Morphogenesis. Medical search

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.

One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the KIDNEY PELVIS to the URINARY BLADDER.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue organization to provide specialized functions.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The quality of surface form or outline of CELLS.

A fibroblast growth factor that is a mitogen for KERATINOCYTES. It activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2B and is involved in LUNG and limb development.

A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)

The process of TOOTH formation. It is divided into several stages including: the dental lamina stage, the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage. Odontogenesis includes the production of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS), dentin (DENTINOGENESIS), and dental cementum (CEMENTOGENESIS).

Microscopic threadlike filaments in FUNGI that are filled with a layer of protoplasm. Collectively, the hyphae make up the MYCELIUM.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

One of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

A tube-like invagination of the EPIDERMIS from which the hair shaft develops and into which SEBACEOUS GLANDS open. The hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (Stedman, 26th ed) Follicles of very long hairs extend into the subcutaneous layer of tissue under the SKIN.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.

Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.

A family of intercellular signaling proteins that play and important role in regulating the development of many TISSUES and organs. Their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in DROSOPHILA embryos with genetic mutations that block their action.

The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.

The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).

A region, of SOMITE development period, that contains a number of paired arches, each with a mesodermal core lined by ectoderm and endoderm on the two sides. In lower aquatic vertebrates, branchial arches develop into GILLS. In higher vertebrates, the arches forms outpouchings and develop into structures of the head and neck. Separating the arches are the branchial clefts or grooves.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The collective tissues from which an entire tooth is formed, including the DENTAL SAC; ENAMEL ORGAN; and DENTAL PAPILLA. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.

Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Flat keratinous structures found on the skin surface of birds. Feathers are made partly of a hollow shaft fringed with barbs. They constitute the plumage.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.

The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.

The essential part of the hearing organ consists of two labyrinthine compartments: the bony labyrinthine and the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth is a complex of three interconnecting cavities or spaces (COCHLEA; VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH; and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS) in the TEMPORAL BONE. Within the bony labyrinth lies the membranous labyrinth which is a complex of sacs and tubules (COCHLEAR DUCT; SACCULE AND UTRICLE; and SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS) forming a continuous space enclosed by EPITHELIUM and connective tissue. These spaces are filled with LABYRINTHINE FLUIDS of various compositions.

The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.

The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.

Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

Anchoring points where the CYTOSKELETON of neighboring cells are connected to each other. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON attach to the membrane through the transmembrane linkers, CADHERINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to cadherins in the neighboring cell membranes. In sheets of cells, they form into adhesion belts (zonula adherens) that go all the way around a cell.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Mucoraceae, order Mucorales. It is primarily saprophytic, but may cause MUCORMYCOSIS in man from spores germinating in the lungs.

Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.

The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.

A process of complicated morphogenetic cell movements that reorganizes a bilayer embryo into one with three GERM LAYERS and specific orientation (dorsal/ventral; anterior/posterior). Gastrulation describes the germ layer development of a non-mammalian BLASTULA or that of a mammalian BLASTOCYST.

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Genes that encode highly conserved TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that control positional identity of cells (BODY PATTERNING) and MORPHOGENESIS throughout development. Their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS.

Recording serial images of a process at regular intervals spaced out over a longer period of time than the time in which the recordings will be played back.

A cartilaginous rod of mesodermal cells at the dorsal midline of all CHORDATE embryos. In lower vertebrates, notochord is the backbone of support. In the higher vertebrates, notochord is a transient structure, and segments of the vertebral column will develop around it. Notochord is also a source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues including the NEURAL TUBE development.

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).

The development of new BLOOD VESSELS during the restoration of BLOOD CIRCULATION during the healing process.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A homeodomain protein that interacts with TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN. It represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES and plays a critical role in ODONTOGENESIS.

The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.

Multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. Its receptor is PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-MET.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

A tube of ectodermal tissue in an embryo that will give rise to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, including the SPINAL CORD and the BRAIN. Lumen within the neural tube is called neural canal which gives rise to the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain. For malformation of the neural tube, see NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.

Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

The external genitalia of the female. It includes the CLITORIS, the labia, the vestibule, and its glands.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.

The field of biology which deals with the process of the growth and differentiation of an organism.

Transmembrane proteins belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that play an essential role in the normal development of several ectodermally derived organs. Several isoforms of the ectodysplasins exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the MRNA for the protein. The isoforms ectodysplasin A1 and ectodysplasin A2 are considered biologically active and each bind distinct ECTODYSPLASIN RECEPTORS. Genetic mutations that result in loss of function of ectodysplasin result in ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA 1, ANHIDROTIC.

The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.

Proteins containing a region of conserved sequence, about 200 amino acids long, which encodes a particular sequence specific DNA binding domain (the T-box domain). These proteins are transcription factors that control developmental pathways. The prototype of this family is the mouse Brachyury (or T) gene product.

Reproductive bodies produced by fungi.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

The subfamily of myosin proteins that are commonly found in muscle fibers. Myosin II is also involved a diverse array of cellular functions including cell division, transport within the GOLGI APPARATUS, and maintaining MICROVILLI structure.

Distinct regions of mesenchymal outgrowth at both flanks of an embryo during the SOMITE period. Limb buds, covered by ECTODERM, give rise to forelimb, hindlimb, and eventual functional limb structures. Limb bud cultures are used to study CELL DIFFERENTIATION; ORGANOGENESIS; and MORPHOGENESIS.

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Paired, segmented masses of MESENCHYME located on either side of the developing spinal cord (neural tube). Somites derive from PARAXIAL MESODERM and continue to increase in number during ORGANOGENESIS. Somites give rise to SKELETON (sclerotome); MUSCLES (myotome); and DERMIS (dermatome).

A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Glandular tissue in the BREAST of human that is under the influence of hormones such as ESTROGENS; PROGESTINS; and PROLACTIN. In WOMEN, after PARTURITION, the mammary glands secrete milk (MILK, HUMAN) for the nourishment of the young.

Genes whose loss of function or gain of function MUTATION leads to the death of the carrier prior to maturity. They may be essential genes (GENES, ESSENTIAL) required for viability, or genes which cause a block of function of an essential gene at a time when the essential gene function is required for viability.

An early embryonic developmental process of CHORDATES that is characterized by morphogenic movements of ECTODERM resulting in the formation of the NEURAL PLATE; the NEURAL CREST; and the NEURAL TUBE. Improper closure of the NEURAL GROOVE results in congenital NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects.

A family of transcription factors that control EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT within a variety of cell lineages. They are characterized by a highly conserved paired DNA-binding domain that was first identified in DROSOPHILA segmentation genes.

A filament-like structure consisting of a shaft which projects to the surface of the SKIN from a root which is softer than the shaft and lodges in the cavity of a HAIR FOLLICLE. It is found on most surfaces of the body.

Common name for two distinct groups of BIRDS in the order GALLIFORMES: the New World or American quails of the family Odontophoridae and the Old World quails in the genus COTURNIX, family Phasianidae.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A darkly stained mat-like EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) that separates cell layers, such as EPITHELIUM from ENDOTHELIUM or a layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The ECM layer that supports an overlying EPITHELIUM or ENDOTHELIUM is called basal lamina. Basement membrane (BM) can be formed by the fusion of either two adjacent basal laminae or a basal lamina with an adjacent reticular lamina of connective tissue. BM, composed mainly of TYPE IV COLLAGEN; glycoprotein LAMININ; and PROTEOGLYCAN, provides barriers as well as channels between interacting cell layers.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate (PALATE, HARD) and the posterior soft palate (PALATE, SOFT).

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.

The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A family of conserved cell surface receptors that contain EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR repeats in their extracellular domain and ANKYRIN repeats in their cytoplasmic domains. The cytoplasmic domain of notch receptors is released upon ligand binding and translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS where it acts as transcription factor.

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)

A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

Short fragments of DNA or RNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.

A paired box transcription factor that is essential for ORGANOGENESIS of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and KIDNEY.

Specialized cells in the invertebrates that detect and transduce light. They are predominantly rhabdomeric with an array of photosensitive microvilli. Illumination depolarizes invertebrate photoreceptors by stimulating Na+ influx across the plasma membrane.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.

A fibroblast growth factor receptor that is found in two isoforms. One receptor isoform is found in the MESENCHYME and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2. A second isoform of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 is found mainly in EPITHELIAL CELLS and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 7 and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 10. Mutation of the gene for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 can result in craniosynostotic syndromes (e.g., APERT SYNDROME; and CROUZON SYNDROME).

An area showing altered staining behavior in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell. Some inclusion bodies represent "virus factories" in which viral nucleic acid or protein is being synthesized; others are merely artifacts of fixation and staining. One example, Negri bodies, are found in the cytoplasm or processes of nerve cells in animals that have died from rabies.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

A family of seven-pass transmembrane cell-surface proteins that combines with LOW DENSITY LIPROTEIN RECEPTOR-RELATED PROTEIN-5 or LOW DENSITY LIPROTEIN RECEPTOR-RELATED PROTEIN-5 to form receptors for WNT PROTEINS. Frizzled receptors often couple with HETEROTRIMERIC G PROTEINS and regulate the WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. Most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting CELL MEMBRANE and often the underlying CYTOPLASM and the intervening EXTRACELLULAR SPACE are highly specialized in these regions. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p792)

Proteins found in any species of insect.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is associated with a diverse array of cellular functions including cytoskeletal changes, filopodia formation and transport through the GOLGI APPARATUS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

Glands that secrete SALIVA in the MOUTH. There are three pairs of salivary glands (PAROTID GLAND; SUBLINGUAL GLAND; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND).

Profound physical changes during maturation of living organisms from the immature forms to the adult forms, such as from TADPOLES to frogs; caterpillars to BUTTERFLIES.

The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells.

A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Genes that are introduced into an organism using GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The artificial induction of GENE SILENCING by the use of RNA INTERFERENCE to reduce the expression of a specific gene. It includes the use of DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA, such as SMALL INTERFERING RNA and RNA containing HAIRPIN LOOP SEQUENCE, and ANTI-SENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A fibroblast growth factor that preferentially activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 4. It was initially identified as an androgen-induced growth factor and plays a role in regulating growth of human BREAST NEOPLASMS and PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination.

A linear polysaccharide of beta-1->4 linked units of ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE. It is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth, found especially in INSECTS and FUNGI. When deacetylated it is called CHITOSAN.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.

Spiny processes on DENDRITES, each of which receives excitatory input from one nerve ending (NERVE ENDINGS). They are commonly found on PURKINJE CELLS and PYRAMIDAL CELLS.

Stromal cells mediate retinoid-dependent functions essential for renal development. (1/8937)

The essential role of vitamin A and its metabolites, retinoids, in kidney development has been demonstrated in vitamin A deficiency and gene targeting studies. Retinoids signal via nuclear transcription factors belonging to the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) families. Inactivation of RARaplpha and RARbeta2 receptors together, but not singly, resulted in renal malformations, suggesting that within a given renal cell type, their concerted function is required for renal morphogenesis. At birth, RARalpha beta2(-) mutants displayed small kidneys, containing few ureteric bud branches, reduced numbers of nephrons and lacking the nephrogenic zone where new nephrons are continuously added. These observations have prompted us to investigate the role of RARalpha and RARbeta2 in renal development in detail. We have found that within the embryonic kidney, RARalpha and RARbeta2 are colocalized in stromal cells, but not in other renal cell types, suggesting that stromal cells mediate retinoid-dependent functions essential for renal development. Analysis of RARalpha beta2(-) mutant kidneys at embryonic stages revealed that nephrons were formed and revealed no changes in the intensity or distribution of molecular markers specific for different metanephric mesenchymal cell types. In contrast the development of the collecting duct system was greatly impaired in RARalpha beta2(-) mutant kidneys. Fewer ureteric bud branches were present, and ureteric bud ends were positioned abnormally, at a distance from the renal capsule. Analysis of genes important for ureteric bud morphogenesis revealed that the proto-oncogene c-ret was downregulated. Our results suggest that RARalpha and RARbeta2 are required for generating stromal cell signals that maintain c-ret expression in the embryonic kidney. Since c-ret signaling is required for ureteric bud morphogenesis, loss of c-ret expression is a likely cause of impaired ureteric bud branching in RARalpha beta2(-) mutants. (+info)

FGF8 induces formation of an ectopic isthmic organizer and isthmocerebellar development via a repressive effect on Otx2 expression. (2/8937)

Beads containing recombinant FGF8 (FGF8-beads) were implanted in the prospective caudal diencephalon or midbrain of chick embryos at stages 9-12. This induced the neuroepithelium rostral and caudal to the FGF8-bead to form two ectopic, mirror-image midbrains. Furthermore, cells in direct contact with the bead formed an outgrowth that protruded laterally from the neural tube. Tissue within such lateral outgrowths developed proximally into isthmic nuclei and distally into a cerebellum-like structure. These morphogenetic effects were apparently due to FGF8-mediated changes in gene expression in the vicinity of the bead, including a repressive effect on Otx2 and an inductive effect on En1, Fgf8 and Wnt1 expression. The ectopic Fgf8 and Wnt1 expression domains formed nearly complete concentric rings around the FGF8-bead, with the Wnt1 ring outermost. These observations suggest that FGF8 induces the formation of a ring-like ectopic signaling center (organizer) in the lateral wall of the brain, similar to the one that normally encircles the neural tube at the isthmic constriction, which is located at the boundary between the prospective midbrain and hindbrain. This ectopic isthmic organizer apparently sends long-range patterning signals both rostrally and caudally, resulting in the development of the two ectopic midbrains. Interestingly, our data suggest that these inductive signals spread readily in a caudal direction, but are inhibited from spreading rostrally across diencephalic neuromere boundaries. These results provide insights into the mechanism by which FGF8 induces an ectopic organizer and suggest that a negative feedback loop between Fgf8 and Otx2 plays a key role in patterning the midbrain and anterior hindbrain. (+info)

A Wnt5a pathway underlies outgrowth of multiple structures in the vertebrate embryo. (3/8937)

Morphogenesis depends on the precise control of basic cellular processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Wnt5a may regulate these processes since it is expressed in a gradient at the caudal end of the growing embryo during gastrulation, and later in the distal-most aspect of several structures that extend from the body. A loss-of-function mutation of Wnt5a leads to an inability to extend the A-P axis due to a progressive reduction in the size of caudal structures. In the limbs, truncation of the proximal skeleton and absence of distal digits correlates with reduced proliferation of putative progenitor cells within the progress zone. However, expression of progress zone markers, and several genes implicated in distal outgrowth and patterning including Distalless, Hoxd and Fgf family members was not altered. Taken together with the outgrowth defects observed in the developing face, ears and genitals, our data indicates that Wnt5a regulates a pathway common to many structures whose development requires extension from the primary body axis. The reduced number of proliferating cells in both the progress zone and the primitive streak mesoderm suggests that one function of Wnt5a is to regulate the proliferation of progenitor cells. (+info)

The homeobox gene Pitx2: mediator of asymmetric left-right signaling in vertebrate heart and gut looping. (4/8937)

Left-right asymmetry in vertebrates is controlled by activities emanating from the left lateral plate. How these signals get transmitted to the forming organs is not known. A candidate mediator in mouse, frog and zebrafish embryos is the homeobox gene Pitx2. It is asymmetrically expressed in the left lateral plate mesoderm, tubular heart and early gut tube. Localized Pitx2 expression continues when these organs undergo asymmetric looping morphogenesis. Ectopic expression of Xnr1 in the right lateral plate induces Pitx2 transcription in Xenopus. Misexpression of Pitx2 affects situs and morphology of organs. These experiments suggest a role for Pitx2 in promoting looping of the linear heart and gut. (+info)

The cardiac homeobox gene Csx/Nkx2.5 lies genetically upstream of multiple genes essential for heart development. (5/8937)

Csx/Nkx2.5 is a vertebrate homeobox gene with a sequence homology to the Drosophila tinman, which is required for the dorsal mesoderm specification. Recently, heterozygous mutations of this gene were found to cause human congenital heart disease (Schott, J.-J., Benson, D. W., Basson, C. T., Pease, W., Silberbach, G. M., Moak, J. P., Maron, B. J., Seidman, C. E. and Seidman, J. G. (1998) Science 281, 108-111). To investigate the functions of Csx/Nkx2.5 in cardiac and extracardiac development in the vertebrate, we have generated and analyzed mutant mice completely null for Csx/Nkx2.5. Homozygous null embryos showed arrest of cardiac development after looping and poor development of blood vessels. Moreover, there were severe defects in vascular formation and hematopoiesis in the mutant yolk sac. Interestingly, TUNEL staining and PCNA staining showed neither enhanced apoptosis nor reduced cell proliferation in the mutant myocardium. In situ hybridization studies demonstrated that, among 20 candidate genes examined, expression of ANF, BNP, MLC2V, N-myc, MEF2C, HAND1 and Msx2 was disturbed in the mutant heart. Moreover, in the heart of adult chimeric mice generated from Csx/Nkx2.5 null ES cells, there were almost no ES cell-derived cardiac myocytes, while there were substantial contributions of Csx /Nkx2.5-deficient cells in other organs. Whole-mount &bgr;-gal staining of chimeric embryos showed that more than 20% contribution of Csx/Nkx2. 5-deficient cells in the heart arrested cardiac development. These results indicate that (1) the complete null mutation of Csx/Nkx2.5 did not abolish initial heart looping, (2) there was no enhanced apoptosis or defective cell cycle entry in Csx/Nkx2.5 null cardiac myocytes, (3) Csx/Nkx2.5 regulates expression of several essential transcription factors in the developing heart, (4) Csx/Nkx2.5 is required for later differentiation of cardiac myocytes, (5) Csx/Nkx2. 5 null cells exert dominant interfering effects on cardiac development, and (6) there were severe defects in yolk sac angiogenesis and hematopoiesis in the Csx/Nkx2.5 null embryos. (+info)

Requirement of a novel gene, Xin, in cardiac morphogenesis. (6/8937)

A novel gene, Xin, from chick (cXin) and mouse (mXin) embryonic hearts, may be required for cardiac morphogenesis and looping. Both cloned cDNAs have a single open reading frame, encoding proteins with 2,562 and 1,677 amino acids for cXin and mXin, respectively. The derived amino acid sequences share 46% similarity. The overall domain structures of the predicted cXin and mXin proteins, including proline-rich regions, 16 amino acid repeats, DNA-binding domains, SH3-binding motifs and nuclear localization signals, are highly conserved. Northern blot analyses detect a single message of 8.9 and 5.8 kilo base (kb) from both cardiac and skeletal muscle of chick and mouse, respectively. In situ hybridization reveals that the cXin gene is specifically expressed in cardiac progenitor cells of chick embryos as early as stage 8, prior to heart tube formation. cXin continues to be expressed in the myocardium of developing hearts. By stage 15, cXin expression is also detected in the myotomes of developing somites. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that the mXin protein is colocalized with N-cadherin and connexin-43 in the intercalated discs of adult mouse hearts. Incubation of stage 6 chick embryos with cXin antisense oligonucleotides results in abnormal cardiac morphogenesis and an alteration of cardiac looping. The myocardium of the affected hearts becomes thickened and tends to form multiple invaginations into the heart cavity. This abnormal cellular process may account in part for the abnormal looping. cXin expression can be induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in explants of anterior medial mesoendoderm from stage 6 chick embryos, a tissue that is normally non-cardiogenic. This induction occurs following the BMP-mediated induction of two cardiac-restricted transcription factors, Nkx2.5 and MEF2C. Furthermore, either MEF2C or Nkx2.5 can transactivate a luciferase reporter driven by the mXin promoter in mouse fibroblasts. These results suggest that Xin may participate in a BMP-Nkx2.5-MEF2C pathway to control cardiac morphogenesis and looping. (+info)

Insect evolution: Redesigning the fruitfly. (7/8937)

Homeotic mutations in Drosophila can result in dramatic phenotypes that suggest the possibility for rapid morphological evolution, but dissection of the genetic pathway downstream of Ultrabithorax is beginning to reveal how wing morphology may have evolved by more gradual transformations. (+info)

Ultrabithorax function in butterfly wings and the evolution of insect wing patterns. (8/8937)

BACKGROUND: . The morphological and functional evolution of appendages has played a critical role in animal evolution, but the developmental genetic mechanisms underlying appendage diversity are not understood. Given that homologous appendage development is controlled by the same Hox gene in different organisms, and that Hox genes are transcription factors, diversity may evolve from changes in the regulation of Hox target genes. Two impediments to understanding the role of Hox genes in morphological evolution have been the limited number of organisms in which Hox gene function can be studied and the paucity of known Hox-regulated target genes. We have therefore analyzed a butterfly homeotic mutant 'Hindsight', in which portions of the ventral hindwing pattern are transformed to ventral forewing identity, and we have compared the regulation of target genes by the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) gene product in Lepidopteran and Dipteran hindwings. RESULTS: . We show that Ubx gene expression is lost from patches of cells in developing Hindsight hindwings, correlating with changes in wing pigmentation, color pattern elements, and scale morphology. We use this mutant to study how regulation of target genes by Ubx protein differs between species. We find that several Ubx-regulated genes in the Drosophila haltere are not repressed by Ubx in butterfly hindwings, but that Distal-less (Dll) expression is regulated by Ubx in a unique manner in butterflies. CONCLUSIONS: . The morphological diversification of insect hindwings has involved the acquisition of different sets of target genes by Ubx in different lineages. Changes in Hox-regulated target gene sets are, in general, likely to underlie the morphological divergence of homologous structures between animals. (+info)

Morphogenesis. In Rosen, Foundations of Mathematical Biology, 1-77. Rosen, R. 1972. Mechanics of epigenetic control. In R. ...

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Honegger, R. (2008). "Morphogenesis". In Nash III, Thomas H. (ed.). Lichen Biology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 73 ...

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The Phenomena of Morphogenesis. 6. Polarity". Plant Morphogenesis. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. pp. 128-129. hdl:2027/uc1. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Ingham

doi:10.1039/C7EE00282C Teague, B. P., Guye, P., & Weiss, R. (2016). Synthetic Morphogenesis. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_biology

Involved in growth plate morphogenesis and function. Integrin α11β1 is expressed by mesenchymal cells in some parts of embryo ... Functions include: platelet adhesion - the most abundant receptor for collagen in platelets; branching morphogenesis; mast cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen_receptor

From T2 to T3, agents act, react, and interact At T4, the social structure and cultural system are changed (morphogenesis) or ... 2013). Social Morphogenesis. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-007-6127-8.[page needed] Bhaskar, Roy (2015). The possibility of ... 2013). Social Morphogenesis. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-007-6127-8.[page needed] Pratten, Stephen, ed. (2015). Social ... 2013). Social Morphogenesis. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-007-6127-8.[page needed] Archer, Margaret S. (2016-08-07). " ...

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Fungal Morphogenesis. p. 186. "Plantwise Knowledge Bank , Brown Leaf Spot of Rice - Pakistan". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved ...

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"Synthetic Morphogenesis". Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia. Retrieved 2021-04-26. "Biomaterials for regenerative ...

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"Quasistochastic Morphogenesis". Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2014-06-03. "חורים ברשת - אמן בארבע גפיים: ...

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There is very strong evidence SAMs also have a key role in neuronal morphogenesis. Cell adhesion molecules Fibronectin Laminin ... ISBN 978-0-8493-1567-1. Kollins, Katherine M. & Davenport, Roger W. (2006). "Branching morphogenesis in vertebrate neurons". In ... Davies, Jamie A. (ed.). Branching morphogenesis. Birkhäuser. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-387-25615-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses ...

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"The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis" in January 1952. He was interested in morphogenesis, the development of patterns and ... p. morphogenesis. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015. Leavitt 2007, pp. 176-178 Hodges 1983 ... He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov- ... Although published before the structure and role of DNA was understood, Turing's work on morphogenesis remains relevant today ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing

Pancreas morphogenesis". Developmental Biology. 261 (1): 197-208. doi:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7. PMID 12941629. Jensen J, ... The Notch signaling pathway is a critical component of cardiovascular formation and morphogenesis in both development and ... "Inactivation of Numb and Numblike in embryonic dorsal forebrain impairs neurogenesis and disrupts cortical morphogenesis". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch_signaling_pathway

Thomson, Keith Stewart (1988). Morphogenesis and evolution. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504912-8. ...

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Morphogenesis and ontogeny". Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 18 (2): 155-176. doi:10.1071/mf9670155. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidyanus_bidyanus

Krotov, D; Dubuis, J O; Gregor, T; Bialek, W (2014). "Morphogenesis at criticality". PNAS. 111 (10): 3683-3688. arXiv:1309.2614 ...

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Special Section: Morphogenesis. 341 (1): 95-113. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.11.029. PMID 19961843. Box, Mathew S.; Dodsworth, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar_spur

Davies, J.A. (2005). Mechanisms of Morphogenesis: the creation of biological form. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Inc. Davies, J.A. ( ... Davies, J.A. (2005). Mechanisms of Morphogenesis: the creation of biological form. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Inc. Davies, J.A. ( ... Davies, J. A., & Davey, M. G. (1999). Collecting duct morphogenesis. Pediatric Nephrology, 13(6), 535-541. Davies, J. A., & ... Davies, J. A., & Davey, M. G. (1999). Collecting duct morphogenesis. Pediatric Nephrology, 13(6), 535-541. Suvanto, P., Davies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramogen

Purcell, SM; Keller, R (January 1993). "A different type of amphibian mesoderm morphogenesis in Ceratophrys ornata". ... Advances in Morphogenesis. 10: 1-39. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-028610-2.50005-8. ISBN 9780120286102. PMID 4581327. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocoel

"Primitive Gut Morphogenesis". Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2007-10-22. "The Posterior Abdominal Wall". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevertebral_ganglia

"Morphogenesis and morphostasis." Methodos 12.48 (1960): 251-296. Maruyama, Magoroh. "The second cybernetics: Deviation- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magoroh_Maruyama

H. Haken and M. Wagner (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1973). F.W. Cummings, "On morphogenesis in living ... 212, 303-313 (2001). F.W. Cummings, "A Model of Morphogenesis", Physica A, vol.339, 531-547 (2004). F.W. Cummings, "Interaction ... Cummings, F.W (2004). "Model of Morphogenesis". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 339 (3-4): 531-547. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Cummings

Bussolino F, Valdembri D, Caccavari F, Serini G (2006). "Semaphoring vascular morphogenesis". Endothelium. 13 (2): 81-91. doi: ...

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1991). Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis, The MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-13269-9 ... Chapman, MJ; Margulis, L (1998). "Morphogenesis by symbiogenesis". International Microbiology. 1 (4): 319-26. PMID 10943381. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Margulis

Morphogenesis is important for creating the three germ layers of the early embryo (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and for ... Morphogenesis relates to the formation of a three-dimensional shape. It mainly involves the orchestrated movements of cell ... However, plant cells are mostly immotile so morphogenesis is achieved by differential growth, without cell movements. Also, the ... Hardin J, Walston T (August 2004). "Models of morphogenesis: the mechanisms and mechanics of cell rearrangement". Current ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biology

It is based on a code for the simulations of Isobenefit urban morphogenesis. It is a code to simulate urban growth scenario by ... Isobenefit Urbanism morphogenesis". Journal of Environmental Management. 246: 128-140. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.129. ISSN ... economic perspectives of urban isobenefit morphogenesis. Ecocity world summit 2021. "Future Urban Growth Lab (UCL)". Capasso Da ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city

Lecture Notes in Morphogenesis. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 23-73. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35938-5_2. ISBN 9783642359378. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allometry

Lecture Notes in Morphogenesis. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35938-5. ISBN 978-3-642-35937-8. S2CID 27653540. Bu Z, Callaway DJ (2011 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_biology

Bruss V (January 2007). "Hepatitis B virus morphogenesis". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 13 (1): 65-73. doi:10.3748/wjg. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus

Alexander, Christopher (30 October 2004). "SUSTAINABILITY AND MORPHOGENESIS" (PDF). Building Living Neighborhoods. Retrieved 5 ... Sustainability and Morphogenesis (working title) Pattern gardening "PatternLanguage.com". www.patternlanguage.com. "CA FRAME". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Alexander

Lecture Notes in Morphogenesis. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35938-5. ISBN 978-3-642-35937-8. S2CID 27653540. Shannon, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis

Purchase Morphogenesis - 2nd Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9781483213385, 9781483226811 ... International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology, Volume 2: Morphogenesis: The Analysis of Molluscan Development ... describes the various stages in molluscan morphogenesis. This book emerged from a series of lectures given for advanced biology ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/morphogenesis/raven/978-1-4832-1338-5

CHS Junior Research Group Neuronal Signaling and Morphogenesis. Dr. Annarita Patrizi. Instructive signals released by choroid ...

https://www.dkfz.de/en/neuronale-signalwege-morphogenese/index.php

Morphogenesis: Coding for Shape. How do you get a 3-D shape from a linear code? That is the puzzle of morphogenesis. ...

https://evolutionnews.org/tag/morphogenesis/

... Elife. 2021 Sep 21;10:e63396. doi ... We generated a zebrafish Tg(E1-bhlhe40:GFP) line to track RPE morphogenesis and interrogate its participation in OV folding. We ... Whether the RPE passively adapts to retinal changes or actively contributes to OV morphogenesis remains unexplored. ... Keywords: Zebrafish; chick; developmental biology; human; medaka; medaka fish; morphogenesis; mouse; neuroscience; optic cup; ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34545806/

A wide array of transcription factors and hormones were shown to act together to support morphogenesis or promote ... However, a comprehensive molecular and genetic understating of how morphogenesis and differentiation are coordinated during ... act antagonistically to tweak the morphogenesis-differentiation balance. ... Author summary Morphogenesis and differentiation are crucial steps in the formation and shaping of organs in both plants and ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1009537

Electronic Book Review (ebr ) is an online, open access, peer-reviewed journal of critical writing produced and published by the emergent digital literary network.. ISSN: 1553-1139. ...

http://electronicbookreview.com/tag/morphogenesis/

Antibodies for proteins involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/primary/panther/mammary%20gland%20duct%20morphogenesis

A musical visualization of the creative power of audio frequencies. In the shapeless space of pure thought there appeared for the first time a golden embryo of sound ...

https://www.filmfestival-goeast.de/en/filme/frequency-morphogenesis/

morphogenesis - work in progress. Finally, we have some progress to share on something weve been working on for a long time! ...

https://n-e-r-v-o-u-s.com/blog/?p=5767&replytocom=455605

A Mechanical Basis of Morphogenesis. Add to your list(s) Download to your calendar using vCal ... University of Cambridge , Talks.cam , Cambridge University Physics Society , A Mechanical Basis of Morphogenesis ...

https://talks.cam.ac.uk/talk/index/84821

Effects of abnormal muscle forces on prenatal joint morphogenesis in mice. Vivien Sotiriou, Rebecca A Rolfe, Paula Murphy, ... Effects of abnormal muscle forces on prenatal joint morphogenesis in mice Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to ... indicating a complex relationship between muscle mass and joint morphogenesis. These findings have relevance for human ...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669267v1.abstract

RUN Morphogenesis Talk: MANTRA (Bifo, Federico Campagna, Akseli Virtanen) // ...

https://d13.documenta.de/research/research/view/scepsi-run-morphogenesis-talk-mantra-bifo-federico-campagna-akseli-virtanen

2017). The case for applying tissue engineering methodologies to instruct human organoid morphogenesis. Acta Biomaterialia, 54: ... The Case for Applying Tissue Engineering Methodologies to Instruct Human Organoid Morphogenesis. Marti-Figueroa CR, Ashton RS ... The case for applying tissue engineering methodologies to instruct human organoid morphogenesis.. Ashton, PhD, R. The Case for ... 2017). The case for applying tissue engineering methodologies to instruct human organoid morphogenesis. Acta Biomaterialia, 54: ...

https://www.waisman.wisc.edu/publications/the-case-for-applying-tissue-engineering-methodologies-to-instruct-human-organoid-morphogenesis/

Since morphogenesis involves dynamic cellular processes, tracking real-time changes in cell shapes must be crucial for further ... Despite the increasing knowledge of the molecular basis of tissue morphogenesis, how the activity of these signaling pathways ... By using the Drosophila pupal wing, we are interested in elucidating how tissue morphogenesis and dynamic cellular ...

https://www.helsinki.fi/en/hilife-helsinki-institute-life-science/units/institute-biotechnology/research-institute-biotechnology/cell-and-tissue-dynamics-research-program/morphogenesis-and-signaling-drosophila-wing-development

It was hypothesised that DUO1 might regulate morphogenesis through any of its direct target genes and/or through components of ... Generative cell morphogenesis was examined by differential interference contrast and fluorescence microscopy of introduced ... The development of the generative cell (GC) in angiosperm pollen involves a unique morphogenesis with two keys features, first ... The genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in germline morphogenesis are unknown and it was hypothesised that the male ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.770961

Cell biology of the leaf epidermis: Fate specification, morphogenesis, and coordination 1st October 2021 ... morphogenesis, and positioning of these specialized cell types. Emphasis is given to their shared developmental origins, fate ...

https://www.jic.ac.uk/research-impact/publications/cell-biology-of-the-leaf-epidermis-fate-specification-morphogenesis-and-coordination/

Organelle morphogenesis, targeting, and distribution. More about Open Access at the Crick Authors list. Jeremy Carlton Benoît ...

https://www.crick.ac.uk/research/publications/organelle-morphogenesis-targeting-and-distribution

In vertebrates, morphogenesis first involves patterning of embryonic fields, i.e. their partition into different territories ... the motor for morphogenesis. In the limb bud, Msx1 and Msx2 are expressed both in the apical ectoderm and underlying mesenchyme ...

https://research.pasteur.fr/en/project/function-of-msx-genes-in-limb-morphogenesis/

Toward Controllable Morphogenesis in Large Robot Swarms. Daniel Carrillo Zapata*, James Sharpe, Alan F T Winfield, Luca ... Toward Controllable Morphogenesis in Large Robot Swarms. In: IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters. 2019 ; Vol. 4, No. 4. pp. ... Toward Controllable Morphogenesis in Large Robot Swarms. / Carrillo Zapata, Daniel; Sharpe, James; Winfield, Alan F T et al. ... Toward Controllable Morphogenesis in Large Robot Swarms. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters. 2019 Oct 1;4(4):3386-3393. ...

https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/toward-controllable-morphogenesis-in-large-robot-swarms

Morphogenesis, along with cell growth and differentiation are crucial processes that define the body plan of an organism. ... Throughout morphogenesis, epithelial cells maintain their physical connection with each other through intercellular junctions ... Macroglobulin complement-related, coracle and Neuroglian are required for Drosophila egg morphogenesis. ... Together, these observations indicate a role for SJ proteins in regulating morphogenesis that is independent of the occluding ...

https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/23511

Cell wall metabolism, morphogenesis and beta-lactam resistance. MurT/GatD. The membrane-bound precursor of peptidoglycan is ... We are interested in the role of the nature of the membrane lipids in morphogenesis. Using a combination of fluorescent lipid ... Mutant strains with aberrant shapes are studied to uncover regulatory mechanisms and revise models of bacterial morphogenesis. ...

https://www.ibs.fr/research/research-groups/pneumococcus-group-c-morlot/cell-wall-metabolism-morphogenesis-and-beta-lactam-resistance/article/cell-wall-metabolism-morphogenesis-and-beta-lactam-resistance?lang=fr

Lineage-specific morphogenesis in the developing pancreas: role of mesenchymal factors G.K. Gittes, G.K. Gittes ... G.K. Gittes, P.E. Galante, D. Hanahan, W.J. Rutter, H.T. Debase; Lineage-specific morphogenesis in the developing pancreas: ... Branching morphogenesis of mouse salivary epithelium in basement membrane-like substratum separated from mesenchyme by the ... Mechanical aspects of the mesenchymal influence on epithelial branching morphogenesis of mouse salivary gland. ...

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/122/2/439/38927/Lineage-specific-morphogenesis-in-the-developing

Autonomy of cell proliferation and developmental programs during Arabidopsis aboveground organ morphogenesis. Submitted by ... Home » Autonomy of cell proliferation and developmental programs during Arabidopsis aboveground organ morphogenesis ... Autonomy of cell proliferation and developmental programs during Arabidopsis aboveground organ morphogenesis. ... development Morphogenesis/*physiology Plant Components, Aerial/*growth & development Plants, Arabidopsis/*growth, Genetically ...

https://www.biology.washington.edu/pubs/autonomy-cell-proliferation-and-developmental-programs-during-arabidopsis-aboveground-organ-mor

Belton, D and Patwardhan, S V and Perry, C C (2005) Putrescine homologues control silica morphogenesis by electrostatic ... Putrescine homologues control silica morphogenesis by electrostatic interactions and the hydrophobic effect ...

https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/31554/

... shorter muscle cells which demonstrates the importance of laminins role in cell-matrix adhesion during myotome morphogenesis. ... Normal skeletal muscle development involves the specification and morphogenesis of muscle fibers that attach to tendons. The ... Normal skeletal muscle development involves the specification and morphogenesis of muscle fibers that attach to tendons. The ... Jones, Robert, "Critical Roles for Laminin in Skeletal Muscle Morphogenesis and Myotendinous Junction Maintenance" (2007). ...

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/697/

Ruckers Law of Morphogenesis "Most biological, social, and psychological systems are based on interactions between an ... pattern formation http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~timcall/patterns/ * Turing, A. M.: The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Phil. ... "Visual Models of Morphogenesis" http://www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/Research/bmv/vmm/intro.html) ...

https://lib.fo.am/morphogenesis

Gene regulation and morphogenesis. Self-organization of biological systems. Luciano Marcon. María de Maeztu group leader. ...

http://www.cabd.es/index.php?page=cabd_research_groups&group_id=124&page_id=315&lang=en

Morphogenesis is a design practice engaging in a critical dialogue towards bridging the boundaries of art, architecture, ... [email protected]morphogenesis.org. Delhi Office: N-85B Panchsheel Park New Delhi 110017 India Bangalore office: 60 Wellington Street ... [email protected]morphogenesis.org. Delhi:N-85B Panchsheel Park New Delhi 110017 India Bangalore: 60 Wellington Street Bengaluru 560025 ... Morphogenesis is a design practice engaging in a critical dialogue towards bridging the boundaries of art, architecture, ...

https://www.tfod.in/Profile-morphogenesis

The effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of cationic, non-antibiotic, antimicrobial agents on the morphogenesis of Candida ... The effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of cationic, non-antibiotic, antimicrobial agents on the morphogenesis of Candida ... The effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of cationic, non-antibiotic, antimicrobial agents on the morphogenesis of Candida ... T1 - The effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of cationic, non-antibiotic, antimicrobial agents on the morphogenesis of ...

https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/the-effects-of-sub-inhibitory-concentrations-of-cationic-non-anti

C9: Mining the developmental toxicity genome in the zebrafish embryo test to develop a spatio-temporal map on morphogenesis and ... In this mechanism driven approach, zet-o-map will identify principal molecular drivers of (dys)morphogenesis, by analysing time ...

http://cefic-lri.org/projects/c9-mining-the-developmental-toxicity-genome-in-the-zebrafish-embryo-test-to-develop-a-spatio-temporal-map-on-morphogenesis-and-associated-biomarker/

The development of the generative cell (GC) in angiosperm pollen involves a unique morphogenesis with two keys features, first, the formation of a long cytoplasmic extension which physically connects the vegetative nucleus in a structural assemblage known as the male germ unit (MGU), and second, the body of the GC in Arabidopsis undergoes progressive morphogenesis from lens-shaped to round, fully elongating before dividing to form two sperm cells. (bl.uk)
Among six classes of Kinesin-14 motors in Arabidopsis thaliana, the Kinesin-14A motors ATK1 (KatA) and ATK5 share the essential function in spindle morphogenesis. (naist.jp)

By using the Drosophila pupal wing, we are interested in elucidating how tissue morphogenesis and dynamic cellular communications are regulated at the subcellular level. (helsinki.fi)
Our lab previously demonstrated that core components of septate junctions (SJs), which are analogous to vertebrate tight junctions in that they provide an important occluding function to the epithelium, are essential for embryonic morphogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster. (ku.edu)
Armadillo is required for adherens junction assembly, cell polarity, and morphogenesis during Drosophila embryogenesis. (rupress.org)

Despite the increasing knowledge of the molecular basis of tissue morphogenesis, how the activity of these signaling pathways is translated into changes in cell behavior and how cell shape changes affect developmental signaling remain poorly understood. (helsinki.fi)
Cell responses following up to 24 h of EF exposure, including proliferation and apoptosis, capillary morphogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and MAPK pathways activation were quantified. (elsevier.com)
High-frequency EF enhanced capillary morphogenesis, VEGF release, MEK-cRaf complex formation, MEK and ERK phosphorylation, whereas no MAPK/JNK and MAPK/p38 pathways activation was observed. (elsevier.com)
In mammals, the signaling pathways which regulate the morphogenesis and neurogenesis of epibranchial placodes, localized dorsocaudally to the pharyngeal clefts, are poorly understood. (aabioetica.org)

00:00:24;08 Today I would like to discuss dendrite morphogenesis. (ibiology.org)
00:03:23;14 of morphology and function, and then talk about the cellular and molecular basis of 00:03:31;12 dendrite morphogenesis. (ibiology.org)
00:03:35;06 So, how does one study a daunting problem like dendrite morphogenesis? (ibiology.org)

The dark sides of capillary morphogenesis gene 2. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in capillary morphogenesis gene-2 result in the allelic disorders juvenile hyaline fibromatosis and infantile systemic hyalinosis. (medlineplus.gov)

The turnover of basal lamina glycosaminoglycan correlates with epithelial morphogenesis. (biologists.com)
ZO-1 is a tight junction-associated adaptor protein that regulates gene expression, junction assembly and epithelial morphogenesis. (ucl.ac.uk)
Here, we addressed the question whether Apg-2 is also important for junction formation and epithelial morphogenesis.Results: We demonstrate that depletion of Apg-2 by RNAi in MDCK cells did not prevent formation of functional tight junctions. (ucl.ac.uk)
If cultured in three dimensional extracellular matrix gels, Apg-2 depleted cells, as previously shown for ZO-1 depleted cells, did not form hollow polarised cysts but poorly organised, irregular structures.Conclusion: Our data indicate that Apg-2 regulates junction assembly and is required for normal epithelial morphogenesis in a three-dimensional culture system, suggesting that Apg-2 is an important regulator of epithelial differentiation. (ucl.ac.uk)

In vertebrates, morphogenesis first involves patterning of embryonic fields, i.e. their partition into different territories characterized by specific expression programs. (pasteur.fr)
During embryonic tissue morphogenesis, cell division increases both the number of cells and cellular diversity. (syr.edu)

The case for applying tissue engineering methodologies to instruct human organoid morphogenesis. (wisc.edu)
Taken together, this work describes how the contribution of cell division to tissue morphogenesis is tissue-specific, raising the argument that further cell division studies should be conducted in vertebrate systems to understand mitosis in a three-dimensional tissue context. (syr.edu)
Template-based mapping of dynamic motifs in tissue morphogenesis. (princeton.edu)
Tissue morphogenesis relies on repeated use of dynamic behaviors at the levels of intracellular structures, individual cells, and cell groups. (princeton.edu)
Our formulation of tissue morphogenesis using time series opens new avenues for systematic decomposition of tissue morphogenesis. (princeton.edu)
Heat shock proteins are a valuable addition to collections, and in correlating chemical composition emphasized because of the tempera- recommended reading for investiga- with the ultrastructural layers and ture-sensitive morphogenesis to the tors seeking a broad appreciation for uncertainty concerning the linkages tissue form. (cdc.gov)
Heat shock proteins are emphasized because of the temperature-sensitive morphogenesis to the tissue form. (cdc.gov)
A major component of the ECM of developing nervous tissue, TN-C was expressed in zones of proliferation, migration and morphogenesis. (uea.ac.uk)

International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology, Volume 2: Morphogenesis: The Analysis of Molluscan Development describes the various stages in molluscan morphogenesis. (elsevier.com)

This leads to local changes in cell physiology that promote concerted proliferation, oriented cell division, apoptosis, migration, differentiation, all functions that contribute to growth, the motor for morphogenesis. (pasteur.fr)
Mammary gland morphogenesis depends on a good balance between cell proliferation differentiation and apoptosis to make a defined useful hierarchy inside the epithelia. (immune-source.com)

Link to all annotated objects annotated to regulation of branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis. (planteome.org)

Atlas of human prenatal morphogenesis / Jan E. Jir'asek, with the technical assistance of B. Faltinov'a and L. R. Sweney. (who.int)
Morphogenesis of the fallopian tubes in the prenatal period of human ontogenesis. (ifnmujournal.com)

Here we provide a review on the current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms underpinning the fate specification, differentiation, morphogenesis, and positioning of these specialized cell types. (jic.ac.uk)
Morphogenesis, along with cell growth and differentiation are crucial processes that define the body plan of an organism. (ku.edu)

Since morphogenesis involves dynamic cellular processes, tracking real-time changes in cell shapes must be crucial for further understanding these processes. (helsinki.fi)
Normal skeletal muscle development involves the specification and morphogenesis of muscle fibers that attach to tendons. (umaine.edu)

The basis for morphogenesis is the holy grail of medical mycology because temperature-sensitive dimorphism is a stratagem used by several deep-seated fungal pathogens. (cdc.gov)

Developmental analysis was performed in plants harbouring T-DNA insertions in seven known DUO1 target genes and it was found that only pollen carrying mutations in DAZ1 and DAZ2 show abnormal GC morphogenesis. (bl.uk)
C9: Mining the developmental toxicity genome in the zebrafish embryo test to develop a spatio-temporal map on morphogenesis and associated biomarker. (cefic-lri.org)
2005 and at later developmental phases Zanamivir Blimp1 activities are essential for morphogenesis of the pharynx forelimbs and placenta (Mould et al. (immune-source.com)

Metanephric kidney development is orchestrated by the iterative branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud. (monash.edu)

Control of Swe1p degradation by the morphogenesis checkpoint. (duke.edu)
Perturbations that transiently depolarize the actin cytoskeleton cause delays in bud formation, and a 'morphogenesis checkpoint' detects the actin perturbation and imposes a G2 delay through inhibition of the cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdc28p. (duke.edu)
Link to all annotated objects annotated to morphogenesis checkpoint. (planteome.org)
Link to all direct and indirect annotations to morphogenesis checkpoint. (planteome.org)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Control of morphogenesis in tobacco protoplast cultures: organogenesis vs embryogenesis. (who.int)
Sumilarv affects the physiology of morphogenesis, reproduction and embryogenesis of insects. (diypestexpert.com)

Jones, D 1995, ' The effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of cationic, non-antibiotic, antimicrobial agents on the morphogenesis of Candida albicans in vitro ', Pharmaceutical Research , vol. 12, pp. 2057-2059. (qub.ac.uk)

The genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in germline morphogenesis are unknown and it was hypothesised that the male germline-specific transcription factor, DUO1 might regulate one or both structural features. (bl.uk)
It was hypothesised that DUO1 might regulate morphogenesis through any of its direct target genes and/or through components of the DUO1-DAZ1 network. (bl.uk)

TGD diary: Morphogenesis and metabolism in astrophysical scales? (blogspot.com)
Morphogenesis and metabolism in astrophysical scales? (blogspot.com)

However, details of the individual and collective behaviors of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) during angiogenic morphogenesis remain largely unknown. (elsevier.com)

In this study we show that versican and aggrecan expression initially overlapped in the incipient cartilage model of long bones in the wing, but versican was also highly expressed in the perichondrium and presumptive joint interzone during early stages of morphogenesis (HH st25-34). (ecu.edu)
In pathogenic fungi, microRNAs have been described at different morphological stages by regulating targets involved in processes such as morphogenesis and energy production. (figshare.com)

In the present study we immunolocalized versican and aggrecan Cspgs during chick elbow joint morphogenesis between HH st25-41 of development. (ecu.edu)
This Review focuses on how the interplay between cell types is key to morphogenesis , production of robust neural circuits and replenishment of cells after injury , and ends with a discussion of the implications of the greater complexity of the human cerebellar progenitor zones for development and disease . (bvsalud.org)

Dejana E, Vestweber D (2013) The Role of VE-cadherin in Vascular Morphogenesis and Permeability Control. (uni-muenster.de)

Genetic investigations have confirmed that morphogenesis of the right and left ventricle originated from different sets of progenitor cells. (medscape.com)

Alkaloid synthesis is coupled to shoot morphogenesis in Argemone mexicana L. ( Papaveraceae ) in vitro cultures. (cicy.mx)

Throughout morphogenesis, epithelial cells maintain their physical connection with each other through intercellular junctions that reside along the lateral membrane of the adjoining cells. (ku.edu)
We are interested in the role of the nature of the membrane lipids in morphogenesis. (ibs.fr)
A further chapter discusses and Taxonomy morphogenesis and, potentially, in how surface membrane G-protein disease. (cdc.gov)

pattern formation http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~timcall/patterns/ * Turing, A. M.: The chemical basis of morphogenesis. (fo.am)

Knabe, J. F., Schilstra, M. J. and Nehaniv, C. L. Evolution and Morphogenesis of Differentiated Multicellular Organisms: Autonomously Generated Diffusion Gradients for Positional Information. (panmental.de)

Generative cell morphogenesis was examined by differential interference contrast and fluorescence microscopy of introduced nuclear and cytoplasmic markers in gametophytic mutants affecting GC division. (bl.uk)

Together, these observations indicate a role for SJ proteins in regulating morphogenesis that is independent of the occluding function. (ku.edu)
Blimp1 function is vital for ductal morphogenesis during lobuloalveolar and puberty maturation during past due pregnancy and lactation. (immune-source.com)

Mutant strains with aberrant shapes are studied to uncover regulatory mechanisms and revise models of bacterial morphogenesis. (ibs.fr)

Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the individual and collective EC movements driving angiogenic morphogenesis. (elsevier.com)
Morphogenesis and metabolic energy feed in astrophysical scales as explanations for puzzling findings? (blogspot.com)

Members of protein O-mannosyltransferase family in Aspergillus fumigatus differentially affect growth, morphogenesis and viability. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

Fine tuning of morphogenesis is illus- analysis help clarify the taxonomy of Structural Biology and Taxonomy trated by the "enhanced filamentous noncultivatable medical fungi is the first volume in a series authored growth" gene which, when knocked (excluding Pneumocystis ). (cdc.gov)
Fine tuning of morphogenesis is illustrated by the "enhanced filamentous growth" gene which, when knocked out, blocks the transition to the mycelial form. (cdc.gov)

Results were compared with our previous work on morphogenesis to show how controllability allowed richer shapes. (bris.ac.uk)

In both mutants for laminin (31 and yl, and their morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) injected counterparts, we clearly see these shorter muscle cells which demonstrates the importance of laminin's role in cell-matrix adhesion during myotome morphogenesis. (umaine.edu)
Important interpretation is provided about the hyphal form of C. albicans , which clarifies the germ tube's role in morphogenesis and, potentially, in disease. (cdc.gov)
These results are consistent with characteristics of the mutation in the Pcdh15(av-nmf19) allele and they support our previous finding that Protocadherin 15 plays an important role in hair-bundle morphogenesis. (cdc.gov)

The methodology used for this analysis might serve to bridge the gap in our understanding between individual cell behavior and branching morphogenesis. (elsevier.com)
Departing from the morphogenesis theme, chapters on phylogenetic analysis help clarify the taxonomy of noncultivatable medical fungi (excluding Pneumocystis ). (cdc.gov)

In this mechanism driven approach, zet-o-map will identify principal molecular drivers of (dys)morphogenesis, by analysing time resolved ZETA transcriptome data (termed spatio-temporal maps) and link these to adverse outcomes e.g. induced by certain teratogenic compounds. (cefic-lri.org)

We then develop a class of tip state models to represent elaboration of the ureteric tree and describe rules for 'half-delay' branching morphogenesis that describe almost perfectly the patterning of this structure. (monash.edu)

4. Lie T. Early dental plaque morphogenesis. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy67

Organisms24

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs69

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes52

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science4

Stromal cells mediate retinoid-dependent functions essential for renal development. (1/8937)

FGF8 induces formation of an ectopic isthmic organizer and isthmocerebellar development via a repressive effect on Otx2 expression. (2/8937)

A Wnt5a pathway underlies outgrowth of multiple structures in the vertebrate embryo. (3/8937)

The homeobox gene Pitx2: mediator of asymmetric left-right signaling in vertebrate heart and gut looping. (4/8937)

The cardiac homeobox gene Csx/Nkx2.5 lies genetically upstream of multiple genes essential for heart development. (5/8937)

Requirement of a novel gene, Xin, in cardiac morphogenesis. (6/8937)

Insect evolution: Redesigning the fruitfly. (7/8937)

Ultrabithorax function in butterfly wings and the evolution of insect wing patterns. (8/8937)

Morphogenesis

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Mesoderm

Epithelium

In Situ Hybridization

Body Patterning

Embryo, Nonmammalian

Signal Transduction

Mutation

Cell Polarity

Ureter

Epithelial Cells

Zebrafish

Organogenesis

Drosophila Proteins

Cell Differentiation

Homeodomain Proteins

Phenotype

Molecular Sequence Data

Drosophila

Zebrafish Proteins

Transcription Factors

Cell Shape

Fibroblast Growth Factor 10

Organ Culture Techniques

Odontogenesis

Hyphae

Models, Biological

Chick Embryo

Tooth

Cell Movement

Mammary Glands, Animal

Animals, Genetically Modified

Amino Acid Sequence

Embryo, Mammalian

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

Hair Follicle

Embryonic and Fetal Development

Cadherins

Actins

Extremities

Hedgehog Proteins

Ectoderm

Epidermis

Branchial Region

Mice, Transgenic

Fibroblast Growth Factors

Membrane Proteins

Tooth Germ

Microscopy, Electron

Embryonic Development

Immunohistochemistry

Caenorhabditis elegans

Mice, Knockout

Extracellular Matrix

Wnt Proteins

Base Sequence

Cell Division

Submandibular Gland

Feathers

Cell Adhesion

Drosophila melanogaster

Wing

Cytoskeleton

Fungal Proteins

Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins

Endoderm

Gastrula

Ear, Inner

Neural Crest

Eye

Laminin

Cells, Cultured

Microscopy, Electron, Scanning

Candida albicans

Cell Proliferation

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Heart

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4

Larva