Monosaccharides glucose and fructose carbohydrates. Medical search

Monosaccharides: Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Fructose: A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding.Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Carbohydrate Metabolism: Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.Dietary Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood.Carbohydrate Sequence: The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.Fructosediphosphates: Diphosphoric acid esters of fructose. The fructose-1,6- diphosphate isomer is most prevalent. It is an important intermediate in the glycolysis process.Carbohydrate Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.Hexosediphosphates Glucose Tolerance Test: A test to determine the ability of an individual to maintain HOMEOSTASIS of BLOOD GLUCOSE. It includes measuring blood glucose levels in a fasting state, and at prescribed intervals before and after oral glucose intake (75 or 100 g) or intravenous infusion (0.5 g/kg).Monosaccharide Transport Proteins: A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.Fructosephosphates Galactose: An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.Disaccharides: Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.Fructose Intolerance: An autosomal recessive fructose metabolism disorder due to deficient fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (EC 2.1.2.13) activity, resulting in accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate. The accumulated fructose-1-phosphate inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, causing severe hypoglycemia following ingestion of fructose. Prolonged fructose ingestion in infants leads ultimately to hepatic failure and death. Patients develop a strong distaste for sweet food, and avoid a chronic course of the disease by remaining on a fructose- and sucrose-free diet.Mannose: A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Glucose Transporter Type 5: A hexose transporter that mediates FRUCTOSE transport in SKELETAL MUSCLE and ADIPOCYTES and is responsible for luminal uptake of dietary fructose in the SMALL INTESTINE.Polysaccharides Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.Fructose-Bisphosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and water to D-fructose 6-phosphate and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.11.Hexoses Sucrose: A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.Phosphofructokinase-1: An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. D-tagatose- 6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate also are acceptors. UTP, CTP, and ITP also are donors. In human phosphofructokinase-1, three types of subunits have been identified. They are PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, MUSCLE TYPE; PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, LIVER TYPE; and PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, TYPE C; found in platelets, brain, and other tissues.Lectins: Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.Fucose Starch: Any of a group of polysaccharides of the general formula (C6-H10-O5)n, composed of a long-chain polymer of glucose in the form of amylose and amylopectin. It is the chief storage form of energy reserve (carbohydrates) in plants.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.Glucose Transporter Type 1: A ubiquitously expressed glucose transporter that is important for constitutive, basal GLUCOSE transport. It is predominately expressed in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and ERYTHROCYTES at the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and is responsible for GLUCOSE entry into the BRAIN.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Fructokinases: A class of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose in the presence of ATP. EC 2.7.1.-.Glucose Oxidase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-glucose and oxygen to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and peroxide. It is a flavoprotein, highly specific for beta-D-glucose. The enzyme is produced by Penicillium notatum and other fungi and has antibacterial activity in the presence of glucose and oxygen. It is used to estimate glucose concentration in blood or urine samples through the formation of colored dyes by the hydrogen peroxide produced in the reaction. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.3.4.Glycolysis: A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.Sugar Alcohols: Polyhydric alcohols having no more than one hydroxy group attached to each carbon atom. They are formed by the reduction of the carbonyl group of a sugar to a hydroxyl group.(From Dorland, 28th ed)Glycoside HydrolasesXyloseGlycogenGlucosamineLactates: Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.Gluconeogenesis: Biosynthesis of GLUCOSE from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as LACTATE; PYRUVATE; ALANINE; and GLYCEROL.Glucose Transporter Type 4: A glucose transport protein found in mature MUSCLE CELLS and ADIPOCYTES. It promotes transport of glucose from the BLOOD into target TISSUES. The inactive form of the protein is localized in CYTOPLASMIC VESICLES. In response to INSULIN, it is translocated to the PLASMA MEMBRANE where it facilitates glucose uptake.Glucosephosphates Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.Plant Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.Phlorhizin Glycosides: Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Glucose Transporter Type 2: A glucose transport facilitator that is expressed primarily in PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; LIVER; and KIDNEYS. It may function as a GLUCOSE sensor to regulate INSULIN release and glucose HOMEOSTASIS.Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications.Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the cleavage of fructose 1,6-biphosphate to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The enzyme also acts on (3S,4R)-ketose 1-phosphates. The yeast and bacterial enzymes are zinc proteins. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) E.C. 4.1.2.13.Sweetening Agents: Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Glycoconjugates: Carbohydrates covalently linked to a nonsugar moiety (lipids or proteins). The major glycoconjugates are glycoproteins, glycopeptides, peptidoglycans, glycolipids, and lipopolysaccharides. (From Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2d ed; From Principles of Biochemistry, 2d ed)Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Hexosamines Fermentation: Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.Methylglucosides Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate: Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.Glucokinase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and D-glucose to ADP and D-glucose 6-phosphate. They are found in invertebrates and microorganisms, and are highly specific for glucose. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.2.Fasting: Abstaining from all food.Glycopeptides: Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring: Self evaluation of whole blood glucose levels outside the clinical laboratory. A digital or battery-operated reflectance meter may be used. It has wide application in controlling unstable insulin-dependent diabetes.Phosphofructokinase-2: An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, an allosteric effector for the other 6-phosphofructokinase, PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1. Phosphofructokinase-2 is bifunctional: the dephosphorylated form is a kinase and the phosphorylated form is a phosphatase that breaks down fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to yield fructose-6-phosphate.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase: A glucose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of beta-D-glucose to form D-glucono-1,5-lactone, using NAD as well as NADP as a coenzyme.Glucose-6-Phosphate: An ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed)Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form.Methylglycosides Maltose: A dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Sialic Acids: A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. They are ubiquitously distributed in many tissues.Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.Intestinal Absorption: Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.Energy Metabolism: The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504)Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.Glycolipids: Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)Pyruvate Kinase: ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.Carbon Isotopes: Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.Glyceraldehyde Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.Trisaccharides: Oligosaccharides containing three monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.Amino Sugars: SUGARS containing an amino group. GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES.Hexokinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and a D-hexose to ADP and a D-hexose 6-phosphate. D-Glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, sorbitol, and D-glucosamine can act as acceptors; ITP and dATP can act as donors. The liver isoenzyme has sometimes been called glucokinase. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.1.Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1: The founding member of the sodium glucose transport proteins. It is predominately expressed in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the SMALL INTESTINE.Postprandial Period: The time frame after a meal or FOOD INTAKE.Sorbose: A ketose sugar that is commonly used in the commercial synthesis of ASCORBIC ACID.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518)Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.Fatty Acids, Nonesterified: FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Liver Glycogen: Glycogen stored in the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)Neuraminic AcidsSubstrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Malabsorption Syndromes: General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.Diet: Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.Hexosephosphates Glucose Transporter Type 3: A major glucose transporter found in NEURONS.Hypoglycemic Agents: Substances which lower blood glucose levels.Xylitol: A five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from XYLOSE by reduction of the carbonyl group. It is as sweet as sucrose and used as a noncariogenic sweetener.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Triglycerides beta-Fructofuranosidase: A glycoside hydrolase found primarily in PLANTS and YEASTS. It has specificity for beta-D-fructofuranosides such as SUCROSE.Body Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.Dietary Sucrose: Sucrose present in the diet. It is added to food and drinks as a sweetener.Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.Arabinose Hypoglycemia: A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.Polysaccharides, Bacterial: Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.Phosphoenolpyruvate Sugar Phosphotransferase System: The bacterial sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) that catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to its sugar substrates (the PTS sugars) concomitant with the translocation of these sugars across the bacterial membrane. The phosphorylation of a given sugar requires four proteins, two general proteins, Enzyme I and HPr and a pair of sugar-specific proteins designated as the Enzyme II complex. The PTS has also been implicated in the induction of synthesis of some catabolic enzyme systems required for the utilization of sugars that are not substrates of the PTS as well as the regulation of the activity of ADENYLYL CYCLASES. EC 2.7.1.-.Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.Lipid Metabolism: Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative: A family of monosaccharide transport proteins characterized by 12 membrane spanning helices. They facilitate passive diffusion of GLUCOSE across the CELL MEMBRANE.Islets of Langerhans: Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.Pyruvates Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Uronic Acids: Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)Pentoses: A class of carbohydrates that contains five carbon atoms.Chromatography, Gel: Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.Chromatography, Ion Exchange: Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.Phosphotransferases: A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.Obesity: A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).Glucose Dehydrogenases: D-Glucose:1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-glucose to D-glucono-gamma-lactone and reduced acceptor. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.47; EC 1.1.1.118; EC 1.1.1.119 and EC 1.1.99.10.Galactosephosphates: Phosphoric acid esters of galactose.Intestine, Small: The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.Lipids: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Chemistry: A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.Carbon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.Galactosamine Beverages: Liquids that are suitable for drinking. (From Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)Eating: The consumption of edible substances.Chemical Phenomena: The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Starvation: Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Chromatography, Affinity: A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Glucose-6-Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-glucose 6-phosphate and water to D-glucose and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.9.Mannosides: Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of mannose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-mannosides.Glycosuria: The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).Cell Wall: The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.Chromatography, Gas: Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.Acetates: Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Mannose-Binding Lectins: A subclass of lectins that are specific for CARBOHYDRATES that contain MANNOSE.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Chromatography, Paper: An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).Dihydroxyacetone: A ketotriose compound. Its addition to blood preservation solutions results in better maintenance of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels during storage. It is readily phosphorylated to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by triokinase in erythrocytes. In combination with naphthoquinones it acts as a sunscreening agent.Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.Amanita: A genus of fungi of the family Agaricaceae, order Agaricales; most species are poisonous.Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted: A diet that contains limited amounts of CARBOHYDRATES. This is in distinction to a regular DIET.Adipose Tissue: Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.Angelica sinensis: A plant species of the family APIACEAE that is the source of dong quai.Uridine Diphosphate Sugars Fructans: Polysaccharides composed of D-fructose units.Mucins: High molecular weight mucoproteins that protect the surface of EPITHELIAL CELLS by providing a barrier to particulate matter and microorganisms. Membrane-anchored mucins may have additional roles concerned with protein interactions at the cell surface.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental: Diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by PANCREATECTOMY.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Galactosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of galactose from a nucleoside diphosphate galactose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.Galactans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.Borohydrides: A class of inorganic or organic compounds that contain the borohydride (BH4-) anion.Chromatography, Thin Layer: Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.Deoxy Sugars Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn ErrorsGlucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase: An aldose-ketose isomerase that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. In prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms it plays an essential role in glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. In mammalian systems the enzyme is found in the cytoplasm and as a secreted protein. This secreted form of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase has been referred to as autocrine motility factor or neuroleukin, and acts as a cytokine which binds to the AUTOCRINE MOTILITY FACTOR RECEPTOR. Deficiency of the enzyme in humans is an autosomal recessive trait, which results in CONGENITAL NONSPHEROCYTIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA.Glucose Metabolism Disorders: Pathological conditions in which the BLOOD GLUCOSE cannot be maintained within the normal range, such as in HYPOGLYCEMIA and HYPERGLYCEMIA. Etiology of these disorders varies. Plasma glucose concentration is critical to survival for it is the predominant fuel for the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.Disaccharidases PhosphoenolpyruvateBiological Transport, Active: The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.Hyperinsulinism: A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.

Animal nutrition

Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are ... to glucose and can be used for energy production just as ordinary glucose. By breaking down existing protein, some glucose can ... Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. But in most ... A few amino acids from protein can be converted into glucose and used for fuel through a process called gluconeogenesis; this ...

Human nutrition

Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are ... Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose and galactose. Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose; purified sucrose ... to glucose and can be used for energy production just as ordinary glucose. By breaking down existing protein, some glucose can ... "Carbohydrates That Contain Monosaccharides". Healthy eating. Lean, Michael E.J. (2015). "Principles of human nutrition". ...

Nutrition

Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are ... Some simple carbohydrates (e.g., fructose) follow different metabolic pathways (e.g., fructolysis) that result in only a ... Traditionally, simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore to raise blood-glucose levels more ... Carbohydrates may be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monomer (sugar ...

Sugar

Fructose, galactose, and glucose are all simple sugars, monosaccharides, with the general formula C6H12O6. They have five ... "glucose" and "fructose". Sometimes such words may also refer to any types of carbohydrates soluble in water. The acyclic mono- ... The fructose/glucose ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of free fructose plus half sucrose by the sum of free glucose plus ... Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose (also known as dextrose), fructose, and galactose. The "table ...

Biochemistry

Glucose (C6H12O6) is one of the most important carbohydrates; others include fructose (C6H12O6), the sugar commonly associated ... The simplest type of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, which among other properties contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, ... Sugars are carbohydrates, but not all carbohydrates are sugars. There are more carbohydrates on Earth than any other known type ... fructose and 8.20% sucrose. However, peaches contain more sucrose (6.66%) than they do fructose (0.93%) or glucose (1.47%). " ...

Tetrasaccharide

For example, stachyose upon hydrolysis gives one molecule each of glucose and fructose and two molecules of galactose. The ... A tetrasaccharide is a carbohydrate which gives upon hydrolysis four molecules of the same or different monosaccharides. ...

Metabolism

The basic carbohydrate units are called monosaccharides and include galactose, fructose, and most importantly glucose. ... In carbohydrate anabolism, simple organic acids can be converted into monosaccharides such as glucose and then used to assemble ... Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller units. Carbohydrates are usually taken into cells once ... Once inside, the major route of breakdown is glycolysis, where sugars such as glucose and fructose are converted into pyruvate ...

Polysaccharide

Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and glyceraldehyde. Polysaccharides, meanwhile, have a general formula of Cx ... Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by ... On hydrolysis, it yields glucose. It is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature. Chitin is one of many naturally occurring ... Natural saccharides are generally of simple carbohydrates called monosaccharides with general formula (CH2O)n where n is three ...

Biomolecule

Examples of monosaccharides are the hexoses, glucose, fructose, Trioses, Tetroses, Heptoses, galactose, pentoses, ribose, and ... Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates with only one simple sugar. They essentially contain an aldehyde or ... Consumed fructose and glucose have different rates of gastric emptying, are differentially absorbed and have different ... Polysaccharides are polymerized monosaccharides, or complex carbohydrates. They have multiple simple sugars. Examples are ...

Soy molasses

... and minor amounts of monosaccharides (fructose and glucose). Minor constituents include saponins, protein, lipid, minerals (ash ... These solids consist of carbohydrates (60%), proteins and other nitrogenous substances (10%), minerals (10%), fats and lipoids ...

Biomolecular engineering

Common monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and ribose. When linked together monosaccharides can form disaccharides, ... Carbohydrates are another important biomolecule. These are polymers, called polysaccharides, which are made up of chains of ... These monosaccharides consist of a five to six carbon ring that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - typically in a 1:2:1 ... Cellulose is a polysaccharide made up of beta 1-4 linkages between repeat glucose monomers. It is the most abundant source of ...

Biochemistry

Glucose (C6H12O6) is one of the most important carbohydrates; others include fructose (C6H12O6), the sugar commonly associated ... The simplest type of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, which among other properties contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, ... Carbohydrates as energy source[edit]. Main article: Carbohydrate metabolism. Glucose is the major energy source in most life ... Sugars are carbohydrates, but not all carbohydrates are sugars. There are more carbohydrates on Earth than any other known type ...

Tomato soup

HFCS is composed of both glucose and fructose in their free monosaccharide from that doesn't crystallize readily. HFCS is also ... Wheat flour is composed of six main groups, carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, lipids, minerals and vitamins. Flour is added to ... White, John S. "Sucrose, HFCS, and Fructose: History, Manufacture, Composition, Applications, and Production." Fructose, High ... the monosaccharaides of fructose and glucose have the ability to bind to water in the product. The binding of water helps to ...

Maple syrup

It consists primarily of sucrose and water, with small amounts of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose from the invert ... In a 100g amount, maple syrup provides 260 calories and is composed of 32 percent water by weight, 67 percent carbohydrates (90 ... In these syrups, the primary ingredient is most often high-fructose corn syrup flavoured with sotolon; they have little genuine ...

Nutrient

Carbohydrates are classified according to their number of sugar units: monosaccharides (such as glucose and fructose), ... The chemical compounds that humans consume in the largest quantities and provide bulk energy are classified as carbohydrates, ... Macronutrients provide energy: Carbohydrates are compounds made up of types of sugar. ... Consumed in relatively large amounts (grams or ounces), macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water) are used ...

Honey bee

The dominant monosaccharides in honey bee diets are fructose and glucose but the most common circulating sugar in hemolymph is ... Nectar is collected by foraging worker bees as a source of water and carbohydrates in the form of sucrose. ... Adult worker honey bees require 4 mg of utilizable sugars per day and larvae require about 59.4 mg of carbohydrates for proper ... trehalose which is a disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules.[33] ...

Glucose-galactose malabsorption

Sucrose is broken down into glucose and another simple sugar called fructose, and lactose is broken down into glucose and ... Glucose and galactose are called simple sugars, or monosaccharides. Sucrose and lactose are called disaccharides because they ... As a result, lactose, sucrose and other compounds made from carbohydrates cannot be digested by individuals with glucose- ... Fructose malabsorption Lactose intolerance Wright EM, Turk E, Martin MG (2002). "Molecular basis for glucose-galactose ...

List of sugars

Monosaccharide - refers to 'simple sugars', these are the most basic units of carbohydrates. Examples are glucose, fructose, ... a monosaccharide sugar not as sweet as glucose or fructose Glucose Golden syrup - refined sugar cane or sugar beet juice High ... glucose and 50% fructose Inositol Inverted sugar syrup - glucose and fructose Jaggery - made from date, cane juice, or palm sap ... High maltose corn syrup - mainly maltose, not as sweet as high fructose corn syrup Honey - consists of fructose and glucose ...

Food chemistry

Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide as is fructose. Combine them in the picture shown to the right and you have sucrose, ... The simplest version of a carbohydrate is a monosaccharide which contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio under a ... A chain of monosaccharides form to make a polysaccharide. Such polysaccharides include pectin, dextran, agar, and xanthan. ... It is similar to biochemistry in its main components such as carbohydrates, lipids, and protein, but it also includes areas ...

Carbohydrate

The major dietary carbohydrates Class (DP*). Subgroup. Components Sugars (1-2) Monosaccharides. Glucose, galactose, fructose, ... Some simple carbohydrates (e.g. fructose) raise blood glucose slowly, while some complex carbohydrates (starches), especially ... The most important carbohydrate is glucose, a simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is metabolized by nearly all known organisms. ... Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and glyceraldehydes. However, some biological substances commonly called " ...

Carbohydrate

Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and glyceraldehydes. However, some biological substances commonly called " ... Some simple carbohydrates (e.g. fructose) raise blood glucose slowly, while some complex carbohydrates (starches), especially ... glucose and fructose Their ring types: glucose is a pyranose and fructose is a furanose How they are linked together: the ... The most important carbohydrate is glucose, a simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is metabolized by nearly all known organisms. ...

Monosaccharide

Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose) and ... are the most basic units of carbohydrates. They are fundamental units of carbohydrates and cannot be further hydrolyzed to ... For many monosaccharides (including glucose), the cyclic forms predominate, in the solid state and in solutions, and therefore ... These specific monosaccharide names have conventional three-letter abbreviations, like "Glu" for glucose and "Thr" for threose ...

Biochemistry - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sugars are the simplest carbohydrates. The monosaccharides are "single sugars", such as glucose and fructose. The disaccharides ... are two monosaccharides joined together. Table sugar (cane sugar) is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose. The ... Carbohydrates[change , change source]. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. ... Carbohydrates have a number of functions in the body, but the most important is to act as a ready source of energy for the ...

Carbohydrate catabolism

... monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose) and the disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, maltose, lactose). Glucose ... For the glucose molecule to oxidize into pyruvate, an input of ATP molecules is required. This is known as the investment phase ... The breakdown of glucose into energy in the form of molecules of ATP is therefore one of the most important biochemical ... In oxidation, the electrons are stripped from a glucose molecule to reduce NAD+ and FAD. NAD+ and FAD possess a high energy ...

Carbohydrate digestion

From sucrose, glucose is taken up much faster than fructose. Monosaccharide transport saturates with D-glucose at 30 mM. ... During the phase of carbohydrate absorption, fructose is transported into the intestinal cell's cytosol, glucose and galactose ... From the cytosol, monosaccharides pass into the capillaries by simple or facilitated diffusion. Carbohydrates not digested in ... All carbohydrates absorbed in the small intestine must be hydrolyzed to monosaccharides prior to absorption. Hydrolysis ...

Glucose syrup

The glucose can then be transformed into fructose by passing the glucose through a column that is loaded with the enzyme D- ... glucose, 14% maltose, 11% maltotriose and 56% higher molecular mass carbohydrates.[7]p. 464 A typical 42 DE syrup has about ... Glucose syrup, also known as confectioner's glucose, is a syrup made from the hydrolysis of starch. Glucose is a sugar. Maize ( ... By converting some of the glucose in corn syrup into fructose (using an enzymatic process), a sweeter product, high fructose ...

BioMolecular Explorer3D | Explore the Molecules

Carbohydrates. Format: Biomodel. en español. * the monosaccharides glucose & fructose. *the disaccharide sucrose ... Carbohydrates. Composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, carbohydrates are literally hydrated carbon, as seen by their ... The sugar found in milk, lactose, is a compound sugar which is made from two simple sugars, glucose and galactose. Lactase is ... The breakdown of fats yields more than twice as much energy per gram than that obtained from carbohydrates or protein. ...

umass.edu

SparkNotes: Carbohydrates: Types of Carbohydrates

... s Carbohydrates. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Carbohydrates and what it means. Perfect for ... The common monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Each simple sugar has a cyclic structure and is composed of ... Fructose Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose, meaning it has the same chemical ormula but a completely different three- ... Glucose Glucose is the main sugar metabolized by the body for energy. The D-isomer of glucose predominates in nature and it is ...

sparknotes.com

Carbohydrate - New World Encyclopedia

... out of which larger carbohydrates are constructed. Monosaccharides such as glucose, ribose, and fructose are simple sugars. ... Monosaccharides. Glucose as a straight-chain carbohydrate (Fischer projection). Glucose is an aldohexose because it has a ... Fructose as a straight-chain carbohydrate (Fischer projection). Fructose is a ketohexose because it has an internal carbonyl ... The single most common monosaccharide is the aldohexose D-glucose, represented by the formula C6H12O6. The carbons of glucose ...

newworldencyclopedia.org

Biochemistry - New World Encyclopedia

Glucose, one of the most important carbohydrates, is an example of a monosaccharide. So is fructose, the sugar that gives ... Both glucose and fructose have the molecular formula C6H12O6, but their structures differ. Other examples of monosaccharides ... The simplest type of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide. Each monosaccharide molecule generally contains carbon, hydrogen, and ... Monosaccharides can be grouped into aldoses (having an aldehyde group at the end of the chain, for example, glucose) and ...

newworldencyclopedia.org

Free Anatomy Flashcards about chemical basis life

monomers of carbohydrates. monosaccharides. examples of a monosaccharides. fructose, glucose. examples of a disaccharides. ... if inadequate glucose or fat is available, the liver converts amino acids into glucose and produces ATP through cellular ... carbohydrates uses in the body. immediate energy, short term energy storage, building some cell structures. ... what are the uses in the body for carbohydrates. immediate energy, shoot- term energy storage, cell structure. ...

studystack.com

Sucrose | Encyclopedia.com

... see carbohydrate [1]) with a sweet taste, melting and decomposing at 186°C to form caramel. It is known commonly as cane sugar ... "carbo-hydrate." Some familiar monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose; while the disaccharides include sucrose, ... sucrose (sewk-rohz) n. a carbohydrate consisting of glucose and fructose. It is the principal constituent of cane sugar and ... When sucrose is digested, it first breaks down into the monosaccharides of which it is composed, glucose and fructose, with the ...

encyclopedia.com

Carbohydrates - effects, food, nutrition, body, diet, absorption, health, protein, fat

Fructose and glucose Monosaccharides Malt sugar Maltose Disaccharide (glucose and glucose) Formed by the hydrolysis of starch, ... Common monosaccharides (carbohydrates composed of single sugar units) include glucose , fructose, and galactose. Glucose is the ... Fructose Monosaccharide Very sweet High-fructose corn syrup Fructose Monosaccharide Very sweet and inexpensive Added to soft ... Carbohydrate Monosaccharide or disaccharide Additional information Beet sugar (cane sugar) Sucrose Disaccharide (fructose and ...

faqs.org

Composition containing creatine and phosphorus - STOUT JEFFREY RAY

Especially preferred monosaccharides include glucose and fructose. Preferred polysaccharides include sucrose, lactose, maltose ... 0047] Carbohydrates included within the composition according to the invention can be any carbohydrate known in the art, ... Such carbohydrates thus include digestible mono-saccharides and polysaccharides. ... Non-digestible carbohydrates (nutritional fibres) may also be present [0048] The quantity of digestible carbohydrates included ...

freepatentsonline.com

Free Anatomy Flashcards about Organic Molecules

Carbohydrates (sugars). C, H, 0. Monosaccharides or hexoses. glucose, fructose, galactose: energy. Polysaccharides: Starch ( ...

studystack.com

Carbohydrate Structure

Carbohydrates are one of the most important food groups in the diet of all animals, including humans. They provide essential ... Monosaccharides - These consist of a single sugar unit. Examples include glucose, fructose, and glyceraldehyde. Depending on ... Carbohydrates are macromolecules composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) and have the general formula of Cx(H2O)y. ... Carbohydrates are one of the most important food groups in the diet of all animals, including humans. They provide essential ...

news-medical.net

Macronutrients | Learn About Carbohydrates, Proteins & Fats

... fats and carbohydrates in our diet, and explore how our bodies use these macronutrients. ... Glucose, a monosaccharide, is the most abundant sugar molecule and is the preferred energy source for the brain. It is a part ... Fructose is another common monosaccharide. Two common disaccharides in food are sucrose, common table sugar, and lactose, the ... Simple carbohydrates may be single sugar molecules called monosaccharides or two monosaccharides joined together called ...

innerbody.com

Metabolism Flashcards by Harriet Trzcinska | Brainscape

Glucose, fructose and galactose are which types of carbohydrate? Monosaccharides 5 Name 3 disaccharides ... Blood glucose is high - insulin is secreted by beta cells of pancreas, insulin lowers blood glucose by increasing entry of ... Glucose releases ATP, glucose transformed to 2x pyruvic acid - lactic acid and acetyl coenzyme A.. Acetyl coenzyme a - ... Generate glucose. Convert to energy. Form structural components of molecules eg glycoproteins Provide energy stores eg glycogen ...

brainscape.com

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160774.php

Carbohydrates - 4 kcal per gram. Carbohydrate molecules include monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose), disaccharides, ... Fiber consists mostly of carbohydrates. However, because it is not easily absorbed by the body, not much of the sugars and ... A nutrient is a source of nourishment, a component of food, for instance, protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamin, mineral, fiber, ... Nutritionally, polysaccharides are favored over monosaccharides because they are more complex and therefore take longer to ...

medicalnewstoday.com

What Are the 3 Types of Carbohydrates? | LIVESTRONG.COM

Carbohydrates often get clumped together in two extreme categories: good and bad. However, carbs alone arent bad. Everyone ... Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbs. They are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Glucose is commonly referred to as ... Simple Carbohydrates for Energy. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body and the brain prefers glucose over ... Simple carbohydrates are monosaccharides and disaccharides, while starches and fiber are polysaccharides. ...

livestrong.com

Pears: Health benefits and nutritional information

Fruits, like apples and pears, contain a higher amount of fructose compared with glucose. They are considered a high FODMAP ... These are all forms of fermentable short-chain carbohydrates. A diet low in these types of carbohydrates has been shown to ... FODMAP stands for "fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols." ... 27 g of carbohydrate, including 17 g of sugar and 6 g ... www.diabetes.org.uk/Guide-to-diabetes/Enjoy-food/Carbohydrates- ...

medicalnewstoday.com

ENCAPSULATED PICOPLATIN - Poniard Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

An example of a monosaccharide is fructose. Other examples include without limitation glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, ... An example of a substantially water-soluble carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, for example glucose. ... Suitable carbohydrates can be selected from a group consisting of a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, a sugar alcohol, a ... 7. The unit dosage form of claim 1 or 2 wherein the carbohydrate comprises a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, a sugar alcohol, a ...

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Macromolecules by Shara D on Prezi

sucrose, glucose, fructose, lactose, cellulose, amylose, etc.. Also starch and glycogen. (9). Carbohydrates are found in ... 1. Glucose is a:. A. monosaccharide. B. polypeptide. C. lipid. D. polysaccharide. 2. Which of the following is not a protein?. ... B. Glucose. C. Fructose. Examples. Structure. Function. Example. (2). (11). Found in cell membrane, wax, butter, oils, etc.. ( ... Carbohydrates If it ends in -ose, it is likely a type of sugar. Sugars are carbohydrates.. Look at the structure of the letter ...

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Biology Collection by Michael Meuth on Prezi

Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and ribose.. This picture of tree sap is an example of glucose.Glucose is ... Monosaccharide. A polysaccharide is defined as a complex carbohydrate composed of a chain of monosaccharides joined together by ... Disaccharide is defined as a sugar, or a carbohydrate, composed of two monosaccharides, yielding two monosaccharide monlecules ... Monosaccharide is defined as a the simplist form of carbohydrate, and cannot be broken down to simpler sugars. ...

prezi.com

The Functions of Carbohydrates in the Body : (EUFIC)

Carbohydrates occur in different forms and in many foods, such as whole grains, fruit and vegetables. Find out what their ... Glucose and fructose: monosaccharides that can be found in fruits, vegetables, honey, but also in food products like glucose- ... Glucose, fructose and galactose are examples of single-unit sugars, also known as monosaccharides. Double-unit sugars are ... The type of the sugar(s) that form(s) the carbohydrate; e.g. fructose has a lower glycaemic response than glucose, and sucrose ...

eufic.org

Biology Carbohydrate

Carbohydrate, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, Genetic Terminology, Organisms and their Chromosome Counts, Viral, Bacterial ... Biology Carbohydrate - Learn Biology in simple and easy steps starting from basic to advanced concepts with examples including ... Monosaccharides. Glucose, fructose, xylose, galactose. Disaccharides. Sucrose, lactose, maltose, trehalose. Polyols. Sorbitol, ... Functions of Carbohydrate. *. Following are the major functions of carbohydrates −. *. Carbohydrates provide energy required ...

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Carbohydrate - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org

Digestion & Absorption Flashcards by Olivia Galante | Brainscape

What monosaccharides are absorbed by humans? glucose and fructose 4 What digests carbohydrates in the mouth? ...

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Animal nutrition - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism - Wikipedia

These carbohydrates are composed of three principal monosaccharides: glucose, fructose and galactose; in addition glycogen is ... Fructose malabsorption is a digestive disorder in which absorption of fructose is impaired by deficient fructose carriers in ... G-6-P can be converted to glucose by the enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase); the glucose produced in the liver is then ... The monosaccharide glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) is typically the input substance for glycogenesis. G-6-P is most commonly ...

en.wikipedia.org

BAD - East Mississippi Community College - Course Hero

The Chemists View Simple Carbohydrates A. B. III. IV. Monosaccharides 1. Glucose 2. Fructose 3. Galactose Disaccharides 1. ...

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sucrose (sōō´krōs) , commonest of the sugars, a white, crystalline solid disaccharide (see carbohydrate ) with a sweet taste, melting and decomposing at 186°C to form caramel. (encyclopedia.com)
Monosaccharides such as glucose , ribose , and fructose are simple sugars. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
This formula is characteristic of sugars and gave rise to the term carbohydrate because compounds of this sort were originally thought to be "hydrates of carbon. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The repeating units of polysaccharides are simple sugars called monosaccharides. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Simple carbohydrates , usually referred to as sugars, are naturally present in fruit, milk and other unprocessed foods. (innerbody.com)
Simple sugars are easily used for energy and are rapidly absorbed by the body, because they can be broken down quickly in to glucose. (livestrong.com)
Fructose and sucrose are natural sugars found in fruits and vegetables. (livestrong.com)
In this part of our review on carbohydrates, we explain the different types and basic functions of carbohydrates including sugars. (eufic.org)
At their most basic, carbohydrates are made of building blocks of sugars, and can be classified according to how many sugar units are combined in their molecule. (eufic.org)
Glucose, fructose and galactose are examples of single-unit sugars, also known as monosaccharides. (eufic.org)
Simple carbohydrates - those with one or two sugar units - are also simply known as sugars. (eufic.org)
Carbohydrates are also known as sugars. (prezi.com)
Simple carbohydrates, or simple sugars, are composed of monosaccharide or disaccharide units. (faqs.org)
The metabolic pathway glycolysis is used by cells to break down carbohydrates like glucose (and various other simple sugars) in order to extract energy from them. (wikipedia.org)
Monosaccharide is defined as a the simplist form of carbohydrate, and cannot be broken down to simpler sugars. (prezi.com)
Fructose and sucrose both fall under the designation of sugars. (livestrong.com)
This energy content is actually common to all carbohydrates -- including starches, which are chemically related to sugars, but don't taste sweet. (livestrong.com)
Starch and sugars are the most important carbohydrates in human diet. (wikipedia.org)
Sugars appear in human diet mainly as table sugar (sucrose, extracted from sugarcane or sugar beets ), lactose (abundant in milk), glucose and fructose, both of which occur naturally in honey , many fruits, and some vegetables. (wikipedia.org)
When you look at a 'Nutrition Facts' label on a food package and see 'Sugars' under the 'Carbohydrates' section of the label, these simple sugars are what the label is talking about. (howstuffworks.com)
The energy required to power the human body begins with the consumption of food, and the subsequent extraction by the body of the carbohydrate-based sugars, known as glucose and glycogen. (encyclopedia.com)
Simple carbohydrates are the simple chemical structures of monosaccharides, or single sugars, such as glucose and fructose. (encyclopedia.com)
Complex carbohydrates are composed of complex sugars known as polysaccharides, of which glycogen is the most prominent example. (encyclopedia.com)
Glucose is converted into its storage form, glycogen, which is a long string of single sugars stored as a starch, a complex sugar. (encyclopedia.com)
They include sugars such as glucose and fructose. (ducksters.com)
Note: Many sugars sold as fructose and glucose are not pure and have other sugars added (and so are not suitable for the carbohydrate specific diet). (drmyhill.co.uk)
Galactose and fructose are also major sugars. (wisegeek.com)
You will also learn about the different types of sugars that form carbohydrates and the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates. (lsuagcenter.com)
There are three main kinds of carbohydrates: (1) simple carbohydrates or simple sugars such as table sugar and the sugar in milk, (2) complex carbohydrates such as starches and (3) dietary fiber. (lsuagcenter.com)
Monosaccharides is another name for simple sugars or simple carbohydrates. (lsuagcenter.com)
The most common monosaccharides are the sugars fructose and glucose, and these typically take on a ring-shaped structure. (reference.com)
Oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrate chains made up of two to twenty simple sugars joined together with a covalent bond. (reference.com)
The principal sugars, glucose and fructose, are known by their single ring structure and are called monosaccharides. (reference.com)
Elaborate carbohydrate polymers, made from 12 basic sugars, constitute the cell walls of plants. (reference.com)
Sugars are carbohydrates and can be broadly categorised according to the number of units they contain. (horseandhound.co.uk)
Monosaccharides or simple sugars consist of just one unit and include glucose, fructose and galactose. (horseandhound.co.uk)
Once monosaccharides are presented to the BBM, mature enterocytes expressing nutrient transporters transport the sugars into the enterocytes. (nih.gov)
On food labels, carbohydrates are categorized either as sugars, starches or dietary fibers. (sfgate.com)
Onion will test positive for glucose because it contains simple sugars and for potato it will test negative for glucose because it contains starch which is a polysaccharide. (majortests.com)
However, the brain prefers to get its carbohydrates from carbohydrate rich whole foods rather than simple sugars. (hubpages.com)
At the same time, glucose from simple sugars causes detrimental effect to the brain. (hubpages.com)
These simple sugars are absorbed in the small intestine and then transport to the liver - some glucose is utilised by cells for energy - some is stored in the liver as glycogen. (qub.ac.uk)
Major dietary carbohydrates can be divided into three classes: sugars, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. (discount-supplements.co.uk)
Monosaccharides are the building blocks of other longer chain sugars. (discount-supplements.co.uk)
Monosaccharides are the simplest of all sugars and are a base for all other carbohydrates. (angelfire.com)
Glucose is obtained from food, through the digestion and absorption of sugars and starches. (angelfire.com)
Some types of carbohydrates are sugars, starches and cellulose. (brightstorm.com)
A major division of carbohydrates is between sugars and polysaccharides . (daviddarling.info)
Monosaccharides, also known as simple sugars, have the general formula (CH 2 O) n . (daviddarling.info)
Many different isomers of these sugars are possible and often have names reflecting their source, or property, e.g., fructose is formed in fruit, arabinose in gum arabic, and the pentose, xylose, in wool (see Figure 1). (daviddarling.info)
A disaccharide is any of a group of sugars the molecules of which are derived by the condensation of two monosaccharide molecules so that they are connected by an oxygen bridge. (daviddarling.info)
So-called available carbohydrates , which include sugars and starches, can be metabolized by the human body. (daviddarling.info)
In this case, it would mean that monosaccharide has one sugar, disaccharide has two sugars, oligosaccharide has few sugars while polysaccharide has a lot of sugars. (infobarrel.com)
Monosaccharides include simple sugars such as fructose (fruit sugar), glucose (blood sugar), galactose, and ribose. (bodybuilding.com)
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are molecules that usually contain 5-6 carbon atoms. (nestacertified.com)
A food label for bread informs us that a 40 gram slice has 15 grams of carbohydrate, of which 1.6 grams is listed as sugars. (zoeharcombe.com)
[x] The rest is starch, but this highlights a serious error in our understanding of carbohydrates and sugars. (zoeharcombe.com)
The same average woman is told to have 230 grams of carbohydrate, which breaks down into sugars. (zoeharcombe.com)
Sugars are carbohydrates, but not all carbohydrates are sugars. (bionity.com)
Monosaccharides are a group of carbohydrates, which include simple sugars such as glucose, fructose and galactose. (markedbyteachers.com)
Carbohydrates are groups of sugars that contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in a 1:2:1 ratio. (coursehero.com)
Any of several carbohydrates, such as tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses, that cannot be broken down to simpler sugars by hydrolysis. (thefreedictionary.com)
Any of a class of simple carbohydrates that cannot be broken down to simpler sugars by hydrolysis. (thefreedictionary.com)
However, some biological substances commonly called "monosaccharides" do not conform to this formula (e.g., uronic acids and deoxy-sugars such as fucose ), and there are many chemicals that do conform to this formula but are not considered to be monosaccharides (e.g., formaldehyde CH 2 O and inositol (CH 2 O) 6 ). (thefullwiki.org)
Manufacturing and preparing food may involve other sugars, including palm sugar and fructose , generally obtained from corn ( maize ) or fruit. (wikidoc.org)
Monosaccharides (also called "simple sugars"), such as glucose , store chemical energy which biological cells convert to other types of energy. (wikidoc.org)
The name glucose comes from the Greek word glykys (γλυκύς), meaning 'sweet', plus the suffix '-ose' which denotes a sugar 4 chiral centers give 24 = the 16 stereoisomer s of hexose sugars. (slideshare.net)
The term ―carbohydrate comes from the observation that when you heat sugars, you get carbon and water (hence, hydrate of carbon). (slideshare.net)
7. CLASSIFICATION: 1- Monosaccharides (simple sugars): They can not be hydrolyzed into simpler units. (slideshare.net)
9. 2- According to the characteristic carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone group): - Aldo sugars: aldoses: Contain aldehyde group e.g. glucose, ribose, erythrose and glyceraldehydes. (slideshare.net)
Keto sugars: ketoses: Contain ketone group e.g. fructose, ribulose and dihydroxy acetone. (slideshare.net)
Sugars are used by living things to store energy, and they belong to a broad family known as carbohydrates. (yale.edu)
Sugars are a sweet-tasting type of carbohydrate used as food or to flavor food. (vitamedica.com)
The most basic type are monosaccharides, or simple sugars, and this group includes glucose and fructose. (vitamedica.com)
Most sugars are comprised of roughly half glucose and half fructose. (vitamedica.com)
Fructose - a type of simple sugar that is naturally found in fruits and in added sugars - is metabolized by our bodies differently than glucose. (vitamedica.com)

Galactose is not normally found in nature in large quantities, however it combines with glucose to form lactose in milk. (sparknotes.com)
Upon consumption, fructose is absorbed and converted into glucose by the liver in the same manner as lactose. (sparknotes.com)
8. The unit dosage form of claim 7 wherein the carbohydrate comprises lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose, or a mixture thereof. (freepatentsonline.com)
Instead, it often combines with glucose to form the disaccharide lactose, often referred to as milk sugar. (faqs.org)
Lactose is a disaccharide sugar composed of galactose and glucose that is found in milk. (wikipedia.org)
Milk naturally contains lactose, which is a complex sugar, or carbohydrate. (prezi.com)
Lactose is the carbohydrate found in milk. (ducksters.com)
It combines with glucose to form a double sugar called lactose. (lsuagcenter.com)
Galactose is the least common of monosaccharides and is only found linked to glucose in the disaccharide lactose. (sfgate.com)
Lactose-free products, such as lactose-free milk, can contain free galactose as part of their carbohydrates because the addition of the enzyme lactase breaks down the lactose into the two monosaccharides it comprises. (sfgate.com)
The identities of five carbohydrates-starch, glucose, fructose, lactose and sucrose-have been scrambled. (flinnsci.com)
The basic unit of carbohydrates - monosaccharides (particularly glucose and fructose, lactose, mannose). (assignmentexpert.com)
Lactose is split by the enzyme lactase into a molecule of galactose and a molecule of glucose. (thefreedictionary.com)
The carbohydrates that we ingest vary from the lactose in milk to complex carbohydrates. (genome.jp)
Lactose (found in milk) is glucose plus galactose. (verywellhealth.com)
When two monosaccharides are joined together they form a disaccharide for instance, sucrose is formed in the joining of glucose and fructose, lactose in the amalgamation of glucose and galactose, and maltose in the bonding of two glucose molecules. (markedbyteachers.com)
For example, blood sugar is the monosaccharide glucose , table sugar is the disaccharide sucrose , and milk sugar is the disaccharide lactose (see illustration). (thefullwiki.org)

Polysaccharides (poly- "many") are large polymers composed of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are more complex molecules and are referred to as complex carbohydrates. (news-medical.net)
Chains of more than ten monosaccharides linked together are called polysaccharides. (innerbody.com)
Polysaccharides are the most complex of carbohydrates. (livestrong.com)
Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). (wikipedia.org)
Polysaccharides , which are linear or branched polymers of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds and include starch, glycogen (animal starch), and fiber/cellulose. (jonbarron.org)
Polysaccharides - Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate molecules. (ducksters.com)
Neither can polysaccharides (a long chain of monosaccharides stuck together) such as starch. (drmyhill.co.uk)
Monosaccharides merge together in linked groups known as polysaccharides. (wisegeek.com)
Polysaccharides are essentially carbohydrate structures formed from repeated units bonded chemically. (wisegeek.com)
Polysaccharides are composed of three or more monosaccharide units joined together. (slideserve.com)
Carbohydrates are separated into three subunits: monosaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. (reference.com)
How are monosaccharides related to di- and polysaccharides? (flinnsci.com)
Simple carbohydrates consist of only 1 or 2 monomers, or monosaccharide's, while complex carbohydrates, or polysaccharides, are chains of monomers. (brightstorm.com)
Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Figure 20.3 Amylopectin, a branched polymer of approximately 10,000 units of D-glucose joined by -1,4-glycosidic bonds. (powershow.com)
Carbohydrates are generally categorized as simple or complex and are more specifically classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides. (bodybuilding.com)
Polysaccharides include starch and comprise approximately 90% of all naturally occurring carbohydrates. (bodybuilding.com)
Some carbohydrates (especially after condensation to oligo- and polysaccharides) contain less carbon relative to H and O, which still are present in 2:1 (H:O) ratio. (bionity.com)
Polysaccharides on the other hand are a combination of three or more units of monosaccharides put together. (coursehero.com)
depending on the type, they may have a structure formed by a single molecule (glucose directly) or formed by several molecules, polysaccharides (several monosaccharides) or even chains of them. (hsnstore.com)
Monosaccharides can be linked together into what are called polysaccharides (or oligosaccharides ) in a large variety of ways. (thefullwiki.org)

Oligosaccharides (oligo- "several") are made up of from 3 to 20 monosaccharides. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines oligosaccharides as carbohydrates with 3-9 sugar units, although other definitions allow for slightly longer chain lengths. (eufic.org)
The most well-known are oligofructans (or in proper scientific terms: fructo-oligosaccharides), which consist of up to 9 fructose units and naturally occur in low sweetness vegetables such as artichokes and onions. (eufic.org)
Most of the oligosaccharides are not broken down into monosaccharides by human digestive enzymes and are utilised by the gut microbiota instead (see our material on dietary fibres for more information). (eufic.org)
Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates made of two to ten monosaccharides. (faqs.org)
Oligosaccharides - Oligosaccharides are formed from a small number (usually three to six) of monosaccharides. (ducksters.com)
FODMAP is an acronym for fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyols, all of which are carbohydrates. (thefreedictionary.com)
E.g. glucose, galactose,ribose 2- Oligosaccharides (oligo = few): contain from two to ten monosaccharide units joined in glycosidic bonds. (slideshare.net)

The way glucose molecules link together makes them digestible (starch) or non-digestible (fiber). (innerbody.com)
Starch is a series of long chains of bound glucose molecules. (innerbody.com)
Often referred to as simple and complex carbohydrates, the three types of carbs - sugar, starch, and fiber - all have a place in your diet. (livestrong.com)
Many foods with starch contain more than one type of carbohydrates and some starches are available for energy sooner than others, according to an article in the March 2011 issue of "Nutrients. (livestrong.com)
Sources of glucose include starch, the major storage form of carbohydrate in plants. (sparknotes.com)
Glucose, sugar, and starch are the important examples of carbohydrate. (tutorialspoint.com)
In food science and in many informal contexts, the term "carbohydrate" often means any food that is particularly rich in the complex carbohydrate starch (such as cereals, bread and pasta) or simple carbohydrates, such as sugar (found in candy, jams , and desserts). (wikipedia.org)
A polysaccharide is a sugar made up of repeating units of glucose, such as cellulose, starch, and glycogen. (thefreedictionary.com)
Starches are the way plants store energy -- plants produce glucose and chain the glucose molecules together to form starch. (howstuffworks.com)
Your digestive system breaks a complex carbohydrate (starch) back down into its component glucose molecules so that the glucose can enter your bloodstream. (howstuffworks.com)
Therefore, we were interested in determining whether we could design a mixed meal, using foods of known monosaccharide, disaccharide, and starch composition, the ingestion of which would result in only a small rise in plasma glucose concentration. (diabetesjournals.org)
The results were compared with a second type of meal that contained 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat, with an emphasis on complex carbohydrates (starch). (diabetesjournals.org)
1. Maltose is made when two glucose molecules are combined during the process of starch in grains breaking down during germination. (lsuagcenter.com)
Although most fruits are considered highly desirable raw,because of their high starch content,these fruits are important sources of carbohydrates and when boiled,baked or fried,they are frequently used in the main course of the meal. (hubpages.com)
corn sugar and syrup-are made by hydrolyzing the starch in the corn i.e;breaking it down into dextrins,maltose and glucose. (hubpages.com)
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules, and fill numerous roles, such as the storage and transport of energy (starch, glycogen) and structural components (cellulose in plants, chitin in animals). (wikipedia.org)
Starch is a polysaccharide made of many glucose units. (majortests.com)
Plants store glucose as starch for energy storage. (majortests.com)
The potato will test positive for starch because it is a polysaccharide and glucose will not test positive because it is a monosaccharide. (majortests.com)
The second experiment was performed to analysis if the substances: starch suspension, onion juice, potato juice, and glucose solution would test positive for any starch. (majortests.com)
The onion and glucose solution turned an amber color and tested negative for starch. (majortests.com)
Starch is the most commonly known polysaccharide and is a storage carbohydrate found in cereals, rice, potatoes and other root vegetables. (discount-supplements.co.uk)
Starch is stored in granules of plants and is broken down to glucose for use as energy. (angelfire.com)
Cellulose is similar to starch but is structurally and nutritionally different because of the way the glucose molecules are joined together. (angelfire.com)
I like drew four of them here but in reality a starch molecule like this would be made out of hundreds of thousands of these glucose molecules joined together. (brightstorm.com)
Dextrin is a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide (carbohydrate) that is formed as an intermediate product in the digestion of starch by the enzyme amylase. (daviddarling.info)
Carbohydrates are considered to be a group of different molecules which are mainly made of starch and sugar. (infobarrel.com)
High fructose corn syrup is corn starch that has been processed to convert some of its glucose to fructose. (verywellhealth.com)
They are composed of more than ten monosaccharide units e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose. (slideshare.net)

Maltose, or malt sugar, is composed of two glucose units linked by an alpha bond. (faqs.org)

Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in humans and other animals. (innerbody.com)
If you have more available glucose than your body needs for energy, you will store glucose as glycogen (glycogenesis) in your liver and skeletal muscle. (innerbody.com)
When your blood glucose drops, as it does when you're sleeping or fasting, the liver will break down glycogen (glycogenolysis) and release glucose into your blood. (innerbody.com)
The body can store just a limited amount of glucose, so when the glycogen stores are full, extra glucose is stored as fat and can be used as energy when needed. (innerbody.com)
If you go without eating for an extended period or simply consume too little carbohydrate, your glycogen stores will quickly deplete. (innerbody.com)
Glycogen is another type of carbohydrate that found in the liver and muscle. (tutorialspoint.com)
in addition glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Carbohydrate availability in the form of muscle and liver glycogen is an important determinant of performance during prolonged bouts of moderate- to high-intensity exercise. (mdpi.com)
This review considers the role of glucose-fructose co-ingestion on liver and muscle glycogen repletion following prolonged exercise. (mdpi.com)
Carbohydrate ingestion at a rate of ≥1.2 g carbohydrate per kg body mass per hour appears to maximise post-exercise muscle glycogen repletion rates. (mdpi.com)
Providing these carbohydrates in the form of glucose-fructose (sucrose) mixtures does not further enhance muscle glycogen repletion rates over glucose (polymer) ingestion alone. (mdpi.com)
In contrast, liver glycogen repletion rates are approximately doubled with ingestion of glucose-fructose (sucrose) mixtures over isocaloric ingestion of glucose (polymers) alone. (mdpi.com)
Accordingly, when rapid recovery of endogenous glycogen stores is a priority, ingesting glucose-fructose mixtures (or sucrose) at a rate of ≥1.2 g·kg body mass −1 ·h −1 can enhance glycogen repletion rates whilst also minimising gastrointestinal distress. (mdpi.com)
When the intake of carbohydrates exceeds that which can be stored and converted to energy as glycogen or glucose, the body will store the excess carbohydrates as fat, often leading to weight gain. (encyclopedia.com)
As the largest organ in the body, the liver performs a number of purifying and metabolic functions within the body, one of which is to store glucose in its glycogen form. (encyclopedia.com)
The liver both releases glycogen when it is needed for energy production, as well as regulates the amount of glucose present in the blood, critical to health (known as the blood sugar level). (encyclopedia.com)
The process by which liver glycogen is converted into blood glucose is related to the actions of the pancreas, which monitors blood glucose levels. (encyclopedia.com)
When the pancreas determines that blood glucose levels are too low, causing a condition known as hypoglycemia, the pancreas produces a hormone, glucagen, to stimulate a release of stored glycogen from the liver, in the form of glucose, into the blood to restore balance. (encyclopedia.com)
Once absorbed into the body, galactose is either changed into glucose or made into a storage form of glucose in the liver and muscle, called glycogen. (lsuagcenter.com)
Physical activity causes depletion of these glycogen stores and good carbohydrate nutrition is the key to vitality.Here we find the different sources of carbohydrates and its good effect to our body. (hubpages.com)
Once the glycogen stores are full, carbohydrates in excess of energy needs are stored as fat. (issuu.com)
If a persons blood sugar level is low - glucagon is released from the pancreas to convert glycogen (stored glucose in liver) back to glucose for use by the cells - this will elevate the blood sugar levels back to normal. (qub.ac.uk)
If carbohydrates are not required for energy (in other words, you eat a surplus amount) they are stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver. (discount-supplements.co.uk)
The structure of glycogen is very similar to amylopectin but has more branching occuring every 10 - 15 glucose units. (angelfire.com)
In the human body, the main form of carbohydrate storage in the liver and muscle tissue is glycogen. (bodybuilding.com)
Insulin can bind to a multitude of cells that have the appropriate receptors and it will make the absorption of glucose possible in the liver as well as the glycogen synthesis. (hsnstore.com)
It inhibits the absorption of glucose by the cells and stimulates the use of hepatic glycogen to be poured in the bloodstream. (hsnstore.com)

The general chemical formula for carbohydrates, C(H 2 O), gives the relative proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a monosaccharide (the proportion of these atoms are 1:2:1). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
For monosaccharides, the general formula is (CH 2 O) n , with n equal to the number of carbon atoms. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
For instance, galactose is an aldohexose but has different properties from glucose because the atoms are arranged differently. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
While galactose and glucose are composed of six-membered rings, fructose has only five carbon atoms bonded to each other in ring form. (sparknotes.com)
Unlike most other sugar units, which consist of a central ring of five carbon atoms and one oxygen, fructose consists of a central ring of four carbon atoms and one oxygen. (livestrong.com)
You can see that glucose is made of six carbon atoms (carbo. (howstuffworks.com)
Most of the time, the hydrogen to oxygen atom ratio of a carbohydrate is 2 hydrogen atoms for every 1 oxygen atom. (ducksters.com)
Monosaccharides are classified according to three different characteristics: the placement of its carbonyl group, the number of carbon atoms it contains, and its chiral handedness. (wikidoc.org)
Monosaccharides with three carbon atoms are called trioses , those with four are called tetroses , five are called pentoses , six are hexoses , and so on. (wikidoc.org)
The aldohexose D-glucose, for example, has the formula (C·H 2 O) 6 , of which all but two of its six carbons atoms are stereogenic, making D-glucose one of 2 4 = 16 possible stereoisomers . (wikidoc.org)
The aldehyde or ketone group of a straight-chain monosaccharide will react reversibly with a hydroxyl group on a different carbon atom to form a hemiacetal or hemiketal , forming a heterocyclic ring with an oxygen bridge between two carbon atoms. (wikidoc.org)
Carbohydrates are organic compounds consisting only of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. (discount-supplements.co.uk)
Carbohydrate degradation products which contain fewer than five carbon atoms in the carbohydrate moiety are not provided for in this class, but are classified elsewhere in the chemical compound area. (uspto.gov)
A carbohydrate is an organic compound consisting of a chain or ring of carbon atoms to which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are attached in the ratio of approximately 2:1. (daviddarling.info)
A pentose is a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms in the molecule. (daviddarling.info)
A hexose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms in the molecule (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). (daviddarling.info)
The structure of a monosaccharide contains about three to seven carbon atoms arranged in single chain or even single ring structure. (infobarrel.com)
Monosaccharides are classified according to the number of carbon atoms they possess. (markedbyteachers.com)
8. MONOSACCHARIDES CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES 1- According to the number of carbon atoms: .Trioses, contain 3 carbon atoms. (slideshare.net)
A triose is a monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms. (statemaster.com)
A tetrose is a monosaccharide with 4 carbon atoms. (statemaster.com)
A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms. (statemaster.com)
Ribose Ribose, primarily seen as D-ribose, is an aldopentose â a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde functional group. (statemaster.com)
Fischer projection of L-arabinose The chemical structure of D-arabinofuranose Arabinose is an aldopentose â a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde (CHO) functional group. (statemaster.com)
Xylose or wood sugar is an aldopentose â a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms and including an aldehyde functional group. (statemaster.com)
A hexose is a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms having the chemical formula C6H12O6. (statemaster.com)

Composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, carbohydrates are literally hydrated carbon , as seen by their generalized formula, C x (H 2 O) y . (umass.edu)
This term persists even though a carbohydrate definitely is not a hydrated carbon atom . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (except for the first and last) is optically active, allowing a number of different carbohydrates with the same basic structure. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The tetrahedral nature of each carbon atom in the chain actually favors the ring formation of glucose. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Carbohydrates are macromolecules composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) and have the general formula of Cx(H2O)y. (news-medical.net)
Once glucose enters the cell, a series of metabolic reactions convert it to carbon dioxide, water and ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate), the energy currency of the cell. (innerbody.com)
Galactose is nearly identical to glucose in structure except for one hydroxyl group on carbon atom number four of the six-sided sugar. (sparknotes.com)
Consisting of oxygen (O), carbon (C), and hydrogen (H), carbohydrate is a biological molecule. (tutorialspoint.com)
This energy is used in the process of photosynthesis, which allows green plants to take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen and allows for the production of carbohydrates. (faqs.org)
Most carbohydrates have a ratio of 1:2:1 of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, respectively. (faqs.org)
It starts with the carbohydrate and oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy. (faqs.org)
Essentially, carbohydrates are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the proportions 6:12:6. (jonbarron.org)
The 5-carbon monosaccharide ribose is an important component of coenzymes (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
The word 'carbohydrate' comes from the fact that glucose is made up of carbon and water. (howstuffworks.com)
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one carbohydrate and said at least one alcohol are produced by the action of enzymes, biological and chemical catalysts, and bacteria that will convert a useful precursor to an electron donor or carbon source. (google.es)
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. (lsuagcenter.com)
Plants use carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun to produce the carbohydrates we eat. (lsuagcenter.com)
Carbohydrate is the scientific name for sugar, an organic compound that consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CH 2 O). (juicing-for-health.com)
Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)
Carbohydrates (from ' hydrates of carbon ') or saccharides (Greek σάκχαρον meaning " sugar ") are simple organic compounds that are aldehydes or ketones with many hydroxyl groups added, usually one on each carbon atom that is not part of the aldehyde or ketone functional group . (wikidoc.org)
For example, glucose is an aldohexose (a six-carbon aldehyde), ribose is an aldopentose (a five-carbon aldehyde), and fructose is a ketohexose (a six-carbon ketone). (wikidoc.org)
Each carbon atom bearing a hydroxyl group (-OH), with the exception of the first and last carbons, are asymmetric , making them stereocenters with two possible configurations each (R or S). Because of this asymmetry, a number of isomers may exist for any given monosaccharide formula. (wikidoc.org)
Carbohydrates are synthesised by plants from water and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. (discount-supplements.co.uk)
In their simplest form, glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), they are readily soluble and transported around the body to be oxidised back to carbon dioxide and water and used as energy for cellular metabolic processes. (discount-supplements.co.uk)
Pure carbohydrates consist of just three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio of 1:2:1. (angelfire.com)
Carbohydrates are macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. (brightstorm.com)
The term Carbohydrates can actually be derived from Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. (infobarrel.com)
The ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen content of monosaccharides is 1:2:1. (infobarrel.com)
The defining characteristic of a monosaccharide structure is that it has one asymmetric Carbon atom which leads to the formation of two isomers which could either be in D or L form. (infobarrel.com)
Carbohydrates (or saccharides) consist of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. (powershow.com)
D-monosaccharide the -OH on its penultimate carbon is on the right in a Fischer projection. (powershow.com)
Carbohydrates are complex chemical compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH2O). (bodybuilding.com)
The simplest type of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide , which among other properties contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, mostly in a ratio of 1:2:1 (generalized formula C n H 2 n O n , where n is at least 3). (bionity.com)
The Role of Carbohydrates in Living Organisms Carbohydrates are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (markedbyteachers.com)
They are carbohydrates, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. (definitions.net)
Through respiration, glucose and oxygen are turned into carbon dioxide and water via the Krebs cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid or TCA cycle. (thefreshloaf.com)
A carbohydrate is an organic compound with the general formula C m (H 2 O) n , that is, consisting only of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen , the last two in the 2:1 atom ratio. (thefullwiki.org)
Carbohydrates can be viewed as hydrates of carbon, hence their name. (thefullwiki.org)
A typical monosaccharide has the structure H-(CHOH) x (C=O)-(CHOH) y -H, that is, an aldehyde or ketone with many hydroxyl groups added, usually one on each carbon atom that is not part of the aldehyde or ketone functional group . (thefullwiki.org)
Kiliani-Fischer Synthesis- a series of reaction that extends carbon chain in a carbohydrate by one carbon and one chiral centre. (slideshare.net)
L-Idose is a 6 carbon monosaccharide(a hexose) It has an aldehyde group and is an aldose. (statemaster.com)

Disaccharide is defined as a sugar, or a carbohydrate, composed of two monosaccharides, yielding two monosaccharide monlecules on complete hydrolysis. (prezi.com)
Similar metabolic effects can be achieved via the ingestion of sucrose (a disaccharide of glucose and fructose) because intestinal absorption is unlikely to be limited by sucrose hydrolysis. (mdpi.com)
The body extracts carbohydrates from food sources through a process known as hydrolysis, whereby the warm fluids, commencing with the saliva in the mouth and concluding with the action of the small intestine, break down the carbohydrates in the food into glucose. (encyclopedia.com)
Contains alpha-D-glucosidase inhibitors that participate in a reduction in disaccharide hydrolysis, thereby reducing the amount of free monosaccharides available for absorption in the intestine. (advocare.com)
Carbohydrate A polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone, or a substance that gives these compounds on hydrolysis. (powershow.com)
Carbohydrates, or saccharides (saccharo is Greek for ―sugar) are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis. (slideshare.net)

Starches can be broken down into glucose to provide energy for the body. (livestrong.com)
The formation of starches are the way that plants store glucose. (prezi.com)
There are also complex carbohydrates , commonly known as 'starches. (howstuffworks.com)
They store energy (starches), provide energy for cells (glucose), and provide structure to plants and some animals. (ducksters.com)
Starches are a naturally abundant nutrient carbohydrate. (bodybuilding.com)
Carbohydrates include not only sugar, but also the starches that we find in foods, such as bread, pasta, and rice. (slideshare.net)
While the glucose from sugar and starches is metabolized by every cell in the body, fructose is metabolized primarily by the liver. (vitamedica.com)

A sugar comprising one molecule of glucose linked to a fructose molecule. (encyclopedia.com)
The carbons of glucose are numbered beginning with the more oxidized end of the molecule, the carbonyl group. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The figure to the left depicts glucose as a linear molecule. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Glucose, a monosaccharide, is the most abundant sugar molecule and is the preferred energy source for the brain. (innerbody.com)
They are formed by a condensation reaction where one molecule of water condenses or is released during the joining of two monosaccharides. (sparknotes.com)
The amino group is attached to a hydrocarbon making the molecule polar Amino Functional Groups of Organic Compounds Chapter 4: Carbohydrates What are carbohydrates? (prezi.com)
Monosaccharides Formed when two monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis reaction which involves removing a water molecule. (prezi.com)
In order to use the energy contained in the carbohydrates, humans must metabolize , or break down, the structure of the molecule in a process that is opposite that of photosynthesis. (faqs.org)
Specifically, sucrose consists of a fructose molecule bonded to a glucose molecule. (livestrong.com)
It consists of a molecule of D-galactose and a molecule of D-glucose bonded by beta-1-4 glycosidic linkage . (wikipedia.org)
Monosaccharides, or carbohydrates made of a single molecule, are not as common but can also be found in some foods. (sfgate.com)
Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from three basic classes of molecule: amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids (often called fats). (wikipedia.org)
Glucose is used as ready energy and made of one sugar molecule which is a major source of cellular fuel for all living things (Mader, 2010). (majortests.com)
It is composed of a molecule of D-galactose and a molecule of D-glucose bonded by a β-1-4 glycosidic linkage . (wikidoc.org)
Carbohydrates, also known as saccharides, are the most abundant energy providing molecule on the planet. (hypertextbook.com)
The disaccharide sucrose (table sugar or cane sugar), for example, consists of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule bound together (see Figure 2). (daviddarling.info)
The suffix -ose indicates that a molecule is a carbohydrate. (powershow.com)
Fischer projection of D-glucose In chemistry (particularly organic chemistry and biochemistry), a Fischer projection is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection. (statemaster.com)

7. The unit dosage form of claim 1 or 2 wherein the carbohydrate comprises a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, a sugar alcohol, a cellulose, a modified cellulose, or a mixture thereof. (freepatentsonline.com)
Cellulose found in the cell wall of plant cells is carbohydrate. (tutorialspoint.com)
Cellulose is defined as a fibrous carbohydrate found in the cell walls of plants. (prezi.com)
Cellulose, the main structural carbohydrate, is a polymer of glucose units linked together, forming a tough fiber. (reference.com)
A single cellulose chain may contain as many as 10,000 units of glucose . (daviddarling.info)

While carbohydrates are essential for the human diet, excessive consumption of particular types of carbohydrates correlates with obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and even drowsiness. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The carbohydrates found in candy or processed sugar can be very stimulating to the senses , but it is essential to use discipline in one's diet to avoid the complications of too many of the wrong types of carbohydrates. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
What Are the 3 Types of Carbohydrates? (livestrong.com)
Table 1 gives an overview of the major types of carbohydrates in our diet. (eufic.org)
The different types of carbohydrates all have the word "saccharide" in them. (ducksters.com)
There are three types of carbohydrates. (hubpages.com)
It contains mono saccharides, glucose and fructose which are types of carbohydrates . (consumerhealthdigest.com)
There are many different types of carbohydrates present in living organisms, each playing an important role in maintaining life of organisms. (markedbyteachers.com)
When one of these last types of carbohydrates is consumed, our digestive system must reduce them to the molecular unit, which is glucose. (hsnstore.com)
Sometimes such words may also refer to any types of carbohydrates soluble in water . (wikidoc.org)

Sources of fructose include fruit, honey and high-fructose corn syrup. (sparknotes.com)
Fructose, the primary sugar found in fruits, also is found in honey and high-fructose corn syrup (in soft drinks) and is a major source of sugar in the diet of Americans. (faqs.org)
2. Fructose, also called levulose, is found in fruit, honey and high-fructose corn syrup. (lsuagcenter.com)
High-fructose corn syrup is found in soft drinks, frozen desserts and candies. (lsuagcenter.com)
For example, 50 percent of the sugar in honey is fructose, while this number goes up to 55 percent in high-fructose corn syrup and 90 percent in agave syrup. (sfgate.com)
Since the 1970s high fructose corn syrup has largely supplanted other forms of sugar used in processed foods, because it is cheap to manufacture. (verywellhealth.com)
While many have claimed that high fructose corn syrup is worse for health than other kinds of added sugar, objective evidence that this is the case is lacking. (verywellhealth.com)
Both high fructose corn syrup and table sugar, for instance, contain both glucose and fructose, and plenty of each. (verywellhealth.com)
Then learn why agave and high fructose corn syrup, both which contain a large amount of "liquid" fructose, are especially detrimental to your health and good looks. (vitamedica.com)
All of the products we know as "sugar," including table sugar, honey, high-fructose corn syrup, and agave nectar or syrup, are made up of some combination of fructose and glucose (known as a disaccharide). (vitamedica.com)
Even high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), a highly-processed sweetener derived from corn, is pretty evenly split (note, different variations of HFCS are available but 55% fructose, 45% glucose is commonly used in products like soft drinks). (vitamedica.com)
But, high fructose corn syrup is even sweeter - about 75% sweeter than ordinary table sugar. (vitamedica.com)

Glucose is an aldohexose, fructose is a ketohexose, and ribose is an aldopentose. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and ribose. (prezi.com)

The first and most direct route into the body for recently converted glucose from the small intestine is the bloodstream, where glucose is immediately available to be converted into ATP, in combination with the oxygen received into the bloodstream from the cardiorespiratory system. (encyclopedia.com)
Alcohol, acid, and amine derivatives of carbohydrates which are formed by an alcohol, carboxylic acid, or amine function replacing the oxygen of the carbonyl group of an acyclic carbohydrate are not provided for in this class, but are classified elsewhere. (uspto.gov)
The heteroatom of the cyclic carbohydrate must be an oxygen. (uspto.gov)
The open-chain form of a monosaccharide often coexists with a closed ring form where the oxygen of the carbonyl group C=O is replaced by an internal -O- bridge. (thefullwiki.org)

Carbohydrates are one of three macronutrients that provide the body with energy ( protein and fats being the other two). (faqs.org)
Up until this time, dieting pretty much consisted of lowering the number of calories eaten per day or lowering both the amount of fats and carbohydrates eaten. (howstuffworks.com)
Although it seems like fats provide more kilocalories per gram, it is better to consume carbohydrates for energy production purposes because they are abundantly available. (hypertextbook.com)

Ketose A monosaccharide containing a ketone group. (powershow.com)
A monosaccharide or its derivative that contains a ketone group. (oxfordreference.com)

Examples include glucose, fructose, and glyceraldehyde. (news-medical.net)
Monosaccharides include Glucose, Fructose and Galactose, and share the chemical formula C6 H12 O6. (angelfire.com)

Carbohydrates are among the most abundant compounds on earth. (sparknotes.com)
This includes chemical compounds such as acetic or lactic acid , which are not normally considered carbohydrates. (wikipedia.org)
Included within the scope of this class are compounds wherein oxygens which are attached to carbons of the carbohydrate skeleton are also attached to the same alkylidene or substitued alkylidene groups. (uspto.gov)
Carbohydrates form a large and important group of naturally occurring compounds, which can be divided into a number of smaller families. (daviddarling.info)
Following this definition, some chemists considered formaldehyde CH 2 O to be the simplest carbohydrate, [ 3 ] while others claimed that title for glycolaldehyde [ 4 ] Today the term is generally understood in the biochemistry sense, which excludes compounds with only one or two carbons. (thefullwiki.org)

The low-FODMAP diet, which reduces fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyols, is another dietary approach aiming at reducing the intake of the monosaccharide fructose for people suffering from fructose malabsorption and irritable bowel syndrome. (sfgate.com)

OBJECTIVE The monosaccharides resulting from the digestion of ingested carbohydrates are glucose, fructose, and galactose. (diabetesjournals.org)
Many symptoms can arise as a result of inadequate digestion of carbohydrates such as constipation, diarrhoea, mucous production, abdominal pain and failure to thrive. (drmyhill.co.uk)
All other carbohydrates requiring some digestion is not permitted. (drmyhill.co.uk)
I usually start off with BioCare Polyzyme Forte which contains a range of enzymes for protein, fat and carbohydrate digestion. (drmyhill.co.uk)
This literature review will summarise current carbohydrate knowledge pertaining to digestion, absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates, food selection and macronutrient balancing in healthy, obese and diabetic cats, as well as the role of carbohydrates in prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes mellitus. (mdpi.com)

A polysaccharide is any of a group of polymers made from monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds . (daviddarling.info)

Carbohydrate is one of the essential elements for the living organisms, as it plays various important roles. (tutorialspoint.com)
Carbohydrates perform numerous roles in living organisms. (wikipedia.org)
Carbohydrates are important to the daily lives of living organisms. (ducksters.com)
Carbohydrates are essential to living organisms, and the principal role of carbohydrates is the production of energy. (coursehero.com)

Galactose is found most readily in milk and dairy products, while fructose is found in most vegetables and fruit. (wisegeek.com)
False: The amount of carbohydrate in animal foods, with the exception of milk, is insignificant. (issuu.com)

Honey, tree fruits, berries, melons, and some root vegetables contain some of the most significant amounts of fructose. (prezi.com)
Further, many fruits naturally contain glucose and fructose. (tutorialspoint.com)
green vegetables, fruits, and dairy products are also rich in carbohydrates. (encyclopedia.com)
fresh and dried fruits (contain fructose), honey, Stevia (a natural sweetener). (drmyhill.co.uk)
Fruits and Vegetables constitute a less concentrated sources of carbohydrates than the cereals because of their high water content.In fruits,carbohydrates is mostly in the form of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. (hubpages.com)
or fructose from fruits. (juicing-for-health.com)
For example, starchy carbohydrates like tubers and grains are usually more on the savory side, while sugary carbohydrates like sweeteners and fruits taste sweet. (sfgate.com)
Fructose is a monosaccharide that can be found on its own in some fruits. (sfgate.com)
Glucose is also found as a monosaccharide in various fruits and sweeteners. (sfgate.com)
The FODMAP diet also is based on the notion that poorly absorbed carbohydrates cause bacterial overgrowth, but unlike the SCD, it restricts many fruits and vegetables. (helpforibs.com)
Fructose is only found in fruits and honey. (angelfire.com)
Fructose is also involved in the synthesis of insulin, and it sweetens fruits to attract animals in order to assist in seed dispersal. (markedbyteachers.com)
CERC-802 is an ultra-pure formulation of D-mannose, a naturally occurring monosaccharide commonly found in animals, microorganisms, and plants, including edible fruits and herbs. (thefreedictionary.com)

Aldose A monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group. (powershow.com)

Polymer - Polysaccharide Most common ones are glucose, fructose, and galactose. (prezi.com)
Chitin is defined as a polymer of nitrogen-containing polysaccharide, made from carbohydrates, rendering a tough covering on some organisms. (prezi.com)
A polysaccharide is defined as a complex carbohydrate composed of a chain of monosaccharides joined together by glocosidic bonds. (prezi.com)
The SCD is based on the theory that disaccharide and polysaccharide carbohydrates are poorly absorbed by the GI tract, causing overgrowth of bacteria and yeast that lead to excess mucus and small bowel injury. (helpforibs.com)
Like any other substances, carbohydrates are also known to have different classifications which include the monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide and lastly, the polysaccharide. (infobarrel.com)

Carbohydrates form nucleic acids. (tutorialspoint.com)

Glucose is an aldohexose because it has a terminal carbonyl group. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
if the carbonyl group is a ketone , the monosaccharide is a ketose . (wikidoc.org)
A monosaccharide in which the (potential) carbonyl group is terminal (i.e. aldehydic). (oxfordreference.com)

A complex carbohydrate is digested more slowly, so glucose enters the bloodstream at a rate of only 2 calories per minute ( reference ). (howstuffworks.com)
is a complex carbohydrate and is a polymer of glucose produced by plants. (angelfire.com)
Inulin is a naturally occurring complex carbohydrate, found in over 36,000 different plants worldwide and has been consumed for centuries by numerous cultures. (bodybuilding.com)
Which is the most common complex carbohydrate on earth? (jiskha.com)

The common monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. (sparknotes.com)

The monosaccharide fructose can also be part of the disaccharide sucrose, which is made of a glucose attached to a fructose. (sfgate.com)

Examples of carbohydrates based on the different classifications. (eufic.org)
The major examples of these are glucose , galactose and fructose . (wisegeek.com)
Glucose, galactose and fructose are examples of monosaccharide. (hubpages.com)
2 examples of monosaccharide? (assignmentexpert.com)
A basic unit of carbohydrate is known as a monosaccharide (CH 2 O). Two examples of monosaccharides are glucose and fructose. (hypertextbook.com)
Examples of foods that are rich in carbohydrates and cheaply available are cereal, rice, pasta, beans and bread. (hypertextbook.com)
Both natural and synthetic examples exist with no significant carbohydrate ( calorie ) content, for instance stevia (a herb ) and saccharin (produced from naturally occurring but not necessarily naturally edible substances by inducing appropriate chemical reactions ). (wikidoc.org)

Glucose is a common carbohydrate found in plants and is the main product of photosynthesis. (ducksters.com)
Carbohydrates are fromed by plants through the process of photosynthesis. (angelfire.com)
Plants manufacture carbohydrates through photosynthesis. (brightstorm.com)

Carbohydrates are sometimes referred to as saccharides. (ducksters.com)

Can Fructose Be Broken Down Into Glucose? (livestrong.com)
It is stored in the liver and muscles, and is broken down into glucose when energy is required. (angelfire.com)
And don't eat things that can be digested easily and broken down into glucose/saccharonic/sucrosic material quickly. (aselabs.com)

Fructose is the sweetest of all naturally occuring carbohydrates. (prezi.com)
Like glucose and fructose, allulose is also naturally occurring-unlike the vast array of artificial sweeteners on the market today. (marksdailyapple.com)
CERC-801 is an ultra-pure, oral, crystalline formulation of D-galactose, a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in dairy products and fruit. (thefreedictionary.com)

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbs. (livestrong.com)
The three are all monosaccharides, the simplest form of carbohydrate. (marksdailyapple.com)
First of all, the building blocks of the carbohydrates known as monosaccharides are considered to be the simplest form. (infobarrel.com)

After being absorbed by the body, galactose is converted into glucose by the liver so that it can be used to provide energy for the body. (sparknotes.com)
Galactosemia, the inability to metabolize galactose in liver cells, is the most common monogenic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, affecting 1 in every 55,000 newborns. (wikipedia.org)
Three autosomal recessive disorders impair fructose metabolism in liver cells. (wikipedia.org)
Essential fructosuria is a clinically benign condition characterized by the incomplete metabolism of fructose in the liver, leading to its excretion in urine. (wikipedia.org)
The most important storage mechanism of processed glucose is performed by the liver. (encyclopedia.com)
You typically store about 200 grams of carbohydrates in the muscles and another 90 grams in the liver. (bodybuilding.com)
Regulating the levels of glucose is one of the numerous metabolic functions in which the liver is in involved. (hsnstore.com)
The liver has a limited capacity to supply glucose, so that after a period of not more than 24 hours, it is necessary to use other glucose sources. (hsnstore.com)

Fructose is another common monosaccharide. (innerbody.com)
Here is the monosaccharide known as glucose and another common monosaccharide called fructose. (brightstorm.com)

Monosaccharides glucose (a hexose) a fructose (a pentose), shown in both open-chain ( left ) and hemiacetal-ring ( right ) forms. (daviddarling.info)

The most abundant natural monosaccharides are the hexoses, C 6 H 12 O 6 (including glucose ), and the pentoses (including xylose). (daviddarling.info)

The picoplatin particles are dispersed within the powder of the formulation which includes a substantially water-soluble, water-dispersible, or water-absorbing carbohydrate and an effective amount of up to about 5 wt % of a lubricant. (freepatentsonline.com)
1. A unit dosage form for picoplatin, adapted for oral administration of the picoplatin, comprising a substantially water-soluble capsule shell, the capsule shell enclosing a formulation comprising a substantially dry powder comprising about 10 to 60 wt % particulate picoplatin, a substantially water-soluble, water-dispersible, or water-absorbing carbohydrate, and an effective amount of up to about 5 wt % of a lubricant. (freepatentsonline.com)
A water-soluble, crystallizable carbohydrate that is the primary source of energy and structural components. (thefreedictionary.com)
monosaccharides very water soluble. (slideserve.com)
This water-soluble crystalline carbohydrate is exemplified by sucrose and glucose. (hubpages.com)

Alongside fat and protein, carbohydrates are one of the three macronutrients in our diet with their main function being to provide energy to the body. (eufic.org)
Carbohydrates (or carbs ) are macronutrients, the elements from which the organism is able to obtain energy . (hsnstore.com)

What Is a Carbohydrate Polymer? (reference.com)

GLUT2 on the BLM transports glucose, galactose and fructose out of the cell. (nih.gov)
The basic carbohydrate units are called monosaccharides , such as glucose , galactose , and fructose . (wikidoc.org)

Honey is made up of about half fructose and half glucose. (lsuagcenter.com)

Fischer projection of D-glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula C3H6O3. (statemaster.com)

Some carbohydrates are small with molecular weights of less than one hundred, whereas others are true macromolecules with molecular weights in the hundreds of thousands. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Dr Ashish Shrivastav, senior consultant neurosurgeon at Apollo Hospitals said, "Carbohydrates are the only nutrients which can match this rate of energy requirement. (hubpages.com)

In fact, much of the world relies on carbohydrates as their major source of energy. (innerbody.com)
Whether they're from a doughy bagel, a sugary cola or a fiber-rich apple, carbohydrates' primary job is to provide your body with energy. (innerbody.com)
Glucose is the primary fuel for most of your cells and is the preferred energy for the brain and nervous system, the red blood cells and the placenta and fetus. (innerbody.com)
Carbohydrates are the body's primary source of energy. (livestrong.com)
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body and the brain prefers glucose over anything else. (livestrong.com)
Since it is an important energy source, the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream usually falls within a narrow range of 70 to 115mg/100 ml of blood. (sparknotes.com)
Alpha glucose is used for energy and beta is used for structure. (prezi.com)
It is less sweet than glucose, and is considered to be a nutritive sweetener because it has food energy. (prezi.com)
Carbohydrate is the main source of energy, as about two-third energy requirement of living beings is fulfilled by it. (tutorialspoint.com)
Carbohydrates provide energy required for the proper function of the body. (tutorialspoint.com)
At one time, carbohydrates were thought to serve mainly as an energy source for the body, but it is now recognized that many carbohydrates play key roles in enhancing immune function and in facilitating cellular communication. (jonbarron.org)
Nutritive sweeteners provide energy, usually as carbohydrates, while nonnutritive sweeteners provide negligible or no energy. (cyberounds.com)
Cells can burn fructose for energy, or can convert it to fat and store it. (livestrong.com)
Your cells absorb glucose and convert it into energy to drive the cell. (howstuffworks.com)
Carbohydrates are not the only substances the body uses for energy. (howstuffworks.com)
Irrespective of the route through which glucose is directed in the body, it will be metabolized into energy in the same fashion. (encyclopedia.com)
No matter where the glucose is stored, when it is used it creates a compound known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the actual energy source within the body. (encyclopedia.com)
When you eat carbohydrates your body uses them for energy. (ducksters.com)
The body is trying to save up energy for a later time when you don't have any carbohydrates to eat. (ducksters.com)
Carbohydrates help to insure that our cells get the energy they need to perform well. (ducksters.com)
Monosaccharides- Its function is to be a basic source of energy. (smore.com)
Also known as carbohydrates, they are responsible for various roles in all living things, most notably in controlling the energy in cells as well as providing structural integrity. (wisegeek.com)
Carbohydrates give us energy. (lsuagcenter.com)
Our body's favorite supply of energy comes from carbohydrates. (lsuagcenter.com)
Carbohydrates also protect against wasteful breakdown of body protein to supply energy, and carbohydrates also provide flavor and sweetness to foods. (lsuagcenter.com)
Carbohydrates are broken down in the body to form glucose that gives us energy. (juicing-for-health.com)
Without sufficient carbohydrates, the body will break down protein and fat to yield energy, which is detrimental to health in the long run. (juicing-for-health.com)
Glucose supplies energy to all living cells, both animal and plant. (reference.com)
Glucose provides energy to tissues in the body. (hubpages.com)
Despite being principally a source of energy, carbohydrates are a diverse group of substances with varied chemical and physiological properties with differing importance to health. (discount-supplements.co.uk)
Foods, which contain carbohydrates are called energy foods. (angelfire.com)
Glucose is the most common monosaccharide, and it plays a major role in nutrition because it is a readily available source of energy. (angelfire.com)
Glucose supplies the body with heat and energy it needs, providing 16 kilojules of energy per gram. (angelfire.com)
Therefore in SI units carbohydrates provide the body with 16.7 mega joule of energy for each kilogram. (hypertextbook.com)
The Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization recommend that about 55-75% of a person's total energy consumption should come from carbohydrates. (hypertextbook.com)
Biologists are interested in carbohydrates because they serve as energy storage and as structural frameworks within cells. (brightstorm.com)
They contain a lot more energy than carbohydrates, so they will last you a lot longer. (aselabs.com)
It is readily converted to glucose as needed by the body for energy. (bodybuilding.com)
The function of carbohydrates includes energy storage and providing structure. (bionity.com)
Any of various small carbohydrates that are used by organisms to store energy. (definitions.net)
Glucose is the form in which the carbohydrates provide energy to the body ( glycolysis ). (hsnstore.com)
Glucose is the primary source of energy for your body, and most of the food you eat is converted to glucose. (vitamedica.com)

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency affects the degradation of glucose in the pentose phosphate pathway, which is especially important in red blood cells. (wikipedia.org)

Fructose, for example, is synonymous with fruit. (marksdailyapple.com)
Conventional wisdom teaches us that fruit is healthy, but Primal folks are well aware that increasing consumption of fructose is associated with a plethora of health risks from diabetes to cardiovascular disease. (marksdailyapple.com)
Fructose can be found in corn syrup and fruit. (reference.com)
Free glucose and fructose can be obtained through the inclusion of raw fruit, dried fruit and vegetables such as carrots, onions, swede and turnip. (discount-supplements.co.uk)
Complex carbohydrates - This term was introduced in 1977 to encourage consumption of more healthy foods such as fruit, vegetables and whole grain. (discount-supplements.co.uk)

Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism are inborn error of metabolism that affect the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates. (wikipedia.org)
Fructose ( Metabolism 41:510-517, 1992) and galactose ( Metabolism 42:1560-1567, 1993) had only a minor effect. (diabetesjournals.org)
Evolutionary events adapted the cat's metabolism and physiology to this diet strictly composed of animal tissues and led to unique digestive and metabolic peculiarities of carbohydrate metabolism. (mdpi.com)
Brain has a high rate of metabolism, using ~5.6 mg glucose per 100 g of brain tissue per minute. (hubpages.com)
Can you explain carbohydrate metabolism? (qub.ac.uk)
Carbohydrate metabolism is mainly concerned with glucose metabolism which is the body's preferred source of glucose. (qub.ac.uk)
Therefore, low serum insulin level reduces Na+-/K+- -ATPase activity with poor Na+- and K+- metabolism as a result and so transport across biomembranes as well as hindered monosaccharide uptake by intestinal epithelia occurs. (thefreedictionary.com)

The idea behind low-carbohydrate dieting is to restrict the amount of carbs you eat and increase your consumption of protein, good carbs (like high-fiber vegetables) and sometimes fat. (howstuffworks.com)
Carbs can be converted in the body into either glucose (desirable) or fat (undesirable). (bodybuilding.com)

Most sweeteners also contain fructose in varying proportions. (sfgate.com)
This occurs specifically with foods that contain fructose in excess of glucose. (aboutibs.org)

Anatomy 11

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