Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm forward or upward. When referring to the foot, a combination of adduction and inversion movements of the foot.
Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward. When referring to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body).
Physical motion, i.e., a change in position of a body or subject as a result of an external force. It is distinguished from MOVEMENT, a process resulting from biological activity.
The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
A hinge joint connecting the FOREARM to the ARM.
Region of the body immediately surrounding and including the ELBOW JOINT.
The inner and longer bone of the FOREARM.
A radius fracture is a break in the bone that runs from the wrist to the elbow, located on the thumb-side of the forearm, which can occur at various sites such as near the wrist, middle of the bone or closer to the elbow.
The outer shorter of the two bones of the FOREARM, lying parallel to the ULNA and partially revolving around it.
The joint that is formed by the distal end of the RADIUS, the articular disc of the distal radioulnar joint, and the proximal row of CARPAL BONES; (SCAPHOID BONE; LUNATE BONE; triquetral bone).
Diseases of the cervical (and first thoracic) roots, nerve trunks, cords, and peripheral nerve components of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical manifestations include regional pain, PARESTHESIA; MUSCLE WEAKNESS, and decreased sensation (HYPESTHESIA) in the upper extremity. These disorders may be associated with trauma (including BIRTH INJURIES); THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME; NEOPLASMS; NEURITIS; RADIOTHERAPY; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1351-2)
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
Union of the fragments of a fractured bone in a faulty or abnormal position. If two bones parallel to one another unite by osseous tissue, the result is a crossunion. (From Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 4th ed)
Part of the arm in humans and primates extending from the ELBOW to the WRIST.
Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.
Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Disorder caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. It may include nausea, vomiting and dizziness.
Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.
Movement of a body part initiated and maintained by a mechanical or electrical device to restore normal range of motion to joints, muscles, or tendons after surgery, prosthesis implantation, contracture flexion, or long immobilization.
A deformed foot in which the foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted.
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.
Fixation of the end of a tendon to a bone, often by suturing.
The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.
The surgical cutting of a bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A thick, fibrocartilaginous ligament at the metacarpophalageal joint.
Deformities acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease. The joint deformity is often associated with rheumatoid arthritis and leprosy.
Formed by the articulation of the talus with the calcaneus.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
Surgical procedure by which a tendon is incised at its insertion and placed at an anatomical site distant from the original insertion. The tendon remains attached at the point of origin and takes over the function of a muscle inactivated by trauma or disease.
A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Injuries to the wrist or the wrist joint.
Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization of various parts of the body in cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected wounds. In comparison with plaster casts, casts made of fiberglass or plastic are lightweight, radiolucent, able to withstand moisture, and less rigid.
The articulation between the head of the HUMERUS and the glenoid cavity of the SCAPULA.
The superior part of the upper extremity between the SHOULDER and the ELBOW.
Force exerted when gripping or grasping.
The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals.
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.
The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship.
Lack of stability of a joint or joint prosthesis. Factors involved are intra-articular disease and integrity of extra-articular structures such as joint capsule, ligaments, and muscles.
"Dislocation is a traumatic injury wherein the normal articulation between two bones at a joint is disrupted, resulting in the complete separation of the bone ends and associated soft tissues from their usual position."
An illusion of vision usually affecting spatial relations.
A 'Humeral Fracture' is a medical condition defined as a break in any part of the long bone (humerus) connecting the shoulder to the elbow, which may occur due to various reasons such as trauma, fall, or high-impact sports injuries.
Four or five slender jointed digits in humans and primates, attached to each HAND.
Performance of complex motor acts.
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
A perceptual phenomenon used by Gestalt psychologists to demonstrate that events in one part of the perceptual field may affect perception in another part.
The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.
Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
Perception of three-dimensionality.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Differential response to different stimuli.
Mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs.
Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.

Supination is a term used in the medical field, particularly in the study of anatomy and orthopedics. It refers to the external rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces forward or upward. This motion allows for the hand to be in a position to perform actions such as lifting, holding, or throwing objects. It's also used to describe the movement of the foot when it rolls outward, which is important for normal walking and running gait. Abnormal supination can lead to issues with mobility and pain in the affected limb.

Pronation is a term used in the medical field, particularly in the study of human biomechanics and orthopedics. It refers to the normal motion that occurs in the subtalar joint of the foot, which allows the foot to adapt to various surfaces and absorb shock during walking or running.

During pronation, the arch of the foot collapses, and the heel rolls inward, causing the forefoot to rotate outward. This motion helps distribute the forces of impact evenly across the foot and lower limb, reducing stress on individual structures and providing stability during weight-bearing activities.

However, excessive pronation can lead to biomechanical issues and increase the risk of injuries such as plantar fasciitis, shin splints, and knee pain. Proper assessment and management of foot mechanics, including orthotics or physical therapy interventions, may be necessary to address excessive pronation and related conditions.

In the context of medical terminology, "motion" generally refers to the act or process of moving or changing position. It can also refer to the range of movement of a body part or joint. However, there is no single specific medical definition for the term "motion." The meaning may vary depending on the context in which it is used.

Motion perception is the ability to interpret and understand the movement of objects in our environment. It is a complex process that involves multiple areas of the brain and the visual system. In medical terms, motion perception refers to the specific function of the visual system to detect and analyze the movement of visual stimuli. This allows us to perceive and respond to moving objects in our environment, which is crucial for activities such as driving, sports, and even maintaining balance. Disorders in motion perception can lead to conditions like motion sickness or difficulty with depth perception.

Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.

Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

The elbow joint, also known as the cubitus joint, is a hinge joint that connects the humerus bone of the upper arm to the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. It allows for flexion and extension movements of the forearm, as well as some degree of rotation. The main articulation occurs between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna, while the radial head of the radius also contributes to the joint's stability and motion. Ligaments, muscles, and tendons surround and support the elbow joint, providing strength and protection during movement.

The elbow is a joint formed by the articulation between the humerus bone of the upper arm and the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. It allows for flexion, extension, and rotation of the forearm. The medical definition of "elbow" refers to this specific anatomical structure and its associated functions in human anatomy.

The ulna is one of the two long bones in the forearm, the other being the radius. It runs from the elbow to the wrist and is located on the medial side of the forearm, next to the bone called the humerus in the upper arm. The ulna plays a crucial role in the movement of the forearm and also serves as an attachment site for various muscles.

A radius fracture is a break in the bone that runs from the wrist to the elbow, located on the thumb side of the forearm. Radius fractures can occur as a result of a fall, direct blow to the forearm, or a high-energy collision such as a car accident. There are various types of radius fractures, including:

1. Distal radius fracture: A break at the end of the radius bone, near the wrist joint, which is the most common type of radius fracture.
2. Radial shaft fracture: A break in the middle portion of the radius bone.
3. Radial head and neck fractures: Breaks in the upper part of the radius bone, near the elbow joint.
4. Comminuted fracture: A complex radius fracture where the bone is broken into multiple pieces.
5. Open (compound) fracture: A radius fracture with a wound or laceration in the skin, allowing for communication between the outside environment and the fractured bone.
6. Intra-articular fracture: A radius fracture that extends into the wrist joint or elbow joint.
7. Torus (buckle) fracture: A stable fracture where one side of the bone is compressed, causing it to buckle or bend, but not break completely through.

Symptoms of a radius fracture may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, deformity, limited mobility, and in some cases, numbness or tingling in the fingers. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the fracture but can range from casting to surgical intervention with implant fixation.

The radius is one of the two bones in the forearm in humans and other vertebrates. In humans, it runs from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist. It is responsible for rotation of the forearm and articulates with the humerus at the elbow and the carpals at the wrist. Any medical condition or injury that affects the radius can impact the movement and function of the forearm and hand.

The wrist joint, also known as the radiocarpal joint, is a condyloid joint that connects the distal end of the radius bone in the forearm to the proximal row of carpal bones in the hand (scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones). It allows for flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation movements of the hand. The wrist joint is surrounded by a capsule and reinforced by several ligaments that provide stability and strength to the joint.

Brachial plexus neuropathies refer to a group of conditions that affect the brachial plexus, which is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck and travels down the arm. These nerves are responsible for providing motor and sensory function to the shoulder, arm, and hand.

Brachial plexus neuropathies can occur due to various reasons, including trauma, compression, inflammation, or tumors. The condition can cause symptoms such as pain, numbness, weakness, or paralysis in the affected arm and hand.

The specific medical definition of brachial plexus neuropathies is:

"A group of conditions that affect the brachial plexus, characterized by damage to the nerves that results in motor and/or sensory impairment of the upper limb. The condition can be congenital or acquired, with causes including trauma, compression, inflammation, or tumors."

In the context of medicine and healthcare, "movement" refers to the act or process of changing physical location or position. It involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles, which allows for the joints to move and the body to be in motion. Movement can also refer to the ability of a patient to move a specific body part or limb, which is assessed during physical examinations. Additionally, "movement" can describe the progression or spread of a disease within the body.

Malunited fractures refer to a type of fracture where the bones do not heal in their proper alignment or position. This can occur due to various reasons such as inadequate reduction of the fracture fragments during initial treatment, improper casting or immobilization, or failure of the patient to follow proper immobilization instructions. Malunited fractures can result in deformity, limited range of motion, and decreased functionality of the affected limb. Additional treatments such as surgery may be required to correct the malunion and restore normal function.

The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. It consists of two bones, the radius and ulna, which are located side by side and run parallel to each other. The forearm is responsible for movements such as flexion, extension, supination, and pronation of the hand and wrist.

Forearm injuries refer to damages or traumas that affect the anatomy and function of the forearm, which is the area between the elbow and wrist. This region consists of two long bones (the radius and ulna) and several muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels that enable movements such as flexion, extension, pronation, and supination of the hand and wrist.

Common forearm injuries include:

1. Fractures: Breaks in the radius or ulna bones can occur due to high-energy trauma, falls, or sports accidents. These fractures may be simple (stable) or compound (displaced), and might require immobilization, casting, or surgical intervention depending on their severity and location.

2. Sprains and Strains: Overstretching or tearing of the ligaments connecting the bones in the forearm or the muscles and tendons responsible for movement can lead to sprains and strains. These injuries often cause pain, swelling, bruising, and limited mobility.

3. Dislocations: In some cases, forceful trauma might result in the dislocation of the radioulnar joint, where the ends of the radius and ulna meet. This injury can be extremely painful and may necessitate immediate medical attention to realign the bones and stabilize the joint.

4. Tendonitis: Repetitive motions or overuse can cause inflammation and irritation of the tendons in the forearm, resulting in a condition known as tendonitis. This injury typically presents with localized pain, swelling, and stiffness that worsen with activity.

5. Nerve Injuries: Direct trauma, compression, or stretching can damage nerves in the forearm, leading to numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the hand and fingers. Common nerve injuries include radial nerve neuropathy and ulnar nerve entrapment.

6. Compartment Syndrome: Forearm compartment syndrome occurs when increased pressure within one of the forearm's fascial compartments restricts blood flow to the muscles, nerves, and tissues inside. This condition can result from trauma, bleeding, or swelling and requires immediate medical intervention to prevent permanent damage.

Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing forearm injuries and ensuring optimal recovery. Patients should consult with a healthcare professional if they experience persistent pain, swelling, stiffness, weakness, or numbness in their forearms or hands.

In the context of medicine, particularly in anatomy and physiology, "rotation" refers to the movement of a body part around its own axis or the long axis of another structure. This type of motion is three-dimensional and can occur in various planes. A common example of rotation is the movement of the forearm bones (radius and ulna) around each other during pronation and supination, which allows the hand to be turned palm up or down. Another example is the rotation of the head during mastication (chewing), where the mandible moves in a circular motion around the temporomandibular joint.

Motion sickness is a condition characterized by a disturbance in the balance and orientation senses, often triggered by conflicting information received from the eyes, inner ears, and other bodily sensory systems. It's typically brought on by motion such as that experienced during travel in cars, trains, boats, or airplanes, or even while using virtual reality devices. Symptoms can include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and cold sweats.

The inner ear's vestibular system plays a key role in this condition. When the body is in motion but the inner ear remains still, or vice versa, it can cause the brain to receive conflicting signals about the body's state of motion, leading to feelings of disorientation and sickness.

Preventative measures for motion sickness include fixating on a stationary point outside the vehicle, avoiding reading or looking at electronic screens during travel, taking over-the-counter medications like dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) or scopolamine (Transderm Scop), and engaging in relaxation techniques such as deep breathing.

An ulna fracture is a break in the ulna bone, which is one of the two long bones in the forearm. The ulna is located on the pinky finger side of the forearm and functions to support the elbow joint and assist in rotation and movement of the forearm. Ulna fractures can occur at various points along the bone, including the shaft, near the wrist, or at the elbow end of the bone. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, deformity, limited mobility, and in some cases, numbness or tingling in the fingers. Treatment typically involves immobilization with a cast or splint, followed by rehabilitation exercises to restore strength and range of motion. In severe cases, surgery may be required to realign and stabilize the fractured bone.

Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) therapy is a type of motion therapy that is often used in physical rehabilitation following surgery or injury. In CPM therapy, the affected body part is moved continuously through a range of motion without any active participation from the patient. This is typically accomplished with the use of a motorized device that gently and slowly moves the limb.

The goal of CPM therapy is to help prevent stiffness, reduce pain, improve circulation, and promote healing in the affected area. It is often used following joint replacement surgery, such as knee or hip replacements, as well as after injuries that limit mobility and range of motion. By providing continuous, passive movement to the affected limb, CPM therapy can help prevent the formation of scar tissue and adhesions, which can restrict movement and cause pain.

CPM therapy is usually prescribed by a healthcare provider and administered under the supervision of a physical therapist or other rehabilitation specialist. The range of motion and speed of the movement are carefully controlled to ensure safety and effectiveness. While CPM therapy can be an important part of the recovery process, it is typically used in conjunction with other rehabilitation techniques, such as exercises and manual therapy, to achieve optimal outcomes.

Clubfoot, also known as talipes equinovarus, is a congenital foot deformity where the foot is twisted inward and downward. The affected foot appears to be turned inward and downward, resembling a club or a bowling pin. This condition usually affects one foot but can occur in both feet as well.

The cause of clubfoot is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Clubfoot is often diagnosed at birth or during routine prenatal ultrasound exams. Treatment for clubfoot typically involves nonsurgical methods such as stretching, casting, and bracing to gradually correct the position of the foot over time. In some cases, surgery may be required to release tight tendons and realign the bones in the foot and ankle.

If left untreated, clubfoot can lead to significant mobility issues and difficulty walking or participating in activities. However, with early intervention and consistent treatment, most children with clubfoot are able to lead active and normal lives.

A contracture, in a medical context, refers to the abnormal shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, which can result in limited mobility and deformity of joints. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as injury, prolonged immobilization, scarring, neurological disorders, or genetic conditions.

Contractures can cause significant impairment in daily activities and quality of life, making it difficult for individuals to perform routine tasks like dressing, bathing, or walking. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, casting, medications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the contracture.

Tenodesis is a surgical procedure where a damaged or torn tendon is attached to a nearby bone using sutures, anchors, or screws. The term specifically refers to the surgical fixation of a tendon to a bone. This procedure is often performed to treat injuries of the shoulder or wrist, such as rotator cuff tears or distal biceps tendon ruptures.

The goal of tenodesis is to provide stability and restore function to the affected joint by creating a new, stable attachment point for the tendon. This procedure can help reduce pain, improve strength, and enhance overall joint mobility. It is typically recommended when non-surgical treatments have failed or are not appropriate for the patient's injury.

It is important to note that tenodesis should not be confused with tenotomy, which is a surgical procedure where a tendon is cut to release tension and improve mobility in a joint.

"Torque" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a physical concept used in the fields of physics and engineering, referring to a twisting force that causes rotation around an axis. However, in certain medical contexts, such as in discussions of spinal or joint biomechanics, the term "torque" may be used to describe a rotational force applied to a body part. But generally speaking, "torque" is not a term commonly used in medical terminology.

Osteotomy is a surgical procedure in which a bone is cut to shorten, lengthen, or change its alignment. It is often performed to correct deformities or to realign bones that have been damaged by trauma or disease. The bone may be cut straight across (transverse osteotomy) or at an angle (oblique osteotomy). After the bone is cut, it can be realigned and held in place with pins, plates, or screws until it heals. This procedure is commonly performed on bones in the leg, such as the femur or tibia, but can also be done on other bones in the body.

A volar plate, also known as the palmar plate, is a strong band of tissue found in the joints of the hand (metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints) that helps to provide stability and prevent hyperextension. It is located on the palmar or volar side (front side) of the joint, and it is attached to the proximal phalanx and the metacarpal bone. Injuries to the volar plate can occur due to sports accidents or falls, leading to conditions such as a volar plate injury or a gamekeeper's thumb.

Acquired joint deformities refer to structural changes in the alignment and shape of a joint that develop after birth, due to various causes such as injury, disease, or wear and tear. These deformities can affect the function and mobility of the joint, causing pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. Examples of conditions that can lead to acquired joint deformities include arthritis, infection, trauma, and nerve damage. Treatment may involve medication, physical therapy, or surgery to correct the deformity and alleviate symptoms.

The subtalar joint is a joint in the foot that is located between the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones. It is called a "joint" because it allows for movement, specifically inversion and eversion, which are the movements that allow the foot to roll inward or outward. The subtalar joint plays an essential role in the biomechanics of the foot and ankle, helping to absorb shock during walking and running, and contributing to the stability of the foot during standing and walking. Issues with the subtalar joint can lead to various foot and ankle problems, such as flatfoot or chronic ankle instability.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

A tendon transfer is a surgical procedure where a healthy tendon is moved to rebalance or reinforce a muscle that has become weak or paralyzed due to injury, disease, or nerve damage. The transferred tendon attaches to the bone in a new position, allowing it to power a different movement or stabilize a joint. This procedure helps restore function and improve mobility in the affected area.

A comminuted fracture is a type of bone break where the bone is shattered into three or more pieces. This type of fracture typically occurs after high-energy trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a great height. Commminuted fractures can also occur in bones that are weakened by conditions like osteoporosis or cancer. Because of the severity and complexity of comminuted fractures, they often require extensive treatment, which may include surgery to realign and stabilize the bone fragments using metal screws, plates, or rods.

Wrist injuries refer to damages or traumas affecting the structures of the wrist, including bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as falls, accidents, sports-related impacts, or repetitive stress. Common types of wrist injuries include fractures (such as scaphoid fracture), sprains (like ligament tears), strains (involving muscles or tendons), dislocations, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, limited mobility, and in severe cases, deformity or numbness. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment to ensure optimal recovery and prevent long-term complications.

Surgical casts are medical devices used to immobilize and protect injured body parts, typically fractured or broken bones, during the healing process. They are usually made of plaster or fiberglass materials that harden when wet and conform to the shape of the affected area once applied. The purpose of a surgical cast is to restrict movement and provide stability to the injured site, allowing for proper alignment and healing of the bones.

The casting process involves first aligning the broken bone fragments into their correct positions, often through manual manipulation or surgical intervention. Once aligned, the cast material is applied in layers, with each layer being allowed to dry before adding the next. This creates a rigid structure that encases and supports the injured area. The cast must be kept dry during the healing process to prevent it from becoming weakened or damaged.

Surgical casts come in various shapes and sizes depending on the location and severity of the injury. They may also include additional components such as padding, Velcro straps, or window openings to allow for regular monitoring of the skin and underlying tissue. In some cases, removable splints or functional braces may be used instead of traditional casts, providing similar support while allowing for limited movement and easier adjustments.

It is essential to follow proper care instructions when wearing a surgical cast, including elevating the injured limb, avoiding excessive weight-bearing, and monitoring for signs of complications such as swelling, numbness, or infection. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are necessary to ensure proper healing and adjust the cast if needed.

The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is the most mobile joint in the human body. It is a ball and socket synovial joint that connects the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) to the glenoid cavity of the scapula (shoulder blade). The shoulder joint allows for a wide range of movements including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation. It is surrounded by a group of muscles and tendons known as the rotator cuff that provide stability and enable smooth movement of the joint.

In medical terms, the arm refers to the upper limb of the human body, extending from the shoulder to the wrist. It is composed of three major bones: the humerus in the upper arm, and the radius and ulna in the lower arm. The arm contains several joints, including the shoulder joint, elbow joint, and wrist joint, which allow for a wide range of motion. The arm also contains muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and other soft tissues that are essential for normal function.

Hand strength refers to the measure of force or power that an individual can generate using the muscles of the hand and forearm. It is often assessed through various tests, such as grip strength dynamometry, which measures the maximum force exerted by the hand when squeezing a device called a handgrip dynanometer. Hand strength is important for performing daily activities, maintaining independence, and can be indicative of overall health and well-being. Reduced hand strength may be associated with conditions such as neuromuscular disorders, arthritis, or injuries.

Fracture fixation, internal, is a surgical procedure where a fractured bone is fixed using metal devices such as plates, screws, or rods that are implanted inside the body. This technique helps to maintain the alignment and stability of the broken bone while it heals. The implants may be temporarily or permanently left inside the body, depending on the nature and severity of the fracture. Internal fixation allows for early mobilization and rehabilitation, which can result in a faster recovery and improved functional outcome.

Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.

EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.

EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.

Fracture fixation is a surgical procedure in orthopedic trauma surgery where a fractured bone is stabilized using various devices and techniques to promote proper healing and alignment. The goal of fracture fixation is to maintain the broken bone ends in correct anatomical position and length, allowing for adequate stability during the healing process.

There are two main types of fracture fixation:

1. Internal fixation: In this method, metal implants like plates, screws, or intramedullary rods are inserted directly into the bone to hold the fragments in place. These implants can be either removed or left in the body once healing is complete, depending on the type and location of the fracture.

2. External fixation: This technique involves placing pins or screws through the skin and into the bone above and below the fracture site. These pins are then connected to an external frame that maintains alignment and stability. External fixators are typically used when there is significant soft tissue damage, infection, or when internal fixation is not possible due to the complexity of the fracture.

The choice between internal and external fixation depends on various factors such as the type and location of the fracture, patient's age and overall health, surgeon's preference, and potential complications. Both methods aim to provide a stable environment for bone healing while minimizing the risk of malunion, nonunion, or deformity.

Photic stimulation is a medical term that refers to the exposure of the eyes to light, specifically repetitive pulses of light, which is used as a method in various research and clinical settings. In neuroscience, it's often used in studies related to vision, circadian rhythms, and brain function.

In a clinical context, photic stimulation is sometimes used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions such as seizure disorders (like epilepsy). By observing the response of the brain to this light stimulus, doctors can gain valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and the presence of any neurological disorders.

However, it's important to note that photic stimulation should be conducted under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can potentially trigger seizures in individuals who are susceptible to them.

Ankle injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the ankle joint and its surrounding structures, including bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. The ankle joint is a complex structure composed of three bones: the tibia (shinbone), fibula (lower leg bone), and talus (a bone in the foot). These bones are held together by various strong ligaments that provide stability and enable proper movement.

There are several types of ankle injuries, with the most common being sprains, strains, and fractures:

1. Ankle Sprain: A sprain occurs when the ligaments surrounding the ankle joint get stretched or torn due to sudden twisting, rolling, or forced movements. The severity of a sprain can range from mild (grade 1) to severe (grade 3), with partial or complete tearing of the ligament(s).
2. Ankle Strain: A strain is an injury to the muscles or tendons surrounding the ankle joint, often caused by overuse, excessive force, or awkward positioning. This results in pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the ankle.
3. Ankle Fracture: A fracture occurs when one or more bones in the ankle joint break due to high-impact trauma, such as a fall, sports injury, or vehicle accident. Fractures can vary in severity, from small cracks to complete breaks that may require surgery and immobilization for proper healing.

Symptoms of ankle injuries typically include pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected ankle. Immediate medical attention is necessary for severe injuries, such as fractures, dislocations, or significant ligament tears, to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Treatment options may include rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE), immobilization with a brace or cast, physical therapy, medication, or surgery, depending on the type and severity of the injury.

Psychophysics is not a medical term per se, but rather a subfield of psychology and neuroscience that studies the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce. It involves the quantitative investigation of psychological functions, such as how brightness or loudness is perceived relative to the physical intensity of light or sound.

In medical contexts, psychophysical methods may be used in research or clinical settings to understand how patients with neurological conditions or sensory impairments perceive and respond to different stimuli. This information can inform diagnostic assessments, treatment planning, and rehabilitation strategies.

Joint instability is a condition characterized by the loss of normal joint function and increased risk of joint injury due to impaired integrity of the supporting structures, such as ligaments, muscles, or cartilage. This can result in excessive movement or laxity within the joint, leading to decreased stability and increased susceptibility to dislocations or subluxations. Joint instability may cause pain, swelling, and limited range of motion, and it can significantly impact a person's mobility and quality of life. It is often caused by trauma, degenerative conditions, or congenital abnormalities and may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, to restore joint stability.

A dislocation is a condition in which a bone slips out of its normal position in a joint. This can happen as a result of trauma or injury, such as a fall or direct blow to the body. Dislocations can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected area. In some cases, a dislocation may also damage surrounding tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, and nerves.

Dislocations are typically treated by reducing the dislocation, which means putting the bone back into its normal position. This is usually done with the help of medication to relieve pain and relaxation techniques to help the person stay still during the reduction. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissues or if the dislocation cannot be reduced through other methods. After the dislocation has been reduced, the joint may be immobilized with a splint or sling to allow it to heal properly.

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect that you have a dislocation. If left untreated, a dislocation can lead to further complications, such as joint instability and chronic pain.

Optical illusions are visual phenomena that occur when the brain perceives an image or scene differently from the actual physical properties of that image or scene. They often result from the brain's attempt to interpret and make sense of ambiguous, contradictory, or incomplete information provided by the eyes. This can lead to visually perceived images that are different from the objective reality. Optical illusions can be categorized into different types such as literal illusions, physiological illusions, and cognitive illusions, based on the nature of the illusion and the underlying cause.

A humeral fracture is a medical term that refers to a break in the humerus bone, which is the long bone located in the upper arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. Humeral fractures can occur anywhere along the length of the bone and can vary in severity, from small hairline cracks to complete breaks that separate the bone into several pieces.

These types of fractures can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, falls, sports injuries, or repetitive stress injuries. Symptoms of a humeral fracture may include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, limited mobility, and difficulty moving the arm.

Humeral fractures are typically diagnosed through physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment options for humeral fractures depend on the severity and location of the break, and may include immobilization with a sling or cast, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone with plates, screws, or rods, or physical therapy to help restore mobility and strength to the arm.

In medical terms, fingers are not specifically defined as they are common anatomical structures. However, I can provide you with a general anatomy definition:

Fingers are the terminal parts of the upper limb in primates, including humans, consisting of four digits (thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers) and one opposable thumb. They contain bones called phalanges, connected by joints that allow for movement and flexibility. Each finger has a nail, nerve endings for sensation, and blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen. Fingers are crucial for various activities such as grasping, manipulating objects, and tactile exploration of the environment.

Motor skills are defined as the abilities required to plan, control and execute physical movements. They involve a complex interplay between the brain, nerves, muscles, and the environment. Motor skills can be broadly categorized into two types: fine motor skills, which involve small, precise movements (such as writing or picking up small objects), and gross motor skills, which involve larger movements using the arms, legs, and torso (such as crawling, walking, or running).

Motor skills development is an essential aspect of child growth and development, and it continues to evolve throughout adulthood. Difficulties with motor skills can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and can be associated with various neurological and musculoskeletal conditions.

"Recovery of function" is a term used in medical rehabilitation to describe the process in which an individual regains the ability to perform activities or tasks that were previously difficult or impossible due to injury, illness, or disability. This can involve both physical and cognitive functions. The goal of recovery of function is to help the person return to their prior level of independence and participation in daily activities, work, and social roles as much as possible.

Recovery of function may be achieved through various interventions such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy, and other rehabilitation strategies. The specific approach used will depend on the individual's needs and the nature of their impairment. Recovery of function can occur spontaneously as the body heals, or it may require targeted interventions to help facilitate the process.

It is important to note that recovery of function does not always mean a full return to pre-injury or pre-illness levels of ability. Instead, it often refers to the person's ability to adapt and compensate for any remaining impairments, allowing them to achieve their maximum level of functional independence and quality of life.

"Figural aftereffect" is not a widely recognized or established term in medical or clinical neuroscience literature. However, it seems to be related to the concept of "perceptual aftereffects," which are well-documented phenomena in visual and other sensory perception. Here's a definition that may help you understand figural aftereffects within this context:

Perceptual aftereffect is a phenomenon where exposure to a specific stimulus for a certain period can temporarily alter the perception of subsequent stimuli, making them appear different from what they would have been without the initial exposure. This effect arises due to neural adaptation in response to the prolonged exposure.

In the case of "figural aftereffect," it likely refers to a specific type of perceptual aftereffect where the perception of figures or shapes is affected by prior exposure. For example, if someone stares at a curved line for a while and then looks at a straight line, they might initially perceive the straight line as being more curved than it actually is due to the lingering influence of the initial stimulus.

However, since "figural aftereffect" isn't a standard term in medical or neuroscience literature, I would recommend consulting original research articles or experts in visual perception for a more precise definition and context.

Sensory thresholds are the minimum levels of stimulation that are required to produce a sensation in an individual, as determined through psychophysical testing. These tests measure the point at which a person can just barely detect the presence of a stimulus, such as a sound, light, touch, or smell.

There are two types of sensory thresholds: absolute and difference. Absolute threshold is the minimum level of intensity required to detect a stimulus 50% of the time. Difference threshold, also known as just noticeable difference (JND), is the smallest change in intensity that can be detected between two stimuli.

Sensory thresholds can vary between individuals and are influenced by factors such as age, attention, motivation, and expectations. They are often used in clinical settings to assess sensory function and diagnose conditions such as hearing or vision loss.

An artifact, in the context of medical terminology, refers to something that is created or introduced during a scientific procedure or examination that does not naturally occur in the patient or specimen being studied. Artifacts can take many forms and can be caused by various factors, including contamination, damage, degradation, or interference from equipment or external sources.

In medical imaging, for example, an artifact might appear as a distortion or anomaly on an X-ray, MRI, or CT scan that is not actually present in the patient's body. This can be caused by factors such as patient movement during the scan, metal implants or other foreign objects in the body, or issues with the imaging equipment itself.

Similarly, in laboratory testing, an artifact might refer to a substance or characteristic that is introduced into a sample during collection, storage, or analysis that can interfere with accurate results. This could include things like contamination from other samples, degradation of the sample over time, or interference from chemicals used in the testing process.

In general, artifacts are considered to be sources of error or uncertainty in medical research and diagnosis, and it is important to identify and account for them in order to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

Depth perception is the ability to accurately judge the distance or separation of an object in three-dimensional space. It is a complex visual process that allows us to perceive the world in three dimensions and to understand the spatial relationships between objects.

Depth perception is achieved through a combination of monocular cues, which are visual cues that can be perceived with one eye, and binocular cues, which require input from both eyes. Monocular cues include perspective (the relative size of objects), texture gradients (finer details become smaller as distance increases), and atmospheric perspective (colors become less saturated and lighter in value as distance increases). Binocular cues include convergence (the degree to which the eyes must turn inward to focus on an object) and retinal disparity (the slight difference in the images projected onto the two retinas due to the slightly different positions of the eyes).

Deficits in depth perception can occur due to a variety of factors, including eye disorders, brain injuries, or developmental delays. These deficits can result in difficulties with tasks such as driving, sports, or navigating complex environments. Treatment for depth perception deficits may include vision therapy, corrective lenses, or surgery.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Visual pattern recognition is the ability to identify and interpret patterns in visual information. In a medical context, it often refers to the process by which healthcare professionals recognize and diagnose medical conditions based on visible signs or symptoms. This can involve recognizing the characteristic appearance of a rash, wound, or other physical feature associated with a particular disease or condition. It may also involve recognizing patterns in medical images such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs.

In the field of radiology, for example, visual pattern recognition is a critical skill. Radiologists are trained to recognize the typical appearances of various diseases and conditions in medical images. This allows them to make accurate diagnoses based on the patterns they see. Similarly, dermatologists use visual pattern recognition to identify skin abnormalities and diseases based on the appearance of rashes, lesions, or other skin changes.

Overall, visual pattern recognition is an essential skill in many areas of medicine, allowing healthcare professionals to quickly and accurately diagnose medical conditions based on visible signs and symptoms.

Eye movements, also known as ocular motility, refer to the voluntary or involuntary motion of the eyes that allows for visual exploration of our environment. There are several types of eye movements, including:

1. Saccades: rapid, ballistic movements that quickly shift the gaze from one point to another.
2. Pursuits: smooth, slow movements that allow the eyes to follow a moving object.
3. Vergences: coordinated movements of both eyes in opposite directions, usually in response to a three-dimensional stimulus.
4. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR): automatic eye movements that help stabilize the gaze during head movement.
5. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN): rhythmic eye movements that occur in response to large moving visual patterns, such as when looking out of a moving vehicle.

Abnormalities in eye movements can indicate neurological or ophthalmological disorders and are often assessed during clinical examinations.

Supination of the forearm occurs when the forearm or palm are rotated outwards. Supination of the foot is turning of the sole ... Rectilinear motion is motion in a straight line between two points, whereas curvilinear motion is motion following a curved ... Apart from this motions can also be divided into: Linear motions (or translatory motions), which move in a line between two ... The range of motion describes the total range of motion that a joint is able to do. For example, if a part of the body such as ...
Repetitive motion of pronation and supination are also effective exercises for rehabilitation. Exercising pronation and ... Range of motion can be regained by using hand splints to stretch the impaired hand and to prevent overstretching. Using splints ... A lateral pinch and recurring grip can also be applied for supination and pronation. Older males are more likely to have ulnar ... By exercising individual fingers and thumb in adduction and abduction motion in pronation position, interosseous muscles will ...
The elbows may have limited motion (e.g., limited pronation, supination, extension). Subluxation of the radial head may occur. ...
Note that the degrees of freedom of a joint is not the same as the same as joint's range of motion. Pivot joints allow for ... these movements are typically called pronation and supination. In the standard anatomical position, the forearms are supinated ...
... while calcaneocuboid motion is 2 degrees flexion-extension and 7 degrees pronation-supination. The motions of the subtalar and ... Average subtalar motion is 20-30 degrees inversion and 5-10 degrees eversion. Functional motion during the gait cycle is 10-15 ... In vitro talonavicular motion is 7 degrees flexion-extension and 17 degrees pronation-supination; ... The complex motion of the subtalar joint occurs in three planes and produces subtalar inversion and eversion. Along with the ...
... which ensures frictionless motion between the biceps tendon and the proximal radius during pronation and supination of the ... in a journal named Physiology of Motion. It remains one of the major references on supination action of the biceps brachii.[ ... which suggests they were probably able to use their biceps for supination over a wider range of pronation-supination. It is ... Both these movements are used when opening a bottle with a corkscrew: first biceps screws in the cork (supination), then it ...
It ensures frictionless motion between the biceps tendon and the proximal radius during pronation and supination of the forearm ...
Symptoms of subtalar joint arthritis include pain when walking, loss of motion through the joint's range of motion, and ... When both of these articulations are accounted together, it allows for pronation and supination of the midfoot to occur. The ...
The triplanar motion of the foot postulates that blocking of any one component of triplanar motion in a single cardinal plane ... Pronation is the first half of the stance phase, whereas supination starts the propulsive phase as the heel begins to lift off ... Motion control shoes are a specific type of running shoe designed to limit these excessive foot motions by reducing the amount ... Stacoff A, Kälin X, Stüssi E (April 1991). "The effects of shoes on the torsion and rearfoot motion in running". Med Sci Sports ...
Movement at the elbow was also limited compared to humans, with a total range of motion of only 57°. The arm could not ... The radius and ulna (forearm bones) locked together so that there was no possibility of pronation or supination (twisting) as ... Other less probable theories have suggested the forelimb range of motion being able to grasp onto the side of a sauropod and ... After determining the ranges of motion in the joints of the forelimb, the study went on to hypothesize about the predatory ...
Pronation is the motion of the inner and outer ball of the foot with the heel bone. One is said to be "knock-kneed" if one has ... Brachioradialis puts the forearm into a midpronated/supinated position from either full pronation or supination. For the foot, ... The range of motion for dorsiflexion indicated in the literature varies from 12.2 to 18 degrees. Foot drop is a condition, that ... The range of motion for plantar flexion is usually indicated in the literature as 30° to 40°, but sometimes also 50°. The ...
This rolling inward motion as the foot progresses from heel to toe is the way that the body naturally absorbs shock. Neutral ... Underpronation (supination) An individual who underpronates also initially strikes the ground on the lateral side of the heel. ... In the non-weight-bearing leg, the tibialis anterior dorsiflexes the foot and lift its medial edge (supination). In the weight- ... In the non-weight-bearing leg, it produces plantar flexion and supination, and, in the weight-bearing leg, it proximates the ...
The relative timing of this kind of movements is also called alternate motion rates (AMR) or sequential motor rates (SMR). Loss ... as of flexion and extension or of pronation and supination. Speech-language pathology defines it as the speed necessary to stop ... In cerebellar diseases, the movements are irregular and inaccurate; in case of the pyramidal tract lesion the motion may be ...
Patients with the pronator teres syndrome have numbness in median nerve distribution with repetitive pronation/supination of ... not flexion and extension of the elbow Early fatigue of the forearm muscles is seen with repetitive stressful motion, ...
In addition, swelling and bruising of the elbow, loss of elbow range of motion, and a sudden decrease in throwing velocity are ... the forearm is in near full supination, and the elbow flexes from 90° to approximately 125°. From late cocking to ball release ... The UCL stabilizes the elbow from being abducted during a throwing motion. If intense or repeated bouts of valgus stress occur ... Damage to the UCL is common among baseball pitchers and javelin throwers because the throwing motion is similar. Physicians ...
The first phase focuses on early motion and usually occupies post-surgical weeks one through three. Passive range of motion is ... However, while manual resistance exercises for scapular protraction, elbow extension, and pronation and supination are ... Ellenbecker TS, Sueyoshi T, Winters M, Zeman D (May 2008). "Descriptive report of shoulder range of motion and rotational ... Phase 2, occupying weeks 4 through 6, involves progression of strength and range of motion, attempting to achieve progressive ...
Once the radius and ulna have been brought to their extreme positions, further twisting motion will put severe torque on the ... Straightening the arm does not alleviate the pressure, since the shoulder joint does not allow further supination of the hand. ... The wrist joint does not allow rotating motion, and the force is transferred to the forearm causing radioulnar rotation, ... and involves forced supination or pronation of the wrist, and is typically applied by grabbing and twisting the hand. ...
Conversely, when a joint is stretched quickly by high intensity short duration (HISD) some range of motion may be gained but ... supination and pronation of the forearm, internal rotation and external rotation of the shoulder, as well as abduction and ... The biomechanically correct tensioning is adjusted on both sides as range of motion gains occur. Time spent at end range vs. ... If passive range of motioned has been prescribed, then dynamic splinting may commence. Dynamic splinting is contraindicated If ...
However, as it enters the peripheral vision, the internal spinning motion distorts how the overall motion is perceived. A ... because the pitcher may lazily pronate slightly at the release point instead of following through with complete supination at ... Using this twisting motion around the ball is said to cause injury to the arm near the elbow. A slider's spin axis is almost ... The pitcher at the top of the throwing arc will snap the arm and wrist in a downward motion. The ball first leaves contact with ...
Pronation and supination of the wrists (crossing the radius and ulna bones of the lower arm to turn the hand) was prevented by ... In 2018, Senter and Corwin Sullivan examined the range of motion in the fore limb joints of Dilophosaurus by manipulating the ... They also took into account that experiments with alligator carcasses show that the range of motion is greater in elbows ... Senter and Sullivan found that the pathologies significantly altered the range of motion in the right shoulder and right third ...
... motion perception MeSH G11.697.716.877.905 - pattern recognition, visual The list continues at List of MeSH codes (G12). ( ... supination MeSH G11.427.792.540 - muscle contraction MeSH G11.427.792.540.472 - isometric contraction MeSH G11.427.792.540.493 ... range of motion, articular MeSH G11.427.792.195 - bone remodeling MeSH G11.427.792.195.140 - bone regeneration MeSH G11.427. ...
... meaning the forearm was in a permanent state of supination. When Ornitholestes bent its elbows, this would cause the forearms ... used articulated casts of the Ornitholestes type specimen's right forelimb to determine its range of motion. Senter found that ...
... motion (abbreviated CW) proceeds in the same direction as a clock's hands: from the top to the right, then down and ... The reason for the clockwise standard for most screws and bolts is that supination of the arm, which is used by a right-handed ... This effect is caused by the plane of the dial having been rotated through the plane of the motion of the sun and thus the ... The terms clockwise and counterclockwise can only be applied to a rotational motion once a side of the rotational plane is ...
The range of motions in these joints decrease from the fifth to the second CMCs. The second to fifth joints are synovial ... Pronation-supination of the first metacarpal is especially important for the action of opposition. The movements of the first ... Range of motion for the first CMC is 53° of flexion/extension, 42° of abduction/adduction, and 17° of rotation. Planes and axes ... It is taut in abduction, opposition, and supination. It has been reported to be the most important restraining structure of the ...
The CMC joint of the thumb allows a wide range of motion while maintaining stability for grasp and pinch.[citation needed] With ... and proximal direction tension from the APL rotates the fragment into supination tension from the adductor pollicis muscle (ADP ... arthritic CMC joint with diminished range of motion: it will also result in a hand with greatly diminished overall function.[ ...
This type of transfer is the preferred method for median nerve palsy when both strength and motion are required. In situations ... mention reproduction of symptoms to the forearm during elbow flexion of 120-130 degrees with the forearm in maximal supination ... To relieve symptoms, patients may describe a motion similar to "shaking a thermometer", another indication of CTS. Pronator ... the flexor digitorum superficialis of the long and ring fingers or the wrist extensors best approximate the force and motion ...
It is caused by overuse and repetitive motions like a golf swing. It can also be caused by trauma. Wrist flexion and pronation ... Though the elbow is similarly adapted for stability through a wide range of pronation-supination and flexion-extension in all ... It can occur both from chronic repetitive motions of the hand and forearm, and from trauma to the same areas. These repetitions ... Dimon, T. (2011). The Body of Motion: its Evolution and Design (pp. 39-42). Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books. Thomas, B. P.; ...
Supination requires a dorsal glide of the distal radius and pronation a palmar glide in relation to the distal ulna. Pronation ... Hindlimb Anatomical terms of motion de Beer, Gavin (1956). Vertebrate zoology: an introduction to the comparative anatomy, ...
Supination The position of the hand when the palm is facing up. See #Pronation. Target area The area delimited for valid hits ... Excess motion can ruin the control needed for precise, consistent hits. False attack An attack that is intended to miss or fall ... See #Supination. Quarte Parry #4; blade up and to the inside, wrist supinated. The point is higher than the hand. Covers the ... This section of the blade is weaker in terms of leverage, and is used for beats, presses, and other motions where speed is ...
In addition to the rolling, there is also a function of wrist and shoulder supination inherent in the exercise, as one hand ... The wrist roller is a device designed for strengthening the forearm muscles together in a rolling-pulling motion. It consists ...
Supination of the forearm occurs when the forearm or palm are rotated outwards. Supination of the foot is turning of the sole ... Rectilinear motion is motion in a straight line between two points, whereas curvilinear motion is motion following a curved ... Apart from this motions can also be divided into: Linear motions (or translatory motions), which move in a line between two ... The range of motion describes the total range of motion that a joint is able to do. For example, if a part of the body such as ...
Home/Running Shoes/Best Motion Control Running Shoes in 2020 - Reviewed. Running Shoes Best Motion Control Running Shoes in ... The Advantages & Disadvantages of Motion-Controlled Running Shoes. Motion control running shoes have both their pros and their ... A Guide To Motion Control Running Shoes. It can be sometimes difficult for runners to find shoes that not only provide a ... Tips For Buying The Best Motion Control Running Shoes. Now that weve gone over the pros and cons of these shoes, wed like to ...
... supination, and pronation; wrist flexion, extension, and radial and ulnar deviation; and, finally, all finger motions. If ... Obvious limitation and/or pain in any direction of motion should be noted. The examiner also needs to be aware of passive ... A negative response, as shown here, is no motion of the thumb. A positive response is flexion of the thumb at the ... A negative response, as shown here, is no motion of the thumb. A positive response is flexion of the thumb at the ...
The elbows may have limited motion (eg. limited pronation, supination, extension). Subluxation of the radial head may occur. ...
... easy-to-follow content that depict range of motion and alignment, making it easy for you to visualize the examination and ... technique for each joint motion and muscle length test. ... Forearm Supination. *Muscle Length Testing Procedures. * ... Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide to Goniometry. Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide to Goniometry. Editor/Author Norkin, ... For each measurable joint in the body, this resource provides consistent, easy-to-follow content that depict range of motion ...
They may also slap the foot back to the floor once the heel hits the ground as they cannot control the downward motion. ... Supination (Foot Biomechanics) Supination is a movement of the foot necessary for walking and running among other activities. ... Foot biomechanics & supination. Oversupination is the opposite of overpronation. Here the foot fails to roll in or flatten ...
We hypothesized that accessory motions (metacarpophalangeal pronation/supination; proximal and distal interphalangeal radial/ ... Previous optical motion capture studies used a single marker on the dorsal aspect of finger joints, allowing calculation of one ... Metacarpophalangeal supination was larger than expected (approximately 10 degrees), and may be adjusted through local reference ... For the gripping task, 93 of 112 accessory motions were small by our definition, suggesting this 6DOF approach appropriately ...
Among anatomists, that motion of the radius whereby the palm of the hand is turned downward; the act of turning the palm ... downward; opposed to supination. - Encyc. Coxe. * That position of the hand, when the thumb is turned toward the body, and the ...
The terms used to describe these foot motions are pronation and supination. These are complex motions taking place in the ... and I got close to getting injuried in motion control shoes (dont ask why I bought motion control shoes). stabiliy shoes ... 2. Motion control shoes "resulted in both a greater number of injured runners and missed training days than the other two shoe ... "If a salesperson says you need robust motion-control shoes, ask to try on a few pairs of neutral or stability shoes, too…" "Go ...
Test range of motion of lower spine by: - Asking examinee to bend knees slightly and touch toes. Note symmetry and ease of ... 743 Neurologic-coordination-pronation/supination of right hand See Note 24 1 Abnormal 2 4 6 4 Normal 6295 1252 2436 7 Extremity ... If pain is elicited on any of the range of motion tests, stop immediately and record findings as much as possible. Under Other ... With examinee seated, test range of motion of upper extremity in a single movement. * Ask examinee with arms straight to raise ...
Improvement of joint motion was seen in late synovectomy for pronation and supination. The mean preoperative Larsen stage was ...
Supination - learn about the symptoms and treatment recommendations - part of the Myfootshop.com Foot and Ankle Knowledge Base. ... Supination of the foot is the term used to describe the motion of the foot that increases the height of the arch. A supinated ... US en-US Supination , Causes and treatment options supination,supinated Supination - learn about the symptoms and treatment ... Supination and pronation are the two most common terms used when discussing the biomechanical properties of the feet. When to ...
That support/motion control/pronation control can help a lot of runners from putting added strain on their body when they break ... Peter- Id love to have you share your thoughts on "re-supination" at terminal stance. Seems to us that many people are ... I recently bought a pair of Vibram five fingers, but, like traditional shoes, they too limited my range of motion to a degree ... What does matter is when a normal motion, pronation at the subtalar joint, happens in an abnormal time frame. STJ pronation is ...
Designed to allow your foot uninhibited range of motion thats natural to your walk or run. These styles offer no additional ... Designed to allow your foot uninhibited range of motion thats natural to your walk or run. These styles offer no additional ...
Video-capture motion. Example of finger tapping, hand movement, and pronation supination movement of the hand while performing ... Video-capture motion. Example of finger tapping, hand movement, and pronation supination movement of… ... and pronation/supination movements of the hand in a patient with Parkinsons disease (PD). Note the general worse performance ...
These are the reasons why choosing the best womens walking shoes for high arches and supination is essential for those with ... Conversely, supination refers to the outward rolling motion of the foot while walking or running, which can put stress on the ... Motion Control To Correct Overpronation. One of the main problems associated with high arches and supination is overpronation. ... Fortunately, the womens walking shoes for high arches and supination often feature motion control technology. This means that ...
Shoes with good stability and motion control features promote proper foot alignment and prevent overpronation or supination. ... Look for shoes with reinforced heel counters and structured midsoles to provide stability and control excessive foot motion. ... Overpronation (excessive inward rolling of the foot) and supination (outward rolling) can lead to misalignment and contribute ...
Designed with orthotic-quality arch and heel support, these sandals offer superior impact cushioning and motion control to help ... reduce over-pronation and supination. Plus, theyre perfect for wearing indoors or outdoors, making them a versatile addition ... Superior impact cushioning and motion control help reduce over-pronation and supination-common problems associated with flat - ... Orthotic Arch Support and deep heel cupping promotes stability - alignment and motion control. ...
... during a dorsiflexion-plantarflexion and supination-pronation arc of motion using a combined dual-orthogonal fluoroscopic and ... The different elongation of the ATFL and CFL during the same motion arc suggests that under excessive loading conditions the ... Function of anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments during in-vivo motion of the ankle joint complex. Journal of ... Function of Anterior Talofibular and Calcaneofibular Ligaments During In-Vivo Motion of the Ankle Joint Complex. ...
... continuous passive motion, CPM device, upper limb, elbow joint disorder , Author: Nobutomo Matsunaga, Shota Miyaguchi, Hiroshi ... Controlling pro/supination, i.e., rotarymotion of the wrist, effectively suppresses reaction force, but may extend the UCL ... Continuous passive motion (CPM) involves orthopedic or post-surgery physiotherapy. Following surgery to correct ulna collateral ... extending the UCL aggravates the injury and reaction force of the arm increases excessively near the end of the range of motion ...
The motion of the control handle is positioned by the surgeon, while the surgical tool driven by the robot end-effector. The ... models and studies of the influence of the IOM during pro-supination are limited to a kinematics analysis of the system, either ... An appropriate camera motion to "escape" the obstacle is calculated based on the position and velocity of the obstacle, with ... To track the ground truth of the motion, two bone pins with optical markers were mounted to the femur and tibia separately. Six ...
And it does not employ the forearm pronations and supination present in QB (American) football pass. It uses the elbow & ... Some are backhand motions.. Note that a frisbee can be thrown with a backhand motion or with a forehand / overhand motion. Some ... Is serve a throwing motion? * Yes, Serve is definitely a throwing motion. Votes: 10 18.5% ... Tennis serving not only has elements of other throwing motions, it is very much, completely a throwing motion of its own. Even ...
Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Range of Motion - Distal Radioulnar in minutes with SmartDraw. SmartDraw ... Range of Motion: Distal Radioulnar Right fist exhibiting normal range of movement in the pronation and supination of the ... Range of Motion - Distal Radioulnar. Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Range of Motion - Distal Radioulnar in ...
Radial and ulnar motion is restricted by collateral ligaments, which remain tight through their whole range of motion. ... The distal radioulnar joint allows pronation and supination of the hand as the radius rotates around the ulna. The radiocarpal ... It is formed by 8 carpal bones grouped in 2 rows with very restricted motion between them. From radial to ulnar, the proximal ... At the metacarpophalangeal joints, lateral motion is limited by the collateral ligaments, which are actually lateral oblique in ...
Who am I to decide what works for Max? Ill bet that the motion of waving the flag and the repetition is soothing and ... Bonus points for getting his arm up in the air-look at that supination (aka upward-facing forearm)!-said like the parent of a ...
... biomechanical motion, which is commonly referred to as a "left wrist uncocking" motion. Note that the back of his GFLW (left ... Most of the left forearm supination required to ensure that Henrik Stensons clubface is square at impact happens between P6.5 ... Unfortunately, I could not find any slow motion swing videos of Lee Trevinos golf swing action, so I am instead going to use ... By also avoiding any significant amount of left forearm supination from happening between P5.5 and P6.1, Henrik Stenson can ...
... and so its motion relative to the foot can be used as an indicator of the pattern of motion in the rearfoot. Compared to the ... Motion of the shank in the transverse plane is coupled with pronation and supination of the rearfoot, ... more commonly used assessment of motion in the frontal plane between the … ... Motion of the shank in the transverse plane is coupled with pronation and supination of the rearfoot, and so its motion ...
Its a powerful player in almost any pulling motion you perform, but it also helps out with forearm supination (turning your ... Lower yourself back down with a smooth, controlled motion. This completes one repetition. ...

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