Mollusca
Gastropoda
Bivalvia
Snails
Polyplacophora
Nautilus
Octopodiformes
Biomphalaria
Perna
Annelida
Atlantic Ocean
Echinodermata
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S
Lymnaea
Disease Vectors
DNA, Mitochondrial
Rivers
Schistosoma mansoni
Evolution, Molecular
Brazil
Biological Evolution
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Molecular Sequence Data
RNA, Transfer
Species Specificity
Base Sequence
DNA, Ribosomal
GABAergic excitatory synapses and electrical coupling sustain prolonged discharges in the prey capture neural network of Clione limacina. (1/1395)
Afterdischarges represent a prominent characteristic of the neural network that controls prey capture reactions in the carnivorous mollusc Clione limacina. Their main functional implication is transformation of a brief sensory input from a prey into a lasting prey capture response. The present study, which focuses on the neuronal mechanisms of afterdischarges, demonstrates that a single pair of interneurons [cerebral A interneuron (Cr-Aint)] is responsible for afterdischarge generation in the network. Cr-Aint neurons are electrically coupled to all other neurons in the network and produce slow excitatory synaptic inputs to them. This excitatory transmission is found to be GABAergic, which is demonstrated by the use of GABA antagonists, uptake inhibitors, and double-labeling experiments showing that Cr-Aint neurons are GABA-immunoreactive. The Cr-Aint neurons organize three different pathways in the prey capture network, which provide positive feedback necessary for sustaining prolonged spike activity. The first pathway includes electrical coupling and slow chemical transmission from the Cr-Aint neurons to all other neurons in the network. The second feedback is based on excitatory reciprocal connections between contralateral interneurons. Recurrent excitation via the contralateral cell can sustain prolonged interneuron firing, which then drives the activity of all other cells in the network. The third positive feedback is represented by prominent afterdepolarizing potentials after individual spikes in the Cr-Aint neurons. Afterdepolarizations apparently represent recurrent GABAergic excitatory inputs. It is suggested here that these afterdepolarizing potentials are produced by GABAergic excitatory autapses. (+info)Determination of the anomeric configurations of Corbicula ceramide di- and trihexoside by chromium trioxide oxidation. (2/1395)
The anomeric configurations of Corbicula ceramide dihexoside and ceramide trihexoside were determined by chromium trioxide oxidation and the structures of these lipids were shown to be Man-beta(1 leads to 4)-Glc-beta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide and Man-alpha(1 leads to 4)-Man-beta(1 leads to 4)-Glc-beta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide. These results are compatible with those obtained by enzymic hydrolysis reported previously. (+info)Central pattern generator for escape swimming in the notaspid sea slug Pleurobranchaea californica. (3/1395)
Escape swimming in the notaspid opisthobranch Pleurobranchaea is an episode of alternating dorsal and ventral body flexions that overrides all other behaviors. We have explored the structure of the central pattern generator (CPG) in the cerebropleural ganglion as part of a study of neural network interactions underlying decision making in normal behavior. The CPG comprises at least eight bilaterally paired interneurons, each of which contributes and is phase-locked to the swim rhythm. Dorsal flexion is mediated by hemiganglion ensembles of four serotonin-immunoreactive neurons, the As1, As2, As3, and As4, and an electrically coupled pair, the A1 and A10 cells. When stimulated, A10 commands fictive swimming in the isolated CNS and actual swimming behavior in whole animals. As1-4 provide prolonged, neuromodulatory excitation enhancing dorsal flexion bursts and swim cycle number. Ventral flexion is mediated by the A3 cell and a ventral swim interneuron, IVS, the soma of which is yet unlocated. Initiation of a swim episode begins with persistent firing in A10, followed by recruitment of As1-4 and A1 into dorsal flexion. Recurrent excitation within the As1-4 ensemble and with A1/A10 may reinforce coactivity. Synchrony among swim interneuron partners and bilateral coordination is promoted by electrical coupling among the A1/A10 and As4 pairs, and among unilateral As2-4, and reciprocal chemical excitation between contralateral As1-4 groups. The switch from dorsal to ventral flexion coincides with delayed recruitment of A3, which is coupled electrically to A1, and with recurrent inhibition from A3/IVS to A1/A10. The alternating phase relation may be reinforced by reciprocal inhibition between As1-4 and IVS. Pleurobranchaea's swim resembles that of the nudibranch Tritonia; we find that the CPGs are similar in many details, suggesting that the behavior and network are primitive characters derived from a common pleurobranchid ancestor. (+info)A novel small protein associated with a conjugated trienoic chromophore from membranes of scallop adductor muscle: phosphorylation by protein kinase A. (4/1395)
Membranes enriched in sarcolemma from the cross-striated adductor muscle of the deep sea scallop have been found to contain a previously undescribed small protein of 6-8 kDa that can be released by treatment with organic solvent mixtures. This proteolipid co-purified with a non-amino acid chromophore containing a conjugated trienoic moiety. Although common in plants and algae, such a stable conjugated trienoic group is unusual for an animal cell. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein was XEFQHGLFGXF/ADNIGLQ, which most strongly resembles sequences in the triacyl glycerol lipase precursor and the product of the human breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA 1, but does not show similarity to previously described proteolipids. The protein was found to be one of the major substrates in its parent membrane for the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A, which may imply a regulatory function for this molecule. (+info)Osmotic adjustment in an estuarine population of Urosalpinx cinerea (Say, 1822) (Muricidae, Gastropoda). (5/1395)
Individuals from a subtidal, estuarine population of the common oyster drill, Urosalpinx cinerea (Say, 1822), were brought into the laboratory and tested for osmotic adjustment to changing salinity. Tissue variables monitored at seven experimental salinities ranging from 10 to 40% were tissue fluid osmolality, chloride, sodium, potassium, free amino acids (FAA), ninhydrin-positive substances (NPS) and water content. The results of this study demonstrate that the test animals did not exhibit anisosmotic regulation at any of the experimental salinities. However, the data do suggest a high degree of hyper-ionic regulation of potassium at all experimental salinities and a hyporegulation of sodium between the 25 and 40% salinities. Taurine, aspartic acid, alanine and glycine were the four FAA present in relatively consistent high amounts. These four amino acids comprised from 59.6 to 75.7% of the total FAA pools. It is postulated that the population does not maintain its euryhaline survival status through an osmoregulatory mechanism. Rather, the population has probably adapted physiologically to withstand dilution of its body fluids during spring conditions of low salinities. (+info)Fluorescence measurements detect changes in scallop myosin regulatory domain. (6/1395)
Ca2+-induced conformational changes of scallop myosin regulatory domain (RD) were studied using intrinsic fluorescence. Both the intensity and anisotropy of tryptophan fluorescence decreased significantly upon removal of Ca2+. By making a mutant RD we found that the Ca2+-induced fluorescence change is due mainly to Trp21 of the essential light chain which is located at the unusual Ca2+-binding EF-hand motif of the first domain. This result suggests that Trp21 is in a less hydrophobic and more flexible environment in the Ca2+-free state, supporting a model for regulation based on the 2 A resolution structure of scallop RD with bound Ca2+ [Houdusse A. and Cohen C. (1996) Structure 4, 21-32]. Binding of the fluorescent probe, 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonate (ANS) to the RD senses the dissociation of the regulatory light chain (RLC) in the presence of EDTA, by energy transfer from a tryptophan cluster (Trp818, 824, 826, 827) on the heavy chain (HC). We identified a hydrophobic pentapeptide (Leu836-Ala840) at the head-rod junction which is required for the effective energy transfer and conceivably is part of the ANS-binding site. Extension of the HC component of RD towards the rod region results in a larger ANS response, presumably indicating changes in HC-RLC interactions, which might be crucial for the regulatory function of scallop myosin. (+info)The occurrence of two types of collagen proalpha-chain in the abalone Haliotis discus muscle. (7/1395)
Acid-soluble collagens were prepared from connective tissues in the abalone Haliotis discus foot and adductor muscles with limited proteolysis using pepsin. Collagen preparation solubilized with 1% pepsin contained two types of alpha-chains which were different in their N-terminal amino acid sequences. Accordingly, two types of full-length cDNAs coding for collagen proalpha-chains were isolated from the foot muscle of the same animal and these proteins were named Hdcols (Haliotis discus collagens) 1alpha and 2alpha. The two N-terminal amino acid sequences of the abalone pepsin-solubilized collagen preparation corresponded to either of the two sequences deduced from the cDNA clones. In addition, several tryptic peptides prepared from the pepsin-solubilized collagen and fractionated by HPLC showed N-terminal amino acid sequences identical to those deduced from the two cDNA clones. Hdcols 1alpha and 2alpha consisted of 1378 and 1439 amino acids, respectively, showing the primary structure typical to those of fibril-forming collagens. The N-terminal propeptides of the two collagen proalpha-chains contained cysteine-rich globular domains. It is of note that Hdcol 1alpha completely lacked a short Gly-X-Y triplet repeat sequence in its propeptide. An unusual structure such as this has never before been reported for any fibril-forming collagen. The main triple-helical domains for both chains consisted of 1014 amino acids, where a supposed glycine residue in the triplet at the 598th position from the N-terminus was replaced by alanine in Hdcol 1alpha and by serine in Hdcol 2alpha. Both proalpha-chains of abalone collagens contained six cysteine residues in the carboxyl-terminal propeptide, lacking two cysteine residues usually found in vertebrate collagens. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the mRNA levels of Hdcols 1alpha and 2alpha in various tissues including muscles were similar to each other. (+info)Continuous in vitro propagation and differentiation of cultures of the intramolluscan stages of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. (8/1395)
The metazoan parasitic blood flukes, Schistosoma spp., infect over 200 million people worldwide and cause extensive human morbidity and mortality. Research strategies for development of anti-schistosomal agents are impeded by the organism's complex molluscan-mammalian life cycle, which limits experimental approaches and availability of material. We derived long-term continuously proliferative cultures of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts capable of generating cercariae in vitro. Cultured organisms retained the ability to parasitize the host, and they exhibited developmental regulation of candidate stage-specific genes in the host-free culture system. Evidence for expression of a reverse transcriptase also was found in the cultured organisms, pointing to this activity as a possible mechanistic contributor to the dynamic relationship between the parasite and its hosts. Continuous in vitro propagation of the asexual sporocyst stage allows isolation of clonally derived parasite populations and provides a means to study schistosomal molecular genetics, metabolism, and evasion of host defenses. (+info)Mollusca is not a medical term per se, but a major group of invertebrate animals that includes snails, clams, octopuses, and squids. However, medically, some mollusks can be relevant as they can act as vectors for various diseases, such as schistosomiasis (transmitted by freshwater snails) and fascioliasis (transmitted by aquatic snails). Therefore, a medical definition might describe Mollusca as a phylum of mostly marine invertebrates that can sometimes play a role in the transmission of certain infectious diseases.
Gastropoda is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in biology. It refers to a large and diverse class of mollusks, commonly known as snails and slugs. These animals are characterized by a single, spiral-shaped shell that they carry on their backs (in the case of snails) or an internal shell (in the case of some slugs).
While Gastropoda is not a medical term per se, it's worth noting that certain species of gastropods can have medical relevance. For instance, some types of marine snails produce toxins that can be harmful or even fatal to humans if ingested. Additionally, some species of slugs and snails can serve as intermediate hosts for parasites that can infect humans, such as rat lungworms (Angiostrongylus cantonensis), which can cause a form of meningitis known as eosinophilic meningoencephalitis.
Bivalvia is a class of mollusks, also known as "pelecypods," that have a laterally compressed body and two shells or valves. These valves are hinged together on one side and can be opened and closed to allow the animal to feed or withdraw into its shell for protection.
Bivalves include clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and numerous other species. They are characterized by their simple body structure, which consists of a muscular foot used for burrowing or anchoring, a soft mantle that secretes the shell, and gills that serve both as respiratory organs and feeding structures.
Bivalves play an important role in aquatic ecosystems as filter feeders, helping to maintain water quality by removing particles and organic matter from the water column. They are also commercially important as a source of food for humans and other animals, and their shells have been used historically for various purposes such as tools, jewelry, and building materials.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "snails" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to a large group of land and sea-dwelling mollusks that have coiled shells and move slowly by means of a muscular foot. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help! Just let me know what you're looking for.
Polyplacophora is a class of marine mollusks, commonly known as chitons. They are characterized by a unique eight-plated, shell-like protective structure that covers their dorsal surface. The name "Polyplacophora" comes from the Greek words "poly," meaning many, and "plax," meaning plate, which refers to the numerous articulated plates that make up their shell. Chitons typically inhabit rocky shores and have a muscular foot for moving and attaching themselves to surfaces. They feed on various types of algae and small organisms.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nautilus" is not a medical term. It is a genus of cephalopod mollusk known as nautiloids, which are marine animals. The Nautilus species is the only living member of the family Nautilidae and one of the few cephalopods to exhibit a spiral shell.
If you have any medical concerns or questions, I'd be happy to help if you could provide a medical term for me to define.
Octopodiformes is a taxonomic order that includes two main groups: octopuses (Octopoda) and vampire squids (Vampyroteuthis infernalis). This grouping is based on similarities in their fossil record and molecular data. Although they are commonly referred to as squids, vampire squids are not true squids, which belong to a different order called Teuthida.
Octopodiformes are characterized by several features, including:
1. A highly developed brain and complex nervous system.
2. Eight arms with suckers, but no tentacles.
3. The ability to change their skin color and texture for camouflage.
4. Three hearts that pump blood through their bodies.
5. Blue blood due to the copper-based protein hemocyanin.
6. A siphon used for jet propulsion and other functions, such as waste expulsion and mating.
7. Ink sacs for defense against predators.
Octopuses are known for their intelligence, problem-solving abilities, and short lifespans (usually less than two years). Vampire squids, on the other hand, live in deep ocean environments and have a unique feeding strategy that involves filtering organic matter from the water. They can also produce bioluminescent displays to confuse predators.
It is important to note that while Octopodiformes is a well-supported taxonomic group, there is still ongoing research and debate about the relationships among cephalopods (the class that includes octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and nautiluses) and their classification.
'Biomphalaria' is a genus of freshwater snails that are intermediate hosts for the parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever. This is a type of trematode infection that affects humans and other animals. The snails of the 'Biomphalaria' genus are native to Africa and parts of South America and play an essential role in the life cycle of the parasitic worms that cause this disease.
Schistosomiasis is a significant public health issue, particularly in developing countries with poor sanitation and hygiene. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 200 million people worldwide are infected with schistosomes, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths each year. Effective control of the disease requires a multi-faceted approach, including the prevention of transmission through snail control and the treatment of infected individuals with praziquantel, the drug of choice for schistosomiasis.
"Perna" is not a term commonly used in medical terminology. However, "Perna canaliculus" is a species of marine mussel that is native to New Zealand and is sometimes referred to as the "green-lipped mussel." This mollusk has been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory properties due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and other bioactive compounds.
Extracts from Perna canaliculus have been used in some dietary supplements and alternative medicine practices as a treatment for inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using these extracts.
Therefore, "Perna" in medical terms typically refers to the green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) and its potential anti-inflammatory properties.
Annelida is a phylum of bilaterally symmetrical, segmented animals that includes earthworms, leeches, and marine polychaetes (bristle worms). The name "Annelida" comes from the Latin word "annellus," meaning "little ring," which refers to the distinct segments found in these animals.
Each segment in annelids contains a pair of bundled nerves called the ventral nerve cord, and many also contain circular and longitudinal muscles that enable the animal to move by contracting and relaxing these muscles in a wave-like motion. Some annelids have specialized segments for functions such as reproduction or respiration.
Annelids are primarily aquatic animals, although some terrestrial species like earthworms have evolved to live on land. They vary in size from tiny marine worms that are only a few millimeters long to large marine polychaetes that can reach over a meter in length.
Annelids are important decomposers and help break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the soil or water. Some species of annelids are also parasitic, feeding on the blood or tissues of other animals. Overall, annelids play a crucial role in many aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Invertebrates" is not a medical term. It is a term used in biology to describe a vast group of animals that do not have a vertebral column or spinal cord. This includes creatures such as insects, worms, starfish, and shellfish, among many others. They are classified as invertebrates because they lack a backbone, which is a characteristic of vertebrates, or animals that include humans and other mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Atlantic Ocean" is a geographical term referring to one of the five oceans on Earth. It doesn't have a medical definition. The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean, covering approximately 20% of the Earth's surface. It stretches from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, alternatively, to the Antarctica region) in the south, and is bounded by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east.
Echinodermata is a phylum in the animal kingdom that includes various marine organisms such as sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, and sea cucumbers. The name Echinodermata comes from the Greek words "echinos," meaning spiny, and "derma," meaning skin, which refers to the characteristic spiny skin of many echinoderms.
Echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical as larvae but become radially symmetrical as adults, with their bodies organized around a central axis. They have a unique water vascular system that helps them move and respire, and most species have specialized structures called pedicellariae that help them clean and defend themselves.
Echinoderms are also known for their ability to regenerate lost body parts, and some species can even undergo asexual reproduction through fragmentation. They play important ecological roles in marine ecosystems, including grazing on algae and other organisms, breaking down organic matter, and serving as prey for larger animals.
Molluscicides are a type of pesticide specifically designed to kill mollusks, which include snails and slugs. These substances work by interfering with the mollusk's nervous system, leading to paralysis and death. Molluscicides are often used in agricultural settings to protect crops from damage caused by these pests, but they can also be found in residential products designed to control nuisance snails and slugs in gardens or landscaping.
It is important to note that molluscicides can be harmful to other organisms as well, including pets and wildlife, so they should be used with caution and according to the manufacturer's instructions. Additionally, some molluscicides may pose risks to human health if not handled properly, so it is essential to follow safety guidelines when using these products.
18S rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is the smaller subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome, which is the cellular organelle responsible for protein synthesis. The "18S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of this rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its rate of sedimentation in a centrifuge and is expressed in Svedberg units (S).
The 18S rRNA is a component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome, and it plays a crucial role in the decoding of messenger RNA (mRNA) during protein synthesis. Specifically, the 18S rRNA helps to form the structure of the ribosome and contains several conserved regions that are involved in binding to mRNA and guiding the movement of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) during translation.
The 18S rRNA is also a commonly used molecular marker for evolutionary studies, as its sequence is highly conserved across different species and can be used to infer phylogenetic relationships between organisms. Additionally, the analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences has been widely used in various fields such as ecology, environmental science, and medicine to study biodiversity, biogeography, and infectious diseases.
"Lymnaea" is a genus of freshwater snails, specifically aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks. These snails are commonly known as pond snails or ram's horn snails due to their spiral shell shape that resembles a ram's horn. They have a wide global distribution and can be found in various freshwater habitats, such as ponds, lakes, streams, and wetlands.
Some Lymnaea species are known for their use in scientific research, particularly in the fields of neurobiology and malacology (the study of mollusks). For instance, Lymnaea stagnalis is a well-studied model organism used to investigate learning and memory processes at the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels.
However, it's important to note that "Lymnaea" itself does not have a direct medical definition as it refers to a genus of snails rather than a specific medical condition or disease.
A mitochondrial genome refers to the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are small organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus). The mitochondrial genome is typically circular and contains a relatively small number of genes compared to the nuclear genome.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes essential components of the electron transport chain, which is vital for cellular respiration and energy production. MtDNA also contains genes that code for some mitochondrial tRNAs and rRNAs needed for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.
In humans, the mitochondrial genome is about 16.6 kilobases in length and consists of 37 genes: 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 13 protein-coding genes. The mitochondrial genome is inherited maternally, as sperm contribute very few or no mitochondria during fertilization. Mutations in the mitochondrial genome can lead to various genetic disorders, often affecting tissues with high energy demands, such as muscle and nerve cells.
Gene order, in the context of genetics and genomics, refers to the specific sequence or arrangement of genes along a chromosome. The order of genes on a chromosome is not random, but rather, it is highly conserved across species and is often used as a tool for studying evolutionary relationships between organisms.
The study of gene order has also provided valuable insights into genome organization, function, and regulation. For example, the clustering of genes that are involved in specific pathways or functions can provide information about how those pathways or functions have evolved over time. Similarly, the spatial arrangement of genes relative to each other can influence their expression levels and patterns, which can have important consequences for phenotypic traits.
Overall, gene order is an important aspect of genome biology that continues to be a focus of research in fields such as genomics, genetics, evolutionary biology, and bioinformatics.
A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.
Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are specialized structures within cells that generate energy. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is present in the cell nucleus and inherited from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.
MtDNA is a circular molecule that contains 37 genes, including 13 genes that encode for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP. The remaining genes encode for rRNAs and tRNAs, which are necessary for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.
Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases, which can affect any organ system in the body. These mutations can also be used in forensic science to identify individuals and establish biological relationships.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rivers" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical term referring to large, flowing bodies of water that usually empty into a sea or an ocean. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!
"Schistosoma mansoni" is a specific species of parasitic flatworm, also known as a blood fluke, that causes the disease schistosomiasis (also known as snail fever). This trematode has a complex life cycle involving both freshwater snails and humans. The adult worms live in the blood vessels of the human host, particularly in the venous plexus of the intestines, where they lay eggs that are excreted through feces. These eggs can hatch in fresh water and infect specific snail species, which then release a free-swimming form called cercariae. These cercariae can penetrate the skin of humans who come into contact with infested water, leading to infection and subsequent health complications if left untreated.
The medical definition of "Schistosoma mansoni" is: A species of trematode parasitic flatworm that causes schistosomiasis in humans through its complex life cycle involving freshwater snails as an intermediate host. Adult worms reside in the blood vessels of the human host, particularly those surrounding the intestines, and release eggs that are excreted through feces. Infection occurs when cercariae, released by infected snails, penetrate human skin during contact with infested water.
Molecular evolution is the process of change in the DNA sequence or protein structure over time, driven by mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. It refers to the evolutionary study of changes in DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how these changes accumulate and lead to new species and diversity of life. Molecular evolution can be used to understand the history and relationships among different organisms, as well as the functional consequences of genetic changes.
I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.
Biological evolution is the change in the genetic composition of populations of organisms over time, from one generation to the next. It is a process that results in descendants differing genetically from their ancestors. Biological evolution can be driven by several mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These processes can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) within populations, resulting in the development of new species and the extinction of others over long periods of time. Biological evolution provides a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and is supported by extensive evidence from many different fields of science, including genetics, paleontology, comparative anatomy, and biogeography.
DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.
The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.
In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "population density" is actually a term used in population geography and epidemiology, rather than medical terminology. It refers to the number of people living in a specific area or region, usually measured as the number of people per square mile or square kilometer.
However, understanding population density can be important in public health and medicine because it can influence various factors related to health outcomes and healthcare delivery, such as:
1. Disease transmission rates: Higher population densities can facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, particularly those that are transmitted through close contact between individuals.
2. Access to healthcare services: Areas with lower population density might have fewer healthcare resources and providers available, making it more challenging for residents to access necessary medical care.
3. Health disparities: Population density can contribute to health inequities, as urban areas often have better access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities than rural areas, leading to differences in health outcomes between these populations.
4. Environmental factors: Higher population densities might lead to increased pollution, noise, and other environmental hazards that can negatively impact health.
Therefore, while "population density" is not a medical definition per se, it remains an essential concept for understanding various public health and healthcare issues.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, the process by which cells create proteins. In protein synthesis, tRNAs serve as adaptors, translating the genetic code present in messenger RNA (mRNA) into the corresponding amino acids required to build a protein.
Each tRNA molecule has a distinct structure, consisting of approximately 70-90 nucleotides arranged in a cloverleaf shape with several loops and stems. The most important feature of a tRNA is its anticodon, a sequence of three nucleotides located in one of the loops. This anticodon base-pairs with a complementary codon on the mRNA during translation, ensuring that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain.
Before tRNAs can participate in protein synthesis, they must be charged with their specific amino acids through an enzymatic process involving aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes recognize and bind to both the tRNA and its corresponding amino acid, forming a covalent bond between them. Once charged, the aminoacyl-tRNA complex is ready to engage in translation and contribute to protein formation.
In summary, transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA molecule that facilitates protein synthesis by translating genetic information from messenger RNA into specific amino acids, ultimately leading to the creation of functional proteins within cells.
Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.
For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.
In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.
Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.
The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.
Nucleic acid conformation refers to the three-dimensional structure that nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) adopt as a result of the bonding patterns between the atoms within the molecule. The primary structure of nucleic acids is determined by the sequence of nucleotides, while the conformation is influenced by factors such as the sugar-phosphate backbone, base stacking, and hydrogen bonding.
Two common conformations of DNA are the B-form and the A-form. The B-form is a right-handed helix with a diameter of about 20 Å and a pitch of 34 Å, while the A-form has a smaller diameter (about 18 Å) and a shorter pitch (about 25 Å). RNA typically adopts an A-form conformation.
The conformation of nucleic acids can have significant implications for their function, as it can affect their ability to interact with other molecules such as proteins or drugs. Understanding the conformational properties of nucleic acids is therefore an important area of research in molecular biology and medicine.
Mollusca
Leucogyrophana mollusca
Molluscum dermatitis
Molluscum contagiosum
Ctenidium molluscum
Molluscum contagiosum virus
Fusceulima projectilabrum
Palaina
Tomocyclus
Emarginula sicula
Famelica monoceros
Granulina torosa
Alexandromenia
List of non-marine molluscs of Malta
Buelowiteuthis
Rissoa gomerica
Volvarina ingolfi
Conchology
Pusillina amblia
Pseudocharopa whiteleggei
Mitrella broderipii
Vexillum suluense
Rapana rapiformis
Taringa oleica
Red slug
Embletonia
Edmundsella pedata
Caloria elegans
Clanculus aloysii
Simnia patula
Mollusca - Wikipedia
Mollusca - Wikimedia Commons
Treatment Options | Molluscum Contagiosum | Pox viruses | CDC
Molluscum Contagiosum (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth
Molluscum Contagiosum: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
What is Molluscum Contagiosum? | Molluscum Contagiosum Causes
Molluscum Contagiosum: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
New Brunswick Museum - Mollusca
Molluscum Contagiosum (for Teens) - Children's Health Network
Molluscum Contagiosum Home Remedy: For Kids
Molluscum Contagiosum - HealthyChildren.org
Molluscum contagiosum | Vancouver Coastal Health
Mollusca Collection - Museu Nacional/UFRJ
molluscum contagiosum Archives - The Frisky
Molluscum keeps spreading even after freezing - STDs / STIs - MedHelp
Profile: mollusca
Distribuição espaço-temporal de Olivella minuta (LINK, 1807) (Mollusca, Gastropoda,...
Molluscum Contagiosum | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
FDA Warns Against Using Bogus Treatments for Molluscum
Access naturopathix.net. ZymaDerm | Molluscum Contagiosum Treatment | Naturopathix
Upper Miocene Mollusca from Springvale, Trinidad, British West Indies | H. E. Vokes
Posting living mollusca | The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
A monograph of the British nudibranchiate Mollusca : with figures of all the species : Alder, Joshua, 1792-1867 : Free Download...
BioKIDS - Kids' Inquiry of Diverse Species, Mollusca, snails, clams, squids and octopodes: SPECIMENS
Image: Molluscum Contagiosum on a Child's Face - MSD Manual Consumer Version
Report on the distribution of Pulmoniferous Mollusca in the British Isles - Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution
Combination of essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia and iodine in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children
Reproductive effects of heavy metals on the rough periwinkle Littorina saxatilis (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) - ePrints Soton
Recombinant Molluscum contagiosum virus subtype 1 Poly A pol
Gastropoda2
- Revision of the Northeast Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Aclididae Eulimidae, Epitonidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). (wikipedia.org)
- Details for: Population dynamics and ecology of Bulinus globosus (mollusca, gastropoda in selected habitats in the Ifakara area, Tanzania. (who.int)
Bumps13
- The molluscum virus spreads easily from skin touching skin that has bumps. (kidshealth.org)
- New bumps can appear as old ones go away, so it can take 6-12 months (and sometimes longer) for molluscum to fully go away. (kidshealth.org)
- Molluscum contagiosum causes either single or multiple raised, pearl-like bumps (papules) on the skin . (webmd.com)
- Molluscum contagiosum is an infection that causes small bumps on your skin. (plannedparenthood.org)
- Molluscum contagiosum causes small, firm bumps or growths on your skin. (plannedparenthood.org)
- Children can easily get molluscum contagiosum from touching the molluscum bumps on someone else's skin, or sharing toys and other objects with them. (plannedparenthood.org)
- Molluscum contagiosum can cause bumps to appear on virtually any area of the body. (healthline.com)
- Molluscum contagiosum causes a small number, usually between 2 and 20, of raised, dome-shaped bumps or nodules on the skin. (healthychildren.org)
- Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection that causes small skin-coloured bumps. (vch.ca)
- The photo shows bumps of molluscum contagiosum. (msdmanuals.com)
- Molluscum contagiosum looks like small bumps. (plannedparenthood.org)
- If someone with an outbreak shaves over their bumps, using their razor may put you at risk of getting molluscum contagiosum. (plannedparenthood.org)
- Molluscum contagiosum is a skin infection that causes small pink or white dome-shaped bumps with a dimple in the center. (msdmanuals.com)
Phylum1
- The descriptors for the phylum Mollusca were revised and expanded. (bvsalud.org)
Bogus Treatments for Molluscum1
- It's so common that this week the FDA issued an advisory warning against using bogus treatments for molluscum. (abc7.com)
Prevent molluscum contagiosum1
- How do you prevent molluscum contagiosum? (msdmanuals.com)
Mimicking molluscum contagiosum1
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis mimicking molluscum contagiosum. (harvard.edu)
Papules4
- Molluscum contagiosum papules commonly appear on the face, trunk, and limbs of children and on the genitals, abdomen , and inner thighs of adults. (webmd.com)
- Molluscum contagiosum virus causes characteristic skin lesions consisting of single or, more often, multiple, rounded, dome-shaped, pink, waxy papules that are 2-5 mm (rarely up to 1.5 cm in the case of a giant molluscum) in diameter. (medscape.com)
- Eczematous changes around molluscum contagiosum papules. (medscape.com)
- Yes, molluscum papules are dome-shaped with a central core, and that's definitely another one of the distinguishing features (Figure 4). (medscape.com)
Lesions of molluscum2
- Note the central umbilication in these classic lesions of molluscum contagiosum. (medscape.com)
- The lesions of molluscum can spread directly from person to person. (savvysassymoms.com)
Symptoms3
- What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Molluscum? (kidshealth.org)
- This page has information about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of molluscum contagiosum. (healthinfo.org.nz)
- Learn about symptoms and testing for molluscum contagiosum. (plannedparenthood.org)
Giant molluscum1
- Recurrent giant molluscum contagiosum immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in an HIV-infected man. (harvard.edu)
Infection11
- Molluscum contagiosum is a common viral skin infection . (webmd.com)
- Molluscum contagiosum virus causes a benign viral infection that is largely (if not exclusively) a disease of humans. (medscape.com)
- An association between school swimming pool use and molluscum contagiosum infection has also been reported. (medscape.com)
- Molluscum contagiosum is a common skin infection in children that is caused by a poxviruse, named molluscum virus . (healthychildren.org)
- A molluscum contagiosum infection tends to go away over a period of several months to years. (healthychildren.org)
- A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS). (harvard.edu)
- Expanding the Morphologic Heterogeneity of Stromal Changes in Molluscum Contagiosum Infection. (harvard.edu)
- Nino said molluscum is a common viral infection spread through skin-to-skin contact. (abc7.com)
- Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a skin infection resulting from the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV). (totstoteens.co.nz)
- Molluscum contagiosum is a common localized skin infection caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus that often occurs on the trunk, face and genitalia. (amboss.com)
- We excluded trials on sexually transmitted molluscum contagiosum and in people with immune deficiency (including those with HIV infection ). (bvsalud.org)
Snails1
- Mollusca (snails, mussels etc. (lu.se)
Diagnosis4
- A diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum is based on the way the papule looks. (webmd.com)
- Kaposi sarcoma in association with molluscum contagiosum: an uncommon diagnosis in a single biopsy and potential diagnostic pitfall. (harvard.edu)
- Fifty-three children (mean age 6.3+5.1 years) with the diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum were treated with twice daily topical application of either essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (TTO), a combination of TTO and organically bound iodine (TTO-I), or iodine alone. (nih.gov)
- A more common diagnosis to consider may be molluscum contagiosum , because of the dome-shaped appearance of these lesions. (medscape.com)
Treatments4
- Many at-home treatments for molluscum contagiosum won't necessarily cure the condition, but they will relieve the itching and tingling that can occur. (healthline.com)
- Products marketed as treatments for molluscum have not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the agency warned. (healthday.com)
- We don't want patients to self-diagnose, and a lot of the treatments that are advertised for molluscum may be caustic to the skin,' Nino said. (abc7.com)
- To assess the effects of specific treatments and management strategies , including waiting for natural resolution, for cutaneous, non- genital molluscum contagiosum in people without immune deficiency . (bvsalud.org)
Warts1
- Dermatoses represent an important tion outpatient clinic at Al-Kindy teach- formed 5.1% of the total and included public health burden, particularly in ing hospital in Baghdad between 1 July warts (2.1%), molluscum contagiosum developing countries, where high preva- to 31 December 2008. (who.int)
Treatment15
- Because molluscum contagiosum is self-limited in healthy individuals, treatment may be unnecessary. (cdc.gov)
- Treatment for molluscum is usually recommended if lesions are in the genital area (on or near the penis, vulva, vagina, or anus). (cdc.gov)
- Imiquimod has not been proven effective for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children and is not recommended for children due to possible adverse events. (cdc.gov)
- Molluscum contagiosum (mol-US-kum kon-tay-jee-OH-sum), or molluscum for short, usually goes away on its own without medical treatment. (kidshealth.org)
- Most of the time, molluscum clears up on its own without treatment. (kidshealth.org)
- Because molluscum contagiosum can go away on its own, you may not need treatment. (webmd.com)
- Molluscum contagiosum usually goes away on its own without treatment. (plannedparenthood.org)
- Most often, molluscum nodules go away on their own without treatment. (healthychildren.org)
- Pemphigus-like eruption as a complication of molluscum contagiosum treatment with imiquimod in a 5-year-old girl. (harvard.edu)
- Safety and efficacy of topical cantharidin for the treatment of pediatric molluscum contagiosum: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. (harvard.edu)
- Try ZymaDerm, an over-the-counter treatment for molluscum contagiosum. (accessify.com)
- The combination of essential oil of M. alternifolia with organically bound iodine offers a safe therapeutic alternative in the treatment of childhood molluscum. (nih.gov)
- If treatment is indicated (e.g., for sexually transmitted molluscum contagiosum), cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen is usually the first treatment option. (amboss.com)
- Thank you to our colleague, Mike Andrews for contributing these successful cases of homeopathic treatment of molluscum contagiosum to our Aurum Project website. (aurumproject.org.au)
- SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of any treatment of molluscum contagiosum in people without immune deficiency . (bvsalud.org)
Rashes1
- One of the most common rashes I see in children is called molluscum contagiosum . (savvysassymoms.com)
Virus11
- Molluscum contagiosum is a skin rash caused by a virus . (kidshealth.org)
- Molluscum contagiosum is caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus. (webmd.com)
- Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a virus that lives in the outer layer of your skin. (plannedparenthood.org)
- Molluscum contagiosum virus is an unclassified member of the Poxviridae family. (medscape.com)
- Through restrictive endonuclease analysis of the genomes of isolates, molluscum contagiosum virus types I-IV have been identified. (medscape.com)
- The molluscum contagiosum virus may be inoculated along a line of minor skin trauma (eg, from shaving), resulting in lesions arranged in a linear pattern (see the image below). (medscape.com)
- In a patient who had preexisting molluscum contagiosum, the virus was inoculated along a line of minor skin trauma, resulting in the development of the 3 new lesions. (medscape.com)
- Molluscum contagiosum virus transmission through direct skin contact between children sharing a bath and between athletes sharing gymnasium equipment and benches has been reported. (medscape.com)
- Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a virus that affects the top layers of the skin. (vch.ca)
- Molluscum contagiosum is spread by skin-to-skin contact or touching objects with the virus, such as towels. (vch.ca)
- They are caused by a virus - the molluscum contagiosum virus - which is a pox virus. (savvysassymoms.com)
Adults3
- Both kids and adults can get molluscum contagiosum. (plannedparenthood.org)
- Molluscum contagiosum is a common childhood viral skin condition and is increasingly found as a sexually transmitted disease in adults. (nih.gov)
- Particularly in adults, molluscum can be a sexually transmitted disease, so you may see it more commonly on the medial thighs or in the genital areas, which can be helpful to distinguish these diagnoses. (medscape.com)
Taxonomic1
- The taxonomic coverage of the Mollusca Collection includes six of the seven molluscan classes, only Monoplacophora is not represented. (gbif.org)
Common5
- Larger lesions may have several clumps of molluscum bodies rather than the more common single central umbilication. (medscape.com)
- Molluscum contagiosum is most common in children who become infected through direct skin-to-skin contact or indirect skin contact with fomites, such as bath towels, sponges, and gymnasium equipment. (medscape.com)
- Molluscum contagiosum is a common, yet irritating, skin condition that can occur in children. (healthline.com)
- Is this severity of molluscum common? (medhelp.org)
- Molluscum Contagiosm is a common skin condition which mostly affects infants and children up to the age of 10. (totstoteens.co.nz)
Widespread2
Daycare2
- Kids with molluscum can still go to daycare, school, and sports. (kidshealth.org)
- In addition, we do not suggest that you keep a child with molluscum home from school or daycare. (savvysassymoms.com)
Children1
- Molluscum contagiosum is an infectious skin condition prevalent amongst young children, contracted by direct contact or shared items. (aurumproject.org.au)
Iodine1
- According to the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology , applications of tea tree oil combined with iodine twice per day significantly reduced mollusca lesions. (healthline.com)
Harmless1
- Molluscum contagiosum is harmless but can be passed on to other people. (healthinfo.org.nz)
Immune system2
Painless1
- While cimetidine is safe, painless, and well tolerated, facial mollusca do not respond as well as lesions elsewhere on the body. (cdc.gov)
Patients2
- In healthy patients, molluscum contagiosum is generally self-limiting and heals spontaneously after several months. (amboss.com)
- Cellulitis is an unusual complication of molluscum contagiosum in patients who are HIV infected. (medscape.com)
Spread2
- Skin-to-skin contact with a part of the body that's infected is all it takes for molluscum contagiosum to spread. (plannedparenthood.org)
- Molluscum is spread by skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, and by sharing clothes or infected objects such as sports equipment. (healthday.com)
Viruses1
- ref1-INVALID REFERENCE} Molluscum contagiosum viruses III and IV are rare. (medscape.com)
Dome-shaped1
- I agree, and I think that molluscum always has that typical dome-shaped appearance-a central area where there is a depression in the middle of the papule. (medscape.com)