How valid is the "two hit" model? (4/950)

Inflammatory "one hit" and "two hit" models have recently been proposed to account for the development of multiple organ failure (MOF) in trauma and critically ill surgical patients when no source of infection can be found. In the "one hit" model, the initial insult is so massive that a systemic inflammatory response syndrome is triggered and leads rapidly to MOF. In the "two hit" scenario, initially less severely injured patients eventually develop MOF as a result of a reactivation of their inflammatory response caused by an adverse and often minor intercurrent event. At first sight, the theory is attractive because it seems to fit commonly observed clinical patterns. Indeed, injured patients often respond to initial resuscitation but, after an insult of some sort, develop organ dysfunction and die. The "two hit" model is furthermore mirrored at the cellular level. Inflammatory cells are indeed susceptible of being primed by an initial stimulus and reactivated subsequently by a relatively innocuous insult. However, in the absence of clinical and biological corroboration based on cytokine secretion patterns, these models should not be accepted uncritically.  (+info)

Review: infectious diseases and coagulation disorders. (5/950)

Infection, both bacterial and nonbacterial, may be associated with coagulation disorders, resulting in disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiorgan failure. In the last few decades a series of in vivo and in vitro studies has provided more insight into the pathogenetic mechanisms and the role of cytokines in these processes. Because of the growing interest in this field, the complexity of the subject, and the fact that many physicians must deal with a variety of infections, current data are reviewed on the association between infectious diseases and the coagulation system. Novel therapeutic intervention strategies that will probably become available in the near future are mentioned, along with those of special interest for infectious disorders for which only supportive care can be given.  (+info)

Study on delay two-phase multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. (6/950)

OBJECTIVE: To study the injury factors, pathogenic process and clinical features of delay two-phase multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in severe burned patients and to replicate a standardized animal model that would accurately imitate the clinical features of MODS. METHODS: Forty-five human patients with burn size larger than 30% total body surface area (TBSA) were analyzed. All of them underwent severe burn shock in early stage and sepsis in late stage. Thirty-two goats were randomly divided into three groups: 1) hemorrhagic shock (group H, n = 6); 2) endotoxemia (group E, n = 6); and 3) hemorrhagic shock plus endotoxemia (group M, n = 20). Hemorrhagic shock was produced according to the method of Wigger (6.7 kPa for an hour, 1 kPa = 7.5 mmHg). Endotoxin (E. coli O111 B4) was given via the portal vein 24 hours after the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock, in a dose of 30 ng/kg/min for 5 consecutive days. During the observation period of 10 days, all animals were hemodynamically monitored, given standard metabolic support and due cardiac and pulmonary support according to human intensive care. RESULTS: All the patients showed burn shock at 1-3 days and hyperdynamic circulation, hypermetabolism and systemic inflammatory responses over two weeks post-injury. Thirteen cases were found to develop MODS according to the prevailing diagnostic criteria, and 10 of them died with a mortality of 77%. Eighteen animals died in group M with a mortality of 90%, 12 of the 18 developed MODS, with overall incidence of 60%. Most animals in group M showed changes similar to that observed in human cases. The experimentation proved that in the pathogenic process of MODS, there was a two-hit phenomenon in the dvelopment of the syndrome. To prevent the development of MODS, it therefore was imperative to blunt the first hit or the second hit, so that an excessive inflammatory response was alleviated. This postulation has been verified in the treatment of extensive burns. Two patients with burn extent reaching 100% TBSA survived with only mild acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and renal dysfunction after comprehensive treatment of burn shock, including adequate fluid resuscitation, drugs to remove oxygen free radicals, rapid restoration of pHi, and early extensive excision of burn eschars. CONCLUSION: Both in human patients or animal experimentation, the typical delay two-phase MODS is shown to be produced by two successive insults in the forms of hypovolemic shock and sepsis. This postulation is helpful in formulating the prevention and treatment modality of MODS.  (+info)

A CD18 monoclonal antibody reduces multiple organ injury in a model of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. (7/950)

The role of CD18 antibody (anti-CD18) in remote and local injury in a model of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair was investigated. Rats were divided into sham, shock, clamp, and shock + clamp groups. Shock + clamp animals received anti-CD18 or a control monoclonal antibody. One hour of hemorrhagic shock was followed by 45 min of supramesenteric aortic clamping. Intestinal and pulmonary permeability to (125)I-labeled albumin was determined. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, F(2)-isoprostane levels, and transaminases were also measured. Only shock + clamp resulted in statistically significant increases in pulmonary and intestinal permeability, which were associated with significant increases in MPO activity and F(2)-isoprostane levels. Treatment with anti-CD18 significantly decreased intestinal and pulmonary permeability in shock + clamp animals. These reductions were associated with significantly reduced intestinal and hepatic MPO activity and pulmonary F(2)-isoprostane levels and reduced alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels; however, anti-CD18 had no effect on intestinal or hepatic F(2)-isoprostane levels or on pulmonary MPO activity. These results suggest CD18-dependent and -independent mechanisms of local and remote organ injury in this model of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.  (+info)

Bone marrow transplant patients with life-threatening organ failure: when should treatment stop? (8/950)

PURPOSE: To discuss issues surrounding life support in bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients, issues that may determine how far we go to keep a deteriorating BMT patient alive--and when we stop trying. How can we define survival chance in BMT patients, and when should prolongation of life be deemed inappropriate? Who should make the decision to terminate support? And how should life support be terminated? DESIGN: Prognostic factors that predict for almost certain nonsurvival have been identified in BMT patients with life-threatening organ failure. The concept of futility raises the question of how low the chance of survival must be before termination of life support is justified--but the concept is flawed, and the value judgments involved in decision making must also be considered. Then, once a decision is made, the manner of withholding or withdrawing life support is also open to discussion. CONCLUSION: Despite controversies, there are areas in which improvements to current practice might be considered. More data are required to determine survival chances of BMT patients with life-threatening organ failure. Greater attention might be devoted, in pretransplant counseling, to issues of intensive life support, with the patient's own views being ascertained before transplantation. And, because technologic possibilities are now imposing fewer boundaries, the problem of finite resources may need to be readdressed, with treatment limits being set down before transplantation.  (+info)

Multiple Organ Failure (MOF) is a severe condition characterized by the dysfunction or failure of more than one organ system in the body. It often occurs as a result of serious illness, trauma, or infection, such as sepsis. The organs that commonly fail include the lungs, kidneys, liver, and heart. This condition can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

The definition of MOF has evolved over time, but a widely accepted one is the "Sequential Organ Failure Assessment" (SOFA) score, which evaluates six organ systems: respiratory, coagulation, liver, cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic. A SOFA score of 10 or more indicates MOF, and a higher score is associated with worse outcomes.

MOF can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary MOF occurs when the initial insult directly causes organ dysfunction, such as in severe trauma or septic shock. Secondary MOF occurs when the initial injury or illness has been controlled, but organ dysfunction develops later due to ongoing inflammation and other factors.

Early recognition and aggressive management of MOF are crucial for improving outcomes. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation, dialysis, and medication to support cardiovascular function. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to address the underlying cause of organ dysfunction.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs. It is characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (systemic inflammation) that can lead to blood clotting issues, tissue damage, and multiple organ failure.

Sepsis happens when an infection you already have triggers a chain reaction throughout your body. Infections that lead to sepsis most often start in the lungs, urinary tract, skin, or gastrointestinal tract.

Sepsis is a medical emergency. If you suspect sepsis, seek immediate medical attention. Early recognition and treatment of sepsis are crucial to improve outcomes. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and may require oxygen, medication to raise blood pressure, and corticosteroids. In severe cases, surgery may be required to clear the infection.

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) is not a specific disease, but rather a systemic response to various insults or injuries within the body. It is defined as a combination of clinical signs that indicate a widespread inflammatory response in the body. According to the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine (ACCP/SCCM) consensus criteria, SIRS is characterized by the presence of at least two of the following conditions:

1. Body temperature >38°C (100.4°F) or 90 beats per minute
3. Respiratory rate >20 breaths per minute or arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) 12,000 cells/mm3, 10% bands (immature white blood cells)

SIRS can be caused by various factors, including infections (sepsis), trauma, burns, pancreatitis, and immune-mediated reactions. Prolonged SIRS may lead to organ dysfunction and failure, which can progress to severe sepsis or septic shock if not treated promptly and effectively.

Hemorrhagic shock is a type of shock that occurs when there is significant blood loss leading to inadequate perfusion of tissues and organs. It is characterized by hypovolemia (low blood volume), hypotension (low blood pressure), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and decreased urine output. Hemorrhagic shock can be classified into four stages based on the amount of blood loss and hemodynamic changes. In severe cases, it can lead to multi-organ dysfunction and death if not treated promptly and effectively.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Septic shock is a serious condition that occurs as a complication of an infection that has spread throughout the body. It's characterized by a severe drop in blood pressure and abnormalities in cellular metabolism, which can lead to organ failure and death if not promptly treated.

In septic shock, the immune system overreacts to an infection, releasing an overwhelming amount of inflammatory chemicals into the bloodstream. This leads to widespread inflammation, blood vessel dilation, and leaky blood vessels, which can cause fluid to leak out of the blood vessels and into surrounding tissues. As a result, the heart may not be able to pump enough blood to vital organs, leading to organ failure.

Septic shock is often caused by bacterial infections, but it can also be caused by fungal or viral infections. It's most commonly seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those who have recently undergone surgery, have chronic medical conditions, or are taking medications that suppress the immune system.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of septic shock is critical to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes. Treatment typically involves aggressive antibiotic therapy, intravenous fluids, vasopressors to maintain blood pressure, and supportive care in an intensive care unit (ICU).

"APACHE" stands for "Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation." It is a system used to assess the severity of illness in critically ill patients and predict their risk of mortality. The APACHE score is calculated based on various physiological parameters, such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate, and laboratory values, as well as age and chronic health conditions.

There are different versions of the APACHE system, including APACHE II, III, and IV, each with its own set of variables and scoring system. The most commonly used version is APACHE II, which includes 12 physiological variables measured during the first 24 hours of ICU admission, as well as age and chronic health points.

The APACHE score is widely used in research and clinical settings to compare the severity of illness and outcomes between different patient populations, evaluate the effectiveness of treatments and interventions, and make informed decisions about resource allocation and triage.

A critical illness is a serious condition that has the potential to cause long-term or permanent disability, or even death. It often requires intensive care and life support from medical professionals. Critical illnesses can include conditions such as:

1. Heart attack
2. Stroke
3. Organ failure (such as kidney, liver, or lung)
4. Severe infections (such as sepsis)
5. Coma or brain injury
6. Major trauma
7. Cancer that has spread to other parts of the body

These conditions can cause significant physical and emotional stress on patients and their families, and often require extensive medical treatment, rehabilitation, and long-term care. Critical illness insurance is a type of insurance policy that provides financial benefits to help cover the costs associated with treating these serious medical conditions.

A thyroid crisis, also known as thyrotoxic crisis or storm, is a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by an exaggerated response to the excess production of thyroid hormones (thyrotoxicosis). This condition can lead to severe hypermetabolic state, multi-organ dysfunction, and cardiovascular collapse if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

Thyroid crisis is often triggered by a stressful event, infection, or surgery in individuals with uncontrolled or poorly managed hyperthyroidism, particularly those with Graves' disease. The symptoms of thyroid crisis include high fever, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), hypertension (high blood pressure), agitation, confusion, delirium, vomiting, diarrhea, and sometimes coma.

The diagnosis of thyroid crisis is based on the clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves hospitalization in an intensive care unit, administration of medications to block the production and release of thyroid hormones, control heart rate and rhythm, correct electrolyte imbalances, and provide supportive care until the patient's condition stabilizes.

Pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen that plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. The inflammation can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (persistent and recurring), and it can lead to various complications if left untreated.

Acute pancreatitis often results from gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, while chronic pancreatitis may be caused by long-term alcohol abuse, genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, or metabolic disorders like high triglyceride levels. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate, while chronic pancreatitis may present with ongoing abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and malabsorption issues due to impaired digestive enzyme production. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, pain management, and addressing the underlying cause. In severe cases, hospitalization and surgery may be necessary.

Intensive care is a specialized level of medical care that is provided to critically ill patients. It's usually given in a dedicated unit of a hospital called the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or Critical Care Unit (CCU). The goal of intensive care is to closely monitor and manage life-threatening conditions, stabilize vital functions, and support organs until they recover or the patient can be moved to a less acute level of care.

Intensive care involves advanced medical equipment and technologies, such as ventilators to assist with breathing, dialysis machines for kidney support, intravenous lines for medication administration, and continuous monitoring devices for heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen levels, and other vital signs.

The ICU team typically includes intensive care specialists (intensivists), critical care nurses, respiratory therapists, and other healthcare professionals who work together to provide comprehensive, round-the-clock care for critically ill patients.

The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is a medical scoring system used to assess the severity of trauma in patients with multiple injuries. It's based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), which classifies each injury by body region on a scale from 1 (minor) to 6 (maximum severity).

The ISS is calculated by summing the squares of the highest AIS score in each of the three most severely injured body regions. The possible ISS ranges from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries. An ISS over 15 is generally considered a significant injury, and an ISS over 25 is associated with a high risk of mortality. It's important to note that the ISS has limitations, as it doesn't consider the number or type of injuries within each body region, only the most severe one.

An Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is a specialized hospital department that provides continuous monitoring and advanced life support for critically ill patients. The ICU is equipped with sophisticated technology and staffed by highly trained healthcare professionals, including intensivists, nurses, respiratory therapists, and other specialists.

Patients in the ICU may require mechanical ventilation, invasive monitoring, vasoactive medications, and other advanced interventions due to conditions such as severe infections, trauma, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, or post-surgical complications. The goal of the ICU is to stabilize patients' condition, prevent further complications, and support organ function while the underlying illness is treated.

ICUs may be organized into different units based on the type of care provided, such as medical, surgical, cardiac, neurological, or pediatric ICUs. The length of stay in the ICU can vary widely depending on the patient's condition and response to treatment.

Nonpenetrating wounds are a type of trauma or injury to the body that do not involve a break in the skin or underlying tissues. These wounds can result from blunt force trauma, such as being struck by an object or falling onto a hard surface. They can also result from crushing injuries, where significant force is applied to a body part, causing damage to internal structures without breaking the skin.

Nonpenetrating wounds can cause a range of injuries, including bruising, swelling, and damage to internal organs, muscles, bones, and other tissues. The severity of the injury depends on the force of the trauma, the location of the impact, and the individual's overall health and age.

While nonpenetrating wounds may not involve a break in the skin, they can still be serious and require medical attention. If you have experienced blunt force trauma or suspect a nonpenetrating wound, it is important to seek medical care to assess the extent of the injury and receive appropriate treatment.

Heart failure is a pathophysiological state in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body or do so only at the expense of elevated filling pressures. It can be caused by various cardiac disorders, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. Heart failure is often classified based on the ejection fraction (EF), which is the percentage of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle during each contraction. A reduced EF (less than 40%) is indicative of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), while a preserved EF (greater than or equal to 50%) is indicative of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). There is also a category of heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) for those with an EF between 40-49%.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a complex medical condition characterized by the abnormal activation of the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. This process can result in the consumption of clotting factors and platelets, which can then lead to bleeding complications. DIC can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including sepsis, trauma, cancer, and obstetric emergencies.

The term "disseminated" refers to the widespread nature of the clotting activation, while "intravascular" indicates that the clotting is occurring within the blood vessels. The condition can manifest as both bleeding and clotting complications, which can make it challenging to diagnose and manage.

The diagnosis of DIC typically involves laboratory tests that evaluate coagulation factors, platelet count, fibrin degradation products, and other markers of coagulation activation. Treatment is focused on addressing the underlying cause of the condition while also managing any bleeding or clotting complications that may arise.

Plasma exchange, also known as plasmapheresis, is a medical procedure where the liquid portion of the blood (plasma) is separated from the blood cells. The plasma, which may contain harmful substances such as antibodies, clotting factors, or toxins, is then removed and replaced with fresh plasma or a plasma substitute. This process helps to remove the harmful substances from the blood and allows the body to replenish its own plasma with normal components. Plasma exchange is used in the treatment of various medical conditions including autoimmune diseases, poisonings, and certain types of kidney diseases.

A wound is a type of injury that occurs when the skin or other tissues are cut, pierced, torn, or otherwise broken. Wounds can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, violence, surgery, or certain medical conditions. There are several different types of wounds, including:

* Incisions: These are cuts that are made deliberately, often during surgery. They are usually straight and clean.
* Lacerations: These are tears in the skin or other tissues. They can be irregular and jagged.
* Abrasions: These occur when the top layer of skin is scraped off. They may look like a bruise or a scab.
* Punctures: These are wounds that are caused by sharp objects, such as needles or knives. They are usually small and deep.
* Avulsions: These occur when tissue is forcibly torn away from the body. They can be very serious and require immediate medical attention.

Injuries refer to any harm or damage to the body, including wounds. Injuries can range from minor scrapes and bruises to more severe injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and head trauma. It is important to seek medical attention for any injury that is causing significant pain, swelling, or bleeding, or if there is a suspected bone fracture or head injury.

In general, wounds and injuries should be cleaned and covered with a sterile bandage to prevent infection. Depending on the severity of the wound or injury, additional medical treatment may be necessary. This may include stitches for deep cuts, immobilization for broken bones, or surgery for more serious injuries. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure proper healing and to prevent complications.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Multiple trauma, also known as polytrauma, is a medical term used to describe severe injuries to the body that are sustained in more than one place or region. It often involves damage to multiple organ systems and can be caused by various incidents such as traffic accidents, falls from significant heights, high-energy collisions, or violent acts.

The injuries sustained in multiple trauma may include fractures, head injuries, internal bleeding, chest and abdominal injuries, and soft tissue injuries. These injuries can lead to a complex medical situation requiring immediate and ongoing care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including emergency physicians, trauma surgeons, critical care specialists, nurses, rehabilitation therapists, and mental health providers.

Multiple trauma is a serious condition that can result in long-term disability or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult (RDSa or ARDS), also known as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, is a severe form of acute lung injury characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs. This results in increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, pulmonary edema, and hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood). The inflammation can be triggered by various direct or indirect insults to the lung, such as sepsis, pneumonia, trauma, or aspiration.

The hallmark of ARDS is the development of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray, which can resemble pulmonary edema, but without evidence of increased left atrial pressure. The condition can progress rapidly and may require mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to maintain adequate oxygenation and prevent further lung injury.

The management of ARDS is primarily supportive, focusing on protecting the lungs from further injury, optimizing oxygenation, and providing adequate nutrition and treatment for any underlying conditions. The use of low tidal volumes and limiting plateau pressures during mechanical ventilation have been shown to improve outcomes in patients with ARDS.

Organ dysfunction scores are measurement tools used in critical care medicine to assess and quantify the degree of physiological derangement or failure in multiple organ systems. These scoring systems are designed to evaluate the overall severity of illness in critically ill patients, providing a standardized method for comparing patient outcomes and evaluating the effectiveness of different treatments.

There are several commonly used organ dysfunction scores, including:

1. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score: This score assesses six organ systems (respiratory, cardiovascular, hepatic, coagulation, renal, and neurologic) on a scale of 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating more severe dysfunction or failure.
2. Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (MODS): This score evaluates seven organ systems (respiratory, cardiovascular, hepatic, coagulation, renal, gastrointestinal, and neurologic) on a scale of 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating more severe dysfunction or failure.
3. Logistic Organ Dysfunction Score (LODS): This score assesses six organ systems (respiratory, cardiovascular, hepatic, coagulation, renal, and neurologic) on a scale of 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating more severe dysfunction or failure.
4. Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II): While not strictly an organ dysfunction score, APACHE II includes components that assess organ dysfunction and is widely used in critical care settings to predict mortality risk.

These scores are typically calculated based on clinical data such as laboratory values, vital signs, and physiological measurements, and are often used to guide clinical decision-making, allocate resources, and compare outcomes across different patient populations or treatment strategies.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure, is a rapid loss of kidney function that occurs over a few hours or days. It is defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level by 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours or an increase in the creatinine level to more than 1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed to have occurred within the prior 7 days, or a urine volume of less than 0.5 mL/kg per hour for six hours.

AKI can be caused by a variety of conditions, including decreased blood flow to the kidneys, obstruction of the urinary tract, exposure to toxic substances, and certain medications. Symptoms of AKI may include decreased urine output, fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the injury and providing supportive care, such as dialysis, to help maintain kidney function until the injury resolves.

Critical care, also known as intensive care, is a medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and management of life-threatening conditions that require close monitoring and organ support. Critical care medicine is practiced in critical care units (ICUs) or intensive care units of hospitals. The goal of critical care is to prevent further deterioration of the patient's condition, to support failing organs, and to treat any underlying conditions that may have caused the patient to become critically ill.

Critical care involves a multidisciplinary team approach, including intensivists (specialist doctors trained in critical care), nurses, respiratory therapists, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals. The care provided in the ICU is highly specialized and often involves advanced medical technology such as mechanical ventilation, dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy.

Patients who require critical care may have a wide range of conditions, including severe infections, respiratory failure, cardiovascular instability, neurological emergencies, and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Critical care is an essential component of modern healthcare and has significantly improved the outcomes of critically ill patients.

Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the lung tissue, which can lead to difficulty breathing and respiratory failure. It is often caused by direct or indirect injury to the lungs, such as pneumonia, sepsis, trauma, or inhalation of harmful substances.

The symptoms of ALI include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, cough, and low oxygen levels in the blood. The condition can progress rapidly and may require mechanical ventilation to support breathing. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the injury, providing supportive care, and managing symptoms.

In severe cases, ALI can lead to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), a more serious and life-threatening condition that requires intensive care unit (ICU) treatment.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

A Trauma Center is a hospital that has specialized resources and capabilities to provide comprehensive care for severely injured patients. It is a designated facility that has met strict criteria established by the American College of Surgeons (ACS) and/or state or regional trauma systems. These criteria include having a dedicated trauma team, available 24/7, with specially trained healthcare professionals who can promptly assess, resuscitate, operate, and provide critical care to patients suffering from traumatic injuries.

Trauma centers are categorized into levels (I-V), based on the resources and capabilities they offer. Level I trauma centers have the highest level of resources and are capable of providing comprehensive care for all types of traumatic injuries, including conducting research and offering education in trauma care. In contrast, lower-level trauma centers may not have the same extent of resources but still provide essential trauma care services to their communities.

The primary goal of a trauma center is to ensure that severely injured patients receive prompt, high-quality care to minimize the risk of complications, reduce long-term disability, and improve overall outcomes.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Hospital mortality is a term used to describe the number or rate of deaths that occur in a hospital setting during a specific period. It is often used as a measure of the quality of healthcare provided by a hospital, as a higher hospital mortality rate may indicate poorer care or more complex cases being treated. However, it's important to note that hospital mortality rates can be influenced by many factors, including the severity of illness of the patients being treated, patient demographics, and the availability of resources and specialized care. Therefore, hospital mortality rates should be interpreted with caution and in the context of other quality metrics.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Artificial respiration is an emergency procedure that can be used to provide oxygen to a person who is not breathing or is breathing inadequately. It involves manually forcing air into the lungs, either by compressing the chest or using a device to deliver breaths. The goal of artificial respiration is to maintain adequate oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs until the person can breathe on their own or until advanced medical care arrives. Artificial respiration may be used in conjunction with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in cases of cardiac arrest.

Burns are injuries to tissues caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. They are classified based on their severity:

1. First-degree burns (superficial burns) affect only the outer layer of skin (epidermis), causing redness, pain, and swelling.
2. Second-degree burns (partial-thickness burns) damage both the epidermis and the underlying layer of skin (dermis). They result in redness, pain, swelling, and blistering.
3. Third-degree burns (full-thickness burns) destroy the entire depth of the skin and can also damage underlying muscles, tendons, and bones. These burns appear white or blackened and charred, and they may be painless due to destroyed nerve endings.

Immediate medical attention is required for second-degree and third-degree burns, as well as for large area first-degree burns, to prevent infection, manage pain, and ensure proper healing. Treatment options include wound care, antibiotics, pain management, and possibly skin grafting or surgery in severe cases.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent protease that functions as an important regulator of coagulation and inflammation. It is a plasma protein produced in the liver that, when activated, degrades clotting factors Va and VIIIa to limit thrombus formation and prevent excessive blood clotting. Protein C also has anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing endothelial cell activation. Inherited or acquired deficiencies in Protein C can lead to an increased risk of thrombosis, a condition characterized by abnormal blood clot formation within blood vessels.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Inflammation is a complex biological response of tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is characterized by the following signs: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and functio laesa (loss of function). The process involves the activation of the immune system, recruitment of white blood cells, and release of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to the elimination of the injurious stimuli and initiation of the healing process. However, uncontrolled or chronic inflammation can also lead to tissue damage and diseases.

A laparotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision in the abdominal wall to gain access to the abdominal cavity. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose and treat various conditions such as abdominal trauma, tumors, infections, or inflammatory diseases. The size of the incision can vary depending on the reason for the surgery and the extent of the condition being treated. Once the procedure is complete, the incision is closed with sutures or staples.

The term "laparotomy" comes from the Greek words "lapara," which means "flank" or "side," and "tome," which means "to cut." Together, they describe the surgical procedure that involves cutting into the abdomen to examine its contents.

An erythrocyte transfusion, also known as a red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, is the process of transferring compatible red blood cells from a donor to a recipient. This procedure is typically performed to increase the recipient's oxygen-carrying capacity, usually in situations where there is significant blood loss, anemia, or impaired red blood cell production.

During the transfusion, the donor's red blood cells are collected, typed, and tested for compatibility with the recipient's blood to minimize the risk of a transfusion reaction. Once compatible units are identified, they are infused into the recipient's circulation through a sterile intravenous (IV) line. The recipient's body will eventually eliminate the donated red blood cells within 100-120 days as part of its normal turnover process.

Erythrocyte transfusions can be lifesaving in various clinical scenarios, such as trauma, surgery, severe anemia due to chronic diseases, and hematologic disorders. However, they should only be used when necessary, as there are potential risks associated with the procedure, including allergic reactions, transmission of infectious diseases, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), and iron overload in cases of multiple transfusions.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Treatment failure is a term used in medicine to describe the situation when a prescribed treatment or intervention is not achieving the desired therapeutic goals or objectives. This may occur due to various reasons, such as:

1. Development of drug resistance by the pathogen or disease being treated.
2. Inadequate dosage or frequency of the medication.
3. Poor adherence or compliance to the treatment regimen by the patient.
4. The presence of underlying conditions or comorbidities that may affect the efficacy of the treatment.
5. The severity or progression of the disease despite appropriate treatment.

When treatment failure occurs, healthcare providers may need to reassess the patient's condition and modify the treatment plan accordingly, which may include adjusting the dosage, changing the medication, adding new medications, or considering alternative treatments.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

Peritonitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the peritoneum, which is the serous membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. The peritoneum has an important role in protecting the abdominal organs and providing a smooth surface for them to move against each other.

Peritonitis can occur as a result of bacterial or fungal infection, chemical irritation, or trauma to the abdomen. The most common cause of peritonitis is a rupture or perforation of an organ in the abdominal cavity, such as the appendix, stomach, or intestines, which allows bacteria from the gut to enter the peritoneal cavity.

Symptoms of peritonitis may include abdominal pain and tenderness, fever, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, and decreased bowel movements. In severe cases, peritonitis can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by widespread inflammation throughout the body.

Treatment for peritonitis typically involves antibiotics to treat the infection, as well as surgical intervention to repair any damage to the abdominal organs and remove any infected fluid or tissue from the peritoneal cavity. In some cases, a temporary or permanent drain may be placed in the abdomen to help remove excess fluid and promote healing.

Necrosis is the premature death of cells or tissues due to damage or injury, such as from infection, trauma, infarction (lack of blood supply), or toxic substances. It's a pathological process that results in the uncontrolled and passive degradation of cellular components, ultimately leading to the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular space. This can cause local inflammation and may lead to further tissue damage if not treated promptly.

There are different types of necrosis, including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, and gangrenous necrosis, each with distinct histological features depending on the underlying cause and the affected tissues or organs.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a localized dilatation or bulging of the abdominal aorta, which is the largest artery in the body that supplies oxygenated blood to the trunk and lower extremities. Normally, the diameter of the abdominal aorta measures about 2 centimeters (cm) in adults. However, when the diameter of the aorta exceeds 3 cm, it is considered an aneurysm.

AAA can occur anywhere along the length of the abdominal aorta, but it most commonly occurs below the renal arteries and above the iliac bifurcation. The exact cause of AAA remains unclear, but several risk factors have been identified, including smoking, hypertension, advanced age, male gender, family history, and certain genetic disorders such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

The main concern with AAA is the risk of rupture, which can lead to life-threatening internal bleeding. The larger the aneurysm, the greater the risk of rupture. Symptoms of AAA may include abdominal or back pain, a pulsating mass in the abdomen, or symptoms related to compression of surrounding structures such as the kidneys, ureters, or nerves. However, many AAAs are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during imaging studies performed for other reasons.

Diagnosis of AAA typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options depend on the size and location of the aneurysm, as well as the patient's overall health status. Small AAAs that are not causing symptoms may be monitored with regular imaging studies to assess for growth. Larger AAAs or those that are growing rapidly may require surgical repair, either through open surgery or endovascular repair using a stent graft.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

In medical terms, shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow or when the circulatory system is not functioning properly to distribute oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and organs. This results in a state of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and cellular dysfunction, which can lead to multiple organ failure and death if left untreated.

Shock can be caused by various factors such as severe blood loss, infection, trauma, heart failure, allergic reactions, and severe burns. The symptoms of shock include low blood pressure, rapid pulse, cool and clammy skin, rapid and shallow breathing, confusion, weakness, and a bluish color to the lips and nails. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment of shock.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

Cytokines are a broad and diverse category of small signaling proteins that are secreted by various cells, including immune cells, in response to different stimuli. They play crucial roles in regulating the immune response, inflammation, hematopoiesis, and cellular communication.

Cytokines mediate their effects by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, which triggers intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately result in changes in gene expression, cell behavior, and function. Some key functions of cytokines include:

1. Regulating the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of immune cells such as T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages.
2. Coordinating the inflammatory response by recruiting immune cells to sites of infection or tissue damage and modulating their effector functions.
3. Regulating hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation in the bone marrow, by controlling the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
4. Modulating the development and function of the nervous system, including neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration.

Cytokines can be classified into several categories based on their structure, function, or cellular origin. Some common types of cytokines include interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), chemokines, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), and transforming growth factors (TGFs). Dysregulation of cytokine production and signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Survival analysis is a branch of statistics that deals with the analysis of time to event data. It is used to estimate the time it takes for a certain event of interest to occur, such as death, disease recurrence, or treatment failure. The event of interest is called the "failure" event, and survival analysis estimates the probability of not experiencing the failure event until a certain point in time, also known as the "survival" probability.

Survival analysis can provide important information about the effectiveness of treatments, the prognosis of patients, and the identification of risk factors associated with the event of interest. It can handle censored data, which is common in medical research where some participants may drop out or be lost to follow-up before the event of interest occurs.

Survival analysis typically involves estimating the survival function, which describes the probability of surviving beyond a certain time point, as well as hazard functions, which describe the instantaneous rate of failure at a given time point. Other important concepts in survival analysis include median survival times, restricted mean survival times, and various statistical tests to compare survival curves between groups.

"Length of Stay" (LOS) is a term commonly used in healthcare to refer to the amount of time a patient spends receiving care in a hospital, clinic, or other healthcare facility. It is typically measured in hours, days, or weeks and can be used as a metric for various purposes such as resource planning, quality assessment, and reimbursement. The length of stay can vary depending on the type of illness or injury, the severity of the condition, the patient's response to treatment, and other factors. It is an important consideration in healthcare management and can have significant implications for both patients and providers.

Medical survival rate is a statistical measure used to determine the percentage of patients who are still alive for a specific period of time after their diagnosis or treatment for a certain condition or disease. It is often expressed as a five-year survival rate, which refers to the proportion of people who are alive five years after their diagnosis. Survival rates can be affected by many factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the patient's age and overall health, the effectiveness of treatment, and other health conditions that the patient may have. It is important to note that survival rates are statistical estimates and do not necessarily predict an individual patient's prognosis.

Organ transplantation is a surgical procedure where an organ or tissue from one person (donor) is removed and placed into another person (recipient) whose organ or tissue is not functioning properly or has been damaged beyond repair. The goal of this complex procedure is to replace the non-functioning organ with a healthy one, thereby improving the recipient's quality of life and overall survival.

Organs that can be transplanted include the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas, and intestines. Tissues such as corneas, skin, heart valves, and bones can also be transplanted. The donor may be deceased or living, depending on the type of organ and the medical circumstances.

Organ transplantation is a significant and life-changing event for both the recipient and their families. It requires careful evaluation, matching, and coordination between the donor and recipient, as well as rigorous post-transplant care to ensure the success of the procedure and minimize the risk of rejection.

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis is a severe and potentially life-threatening form of acute pancreatitis, which is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas. In acute necrotizing pancreatitis, there is widespread death (necrosis) of pancreatic tissue due to autodigestion caused by the activation and release of digestive enzymes within the pancreas. This condition can lead to systemic inflammation, organ failure, and infection of the necrotic areas in the pancreas. It typically has a more complicated clinical course and worse prognosis compared to acute interstitial pancreatitis, which is another form of acute pancreatitis without significant necrosis.

Hemorrhage is defined in the medical context as an excessive loss of blood from the circulatory system, which can occur due to various reasons such as injury, surgery, or underlying health conditions that affect blood clotting or the integrity of blood vessels. The bleeding may be internal, external, visible, or concealed, and it can vary in severity from minor to life-threatening, depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment to prevent further blood loss, organ damage, and potential death.

The intestines, also known as the bowel, are a part of the digestive system that extends from the stomach to the anus. They are responsible for the further breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food, as well as the elimination of waste products. The intestines can be divided into two main sections: the small intestine and the large intestine.

The small intestine is a long, coiled tube that measures about 20 feet in length and is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase its surface area and enhance nutrient absorption. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is a wider tube that measures about 5 feet in length and is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from digested food, forming stool, and eliminating waste products from the body. The large intestine includes several regions, including the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.

Together, the intestines play a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being by ensuring that the body receives the nutrients it needs to function properly.

A blood transfusion is a medical procedure in which blood or its components are transferred from one individual (donor) to another (recipient) through a vein. The donated blood can be fresh whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelets, plasma, or cryoprecipitate, depending on the recipient's needs. Blood transfusions are performed to replace lost blood due to severe bleeding, treat anemia, support patients undergoing major surgeries, or manage various medical conditions such as hemophilia, thalassemia, and leukemia. The donated blood must be carefully cross-matched with the recipient's blood type to minimize the risk of transfusion reactions.

Liver transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a diseased or failing liver is replaced with a healthy one from a deceased donor or, less commonly, a portion of a liver from a living donor. The goal of the procedure is to restore normal liver function and improve the patient's overall health and quality of life.

Liver transplantation may be recommended for individuals with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, certain genetic liver disorders, or liver cancers that cannot be treated effectively with other therapies. The procedure involves complex surgery to remove the diseased liver and implant the new one, followed by a period of recovery and close medical monitoring to ensure proper function and minimize the risk of complications.

The success of liver transplantation has improved significantly in recent years due to advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive medications, and post-transplant care. However, it remains a major operation with significant risks and challenges, including the need for lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection of the new liver, as well as potential complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are large molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They consist of a hydrophilic polysaccharide called the O-antigen, a core oligosaccharide, and a lipid portion known as Lipid A. The Lipid A component is responsible for the endotoxic activity of LPS, which can trigger a powerful immune response in animals, including humans. This response can lead to symptoms such as fever, inflammation, and septic shock, especially when large amounts of LPS are introduced into the bloodstream.

Liver failure is a serious condition in which the liver is no longer able to perform its normal functions, such as removing toxins and waste products from the blood, producing bile to help digest food, and regulating blood clotting. This can lead to a buildup of toxins in the body, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fluid accumulation in the abdomen, and an increased risk of bleeding. Liver failure can be acute (sudden) or chronic (developing over time). Acute liver failure is often caused by medication toxicity, viral hepatitis, or other sudden illnesses. Chronic liver failure is most commonly caused by long-term damage from conditions such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

It's important to note that Liver Failure is a life threatening condition and need immediate medical attention.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine, a type of small signaling protein involved in immune response and inflammation. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although other cell types such as T-cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells can also produce it.

TNF-α plays a crucial role in the body's defense against infection and tissue injury by mediating inflammatory responses, activating immune cells, and inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain types of cells. It does this by binding to its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are found on the surface of many cell types.

In addition to its role in the immune response, TNF-α has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, as well as cancer, where it can promote tumor growth and metastasis.

Therapeutic agents that target TNF-α, such as infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept, have been developed to treat these conditions. However, these drugs can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects, so their use must be carefully monitored.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine, a type of protein that plays a crucial role in communication between cells, especially in the immune system. It is produced by various cells including T-cells, B-cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in response to infection, injury, or inflammation.

IL-6 has diverse effects on different cell types. In the immune system, it stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells that produce antibodies. It also promotes the activation and survival of T-cells. Moreover, IL-6 plays a role in fever induction by acting on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature during an immune response.

In addition to its functions in the immune system, IL-6 has been implicated in various physiological processes such as hematopoiesis (the formation of blood cells), bone metabolism, and neural development. However, abnormal levels of IL-6 have also been associated with several diseases, including autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammation, and cancer.

Tissue and organ procurement is the process of obtaining viable tissues and organs from deceased or living donors for the purpose of transplantation, research, or education. This procedure is performed by trained medical professionals in a sterile environment, adhering to strict medical standards and ethical guidelines. The tissues and organs that can be procured include hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, pancreases, intestines, corneas, skin, bones, tendons, and heart valves. The process involves a thorough medical evaluation of the donor, as well as consent from the donor or their next of kin. After procurement, the tissues and organs are preserved and transported to recipients in need.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream where they circulate and are able to move quickly to sites of infection or inflammation in the body. Neutrophils are capable of engulfing and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances through a process called phagocytosis. They are also involved in the release of inflammatory mediators, which can contribute to tissue damage in some cases. Neutrophils are characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm, which contain enzymes and other proteins that help them carry out their immune functions.

Cross infection, also known as cross-contamination, is the transmission of infectious agents or diseases between patients in a healthcare setting. This can occur through various means such as contaminated equipment, surfaces, hands of healthcare workers, or the air. It is an important concern in medical settings and measures are taken to prevent its occurrence, including proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), environmental cleaning and disinfection, and safe injection practices.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Acute liver failure is a sudden and severe loss of liver function that occurs within a few days or weeks. It can be caused by various factors such as drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis, or metabolic disorders. In acute liver failure, the liver cannot perform its vital functions, including protein synthesis, detoxification, and metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

The symptoms of acute liver failure include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), coagulopathy (bleeding disorders), hepatic encephalopathy (neurological symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, and coma), and elevated levels of liver enzymes in the blood. Acute liver failure is a medical emergency that requires immediate hospitalization and treatment, which may include medications, supportive care, and liver transplantation.

Respiratory insufficiency is a condition characterized by the inability of the respiratory system to maintain adequate gas exchange, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and/or removal of carbon dioxide from the body. This can occur due to various causes, such as lung diseases (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia), neuromuscular disorders (e.g., muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury), or other medical conditions that affect breathing mechanics and/or gas exchange.

Respiratory insufficiency can manifest as hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood) and/or hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide levels in the blood). Symptoms of respiratory insufficiency may include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, fatigue, confusion, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness or even death. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition and may include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, medications, and/or other supportive measures.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

... "multi-organ failure" and "multiple organ failure" in several chapters and do not use "multiple organ dysfunction syndrome" at ... Although Irwin and Rippe cautioned in 2005 that the use of "multiple organ failure" or "multisystem organ failure" should be ... "Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)" score to describe and quantitate the degree of organ dysfunction in six organ ... with the possible exception of single or multiple organ transplants or the use of artificial organs or organ parts, in certain ...
multiple organ failure. 20 July - Lin Tsung-yi, 89, Taiwanese psychiatrist. 19 November - Lin Tsung-nan, 68, Taiwanese ...
"Suharto has multiple organ failure". Al Jazeera English. 14 January 2008. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. ... With the failure of the poorly organised coup, and having secured authority from the president to restore order and security, ... and partial renal failure. His health fluctuated for several weeks but progressively worsened with anaemia and low blood ... Deaths from kidney failure, Deaths from lung disease, Defense ministers of Indonesia, Deputy Prime Ministers of Indonesia, ...
He died after multiple organ failures. He was survived by his wife, a son and a daughter. "Writer Mohapatra Nilamani Sahu ... Sahoo died on 25 June 2016 after multiple organ failures. Sahoo was born on 22 December 1926 in the town Niali of the Cuttack ...
Multiple organ failure was the reported cause. Her F Troop co-star Larry Storch (Corporal Agarn) announced her death on ... Deaths from multiple organ failure, 21st-century American women). ...
Unfortunately, he succumbed to multiple organ failure. He was 53 years old at the time of his demise. Tragically, Rallabandi's ...
R. Venkataraman, 98, Indian politician, President (1987-1992), multiple organ failure. Billy Wilson, 81, American football ... multiple organ failure. Walter Harris, 77, Canadian artist. Mick Imlah, 52, British poet, motor neurone disease. David Kerr, 86 ... Olga San Juan, 81, American actress, kidney failure. Matt Sczesny, 76, American scout for the Boston Red Sox, cancer. Sir Alan ... Ulf G. Lindén, 71, Swedish entrepreneur, heart failure. Sam McQuagg, 73, American race car driver, NASCAR Rookie of the Year ( ...
Gallagher, 76, American comedian, multiple organ failure. Ronald Leighty, 92, American politician. Keith Levene, 65, English ... leukemia and multiple organ failure. Seiichi Kanai, 82, Japanese professional golfer. Nagnath Lalujirao Kottapalle, 74, Indian ... Louis Rams), lung failure. Nodar Natadze, 93, Georgian linguist and politician, MP (1989-1995). John Noseda, 74, Swiss lawyer ... Ismail Tara, 73, Pakistani actor (Haathi Mere Saathi, Chief Sahib) and comedian (Fifty Fifty), kidney failure. Thierry de ...
She died due to multiple organ failure at the Philippine Heart Center in Quezon City on October 2, 2014. "Tia Pusit dies at 66 ... Marinel R. Cruz (October 3, 2014). "Tiya Pusit dies of multiple organ failure". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved January 20 ... Deaths from multiple organ failure, GMA Network personalities, ABS-CBN personalities, Actresses from Quezon City, Comedians ... suffering from kidney failure and aortic aneurysm. She underwent double heart bypass surgery on September 9 but had ...
Some children have experienced multiple organ failure. Such severe or critical cases were most common among children with ... CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, CS1 errors: missing title, CS1 errors: bare URL, CS1 maint: location missing publisher ... PMID 34716418.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) "COVID-19: The Impact on Pediatric Emergency ...
Death may result from multiple organ failure. Furthermore, the syndrome has been shown to manifest multi-organ failures and ... The syndrome exhibits thrombotic microangiopathy, multiple organ thromboses, and in some cases tissue necrosis and is ... Patients with high aPL(positive antiphospholipid antibodies) must have microthrombosis in multiple organs to definitively be ... It is thought that cytokines are activated leading to a cytokine storm with the potentially fatal consequences of organ failure ...
Braguinha, 99, Brazilian composer, multiple organ failure. Kenneth Sivertsen, 45, Norwegian folk singer, comedian and poet, ... Abdul Amir al-Jamri, 67, Bahraini Shiite Muslim cleric, heart failure and kidney failure. Joseph Barbera, 95, American ... Anne Rogers Clark, 77, American dog show judge (Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show), kidney failure associated with colon cancer ... Sydney Wooderson, 92, British lawyer and track athlete, world record holder for mile run (1937-1942), kidney failure. Richard ...
"Antipolo mayor dies of multiple organ failure". philstar.com. Retrieved 2019-08-01. Pedrasa, Ira. "LRay Villafuerte: GMA's hand ...
... multiple organ failure. Cheyyar Ravi, 54, Indian film and television director, cardiac arrest. Tsui Hsiao-ping, 94, Taiwanese ... multiple organ failure. Pyarimohan Mohapatra, 77, Indian politician, MP (2010-2016). Tomiko Okazaki, 73, Japanese politician. ... Skip Williamson, 72, American underground comix cartoonist (Snappy Sammy Smoot), complications of organ failure. Robert Day, 94 ... Ex-diplomat and former MP Syed Shahabuddin passes away Thomas Starzl, father of organ transplantation, dies at 90 Preminuo ...
Heather Sears, 58, British actress, multiple organ failure. Constantin Vișoianu, 96, Romanian jurist, diplomat, and politician ... Pat Buttram, 78, American actor (Green Acres, Robin Hood, The Fox and the Hound), kidney failure. René Faye, 70, French cyclist ... Adolph Baller, 84, Austrian-American pianist, kidney failure. Lee Alvin DuBridge, 92, American educator and physicist, ... Harry Nilsson, 52, American singer-songwriter ("Everybody's Talkin'"), heart failure. Harilal Upadhyay, 77, Indian novelist and ...
She died of multiple organ failure in 1998. Stallings became a noted plastic and voice surgeon who pioneered vocal ...
Ronnie Prophet, 80, Canadian country singer, multiple organ failure. Craig Raisner, 56, American voice actor (Korgoth of ... multiple organ failure. Jerry Anderson, 62, Canadian professional golfer, first Canadian to win on PGA European tour. Robin ... multiple organ failure. Enrique Troncoso Troncoso, 80, Chilean Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Iquique (1989-2000) and ... Siegfried Rauch, 85, German actor (Patton, Le Mans, Das Traumschiff), heart failure and injuries sustained in a fall. Mary ...
Wang Panyuan, 109, Taiwanese painter, multiple organ failure. Joseph F. Timilty, 79, American politician, member of the ... Heinz Wolff, 89, German-born British scientist and television presenter (The Great Egg Race), heart failure. Ralph Carney, 61, ... Ray Bandar, 90, American biologist and skull collector, heart failure. Jeannette Clift George, 92, American actress (The Hiding ... Sanshō Shinsui, 70, Japanese actor, heart failure. Jonathan Z. Smith, 79, American historian of religion. Dame Cheryll Sotheran ...
... multiple organ failure. Jim Morris, 80, American bodybuilder. Tommy O'Hara, 62, Scottish footballer (Queen of the South, ... multiple organ failure. Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad, 60, Indian politician, member of Parliament (2004-2009), brain tumour. David ... multiple organ failure. Troy Shondell, 76, American singer, complications from Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. ... Fazu Aliyeva, 83, Russian Avar poet and journalist, heart failure. Lennie Bluett, 96, American actor (Gone with the Wind, ...
Lilia Prado, 78, Mexican actress, multiple organ failure. Philippe Amaury, 66, French media owner, cancer. Clifford Antone, 56 ... Louis Rukeyser, 73, American business and economics expert, multiple myeloma. Juan Ramón Salgado, 45, Honduran congressional ... Fermín Chávez, 82, Argentine historian, complications from renal failure. Sue Fear, 43, Australian mountaineer, climbing ...
John Chapman, 82, Australian evangelist, multiple organ failure. Luis de los Cobos, 85, Spanish composer. Louis Tom Dragna, 92 ... Tarachand Sahu, 65, Indian politician, MP for Durg (1996-2009), multiple organ failure. Hal Ziegler, 80, American politician, ... Shahid Akbar, 54, Indian cricketer, multiple organ failure. Sir William Bulmer, 92, British businessman, Lord Lieutenant of ... I. K. Gujral, 92, Indian politician, Prime Minister (1997-1998), multiple organ failure. Munir Malik, 78, Pakistani cricketer. ...
Chapter, page 81-87, Postinjurgy Multiple Organ Failure, . Springer Verlag 2022. Book Series, part of Hot Topics in Acute Care ...
Death due to multiple organ failure can occur; symptoms also mimic lymphoma and AHS has been called "pseudolymphoma" as a ... As this syndrome can present secondary to multiple anticonvulsants, the general term "anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome ... two cases of AHS have been reported that manifested during long-term treatment with multiple anti-seizure medications. ...
Cochin Haneefa, 58, Indian Malayalam film actor, multiple organ failure. Futa Helu, 75, Tongan philosopher. Paul Herlinger, 80 ... Wahei Tatematsu, 62, Japanese novelist, multiple organ failure.[citation needed] Bill Utterback, 79, American illustrator and ... multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Vladislav Galkin, 38, Russian actor, heart failure. Gheorghe Gaston Marin, 91, Romanian ... multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Carlos Montemayor, 62, Mexican writer, stomach cancer. Nikolay Surov, 62, Russian Olympic ...
Anna Manahan, 84, Irish actress, multiple organ failure. Zbigniew Religa, 70, Polish cardiac surgeon and politician, Minister ... Paul W. Airey, 85, American Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force (1967-1969), complications from heart failure. Péter Bacsó, ... Mari Kapi, 58, Papua New Guinean judge, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (2003-2008), kidney failure. Kosuke Koyama, 79, ... Marilyn Borden, 76, American actress (I Love Lucy), heart failure. Bob Boucher, 68, British academic. Donald W. Duncan, 79, ...
... multiple organ failure. James W. Lance, 92, Australian neurologist. Francisco Mañosa, 88, Filipino architect (Coconut Palace, ... Li Rui, 101, Chinese politician, historian and dissident, organ failure. Albert Ludwig, 99, Canadian politician, Alberta MLA ( ... heart failure. Miroslav Kusý, 87, Slovak political scientist, heart failure. Helene Machado, 92, American baseball player ( ... Stanley Donen, 94, American film director (Singin' in the Rain, On the Town, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers), heart failure. E ...
... multiple organ failure. Yves Bot, 71, French magistrate, Advocate General of the European Court of Justice (since 2006). Bill ... Yuzuru Fujimoto, 83, Japanese voice actor (Gigantor, Brave Raideen, The Big O), heart failure. Hao Yun, 94, Chinese translator ... Derrick Harris, 54, American music producer, kidney failure. Şeref Has, 82, Turkish footballer (Fenerbahçe, national team). A. ... Mladen Vranic, 89, Croatian Canadian Scientist and Medical Researcher, congestive heart failure. Christine Barnetson, 71, ...
Jamelão, 95, Brazilian samba singer, multiple organ failure. Alan Johnston, Lord Johnston, 66, British judge, heart attack. ... Ira Tucker, 83, American lead singer (The Dixie Hummingbirds), heart failure. G. M. Banatwala, 74, Indian Islamic spokesman in ... "Stan Winston, dead at 62; Oscar-winning visual effects artist suffered from multiple myeloma". Los Angeles Times. June 16, 2008 ... George Carlin, 71, American comedian and actor (Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, The Prince of Tides, Dogma), heart failure. ...
James R. Whelan, 79, American publisher (The Washington Times), multiple organ failure. Karl-Heinz Wiebe, 96, German U-boat ... Sammy Arena, 81, American singer, multiple organ failure. Petrine Archer-Straw, 55, British art historian, sickle-cell disease ... Dave Brubeck, 91, American jazz pianist ("Take Five") and composer ("Blue Rondo à la Turk"), heart failure. MC Buffalo, 41, ... Bob Munden, 70, American entertainer, heart failure. Shoichi Ozawa, 83, Japanese actor and folk art researcher. Paul Rauch, 82 ...
... multiple organ failure. Danny Pang, 42, Taiwanese-born American hedge fund manager. Willy Ronis, 99, French photographer. T. R ... Animator Death: Heart failure claims well-known Armenian artist Robert Sahakyants "87 évesen elhunyt Solymossy Egon atléta" (in ... Ertuğrul Osman, 97, Turkish 43rd Head of the Imperial Ottoman Dynasty, lung and kidney failure. Dennis Pacey, 80, British ... Maurizio Montalbini, 56, Italian sociologist and caver, heart failure. Elizaveta Mukasei, 97, Russian Soviet-era spy, wife of ...
Discover the prognosis of severe hypernatremia with anuric renal failure and limited resources. Explore a case study and ... A hypernatremia severity is often associated with a poor prognosis, especially if it is associated with multiple organ failure ... Bah, A. , Balde, M. , Bah, A. and Barry, A. (2017) Case Report: A Severe Hypernatremia with Multiple Organ Failure, about a ... We report the case of a patient with extreme hypernatremia associated with acute anuric renal failure and multiple organ ...
Seawater-Associated Highly Pathogenic Francisella hispaniensis Infections Causing Multiple Organ Failure Hua Zhou1, Qing Yang1 ... Seawater-Associated Highly Pathogenic Francisella hispaniensis Infections Causing Multiple Organ Failure. ... progression of Francisella hispaniensis infection and after treatment of a 64-year-old fisherman with multiple organ failure, ...
"Sepsis, multiple organ failure, and death due to Pandoraea pnomenusa infection after lung transplantation." J Clin Microbiol 41 ... "Sepsis, multiple organ failure, and death due to Pandoraea pnomenusa infection after lung transplantation." J Clin Microbiol, ... Sepsis, multiple organ failure, and death due to Pandoraea pnomenusa infection after lung transplantation.. Publication , ... Sepsis, multiple organ failure, and death due to Pandoraea pnomenusa infection after lung transplantation. J Clin Microbiol. ...
CONCLUSIONS: DIC is a strong predictor of death and multiple organ failure in patients with septic shock. Sequential ATIII, PC ... Septic shock, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Compared patterns of antithrombin III, ... Heart Failure 2023 August 26. Hypertensive Heart Failure.Filippos Triposkiadis et al.Journal of Clinical Medicine 2023 August 3 ... with heart failure, including non-diabetics. Urinary. albumin creatininine. Jul, 2011: European Journal of Heart Failure. ...
... "multi-organ failure" and "multiple organ failure" in several chapters and do not use "multiple organ dysfunction syndrome" at ... Although Irwin and Rippe cautioned in 2005 that the use of "multiple organ failure" or "multisystem organ failure" should be ... "Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)" score to describe and quantitate the degree of organ dysfunction in six organ ... with the possible exception of single or multiple organ transplants or the use of artificial organs or organ parts, in certain ...
Multiple Organ Failure / diagnosis* * Multiple Organ Failure / epidemiology * Multiple Organ Failure / physiopathology ... Preliminary observations on the neuromuscular abnormalities in patients with organ failure and sepsis Intensive Care Med. 1993; ... organ system failure score, presence or absence of sepsis, clinical evaluation of neuromuscular problems, time to hospital ...
Postinjury multiple organ failure prognosis based on data collected during first 24 hours after admission to hospital. Try ... Sauaia et al developed models for predicting the probability multiple organ failures following multiple organ failure based on ... Model of Sauaia et al for Predicting the Probability of Multiple Organ Failure Based on Data Available During the First 24 ... Purpose: Purpose: To predict the probability of developing multiple organ failure in a patent following traumatic injury using ...
... or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome) is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. ... leading to a cascading failure of multiple organs. Multiple organ failure (or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome) is a life- ... can lead to insufficient blood flow to organs, inducing multiple organ failure. ... This is a prime cause of multiple organ failure. A severe infection can spread through the bloodstream (sepsis), leading to ...
Multiple organ failure. Giving N-acetyl cysteine by IV might increase the risk of death in people with multiple organ failure. ... Molnar Z, Shearer E, Lowe D. N-Acetylcysteine treatment to prevent the progression of multisystem organ failure: a prospective ... Kidney failure. Taking N-acetyl cysteine by mouth seems to help prevent problems such as heart attack and stroke in people with ... Ho, K. M. and Morgan, D. J. Meta-analysis of N-acetylcysteine to prevent acute renal failure after major surgery. Am J Kidney ...
We concluded that multiple organ failure in severe pancreatitis is mediated, at least in part, by IL-1 through the activation ... Conclusions: We concluded that multiple organ failure in severe pancreatitis is mediated, at least in part, by IL-1 through the ... In this study, we used an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) to investigate whether multiple organ failure due to acute ... Objective: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a mediator in some critical conditions such as septic shock and multiple organ failure. ...
Trauma and subsequent sepsis significantly depressed the cardiac function and induced multiple-organ failure, associated with ... Baricitinib protects mice from sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction and multiple-organ failure. ... on sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction and multiple-organ failure (MOF). In a mouse model of post-trauma sepsis induced by ... treatment with baricitinib at 1h or 3h post-CLP protected mice from sepsis-induced cardiac injury and multiple-organ failure. ...
The presentation ranged from mild flulike symptoms to multisystem organ failure. Of the 182 people infected, 29 died. ... Progressive respiratory failure is the most common cause of death in patients with Legionella pneumonia. However, the mortality ... Multiple organ failure. * Coma. * Bacteremia or abscess formation (in the lungs or at extrapulmonary sites) in ...
Thrombocytopenia-associated multiple organ failure (TAMOF) can be a poorly understood syndrome. Thrombocytopenia-associated ... multiple organ failure (TAMOF) can be a poorly understood syndrome in critically ill children. were randomized to PEx or ...
Multiple-organ failure (respiratory failure, kidney failure, shock). *Worsening of chronic medical conditions (involving the ... Multiple COVID-19 vaccines are authorized or approved for use in the United States to help prevent COVID-19. More information ... There are multiple FDA-licensed influenza vaccines produced annually to protect against the four flu viruses that scientists ...
Early predictors of postinjury multiple organ failure. Arch Surg. 1994 Jan. 129:39-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Postinjury multisystem organ failure. Blood transfusion in trauma is an independent predictor of multisystem organ failure ( ... Common etiologies to be corrected include, but are not limited to, large volume hemorrhage control failure (solid organ or ... What is the increased risk of multisystem organ failure (MSOF) following transfusion? ...
RG100204, A Novel Aquaporin-9 Inhibitor, Reduces Septic Cardiomyopathy and Multiple Organ Failure in Murine Sepsis.pdf (8.89 Mo ... RG100204, A Novel Aquaporin-9 Inhibitor, Reduces Septic Cardiomyopathy and Multiple Organ Failure in Murine Sepsis. ... Reduces Septic Cardiomyopathy and Multiple Organ Failure in Murine Sepsis. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022, 13, pp.900906. ⟨ ...
multiple organ failure. *intestinal perforation. *infection. *sepsis. Suspected bowel obstructions always need prompt medical ...
Doctor ordered to pay Rs 25 lakh after death from multiple organ failure caused by anti-TB drugs - DrugsControl ... delhi news delhi doctor medical negligence news medical negligence causes patients death of multiple organ failure news delhi ... Doctor ordered to pay Rs 25 lakh after death from multiple organ failure caused by anti-TB drugs (19-11-2023). ...
He died of multiple organ failure early on Thursday morning. FUNERAL ARRANGEMENTS ...
Critical Illness: Individuals who have respiratory failure, septic shock, and/or multiple organ dysfunction. ... developing metrics that could be used to guide when to implement select infection prevention and control practices for multiple ...
Multiple organ failure (MOF) was established as failure of 2 or more organ systems. Infected pancreatic/peripancreatic necrosis ... Indications for necrosectomy were persisting organ failure and documented infected necrosis. Organ failure was defined as ... organ failure and a high mortality rate, which can reach 30% in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis[3,4]. ANP patients ... such as WBC count and biochemical markers of liver injury can be indicative for the evaluation of SIRS and of Multiple Organ ...
Hypovolemic shock, and multiple system organ failure may occur, leading to death ... Hypotension, respiratory failure and multisystem organ failure may occur, leading to death ... Hepatic failure, renal failure, cardiorespiratory failure, and death 18 hours following admission. ... Fever and vomiting that developed within 24 hours, followed by shock and multi-organ failure, and death within 3 days. ...
Circulatory shock is a life-threatening syndrome resulting in multiorgan failure and a high mortality rate. The aim of this ... Geppert A, Steiner A, Zorn G, Delle-Karth G, Koreny M, Haumer M, Siostrzonek P, Huber K, Heinz G (2002) Multiple organ failure ... Relation to multiple-system organ failure and mortality. Chest 103:565-575 ... and impaired DeOx was associated with no improvement in organ failures after 24 h [142]. The ReOx rate seen on reperfusion is ...
multiple organ failure and be life threatening.. Symptoms of sepsis may include:. *high fever ... How do doctors treat acute renal failure?. Medically reviewed by Cynthia Taylor Chavoustie, MPAS, PA-C ... Doctors treat acute renal failure with several methods. These may include managing fluid levels and electrolytes, taking ... https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidney-failure/hemodialysis. ...
Categories: Multiple Organ Failure Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
UCLA Scientists Discover How the COVID-19 Virus Causes Multiple Organ Failure ...
She had multiple organ failure and died. Our family is heartbroken and in shock ... Septic shock, meningitis, organ failure, brain damage. My son was a fit young man , all test done as he was getting a kidney ... I too had missed diagnosed sepsis which resulted in multi organ failure, cardiac arrest I was on life support, my family were ... Most of her organs had collapsed. The doctors told me the tissue on her fingers and toes was dying so they had to amputate all ...
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Sepsis, multiple organ failure, and death due to Pandoraea pnomenusa infection after lung transplantation. (duke.edu)
  • citation needed] Sepsis is the most common cause of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and may result in septic shock. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both SIRS and sepsis could ultimately progress to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is well established as the final stage of a continuum: SIRS + infection → sepsis → severe sepsis → Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The European Society of Intensive Care organized a consensus meeting in 1994 to create the "Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)" score to describe and quantitate the degree of organ dysfunction in six organ systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Muscle histopathology, neurophysiological studies, record of all drugs administered, APACHE II score, organ system failure score, presence or absence of sepsis, clinical evaluation of neuromuscular problems, time to hospital discharge. (nih.gov)
  • A severe infection can spread through the bloodstream (sepsis), leading to widespread inflammation and injury to organs. (medriva.com)
  • MODS is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by the development of progressive and potentially reversible physiologic dysfunction in 2 or more organs or organ systems that is induced by a variety of acute insults, including sepsis. (medscape.com)
  • The clinical process usually begins with infection, which potentially leads to sepsis and organ dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] The task force concluded that sepsis should be defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. (medscape.com)
  • Baricitinib protects mice from sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction and multiple-organ failure. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sepsis is one of the major complications of surgery resulting in high morbidity and mortality , but there are no specific therapies for sepsis -induced organ dysfunction. (bvsalud.org)
  • Based on these results, we hypothesized that JAK/STAT activation may contribute to the pathophysiology of septic shock and, hence, investigated the effects of baricitinib (JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor) on sepsis -induced cardiac dysfunction and multiple-organ failure (MOF). (bvsalud.org)
  • Trauma and subsequent sepsis significantly depressed the cardiac function and induced multiple-organ failure, associated with an increase in the activation of JAK2/STAT3, NLRP3 inflammasome and NF- κß pathways in the heart of both male and female animals . (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, treatment with baricitinib at 1h or 3h post-CLP protected mice from sepsis -induced cardiac injury and multiple-organ failure. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sepsis arises when the body's response to infection injures its own tissues and organs. (who.int)
  • Appropriate treatment of sepsis requires not only treatment of the underlying infection, but in parallel requires life-saving medical interventions such as fluid resuscitation or vital organ support. (who.int)
  • The final stage of sepsis can lead to septic shock, multiple organ failure, and death. (kth.se)
  • The incidence of bacteremia is at least 50% in patients with sepsis and evidence of end-organ dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is altered organ function in an acutely ill patient requiring medical intervention to achieve homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although Irwin and Rippe cautioned in 2005 that the use of "multiple organ failure" or "multisystem organ failure" should be avoided, both Harrison's (2015) and Cecil's (2012) medical textbooks still use the terms "multi-organ failure" and "multiple organ failure" in several chapters and do not use "multiple organ dysfunction syndrome" at all. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are different stages of organ dysfunction for certain different organs, both in acute and in chronic onset, whether or not there are one or more organs affected. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Currently, investigators are looking into genetic targets for possible gene therapy to prevent the progression to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • This results in tissue injury and organ dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypoxemia causes cell death and organ dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] This results in catastrophic immune response leading to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multiple organ failure (or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome ) is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. (medriva.com)
  • Alteration in organ function can vary widely from a mild degree of organ dysfunction to completely irreversible organ failure. (medscape.com)
  • The degree of organ dysfunction has a major clinical impact. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is the failure of two or more organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Serious accidents or major surgeries can put significant stress on the body, often leading to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which can cause organ failure. (medriva.com)
  • In a classic 1975 editorial by Baue, the concept of "multiple, progressive or sequential systems failure" was formulated as the basis of a new clinical syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Several different terms were proposed thereafter (eg, multiple organ failure, multiple system organ failure, and multiple organ system failure) to describe this evolving clinical syndrome of otherwise unexplained progressive physiologic failure of several interdependent organ systems. (medscape.com)
  • Circulatory shock is a life-threatening syndrome resulting in multiorgan failure and a high mortality rate. (springer.com)
  • Respiratory failure is common in the first 72 hours. (wikipedia.org)
  • A week later, the patient came back for a post-ICU consult, she was conscious, eupneic, stable, and exhibiting no signs of neither cardiac nor respiratory failure. (hindawi.com)
  • I had Covid double-pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, a blood clot in my left lung, and dangerously low blood oxygen. (legatus.org)
  • Septic shock, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. (qxmd.com)
  • Demographic data, criteria of severity, mortality in ICU, frequency of organ failure, hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters, and laboratory findings were compared in patients with septic shock according to the occurrence of DIC. (qxmd.com)
  • DIC is a strong predictor of death and multiple organ failure in patients with septic shock. (qxmd.com)
  • Types of shock - be it cardiogenic (from heart problems), hypovolemic (due to severe blood or fluid loss), or anaphylactic (severe allergic reactions ) - can lead to insufficient blood flow to organs, inducing multiple organ failure. (medriva.com)
  • Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a mediator in some critical conditions such as septic shock and multiple organ failure. (nih.gov)
  • Fever and vomiting that developed within 24 hours, followed by shock and multi-organ failure, and death within 3 days. (cdc.gov)
  • Physiologic shock is when you don't have enough blood to support your organs and tissues. (healthline.com)
  • The focus of this article is on the multiple causes of physiologic shock. (healthline.com)
  • Your body experiences shock when you don't have enough blood circulating through your system to keep organs and tissues functioning properly. (healthline.com)
  • Shock can lead to multiple organ failure as well as life-threatening complications. (healthline.com)
  • Septic shock occurs when bacteria and their toxins cause serious damage to tissues or organs in your body. (healthline.com)
  • Hypovolemic shock happens when there isn't enough blood in your blood vessels to carry oxygen to your organs. (healthline.com)
  • It can lead to septic shock, multiple organ failure and death, if not recognized early and managed promptly. (who.int)
  • Bacteremia may lead to septic shock, whose symptoms include decreased consciousness, rapid heart and breathing rates and multiple organ failures. (faqs.org)
  • Shock is a life-threatening condition in which blood flow to the organs is low, decreasing delivery of oxygen and thus causing organ damage and sometimes death. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Very low blood pressure can cause damage to organs, a process called shock. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Purpose: To predict the probability of developing multiple organ failure in a patent following traumatic injury using the model of Sauaia et al. (medicalalgorithms.com)
  • Researchers use multiple independent variables (eg, age, injury severity) to predict the dependent variable (or outcome). (medscape.com)
  • An UCCAO caused a slight cerebral ischemia (cerebral blood flow [CBF] 70%) without hypotension (MABP 85 mmHg), systemic inflammation, multiple organs injuries, or neurological injury. (medsci.org)
  • However, combined an UCCAO and an HS caused a severe cerebral ischemia (18% of the original CBF levels), a moderate hypotension (MABP downed to 17 mmHg), systemic inflammation, peripheral organs damage, and neurological injury, which can be attenuated by whole body cooling. (medsci.org)
  • The resuscitation after an HS causes a reperfusion or reoxygenation insult [ 2 - 4 ], gut injury, and multiple organ dysfunctions [ 5 , 6 ]. (medsci.org)
  • In this study, we used an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) to investigate whether multiple organ failure due to acute pancreatitis is mediated by IL-1, as in other causes such as severe infection, trauma, and major surgery. (nih.gov)
  • Acute pancreatitis is one of the noted causes of multiple organ failure but the mechanism by which local inflammation progresses to systemic disease is unknown. (nih.gov)
  • An HS caused a moderate cerebral ischemia (52% of the original CBF levels), a moderate hypotension (MABP downed to 22 mmHg), systemic inflammation, and peripheral organs injuries. (medsci.org)
  • The autopsy revealed cardiomegaly, severe three vessel coronary artery atherosclerosis with diffuse calcification and greater than 75% luminal narrowing, prior stenting of the two coronary arteries, pulmonary congestion and edema, multiple organ failure, and clinical history of cardiac arrest (on November 5, 2014). (cdc.gov)
  • The human body's individual organs work together as a cohesive system to maintain our overall health. (medriva.com)
  • Conditions where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, can potentially cause multiple organ damage and failure. (medriva.com)
  • Diagnostics: malignant hypernatremia with a high plasma osmolarity associated with an acute anuric renal failure, hydro electrolytic disorders, an abnormal liver function, a fever of central origin and a stroke. (scirp.org)
  • In a country with very limited resources, the severe hypernatremia prognosis associated with anuric acute renal failure may be favorable in the absence of renal replacement. (scirp.org)
  • We report the case of a patient with extreme hypernatremia associated with acute anuric renal failure and multiple organ failure treated with hypo and isotonic solutions. (scirp.org)
  • Mr A was then reviewed medically at 2.15pm and noted to be hypoxic and in acute renal failure. (hdc.org.nz)
  • However, events such as severe illnesses or injuries can disrupt this harmonious functioning, leading to a cascading failure of multiple organs. (medriva.com)
  • We concluded that multiple organ failure in severe pancreatitis is mediated, at least in part, by IL-1 through the activation of neutrophils. (nih.gov)
  • I came up to Connecticut, and just a few years back I had a patient, a 75-year-old lady, who was in the intensive care unit because she presented with severe fevers, body ache, headaches, and she ended up requiring life support because of multiple organ failure. (cdc.gov)
  • Over time, consistently high blood sugar can impact the functioning of several organs, including the heart, kidneys, and eyes. (medriva.com)
  • Simplified acute physiologic score (SAPS), frequency of acquired organ failure, blood lactate, and transaminase values were significantly higher in the group DIC+. (qxmd.com)
  • Plugged capillaries prevent oxygenation and the supply of life-supporting materials to your organ tissue and stop the removal of metabolic waste product. (scienceblog.com)
  • Preeclampsia can lead to eclampsia, seizures, stroke, multiple organ failure, and death of the woman and/or baby. (fda.gov)
  • The prognosis and prevention progression of multiple organ failure depends on early detection and prompt, aggressive management. (medriva.com)
  • The cause of death was Ecstasy intoxication and a resulting failure to receive enough oxygen to the brain. (latimes.com)
  • Your blood delivers oxygen and vital nutrients to your organs. (healthline.com)
  • Large families are the Cephalosporins were routinely prescribed desired norm and sterilization is not read- and anticoagulant prophylaxis was adminis- ily acceptable so the prevalence of women tered to patients with high thromboembolic with multiple previous caesarean sections risk profiles. (who.int)
  • Plugged capillaries are seen in organs of septic patients. (scienceblog.com)
  • Subsequently, one might see liver failure (5-7 days), gastrointestinal bleeding (10-15 days) and kidney failure (11-17 days). (wikipedia.org)
  • The coroner ruled her death was caused by multiple drug toxicity, citing use of Ecstasy and amphetamines. (latimes.com)
  • The cause of death was Ecstasy intoxication, abnormally high temperature and multiple organ system failure. (latimes.com)
  • The coroner attributed the death to multiple drug intoxication. (latimes.com)
  • The coroner's office concluded the cause of death was multiple drug intoxication. (latimes.com)
  • These organs may eventually fail, leading to multiple organ failure and death. (scienceblog.com)
  • A hypernatremia sever ity is often associated with a poor prognosis, especially if it is associated with multiple organ failure. (scirp.org)
  • Polytrauma can be defined as a combination of multiple, simultaneous injuries to more than one body part or organ system. (medsci.org)
  • Pharmacological Treatments in Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced and Preserved Ejection Fraction: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. (qxmd.com)
  • of heart Failure Treatment study. (qxmd.com)
  • with heart failure, including non-diabetics. (qxmd.com)
  • Some medication side effects or overdoses can cause damage to multiple organs. (medriva.com)
  • The patient ultimately died of multiple organ failure and achieved 12 months of overall survival. (karger.com)
  • Risk of end-stage renal disease was significantly greater for pesticide applicators who reported multiple doctor visits due to pesticide use and hospitalisation due to pesticide use, compared with those who reported no medical visits due to pesticide use. (bmj.com)
  • The result is that small blood clots form, blocking blood flow to vital organs. (scienceblog.com)
  • Multiple regression is an extension of this technique, in which more than one independent variable is used to describe a single, continuous dependent variable. (medscape.com)
  • In fact, an emergency room doctor might describe it as multiple organ failure. (ritholtz.com)
  • If you lose too much blood, your organs can't function properly. (healthline.com)
  • When your blood vessels lose their tone, they can become so open and floppy that not enough blood pressure supplies your organs. (healthline.com)