Monkey Diseases

Macaca mulatta

Haplorhini

Saimiri

Macaca

Cebus

Cebidae

Aotus trivirgatus

Macaca radiata

Cercopithecus

Cercopithecidae

Macaca nemestrina

Aotidae

Callithrix

Erythrocebus patas

Platyrrhini

List of Erythranthe, monkey-flower diseases

Monkey bite

Yaba monkey tumor virus

Syzygium smithii

Monkeys in Chinese culture

Monkey meat

List of periodontal diseases

Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua

Monkey brains

Kyasanur Forest disease

Bartonella quintana

Poxviridae

Erysiphe brunneopunctata

Deaths in August 2020

List of introduced species

Emerging infectious disease

Human polyomavirus 9

Marburg virus disease

B virus

Mycobacterium asiaticum

Daoyin

Cloning

Genome editing

Yatapoxvirus

Dolly (sheep)

2019 in science

He Jiankui

Preben von Magnus

Alphapapillomavirus

LECT2

Human-to-human transmission

Affenpinscher

Brain ischemia

2022 monkeypox outbreak in North America

Harold Wolferstan Thomas

Maurice Chevalier

Satipatthana

Joan Beauchamp Procter

2022 monkeypox outbreak

League of Assassins

Andrew Wakefield

Billie Eilish

List of cardiology mnemonics

Rhodnius prolixus

Battle of Kohima

Olive baboon

Paleolithic

List of Metal Gear characters

Aflatoxin B1

Texas Biomedical Research Institute

Thromboxane-A synthase

Far North Region, Cameroon

List of The Asylum monsters

Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory

Fannia scalaris

Zanthoxylum asiaticum

Lyme disease

Animal psychopathology

CX717

Ebola9

• The drug has been shown experimentally to effectively treat monkeys infected with Ebola and Nipah viruses. (nih.gov)
• Remdesivir also has been investigated as a treatment for Ebola virus disease in people. (nih.gov)
• Hopes for an effective Ebola vaccine have been raised after trials of an experimental jab found that it gave monkeys long-term protection from the killer disease. (theguardian.com)
• The first was based on a harmless monkey virus which had been modified to carry a protein from the Zaire strain of Ebola, responsible for the latest outbreak. (theguardian.com)
• Monkeys that received the vaccine as a booster two months after the first vaccine were protected against lethal doses of Ebola for a full 10 months, according to a report in Nature Medicine . (theguardian.com)
• Early during the recent Ebola epidemic in West Africa, scientists speculated that the genetic diversity of the circulating Makona strain of virus (EBOV-Makona) would result in more severe disease and more transmissibility than prior strains. (blogspot.com)
• However, using two different animal models, National Institutes of Health scientists have determined that certain mutations stabilized early during the epidemic and did not alter Ebola disease presentation or outcome. (blogspot.com)
• Clinical diagnosis of Marburg "can be difficult," the agency said, with many of the symptoms similar to other infectious diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever, and Ebola. (wkrn.com)
• Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates, such as monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees. (harvard.edu)

Nonhuman primates1

• Monkeys and other nonhuman primates (NHPs) may not be imported as pets under any circumstances. (cdc.gov)

Infectious13

• The new report from NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . (nih.gov)
• Scientists from NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) compared EBOV-Makona isolates from early in the outbreak-March 2014-to isolates circulating between five and nine months later, when certain mutations had emerged in the viral surface glycoprotein and elsewhere. (blogspot.com)
• NIAID conducts and supports research - at NIH, throughout the United States, and worldwide - to study the causes of infectious and immune-mediated diseases, and to develop better means of preventing, diagnosing and treating these illnesses. (blogspot.com)
• The study was funded in part by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), both components of the National Institutes of Health. (nih.gov)
• Scientists from NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) in Hamilton, Montana, tested the candidate vaccine on six cynomolgus macaques, each of which received three inoculations, followed by electroporation, at three-week intervals. (nih.gov)
• This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) encourages applications from U.S. institutions proposing collaborative research with foreign [non-U.S.] investigators and organizations to study infectious diseases of the greatest public health significance in resource-constrained countries. (nih.gov)
• The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), supports extramural research focused on understanding, controlling and preventing diseases caused by virtually all infectious agents. (nih.gov)
• The disease is a highly infectious viral hemorrhagic fever , according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (wkrn.com)
• Dr. Dana Meaney-Delman is a senior medical advisor in the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
• In her career at CDC, she has focused on the development of evidence-based clinical guidelines for infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
• Emerging Infectious Diseases , 26 (12), 2799-2806. (cdc.gov)
• Emerging Infectious Diseases , 26 (12), 2807-2814. (cdc.gov)
• Homeopaths in India, Africa and Cuba used the presence of a Royal Hospital, funded by tax payers within the NHS, to push quackery on some of the poorest and most vulnerable people in the world, replacing cheap and effective malaria treatments with sugar pills and water drops, pretending homeopathy can treat AIDS, cancer and TB and using it as justification to replace effective infectious disease control with superstitious nonsense. (quackometer.net)

Malaria2

• Part 1: India's goal of eliminating malaria by 2027 rests heavily on Odisha, but a changing climate and the increased proliferation of vector-borne diseases have created new challenges. (earthjournalism.net)
• Back in 1980, the year that India had its first recorded incidence of a dengue epidemic in modern-day Chennai, the SCB medical college existed as a small dispensary that looked to treat pilgrims suffering from, among other diseases, malaria. (earthjournalism.net)

Primates3

• Zoonoses of primates : the epidemiology and ecology of simian diseases in relation to man / Richard Fiennes. (who.int)
• The University of Wisconsin (UW) study found that rhesus monkeys that were fed a calorie-restricted diet, which contained 30 percent fewer calories than a control group's diet, survived to about 28 years for males and about 30 years for females-above average for such primates in captivity. (nih.gov)
• Earlier this year, China Southern Airlines agreed to stop shipping primates to laboratories, making Air France the only remaining airline in the world that continues to confine monkeys to crates and keep them inside dark cargo holds for up to 30 hours while transporting them to laboratories in the U.S. and Europe. (peta.org)

Centers for Diseas7

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
• The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
• The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued a warning for travelers to two countries where the Marburg virus is spreading. (healthline.com)
• Marburg virus disease is a "rare but severe hemorrhagic fever" caused by Marburg virus, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (healthline.com)
• I'm Loretta Jackson Brown and I'm representing the Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity - COCA - with the Emergency Risk Communication Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
• Dr. Cynthia Moore is a director of the Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)

Humans4

• These regulations are in place to protect U.S. residents from severe infections that can spread from monkeys to humans. (cdc.gov)
• As they age, rhesus monkeys are vulnerable to many of the same diseases as humans, including cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. (nih.gov)
• Given the similarities between rhesus monkeys and humans, the beneficial effects of calorie restriction on health and life span could also be observed in humans, researchers concluded. (nih.gov)
• It is a disease of herbivores that incidentally infects humans through contact with animals that are ill or have died from anthrax or through contact with Bacillus anthracis -contaminated byproducts. (cdc.gov)

Kyasanur Forest1

• This study uses a participatory, co-production approach to address this disconnect between science, policy and implementation, by developing more informative disease models for a fatal tick-borne viral haemorrhagic disease, Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), that is spreading across degraded forest ecosystems in India. (plos.org)

Mosquitoes1

• Japanese encephalitis (JE), another vector-borne disease (VBD) - illnesses transmitted by insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas - was recorded for the first time in 2011, and in 2013, with four positive cases, chikungunya left its mark on the state. (earthjournalism.net)

20201

• The team plans to treat six more patients with Parkinson's disease to test the technique's safety and efficacy by the end of 2020. (scientificamerican.com)

Alzheimer's7

• They've also been linked to more common conditions, including diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)
• Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and the only illness among the top 10 causes of death for which there is no disease-modifying therapy. (nih.gov)
• Extensive evidence suggests that dysregulation of innate immunity and microglia/macrophages plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. (nih.gov)
• We have shown in multiple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse models that harnessing innate immunity via TLR9 agonist CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) modulates age-related defects associated with immune cells and safely reduces amyloid plaques, oligomeric amyloid-β, tau pathology, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) while promoting cognitive benefits. (nih.gov)
• In the current study we have used a non-human primate model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease pathology that develops extensive CAA-elderly squirrel monkeys. (nih.gov)
• We demonstrate that long-term use of Class B CpG ODN 2006 induces a favourable degree of innate immunity stimulation without producing excessive or sustained inflammation, resulting in efficient amelioration of both CAA and tau Alzheimer's disease-related pathologies in association with behavioural improvements and in the absence of microhaemorrhages in aged elderly squirrel monkeys. (nih.gov)
• Neither is Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's. (naturalnews.com)

Parkinson's Disease5

• Parkinson's disease patients off medications had more beta power than the essential tremor group but less neuronal modulation of beta power to the attended tones, suggesting that dopamine modulates thalamic beta oscillations for selective attention. (nature.com)
• These results taken together implicate the ventral intermediate nucleus in non-motor cognitive functions, which has implications for the brain circuitry for attention and the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. (nature.com)
• Japanese neurosurgeons have implanted 'reprogrammed' stem cells into the brain of a patient with Parkinson's disease for the first time. (scientificamerican.com)
• A shortage of neurons producing dopamine in people with Parkinson's disease can lead to tremors and difficulty walking. (scientificamerican.com)
• Dopamine precursor cells have been shown to improve symptoms of Parkinson's disease in monkeys . (scientificamerican.com)

Signs of respiratory disease3

• All control animals showed signs of respiratory disease. (nih.gov)
• Animals treated before infection fared well: no signs of respiratory disease, significantly lower levels of virus replication in the lungs compared to control animals, and no lung damage. (nih.gov)
• Over a 3-month period in early 2019, »60 free-ranging pronghorn with signs of respiratory disease died in northeast Wyoming, USA. (cdc.gov)

Outbreak4

• On Friday, the UN chief, Ban Ki-moon, set the goal of stopping the worst-ever outbreak of the disease within six to nine months. (theguardian.com)
• The news comes just over a month after Equatorial Guinea confirmed its first outbreak of the viral disease. (healthline.com)
• The efforts by Tanzania's health authorities to establish the cause of the disease is a clear indication of the determination to effectively respond to the outbreak. (healthline.com)
• NewsNation ) - The African country of Tanzania reported its first-ever outbreak of Marburg disease, which has so far resulted in eight total cases and five deaths. (wkrn.com)

Vaccine1

• Six control animals infected with CCHFV but not given the experimental vaccine showed signs of disease throughout the study. (nih.gov)

Zoonotic7

• Zoonotic diseases affect resource-poor tropical communities disproportionately, and are linked to human use and modification of ecosystems. (plos.org)
• Despite the global "One Health" initiative, predictive models for tropical zoonotic diseases often focus on narrow ranges of risk factors and are rarely scaled to intervention programs and ecosystem use. (plos.org)
• We argue this inter-disciplinary approach to risk prediction is applicable across zoonotic diseases in tropical settings. (plos.org)
• Worldwide, impacts of zoonotic diseases, that cycle between animals and people, are concentrated in tropical communities and often linked to the way people use and change ecosystems. (plos.org)
• Interventions for zoonotic diseases could be targeted better using risk maps based on computer models that integrate social and ecological risk factors across degraded ecosystems. (plos.org)
• Co-production brings together stakeholders and knowledge, across the human health, animal health and environmental sectors, aligning with the OneHealth Initiative, to develop more informative predictive tools for zoonotic diseases. (plos.org)
• The zoonotic disease anthrax is endemic to most continents. (cdc.gov)

Vector-borne disease2

• By the time the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) in Odisha identified the disease as dengue in 2011, 38 people had died. (earthjournalism.net)
• Dr. Rabe is a medical epidemiologist in the Division of Vector-Borne Disease at CDC. (cdc.gov)

Laboratory5

• Fetal death in utero occurred in more than one-fourth of monkeys infected in the laboratory with Zika virus in early pregnancy, according to new research published in Nature Medicine . (nih.gov)
• The government of Liberia through the Ministry of Health and the National Public Health Institute of Liberia has today declared an out-break of monkey pox, following confirmation of a case in Maryland on the 24th of July 2022 by the National Public Health Reference Laboratory and the World Health Organisation has been duly informed as required by the International Health Regulations protocol of 2005. (who.int)
• Nine cases have been laboratory confirmed, and at least seven of those confirmed to have had the disease have died. (healthline.com)
• These outbreaks were associated with laboratory work using African green monkeys imported from Uganda. (healthline.com)
• Dr. Goodall joins a growing list of animal advocates-including, most recently, actor James Cromwell -who have called on Air France to do the right thing and stop giving monkeys a one-way ticket to a laboratory where they'll be tortured and killed. (peta.org)

Experimental1

• The experimental antiviral remdesivir successfully prevented disease in rhesus macaques infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), according to a new study from National Institutes of Health scientists. (nih.gov)

Consistent1

• Consistent with suggestions that KFD is an "ecotonal" disease, landscapes at higher risk for human KFD contained diverse forest-plantation mosaics with high coverage of moist evergreen forest and plantation, high indigenous cattle density, and low coverage of dry deciduous forest. (plos.org)

Kidney4

• Reuben was euthanized after a long battle with chronic kidney disease, the Zoo announced in a tweet Friday. (animalrescuesociety.com)
• His caring team recognized that he was failing due to chronic kidney disease. (animalrescuesociety.com)
• Hardly any Americans know that there are infected African green monkey kidney cells in the smallpox and DTap vaccines , but all the M.D.s know, but the CDC doesn't like when patients ask questions. (naturalnews.com)
• Immune systems go into shock immediately, as the fight or flight reactions turn disastrous and deadly, since the baby's central nervous system doesn't know what to do with all that mercury, human cells, and infected monkey kidney cells that are stuck inside muscle tissue, infecting and literally crippling the host. (naturalnews.com)

Marburg5

• What are the symptoms of Marburg virus disease? (healthline.com)
• What is the treatment for Marburg virus disease? (healthline.com)
• No vaccines or antiviral therapies have been approved to treat Marburg virus disease. (healthline.com)
• The "highly virulent" Marburg disease, meanwhile, results in symptoms including fever (as well as hemorrhagic fever), fatigue, diarrhea and vomiting. (wkrn.com)
• The rare virus was first identified in 1967 after it caused simultaneous outbreaks of disease in laboratories in Marburg, Germany, and Belgrade, Serbia. (wkrn.com)

Rhesus macaques1

• They then infected mice and rhesus macaques with these various virus isolates to assess disease progression and viral shedding. (blogspot.com)

Infection3

• Remdesivir prevented disease when administered before infection and improved the condition of macaques when given after the animals already were infected. (nih.gov)
• Animals treated after infection fared significantly better than the control animals: disease was less severe than in control animals, their lungs had lower levels of virus than the control animals, and the damage to the lungs was less severe. (nih.gov)
• 1) describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, management and prevention of Zika virus disease, 2) discuss diagnostic testing for Zika virus infection and interpretation of test results, 3) articulate the importance of early recognition and reporting of cases, 4) state the recommendations for pregnant women and possible Zika virus exposure, and 5) discuss evaluation of infants with microcephaly and relationship of Zika in microcephaly. (cdc.gov)

Laboratories2

• Just days before her highly anticipated talk in Paris on May 14, world-renowned primate expert Dr. Jane Goodall , who recently turned 80, fired off an e-mail to Air France-the last remaining passenger airline to ship monkeys to laboratories for use in invasive and deadly experiments-urging the company to end its part in this "cruel trade. (peta.org)
• Dr. Goodall explains to Air France executives that in their natural homes, long-tailed monkeys-the species Air France most often ships to laboratories-form strong bonds, live in groups of up to 30 individuals, and "travel up to a mile a day playing, foraging for food and socializing with one another. (peta.org)

Genetic1

• The exact causes of autoimmune diseases are unknown, but since many conditions run in families, it's believed there is a genetic relationship. (goldenmonkeyhealing.com)

Endemic1

• Monkey pox has been endemic in West and Central Africa but has been reported for the first time in Europe. (who.int)

Symptoms of the disease2

• Minister Jallah further encouraged the public to immediately isolate anyone displaying signs and symptoms of the disease and called for calm as there is no need to panic. (who.int)
• In fatal cases, death typically occurs between days eight and nine after symptoms of the disease appear, and is generally preceded by severe blood loss and hemorrhaging, as well as multi-organ dysfunction. (wkrn.com)

Scientists5

• A new technique for exchanging DNA between egg cells has led to the birth of 4 healthy monkeys, scientists report. (nih.gov)
• As reported in the online edition of Nature on August 26, 2009, the scientists used advanced microscopy to guide the safe and precise removal of spindle-chromosomal complexes from monkey egg cells. (nih.gov)
• The scientists indicate that the promising study results support additional clinical trials of remdesivir for MERS-CoV and COVID-19, the disease that SARS-CoV-2 causes. (nih.gov)
• Because about one-third of MERS-CoV cases spread from infected people being treated in healthcare settings, the scientists suggest that remdesivir could effectively prevent disease in other patients, contacts of patients, and healthcare workers. (nih.gov)
• What Happens When Scientists Put a Human Intelligence Gene Into a Monkey? (discovermagazine.com)

Outbreaks1

• While both diseases are rare, they can cause outbreaks with high death rates. (healthline.com)

Zika1

• Questions are limited to clinicians who would like information related to Zika virus disease. (cdc.gov)

Epidemiology1

• She has 5 years of subject matter expertise in applied epidemiology in arboviral disease surveillance. (cdc.gov)

Deaths1

• About 1 in 8 of those who are infected develop severe disease, which leads to about 500 deaths each year. (nih.gov)

Virus2

• Here's what to know about this virus and the disease it causes. (healthline.com)
• Seven people died who were exposed to the virus while conducting research on monkeys. (wkrn.com)

Onset1

• I think that being aware we sort of have the first rumblings of what seems to be a health crisis will help us focus our attention on health resources and providing younger veterans with access to resources that can help them ameliorate the likelihood of early onset cardiovascular disease. (earth.com)

Immune2

• To understand autoimmune disease, we must first understand how the immune system works. (goldenmonkeyhealing.com)
• In the case of autoimmune diseases the immune system stops being able to differentiate, and begins to attack the body's own cells, tissues, and organs. (goldenmonkeyhealing.com)

Fatal1

• Through co-production, we develop predictive models for a fatal tick-borne disease, Kyasanur Forest Diseases (KFD) that is spreading across the degraded Western Ghats forest in India. (plos.org)

Zoonoses1

• Approximately 75 percent of newly emerging diseases come from animals, called "zoonoses. (cam.ac.uk)

Vaccines1

• That's why those vaccines are MORE dangerous than just catching the wild forms of the diseases. (naturalnews.com)

Treat2

• Basic research increases our understanding of human behavior and biology, which is foundational to advancing new and better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. (blogspot.com)
• In 2014, ophthalmologist Masayo Takahashi, Takahashi's wife, created retinal cells from iPS cells that were used to treat eye disease. (scientificamerican.com)

Deadly1

• Defects in mtDNA cause several rare and deadly disorders, such as mitochondrial myopathies and Leigh's disease. (nih.gov)

Trials1

• CpG ODN 2006 has been well established in numerous human trials for a variety of diseases. (nih.gov)

Approximately1

• Approximately 50 million Americans are living with an autoimmune disease. (goldenmonkeyhealing.com)

Study1

• A new study from the University of Central Florida has revealed that veterans are more likely to develop heart disease at a young age. (earth.com)

Liberia2

• Complementing the Minister of Healths message, the WHO Liberia Country Representative Dr Peter Clement, added that since April this year the world has been reporting monkey pox cases, with close to 74 countries having reported so far- including countries that have never had cases in the past. (who.int)
• This is the second time Liberia has confirmed monkey pox in country since the first case in 2018. (who.int)

Common4

• Lupus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Crohn's disease…You may have heard of these conditions, but do you know what they have in common? (goldenmonkeyhealing.com)
• Howler monkeys typically live 15-20 years in the wild, with longer lifespans more common in captivity. (animalrescuesociety.com)
• NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. (blogspot.com)
• NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)

Research2

• This healthy baby monkey developed from an egg containing mitochondrial DNA from one female and nuclear DNA from another Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University. (nih.gov)
• New research from the University of Utah provides insight on how people with retinal degenerative disease can maintain their night vision for a relatively long period of time. (nih.gov)

Protein3

• Researchers at the University of New Hampshire have reported the first structural model for a key enzyme, and its activating protein, that can play a role in some genetically inherited eye diseases like retinitis pigmentosa and night blindness. (nih.gov)
• NIA fed their monkeys a naturally sourced diet comprised of varied protein sources, while the UW diet was purified with limited ingredients and contained a significantly higher amount of sucrose compared to the NIA diet. (nih.gov)
• The monkey puzzle fruit, the piñon (pine nut), used to be a very important source of protein for the Mapuche who roamed the Andean foothills. (mailasail.com)

Viruses1

• Shall we now talk about parents unknowingly letting doctors and nurses inject genetically modified and mutated viruses, that are brewed using African green monkey kidneys, into their children? (naturalnews.com)

Guinea1

• The news comes weeks after the disease was reported for the first time in Equatorial Guinea. (healthline.com)

Syndrome1

• There are about 80 recognized autoimmune diseases, and several other conditions such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and fibromyalgia that are currently believed to have an autoimmune component. (goldenmonkeyhealing.com)

Cells1

• Analysis of the infant monkeys' cells showed that they had mtDNA from 1 female and nuclear DNA from another. (nih.gov)

Prevent1

• According to Professor Hinojosa, it is important for healthcare professionals to keep a close watch on cardiovascular health among younger veterans so that necessary measures can be taken to help prevent cardiovascular diseases. (earth.com)

Young1

• Finally, the UW monkeys were adults of Indian origin, while NIA's included both young and old monkeys of Indian and Chinese origin. (nih.gov)

Early1

• We were unable to find any significant differences between early and late isolates lacking or carrying those mutations, suggesting that these mutations do not lead to alterations in the disease-causing ability in animal models," the authors write. (blogspot.com)

Lead1

• International effort identified new and different causative gene variants for a group of diseases that can lead to severe vision loss or blindness. (nih.gov)

Develop1

• We integrated knowledge across disciplines to identify key risk factors and needs with actors and beneficiaries across the relevant policy sectors, to understand disease patterns and develop decision support tools. (plos.org)