Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Biological Products: Complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or matter derived from organisms usually obtained by biological methods or assay.Biological Assay: A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.Biological Therapy: Treatment of diseases with biological materials or biological response modifiers, such as the use of GENES; CELLS; TISSUES; organs; SERUM; VACCINES; and humoral agents.Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Biological Processes: Biological activities and function of the whole organism in human, animal, microorgansims, and plants, and of the biosphere.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Pest Control, Biological: Use of naturally-occuring or genetically-engineered organisms to reduce or eliminate populations of pests.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Software: Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis: Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.Biological Evolution: The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Systems Biology: Comprehensive, methodical analysis of complex biological systems by monitoring responses to perturbations of biological processes. Large scale, computerized collection and analysis of the data are used to develop and test models of biological systems.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Tumor Markers, Biological: Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Biological Clocks: The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena.Gene Regulatory Networks: Interacting DNA-encoded regulatory subsystems in the GENOME that coordinate input from activator and repressor TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS during development, cell differentiation, or in response to environmental cues. The networks function to ultimately specify expression of particular sets of GENES for specific conditions, times, or locations.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Biology: One of the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Databases, Genetic: Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Relative Biological Effectiveness: The ratio of radiation dosages required to produce identical change based on a formula comparing other types of radiation with that of gamma or roentgen rays.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Protein Interaction Mapping: Methods for determining interaction between PROTEINS.Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Models, Genetic: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Biological Control Agents: Organisms, biological agents, or biologically-derived agents used strategically for their positive or adverse effect on the physiology and/or reproductive health of other organisms.Proteomics: The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.User-Computer Interface: The portion of an interactive computer program that issues messages to and receives commands from a user.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Biological Science Disciplines: All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Proteome: The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Information Storage and Retrieval: Organized activities related to the storage, location, search, and retrieval of information.Databases, Factual: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.Metabolic Networks and Pathways: Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Models, Statistical: Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.Internet: A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Fermentation: Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Biological Warfare Agents: Living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during WARFARE.Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Biological Psychiatry: An interdisciplinary science concerned with studies of the biological bases of behavior - biochemical, genetic, physiological, and neurological - and applying these to the understanding and treatment of mental illness.Computer Graphics: The process of pictorial communication, between human and computers, in which the computer input and output have the form of charts, drawings, or other appropriate pictorial representation.Models, Theoretical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Toxins, Biological: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.Biological Phenomena: Biological processes, properties, and characteristics of the whole organism in human, animal, microorganisms, and plants, and of the biosphere.Databases, Protein: Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Biological Specimen Banks: Facilities that collect, store, and distribute tissues, e.g., cell lines, microorganisms, blood, sperm, milk, breast tissue, for use by others. Other uses may include transplantation and comparison of diseased tissues in the identification of cancer.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Nanotechnology: The development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the nanoscale size range or smaller.Stereoisomerism: The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.Molecular Conformation: The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.Environmental Monitoring: The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Protein Interaction Maps: Graphs representing sets of measurable, non-covalent physical contacts with specific PROTEINS in living organisms or in cells.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Transcriptome: The pattern of GENE EXPRESSION at the level of genetic transcription in a specific organism or under specific circumstances in specific cells.Biological Dressings: Human or animal tissue used as temporary wound coverings.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Antirheumatic Agents: Drugs that are used to treat RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.MicroRNAs: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., GENETIC ENGINEERING) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include TRANSFECTION and CLONING technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Genome: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Cell Physiological Phenomena: Cellular processes, properties, and characteristics.Systems Integration: The procedures involved in combining separately developed modules, components, or subsystems so that they work together as a complete system. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Physicochemical Phenomena: The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Cells: The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary.Biological Availability: The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action.Surface Properties: Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Molecular Sequence Annotation: The addition of descriptive information about the function or structure of a molecular sequence to its MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA record.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Biocompatible Materials: Synthetic or natural materials, other than DRUGS, that are used to replace or repair any body TISSUES or bodily function.Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Synthetic Biology: A field of biological research combining engineering in the formulation, design, and building (synthesis) of novel biological structures, functions, and systems.Chemistry, Physical: The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.Nanostructures: Materials which have structured components with at least one dimension in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers. These include NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTUBES; and NANOWIRES.Breast Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.Water: A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Chromatography, Liquid: Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Biosensing Techniques: Any of a variety of procedures which use biomolecular probes to measure the presence or concentration of biological molecules, biological structures, microorganisms, etc., by translating a biochemical interaction at the probe surface into a quantifiable physical signal.Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Streptomyces: A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.Biological Factors: Endogenously-synthesized compounds that influence biological processes not otherwise classified under ENZYMES; HORMONES or HORMONE ANTAGONISTS.Sequence Analysis, Protein: A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Artificial Intelligence: Theory and development of COMPUTER SYSTEMS which perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. Such tasks may include speech recognition, LEARNING; VISUAL PERCEPTION; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; reasoning, PROBLEM SOLVING, DECISION-MAKING, and translation of language.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms.Thermodynamics: A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Biomimetics: An interdisciplinary field in materials science, ENGINEERING, and BIOLOGY, studying the use of biological principles for synthesis or fabrication of BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS.Data Mining: Use of sophisticated analysis tools to sort through, organize, examine, and combine large sets of information.Fluorescent Dyes: Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.Pattern Recognition, Automated: In INFORMATION RETRIEVAL, machine-sensing or identification of visible patterns (shapes, forms, and configurations). (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.Protein Structure, Secondary: The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.RNA: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Prognosis: A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.Chemistry: A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization: A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.Drug Evaluation, Preclinical: Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.Mice, Inbred BALB CImmunologic Factors: Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.Inhibitory Concentration 50: The concentration of a compound needed to reduce population growth of organisms, including eukaryotic cells, by 50% in vitro. Though often expressed to denote in vitro antibacterial activity, it is also used as a benchmark for cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells in culture.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases.Programming Languages: Specific languages used to prepare computer programs.Solubility: The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Spectrophotometry, Infrared: Spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Indicators and Reagents: Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)Adaptation, Biological: Changes in biological features that help an organism cope with its ENVIRONMENT. These changes include physiological (ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL), phenotypic and genetic changes.Chemical Phenomena: The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.Data Interpretation, Statistical: Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor: Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.Nanoparticles: Nanometer-sized particles that are nanoscale in three dimensions. They include nanocrystaline materials; NANOCAPSULES; METAL NANOPARTICLES; DENDRIMERS, and QUANTUM DOTS. The uses of nanoparticles include DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS and cancer targeting and imaging.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Quantitative assessment of the morphology of the pig's head used as a model in surgical experimentation. Part 1: Methods of Measurements. (1/79074)
Thirty-two surface measurements were described for assessment of the effect of complex surgical operations on the skeleton of the face in pigs. The methods of measurements imitate those of anthropometry. The surface measurements can complement cephalometry with data about the changes in the soft tissue and thus improve the documentation of the effect of surgery. This paper can help in the evaluation of complicated osteotomy procedures using the pig as the animal model, for facial reconstruction research in humans. (+info)Investigation of the theory and mechanism of the origin of the second heart sound. (2/79074)
To investigate further the origin of the second heart sound we studied human subjects, dogs, and a model in vitro of the cardiovascular system. Intra-arterial sound, pressure, and, where possible, flow and high speed cine (2,000 frames/sec) were utilized. The closure sound of the semilunar valves was of higher amplitude in be ventricles than in their respective arterial cavities. The direction of inscription of the main components of intra-arterial sound were opposite in direction to the components of intraventricular sound. Notches, representative of pressure increments, were noted on the ventricular pressure tracings and were coincident with the components of sound. The amplitude of the closure sound varied with diastolic pressure, but remained unchanged with augmentation of forward and retrograde aortic flow. Cines showed second sound to begin after complete valvular closure, and average leaflet closure rate was constant regardless of pressure. Hence, the semilunar valves, when closed, act as an elastic membrane and, when set into motion, generate compression and expansion of the blood, producing transient pressure changes indicative of sound. The magnitude of the initial stretch is related to the differential pressure between the arterial and ventricular chambers. Sound transients which follow the major components of the second sound appear to be caused by the continuing stretch and recoil of the leaflets. Clinically unexplained findings such as the reduced or absent second sound in calcific aortic stenosis and its paradoxical presence in congenital aortic stenosis may be explained by those observations. (+info)Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles. (3/79074)
Because the initial deposition pattern of inhaled particles of various toxic agents determines their future clearance and insult to tissue, respiratory tract deposition is important in assessing the potential toxicity of inhaled aerosols. Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles can be classified into three main areas: (1) the physics of aerosols, (2) the anatomy of the respiratory tract and (3) the airflow patterns in the lung airways. In the physics of aerosols, the forces acting on a particle and its physical and chemical properties, such as particle size or size distribution, density, shape, hygroscopic or hydrophobic character, and chemical reactions of the particle will affect the deposition. With respect to the anatomy of the respiratory tract, important parameters are the diameters, the lengths, and the branching angles of airway segments, which determine the deposition. Physiological factors include airflow and breathing patterns, which influence particle deposition. Various lung models used in predicting particle deposition are reviewed and discussed. The air-way structures of various animal species are compared, showing the unique structure of the human lung compared to the animal species under study. Regional deposition data in man and dog are reviewed. Recent deposition data for small rodents are presented, showing regional difference in deposition with the right apical lobe having the highest relative deposition. (+info)Hidden genetic variability within electromorphs in finite populations. (4/79074)
The amount of hidden genetic variability within electromorphs in finite populations is studied by using the infinite site model and stepwise mutation model simultaneously. A formula is developed for the bivariate probability generating function for the number of codon differences and the number of electromorph state differences between two randomly chosen cistrons. Using this formula, the distribution as well as the mean and variance of the number of codon differences between two identical or nonidentical electromorphs are studied. The distribution of the number of codon differences between two randomly chosen identical electromorphs is similar to the geometric distribution but more leptokurtic. Studies are also made on the number of codon differences between two electromorphs chosen at random one from each of two populations which have been separated for an arbitrary number of generations. It is shown that the amount of hidden genetic variability is very large if the product of effective population size and mutation rate is large. (+info)The Lewontin and Krakauer test on quantitative characters. (5/79074)
It is shown that LEWONTIN and KRAKAUER's test could also be applied to quantitative characters that do not show important dominance and epistatic genetic variances. The design of experiments for this purpose and the error of the estimation of F are discussed. (+info)Testing for selective neutrality of electrophoretically detectable protein polymorphisms. (6/79074)
The statistical assessment of gene-frequency data on protein polymorphisms in natural populations remains a contentious issue. Here we formulate a test of whether polymorphisms detected by electrophoresis are in accordance with the stepwise, or charge-state, model of mutation in finite populations in the absence of selection. First, estimates of the model parameters are derived by minimizing chi-square deviations of the observed frequencies of genotypes with alleles (0,1,2...) units apart from their theoretical expected values. Then the remaining deviation is tested under the null hypothesis of neutrality. The procedure was found to be conservative for false rejections in simulation data. We applied the test to Ayala and Tracey 's data on 27 allozymic loci in six populations of Drosophila willistoni . About one-quarter of polymorphic loci showed significant departure from the neutral theory predictions in virtually all populations. A further quarter showed significant departure in some populations. The remaining data showed an acceptable fit to the charge state model. A predominating mode of selection was selection against alleles associated with extreme electrophoretic mobilities. The advantageous properties and the difficulties of the procedure are discussed. (+info)Stromal cells mediate retinoid-dependent functions essential for renal development. (7/79074)
The essential role of vitamin A and its metabolites, retinoids, in kidney development has been demonstrated in vitamin A deficiency and gene targeting studies. Retinoids signal via nuclear transcription factors belonging to the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) families. Inactivation of RARaplpha and RARbeta2 receptors together, but not singly, resulted in renal malformations, suggesting that within a given renal cell type, their concerted function is required for renal morphogenesis. At birth, RARalpha beta2(-) mutants displayed small kidneys, containing few ureteric bud branches, reduced numbers of nephrons and lacking the nephrogenic zone where new nephrons are continuously added. These observations have prompted us to investigate the role of RARalpha and RARbeta2 in renal development in detail. We have found that within the embryonic kidney, RARalpha and RARbeta2 are colocalized in stromal cells, but not in other renal cell types, suggesting that stromal cells mediate retinoid-dependent functions essential for renal development. Analysis of RARalpha beta2(-) mutant kidneys at embryonic stages revealed that nephrons were formed and revealed no changes in the intensity or distribution of molecular markers specific for different metanephric mesenchymal cell types. In contrast the development of the collecting duct system was greatly impaired in RARalpha beta2(-) mutant kidneys. Fewer ureteric bud branches were present, and ureteric bud ends were positioned abnormally, at a distance from the renal capsule. Analysis of genes important for ureteric bud morphogenesis revealed that the proto-oncogene c-ret was downregulated. Our results suggest that RARalpha and RARbeta2 are required for generating stromal cell signals that maintain c-ret expression in the embryonic kidney. Since c-ret signaling is required for ureteric bud morphogenesis, loss of c-ret expression is a likely cause of impaired ureteric bud branching in RARalpha beta2(-) mutants. (+info)Regulation of body length and male tail ray pattern formation of Caenorhabditis elegans by a member of TGF-beta family. (8/79074)
We have identified a new member of the TGF-beta superfamily, CET-1, from Caenorhabditis elegans, which is expressed in the ventral nerve cord and other neurons. cet-1 null mutants have shortened bodies and male tail abnormal phenotype resembling sma mutants, suggesting cet-1, sma-2, sma-3 and sma-4 share a common pathway. Overexpression experiments demonstrated that cet-1 function requires wild-type sma genes. Interestingly, CET-1 appears to affect body length in a dose-dependent manner. Heterozygotes for cet-1 displayed body lengths ranging between null mutant and wild type, and overexpression of CET-1 in wild-type worms elongated body length close to lon mutants. In male sensory ray patterning, lack of cet-1 function results in ray fusions. Epistasis analysis revealed that mab-21 lies downstream and is negatively regulated by the cet-1/sma pathway in the male tail. Our results show that cet-1 controls diverse biological processes during C. elegans development probably through different target genes. (+info)
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Evolutionary game theory - Wikipedia... the developmental biological model has been argued to better reflect underlying biological processes. Distinct genetic, ... Developmental biological model[edit]. Modern conceptions of personality, such as the Temperament and Character Inventory have ... The personality theorists consider temperament EAS model similar to the Big Five model in adults; however, this might be due to ... model is used to assess temperament in children. This model measures levels of emotionality, activity, sociability, and shyness ...
Single-neuron modeling[edit]. Main article: Biological neuron models. Even single neurons have complex biophysical ... Furthermore, these computational models frame hypotheses that can be directly tested by biological or psychological experiments ... Hence there is a drive to produce simplified neuron models that can retain significant biological fidelity at a low ... Earlier models of memory are primarily based on the postulates of Hebbian learning. Biologically relevant models such as ...
Proving properties of biological models,. *Termination and liveness proving,[2] and. *Discovering invariants regarding mutable ...
Comparison of Neuron Models. Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Neocortical Pyramidal Neuron (Biological Neuron). HTM Model ... Similarity to other models[edit]. Bayesian networks[edit]. Likened to a Bayesian network, an HTM comprises a collection of ... HTMs model only layers 2 and 3 to detect spatial and temporal features of the input with 1 cell per column in layer 2 for ... Similarly to SDM developed by NASA in the 80s[19] and vector space models used in Latent semantic analysis, HTM also uses ...
Friedman, Morton (2008). Principles and models of biological transport. Springer. ISBN 978-0387-79239-2. .. ... In vivo model of facilitated diffusion[edit]. In living organisms, the main physical and biochemical processes that are ... The in vitro model, which is a very well known method of facilitated diffusion, that takes place outside of a living cell, ... The in vivo model mentioned above clearly explains 3-D and 1-D diffusion along the DNA strand and the binding of proteins to ...
Modelling biological systems. Computational biomodeling is a field concerned with building computer models of biological ... Various types of models of the brain include: *Realistic Brain Models: These models look to represent every aspect of the brain ... Simplifying Brain Models: These models look to limit the scope of a model in order to assess a specific physical property of ... is the science of using biological data to develop algorithms or models to understand biological systems and relationships. ...
Modell, J. G.; Rosenthal, N. E.; Harriett, A. E.; Krishen, A.; Asgharian, A.; Foster, V. J.; Metz, A.; Rockett, C. B.; Wightman ... The Journal of Biological & Medical Rhythm Research. 31 (4): 523-531. doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.874355. PMID 24397301.. .mw- ... a model to explain seasonal changes of brain 5-HTT as intermediate phenotype of the 5-HTTLPR". Psychopharmacology. 230 (3): 333 ... Biological Psychiatry. 58 (8): 658-667. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.021. PMID 16271314.. ...
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L.G. Harrison, Kinetic Theory of Living Pattern, Cambridge University Press (1993) Meinhardt, H. (1982). Models of Biological ... The theory, which can be called a reaction-diffusion theory of morphogenesis, has served as a basic model in theoretical ... Reaction-diffusion systems have attracted much interest as a prototype model for pattern formation. Patterns such as fronts, ...
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Models of Madness. Psychological, Social and Biological Approaches to Schizophrenia. Hove, East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge. ISBN ... and that the biological disease was much more prevalent in the population due to its "simple" and especially "latent" forms.[18 ... was a secondary symptom not directly caused by the underlying biological process (three other "fundamental symptoms", deficits ...
2005). Modeling in the Neurosciences: from Biological Systems to Neuromimetic Robotics. Boca Raton, Fla.: Taylor & Francis. ... its complexity has inspired several even-more-simplified models, such as the Morris-Lecar model and the FitzHugh-Nagumo model, ... Kepler TB, Abbott LF, Marder E (1992). "Reduction of conductance-based neuron models". Biological Cybernetics. 66 (5): 381-387 ... Neuroscience portal Anode break excitation Biological neuron model Bursting Central pattern generator Chronaxie Frog battery ...
Animal models have been able to provide key knowledge of the central and peripheral biological pathways regulating body weight ... mechanistic and predictive models. The activity-based anorexia model has been one of the most suitable animal models when ... Biological Psychiatry, 37(3), 161-169. Benton, D., & Sargent, J. (1992). Breakfast, blood glucose and memory. Biological ... are all reproduced in this model. The "activity/stress" model produces starvation-induced immunodeficiency and various ...
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Models of dispersal in biological systems. Journal of mathematical biology, 26(3):263-298, 1988. H. Thompson. Spatial point ... Stochastic geometry based models for modeling cellular networks in urban areas. Wireless Networks, pages 1-10, 2012. D.J. Daley ... For example, models for cellular or mobile phone networks have been developed where it is assumed the phone network ... A mathematical model may require randomly moving points of a point process to other locations on the underlying mathematical ...
"Exactly Solvable Models of Biological Invasion". CRC Press. The Mathematics Behind Biological Invasions , Mark A. Lewis , ... Another stream of his research is modelling of biological invasions where he discovered a new phenomenon called "patchy ... Sergei Petrovskii is a Russian-born British mathematician who researches the modeling of natural phenomena. He is a professor ... NIMBioS (2016-12-20), Biological Invasion: Patchy Invasion as a New Paradigm of Alien Species Spread, retrieved 2017-01-14 ...
2011 "Multiscale Modeling" 2010 "Regulation & Control in Biological Systems" 2009 "Molecular Evolution" 2008 "Computational ... ". "Multiscale Modeling". "Regulation and Control in Biological Systems". "Molecular Evolution". "Computational Structural ... "Biological Systems In Silico" 2004 "From Information to Simulation" 2003 "Life Sciences Meet IT" "12th [BC]2 Conference 2015 - ...
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Series B, Biological Sciences. May 2001, 356 (1409): 617-23. PMC 1088449. PMID 11375065. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0845.. ... The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens (MIEP). *. Anthony J. Davies. The tale of T cells. Immunology Today: 137- ... The Journal of Biological Chemistry. December 2015, 290 (51): 30204-11. PMC 4683245. PMID 26468291. doi:10.1074/jbc.R115.685990 ... An induced rebinding model of antigen discrimination. Trends Immunol. 2014, 35 (4): 153-8. PMC 3989030. PMID 24636916. doi: ...
Maini, Philip K.; Othmer, Hans G. (2001). "Mathematical Models for Biological Pattern Formulation". R.F. Bachvarova, Rosemary F ... "Modeling Gastrulation in the Chick Embryo: Formation of the Primitive Streak". PLoS ONE. 5 (5): e10571. doi:10.1371/journal. ... Schnell, Santiago; Maini, Philip K; Newman, Stuart A.; Newman, Timothy J. (2007). Multiscale Modeling of Developmental Systems ...
Basic Models Of The Etiology Of Panic Disorder Neurophysiological Models * Studies of Cerebral Metabolism and Blood Flow in ... for a thorough discussion of various permutations of diathesis-stress models that are applicable to biological psychiatry. ... Multiple models have been proposed to explain how similar life stressors can produce such highly variable health outcomes ... All of these models propose that adverse life events act as a triggering mechanism that activates some underlying ...
euroformhealthcare.bizTheta model[edit]. The theta model, or Ermentrout-Kopell canonical model, is a model originally developed to model neurons in ... Main article: Hodgkin-Huxley model. The Hodgkin-Huxley model (H&H model)[3][4][5][6] is a model of the relationship between ion ... The model looks like I. (. t. ). −. V. m. (. t. ). R. m. =. C. m. d. V. m. (. t. ). d. t. {\displaystyle I(t)-{\frac {V_{\ ... A biological neuron model, also known as a spiking neuron model, is a mathematical description of the properties of certain ...
Background Understanding the dynamical behaviour of biological systems is challenged by their large number of components and ... Model outputs along time for: a the original model (solid lines) and the reduced model (dashed lines); b the original model ( ... Casagranda S, Ropers D, Gouzé J-L. Model reduction and process analysis of biological models. In: 2015 23rd Mediterranean ... "Model description" section introduces the model of mammalian circadian clock. We apply our approach to this complex model in " ...
Analytical Methods for Biological Drugs | Models to Medicine CenterAnalytical Methods for Biological Drugs. Biopharmaceuticals, the majority of which are protein drugs, constitute a distinct ...
This paper is concerned with stability analysis of biological networks modeled as discrete and finite dynamical systems. We ... This paper is concerned with stability analysis of biological networks modeled as discrete and finite dynamical systems. We ... Allen L.J.: Some discrete-time SI, SIR, and SIS epidemic models. Math. Biosci. 124(1), 83-105 (1994)CrossRefzbMATHGoogle ... El Kahoui M., Otto A.: Stability of disease free equilibria in epidemiological models. Math. Comput. Sci. 2(3), 517-533 (2009) ...
A Biological Model of UnionsThe model also suggests that industries with high turnover of firms will have low unionization rates, and that there may be one ... "A Biological Model of Unions," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 1(2), pages ... "A Biological Model of Unions." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1, 2 (April 2009): 150-175. ... The model also suggests that industries with high turnover of firms will have low unionization rates, and that there may be one ...
Category vigilance (biological and computational models)Previous message: Category vigilance (biological and computational models) *Next message: Category vigilance (biological and ... Previous message: Category vigilance (biological and computational models) *Next message: Category vigilance (biological and ... Is there currently any self-training model, derived either from biological ,research or from AI, which provides for this? The ... Category vigilance (biological and computational models). Todd I. Stark stark at dwovax.enet.dec.com Wed Nov 3 18:54:18 EST ...
Browsing University Archives by Subject "Biological models"Biological models with a square wave driving force Closson, Taunia Lydia Lynn; University of Lethbridge. Faculty of Arts and ... Systems that require a driving force of some kind are very common in physical and biological settings. Driving forces in a ... biological context are usually referred to as rhythms, pulses or clocks. Here we are interested in ... ...
Mathematical Modelling of Biological Systems (DD2435) | KTHKTH / Course web / Mathematical Modelling of Biological Systems Mathematical Modelling of Biological Systems. Innehåll visas ... The course focuses on mathematical modelling and computer simulation of nerve cells, neuronal networks and other physiological ...
Inria - Knowledge Mining Biological Network ModelsWithin the area of Systems Biology these models provide graph-based descriptions of bio-molecular interactions which describe ... conducted at the Centre for Integrative Systems Biology at Imperial College on the use of machine learning to build models of ... Knowledge Mining Biological Network Models. Zhongzhi Shi; Sunil Vadera; Agnar Aamodt; David Leake. 6th IFIP TC 12 International ... Within the area of Systems Biology these models provide graph-based descriptions of bio-molecular interactions which describe ...
A biological model may refer to: a model organism a mathematical model of a biological system Models of abnormality#The ... biological (medical) model, the only model of psychological abnormalities not based on psychological principles, based on the ... then treating any mental abnormality must be physical/biological. ...
Workshop: Interacting Particle Models in the Physical, Biological and Social Sciences... Organiser: Colm Connaughton (Warwick ... The aim is to explore common aspects of these models and their analysis which spans the boundaries between different areas of ... This two-day inter-disciplinary workshop will bring together researchers from the physical, biological and social sciences ... Interacting particle systems are a powerful mathematical tool for stochastic modeling of systems whose microscopic dynamics can ...
This IMA Volume in Mathematics and its Applications COMPUTATIONAL MODELING IN BIOLOGICAL FLUID DYNAMICS is based on the ... Computational Modeling in Biological Fluid Dynamics. Editors: Fauci, Lisa J., Gueron, Shay (Eds.) ... This IMA Volume in Mathematics and its Applications COMPUTATIONAL MODELING IN BIOLOGICAL FLUID DYNAMICS is based on the ... Computed Simulations of Ciliary and Flagellar Motility Using the Geometric Clutch Model can Replicate a Wide Variety of ...
Modelling the Structure and Dynamics of Biological PathwaysThis Community Page presents a biologist-friendly method for compiling detailed graphical models of biological pathways from ... The modelling framework described here is flexible enough to model all the basic network motifs found in all biological pathway ... a model of the nuclear pore). However, such models cannot currently be used in the computation modelling environment as they do ... Indeed, whilst mathematical modelling of biological pathways was one of the founding activities of systems biology, currently, ...
... Jean-Louis Giavitto,1 Grant Malcolm,2 and Olivier Michel1 ... This paper gives a brief survey of the use of algebraic rewriting systems for modelling and simulating various biological ...
Rigid Biological Systems as Models for Synthetic Composites | ScienceRigid Biological Systems as Models for Synthetic Composites Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ... Advances that have been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the mechanical behavior of a number of biological ...
... Author(s). Said, Maya Rida ... At a low level of modeling, the thesis introduces a new framework for modeling cellular signal processing based on interacting ... At a high modeling level, the focus is on the network topology rather than the dynamical properties of the components of the ... This thesis introduces systematic engineering principles to model, at different levels of ab-straction the information ...
Language: A Biological Model - Oxford ScholarshipAlso, the processes involved in understanding language are best modeled as a form of direct perception of the world parallel, ... they are more like those norms of function and behavior that account for the survival and proliferation of biological species. ... Language: A Biological Model. Ruth Garrett Millikan. Abstract. Guiding the work of most linguists and philosophers of language ... Also, the processes involved in understanding language are best modeled as a form of direct perception of the world parallel, ...
Tags: biological system modelingK. Chopra, R. Bose, and A. Joshi, Duopoly Models for Power Trading in Secure Cooperative Relay Networks, InProceedings, IEEE ...
Theta modelEdit. The theta model, or Ermentrout-Kopell canonical model, is a model originally developed to model neurons in the ... Main article: Hodgkin-Huxley model. The Hodgkin-Huxley model (H&H model)[3][4][5][6] is a model of the relationship between ion ... Some of the earliest biological models took this form until kinetic models such as the Hodgkin-Huxley model became dominant.[ ... The model looks like. I. (. t. ). −. V. m. (. t. ). R. m. =. C. m. d. V. m. (. t. ). d. t. {\displaystyle I(t)-{\frac {V_{\ ...
A challenge is the development of models that predict effects across biological scales. Ecotoxicology and models discusses some ... Most current models describe effects on one of many different levels of biological organization (e.g. organisms or populations ... Modelling biological systems is a significant task of systems biology and mathematical biology. Computational systems biology ... Biological data visualization Biosimulation Gillespie algorithm Molecular modelling software Stochastic simulation Sometimes ...
It provides an evidence-based, optimistic antidote to the pessimism of biological psychiatry. Models of Madness will be ... Models of Madness is divided into three sections: Section One provides a history of madness, including examples of violence ... parental loss, bullying, abuse and neglect in childhood, poverty, etc) and can be understood using psychological models ranging ... This second edition of Models of Madness challenges those who hold to simplistic, pessimistic and often damaging theories and ...
Modelling Biological Complexity MRes | UCL Graduate degrees - UCL - London's Global UniversityModelling Biological Complexity MRes. Modelling Biological Complexity MRes. The Modelling Biological Complexity MRes is ... Modelling Biological Complexity: Foundation Course covering machine learning, statistics and mathematical modelling applied to ... a computer programming and biological database task, web development, the research project and an end-of-year viva. ... computational and physical science techniques to real biological problems. The programme provides a broad overview of cutting ...
... Lead Guest Editor: Alain Vande Wouwer. Guest Editors ... The Silent Cooperator: An Epigenetic Model for Emergence of Altruistic Traits in Biological Systems, I. Hashem, D. Telen, P. ... Modeling and Dynamic Analysis in a Hybrid Stochastic Bioeconomic System with Double Time Delays and Lévy Jumps, Chao Liu, ... Dynamical Behavior of a Novel Impulsive Switching Model for HLB with Seasonal Fluctuations, Shujing Gao, Lei Luo, Shuixian Yan ...
... spectroscopy and modeling. [Vikas Tomar; Tao Qu; Deven K Dubey; Deven Verma; Yang Zhang] -- This book covers the latest ... Molecular Modeling: A Review of Nanomechanics Based on Molecular Modeling --. Multiscaling for Molecular Models to Predict Lab ... Multiscale characterization of biological systems : spectroscopy and modeling. Author:. Vikas Tomar; Tao Qu; Deven K Dubey; ... Molecular Modeling: A Review of Nanomechanics Based on Molecular Modeling -- Multiscaling for Molecular Models to Predict Lab ...
PsychiatryMolecularComplexComputational modelling ofDynamical systemsDescribeCellularFrameworkBiologyBehaviorKineticsFluctuationsMembranesNeuronalOrganismsPredictionSimulationsGrowthRegistry of standard biological modelsInteractionsSpeciesSpatio-temporalComplexity of biological systemsPlatformsMechanisticPopulations2016SciencesThesisOrganismCharacterizationArtificialBiologistsNetworksTranslational MedicineMathematical modelsXenograft modelProteinsResearchResearchersHierarchiesWidelyContextFormulationDeterministic modelsEvolutionaryProceedingsMainstream
- See Dohrenwend and Dohrenwend (1981) for a thorough discussion of various permutations of diathesis-stress models that are applicable to biological psychiatry. (euroformhealthcare.biz)
- Given our understanding of diathesis-stress models and advances in molecular cloning and gene sequencing, a new generation of researchers are tracking down genetic markers that may point toward specific disease susceptibility. (euroformhealthcare.biz)
- Thus, the ultimate health outcome depends on a complex interaction between precipitating life stressors, individual differences in effective coping strategies, and underlying biological predispositions. (euroformhealthcare.biz)
- This PhD project is related to the in-silico component of a large integrated effort to develop and exploit a controllable and fully observable platform of real biological retinal cells for computational modelling of biological visual processing. (ntu.ac.uk)
- This paper is concerned with stability analysis of biological networks modeled as discrete and finite dynamical systems. (springer.com)
- In this paper, we study a simple class of noisy, dynamical systems that mathematically represent a very broad range of more complex models. (plos.org)
- Accordingly, an important aspect of biological neuron models is experimental validation, and the use of physical units to describe the experimental procedure associated with the model predictions. (wikipedia.org)
- Within the area of Systems Biology these models provide graph-based descriptions of bio-molecular interactions which describe cellular activities such as gene regulation, metabolism and transcription. (inria.fr)
- Here, we describe a modelling framework that consists of a formalised graphical language that supports the depiction of complex biological interactions and molecules, allowing the creation of detailed models of events based on known information. (plos.org)
- Monitoring individual apples made it possible to include and describe the biological variance of colour in batches of apples and to extract information on chilling injury, as a process active at 1 °C. All variations could be attributed to a single source related to the amount of yellowing compounds at the moment of harvest, indicating differences in state of maturity between individual apples. (ingentaconnect.com)
- In this paper, we describe a method to reduce a qualitative model for enhancing the tractability of analysis of transient reachability properties. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- An attractive variant of these models uses a Voronoi tessellation to describe the cells, which reduces the number of degrees of freedom as compared the original vertex model. (rsc.org)
- A new dynamical model has been developped to describe microalgal growth in a photobioreactor under light and nitrogen limitations. (inria.fr)
- With massive increases in the availability of ecological and other kinds of biological data, skill in developing models to describe and understand relationships in data and extrapolate beyond existing data, and an understanding of the nuances of particular kinds of data, is fundamental in modern biological research. (edu.au)
- Here, we describe how models have been used to gain understanding of the physical-biological couplings leading to decadal changes in the southern California Current ecosystem. (tos.org)
- PLOS One, and two random walk models that were proposed to describe the data. (arxiv.org)
- In this paper I shall describe some of the aspects of these biological models that are likely to be useful for building robot control systems. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- At a low level of modeling, the thesis introduces a new framework for modeling cellular signal processing based on interacting Markov chains. (mit.edu)
- Creating a cellular model has been a particularly challenging task of systems biology and mathematical biology. (wikipedia.org)
- Each of these platforms has both merits and drawbacks with regard to their utility and in faithful representation of tumor architecture, microenvironment, cellular composition and heterogeneity, stem-differentiation states, growth patterns and responses to perturbagens, with respect to the patient specimen from which the model was initially derived. (nih.gov)
- Recently a class of two-dimensional vertex models was shown to exhibit a disordered rigidity transition controlled by the preferred cellular geometry, which was subsequently echoed by experimental findings. (rsc.org)
- The Voronoi model was also endowed with a non-equilibrium model of cellular motility, leading to rich, glassy behavior. (rsc.org)
- Using a more realistic and complete tissue model is critical to the development of a mechanistic understanding of the cellular radiation responses that occur in vivo. (phys.org)
- The advantage of the model is that it has a well-defined cellular composition that scientists can modify to gain a fundamental understanding of how different cell types interact following irradiation. (phys.org)
- In a series of recent papers, fluorescent and confocal microscopy images have been used to characterize the detailed cellular morphology of the skin tissue model. (phys.org)
- Oscillations and rhythms in biological systems-glycolysis, intracellular calcium, cellular cycles, Modeling Neuronal behavior. (amrita.edu)
- In conclusion, the present model illustrates a unique feature of cell signaling, and the stability analysis may provide an analytical framework of the cell signaling system and a novel formulation of biological signaling. (mendeley.com)
- Awardees are expected to form a patient-derived models of cancer (PDMC) consortium and participate in activities as appropriate to their projects that will provide a framework to accelerate multidisciplinary efforts to address compelling fundamental cancer biology questions through PDMC comparisons. (nih.gov)
- A modeling framework was developed to characterize the relationships between nutritional intake, rate of gastric emptying, gallbladder emptying-refilling patterns and plasma concentrations of bile acids. (diva-portal.org)
- This modeling framework could be used in combination with systems pharmacology models to predict the drug-drug interactions and food effects associated with gastric emptying, as well as to link the postprandial changes in plasma bile acid concentrations to the variability in drugs' absorption. (diva-portal.org)
- A modeling framework predicted the postprandial gastric emptying rate and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. (diva-portal.org)
- Overall the aim of the thesis is two-fold: On the one hand, we establish a general hybrid modelling framework for biological excitable membranes and, on the other hand, we are interested in a general advance of PDMP theory which the former necessitates. (bl.uk)
- Regarding the first aim we exemplify the modelling framework on the classical Hodgkin-Huxley model of a squid giant axon. (bl.uk)
- present a simple framework for the quantitative modeling of oncogene addiction that provides mechanistic insights into tumor biology. (sciencemag.org)
- PLOS Biology provides an Open Access platform to showcase your best research and commentary across all areas of biological science. (plos.org)
- Modelling biological systems is a significant task of systems biology and mathematical biology. (wikipedia.org)
- Computational systems biology aims to develop and use efficient algorithms, data structures, visualization and communication tools with the goal of computer modelling of biological systems. (wikipedia.org)
- By far the most widely accepted standard format for storing and exchanging models in the field is the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) The SBML.org website includes a guide to many important software packages used in computational systems biology. (wikipedia.org)
- It reflects upon Dr. Yakovlev's many research interests including stochastic modeling and the analysis of micro-array data, and throughout the book it emphasizes applications of the theory in biology, medicine and public health. (springer.com)
- The transition from colonies of individual cells to multicellular organisms can be achieved relatively rapidly, within one million generations, according to a new mathematical model, published June 10 in the open-access journal PLoS Computational Biology , that simplifies our understanding of this process. (eurekalert.org)
- System identification is a data-driven modeling approach more and more used in biology and biomedicine. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- A cross-disciplinary team of experts in nanotechnology, biology and computational modelling is driving the overall effort and establishing reliable, biologically relevant and well-characterised multi-layer 3D tissue scaffolds. (ntu.ac.uk)
- This unit builds on the foundation provided in Quantitative Methods in Biology to familiarise students with more advanced model building techniques including generalised linear, mixed and additive models, regression trees, bootstrapping methods, and non-linear regression. (edu.au)
- The enormous challenge posed by the complexity of biological systems represents a potential intellectual impasse to researchers and threatens to stall future progress in basic biology and healthcare. (ddw-online.com)
- R esearchers in biology and the life sciences have yet to embrace modelling in the way that their peers in the fields of physics, chemistry and engineering have done. (ddw-online.com)
- It is hoped that this Special Feature will spur a discussion that will lead to a more careful delineation of the similarities and the differences between humans and other species, how these impact the study of biological fundamentals, and also help drive the field to think more carefully about humans' place in biology. (phys.org)
- Mathematical models in biology - Introduction, types of models, levels of modeling, specificity of modeling in biology, Some standard models - unlimited growth , limited growth , constraints with respects to a substrate, competition selection , Lotka-Volterra models . (amrita.edu)
- Model organisms are perhaps the most important experimental subjects in biology nowadays. (ugent.be)
- Biological systems are optimized to survive in environments whose properties may vary greatly, such as changes in the biochemical environment of bacteria across several orders of magnitude, or even qualitatively, such as seasonal variations that banish food sources and prohibit foraging behavior in some mammalian species. (plos.org)
- Characterization of topographical effects on macrophage behavior in a foreign body response model. (duke.edu)
- We also show that DDE-based predictions of oscillatory behavior may fail for the corresponding explicit model. (rice.edu)
- To obtain a mathematical formulation of cell signaling, we propose a stability kinetic model of cell biological signaling of a simple two-parameter model based on the kinetics of the diffusion-limiting step. (mendeley.com)
- Fernandez (1995c), using combined results of balance studies and radioisotope kinetics, formulated and resolved a model of P metabolism for pigs to evaluate the nutritional implications of increasing P intake by pigs. (scielo.br)
- Multistability and scale-invariant fluctuations occur in a wide variety of biological organisms from bacteria to humans as well as financial, chemical and complex physical systems. (plos.org)
- Although there are many commonalities, two aspects, in particular, distinguish biological networks from networks found in other fields: Firstly, in biological systems, copy numbers of many species are very low, which can give rise to significant relative fluctuations. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Fluctuations in the concentrations of biomolecules can be quite large and this may require special treatment in modeling the biological networks ( 1 - 4 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Although there is much to suggest that biological membranes have a lipoprotein character, their actual composition and structure has not been established beyond question. (springer.com)
- Mercer E.H. (1960) Artificial models of biological membranes. (springer.com)
- These findings raise the possibility that alpha-syn may contribute to the cascade of events that promote neuronal dysfunction in Gaucher disease and are the first to implicate this protein as a plausible biological intersection between Gaucher disease and parkinsonism using a pharmacological model. (nih.gov)
- J. S. Nicolis, and M. Benrubi, "A model on the role of noise at the neuronal and the cognitive levels," J. of Theor. (springer.com)
- Methods in Neuronal Modeling: From Ions to Networks,ed. (amrita.edu)
- Biological organisms are highly complex and are comprised of many different parts that function together to ensure the survival and reproduction of the whole. (eurekalert.org)
- Understanding how the division of labor evolved in multicellular organisms is difficult because single cells are expected to act selfishly to protect their own existence instead of working cooperatively to achieve a more productive higher level of organization, explains author Sergey Gavrilets, Associate Director for Scientific Activities at the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis and a professor at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville. (eurekalert.org)
- Using germ and soma cells in volvocacean green algae as an example, Gavrilets' mathematical model describes the evolutionary emergence of the division of labor starting with a colony of undifferentiated individual cells and ending with completely differentiated multicellular organisms. (eurekalert.org)
- It is much more straightforward, for example, to capture in lines of computer code the orbit of a satellite or the load on a suspension bridge than it is to build a computational model of even the simplest and most well-studied of biological organisms. (ddw-online.com)
- In this PhD microscopic images of two model organisms, the C. elegans nematode and the A. thaliana plant, are studied. (ugent.be)
- Electrical input-output membrane voltage models - These models produce a prediction for membrane output voltage as function of electrical stimulation at the input stage (either voltage or current). (wikipedia.org)
- In summary, the developed models enabled the prediction of the in vivo erosion profile of ER formulations based on in vitro dissolution data. (diva-portal.org)
- This chapter focuses on how supercomputers facilitate in the prediction of protein structures in its different forms, modeling of protein-ligand binding site identification, as well as in the protein-surface interactions modeling. (igi-global.com)
- Besides solely relying on the doctors' experiences and stereotyped formulas, researchers could use learning algorithms to analyze sophisticated, high-dimensional and multimodal biomedical data, and construct prediction/classification models to make decisions even when some information was incomplete, unknown, or contradictory. (sc.edu)
- Finally, we use deep learning techniques to build accurate Down Syndrome (DS) prediction/screening models based on the analysis of newly introduced Illumina human genome genotyping array. (sc.edu)
- We test this conjecture, exploring the low-effective-temperature limit of the 2D Voronoi model by studying cell trajectories from detailed dynamical simulations in combination with rigidity measurements of energy-minimized disordered cell configurations. (rsc.org)
- Innovative Design of Experiments (DOE) methods are used to significantly reduce the number of simulations required to model biological warfare (BW) attacks. (jmp.com)
- The high growth rates, cell yields of the cultures, and the constitutive expression of an impressively efficient natural competence apparatus, amongst other properties, make some strains of the genus excellent laboratory models to study the molecular basis of thermophilia. (diva-portal.org)
- These scaffold systems will have a range of applications but are particularly applicable to growth of retinal models, which will form platforms for computational modelling of brain signal processing, as well as learning and adaptation. (ntu.ac.uk)
- This thesis considers the problem of modelling bioreactors with complex mixing and biokinetic growth based on both soluble nutrients and photosynthesis. (bl.uk)
- From the results of investigations performed on the different modelling methods for nutrient and photosynthesis dependent biomass growth a method of coupling the two biokinetic models was proposed. (bl.uk)
- The resulting model is used to simulate Isochrysis affinis galbana growth under light/dark cycles and to study the dependence of biomass production on the dilution rate and the influent substrate concentration. (inria.fr)
- A Continuum Theory of Multiphase Mixtures for Modelling Biological Growth. (umich.edu)
- This dissertation presents a continuum treatment of growth in biological tissue developed within the context of modern mixture theory. (umich.edu)
- Planning the architecture of a registry of standard biological models. (openwetware.org)
- Understanding the dynamical behaviour of biological systems is challenged by their large number of components and interactions. (springer.com)
- A whole cell computational model for the bacterium Mycoplasma genitalium, including all its 525 genes, gene products, and their interactions, was built by scientists from Stanford University and the J. Craig Venter Institute and published on 20 July 2012 in Cell. (wikipedia.org)
- A biological signal is transmitted by interactions between signaling molecules in the cell. (mendeley.com)
- Alpha-synuclein-glucocerebrosidase interactions in pharmacological Gaucher models: a biological link between Gaucher disease and parkinsonism. (nih.gov)
- The strong interactions between irradiance and chlorophyll encouraged us to couple biological and radiative models. (inria.fr)
- However, at the more macroscopic scales at which these systems can be studied as 'biological' entities, the researcher is confronted with an enormous number of moving parts, a web of interactions of astronomical complexity, significant heterogeneity between the many 'copies' of the system and a degree of stochasticity that challenges any intuitive notion of how living systems function, let alone survive and thrive in hostile environments. (ddw-online.com)
- However, this model does not include cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions critical to maintaining tissue homeostasis. (phys.org)
- One model incorporates social interactions between the insects, and the second model is a control model that excludes these interactions. (arxiv.org)
- spatial effects are investigated by developing models that highlight the consequences that geographical restriction and species mobility may have on population development. (google.co.uk)
- The function only simulates binary (presence/absence) models with constraint for total number of presences, and optionally for numbers of species and/or species frequencies. (oulu.fi)
- We both are scientists who got our start exclusively studying non- human species and who have come into studying humans more recently, attracted to what they have to offer as a model species. (phys.org)
- We strongly feel that there are some general biological questions that are best answered by studying humans, either by themselves or in conjunction with comparative research programs encompassing multiple species, and that our work on humans is relevant for informing our work with other species . (phys.org)
- Similarly the ability of many phytoplankton and microzooplankton species to be mixotrophic, which has been known for decades with some attempts made to provide a conceptual basis for models (reviewed by Stoecker, 1998 ), is only now becoming mainstream. (frontiersin.org)
- At the same time, the human placental arrangement is unique, having no close analogues in other species, so theoretical modelling is of particular value. (findaphd.com)
- Our results are consistent with published successional patterns of spruce-fir and mixed forests affected by spruce budworm, but also highlight areas of uncertainty in the spatio-temporal patterns of budworm-caused tree mortality and biological disturbances in general. (usda.gov)
- However, the complexity of biological systems has long prevented their description using general theoretical concepts taken from the physical sciences. (theengineer.co.uk)
- The oncology community has recently focused on the development of patient-derived models of cancer (PDMC) platforms including, but not limited to, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), organoids, spheroids, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), conditionally-reprogrammed cells (CRCs). (nih.gov)
- This will require the development of modelling platforms that allow biological systems to be described using idioms familiar to biologists, that encourage experimentation and that leverage the connectivity of the internet for scientific collaboration and communication. (ddw-online.com)
- While cause-and-effect knowledge assembly models encoded in Biological Expression Language are able to support generation of mechanistic hypotheses, they are static and limited in their ability to encode temporality. (fraunhofer.de)
- The traditional way of modeling the time evolution of the molecular populations in a reacting system is to use a set of coupled, first order, ordinary differential equations (ODEs) called the reaction rate equations (RRE). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- K. Chopra, R. Bose, and A. Joshi, ' Duopoly Models for Power Trading in Secure Cooperative Relay Networks ', InProceedings, IEEE National Conference on Communications (NCC 2016) , February 2016, 388 downloads. (umbc.edu)
- Pearce P, Brownbill P, Janáček J, Jirkovská M, Kubínová L, Chernyavsky IL & Jensen OE (2016) Image-based modeling of blood flow and oxygen transfer in feto-placental capillaries. (findaphd.com)
- This two-day inter-disciplinary workshop will bring together researchers from the physical, biological and social sciences along with experts on the mathematical theory of interacting particle systems. (warwick.ac.uk)
- TCF, MWB and PD are funded by an Institute Strategic Grant from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) [BB/JO1446X/ (plos.org)
- Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Message Body (Your Name) thought you would like to see the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences web site. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- For international students we also offer a unique 4 year PhD programme that gives you the opportunity to undertake an accredited Teaching Certificate whilst carrying out an independent research project across a range of biological, medical and health sciences. (findaphd.com)
- In this article, we review the properties of this organism as biological model and its biotechnological applications. (diva-portal.org)
- Due to its importance, there is a need for methods to process the ever increasing amount of biological image data related to model organism research. (ugent.be)
- Part models should be used to constrain characterization of parts (maybe an other Registry dedicated to characterization). (openwetware.org)
- Such a model would enable development of retinal prostheses, facilitate non-animal based testing of novel eye drugs and drive forward improvements in low-power, intelligent artificial vision sensors. (ntu.ac.uk)
- In this study, the WSU-TC and PNNL scientists used an artificial skin model made of normal human epidermal skin cells and connective tissue cells called fibroblasts. (phys.org)
- If pathway modelling is to be more widely adopted by biologists and the results of their efforts useable by others, a new approach is required. (plos.org)
- Modelling can provide the kind of intellectual frameworks needed to transform data into knowledge, yet very few modelling methodologies currently exist that are applicable to the large, complex systems of interest to biologists. (ddw-online.com)
- There are some very good reasons for this, not the least of which is that the systems of interest to biologists tend to be far more refractory to modelling than the systems that are studied in these other fields. (ddw-online.com)
- We rely on a transition-centered specification of qualitative models by the mean of automata networks. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- Applied to different large-scale biological networks from the litterature, we show that the reduction can lead to drastic improvement for the scalability of verification methods. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- Knowledge networks are the first step in the process of digitizing molecular biological knowledge. (eurekaselect.com)
- Data mining in knowledge networks is the essence of building new biological models. (eurekaselect.com)
- It provides conceptual principals for building biological models and for applying the models to make predictions relevant for drug development and translational medicine. (eurekaselect.com)
- Two mathematical models with seven and six parameters have been created for use as methods for identification of the optimum mobile phase in chromatographic separations. (mdpi.com)
- Biological characteristics of fluorescent protein-expressing human hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft model in nude mice. (nih.gov)
- In a human psoriasis xenograft model, antibody 146B7 reduced the severity of psoriasis, as measured by epidermal thickness, grade of parakeratosis, and numbers of inflammatory cells and cycling keratinocytes. (jci.org)
- Such models contain key proteins involved in the process and can be used for prioritizing disease targets, for understanding of drug action and prevention of drug-induced toxicities, for analysis of patient predispositions and design of personalized therapies, for design of diagnostic biomarkers and analysis of patient molecular data. (eurekaselect.com)
- The aim is to explore common aspects of these models and their analysis which spans the boundaries between different areas of research. (warwick.ac.uk)
- A range of interdisciplinary research-driven projects follow in which students gain experience of different research techniques and a range of areas of biological interest. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Student performance is assessed by essays, mini projects, oral and poster presentations, a computer programming and biological database task, web development, the research project and an end-of-year viva. (ucl.ac.uk)
- This book covers the latest research work done in the area of interface mechanics of collagen and chitin-based biomaterials along with various techniques that can be used to understand mechanics of biological systems and materials. (worldcat.org)
- This funding opportunity announcement (FOA) encourages highly innovative research to develop, characterize or improve animal models and related biological materials for human health and disease or to improve diagnosis and control of diseases that might interfere with animal use for biomedical research purposes. (nih.gov)
- Applications to develop models that relate strictly to a specific disease or category of research will not be accepted and should be proposed to the appropriate categorical Institute or Center of the NIH. (nih.gov)
- Researchers at North Carolina State University have developed a new method for estimating the parameters used in such models which may advance modeling in research areas ranging from cancer to fertility. (bio-medicine.org)
- Research involving selective irradiation of a human skin tissue model is improving how scientists determine the overall effects of low doses of ionizing radiation such as might be received during certain medical procedures or occupational exposures. (phys.org)
- Papers in this research topic provide insights into novel developments in the representation of plankton groups and how these improvements affect model outcomes. (frontiersin.org)
- Nanowerk News ) Using powerful computers to model the intricate dance of atoms and molecules, researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have revealed the mechanism behind an important biological reaction. (nanowerk.com)
- Quantum mechanics allows researchers to do things that can't be done with classical physics, such as modeling the way chemical bonds break and form, or including the effect of proton "tunneling" -- allowing protons to move through energy barriers that normal logic would deem impossible. (nanowerk.com)
- The results, which matched the researchers' theoretical modelling of the process, offer a method for manipulating force and pressure in order to bind emulsions. (theengineer.co.uk)
- The famous quip of Monod that "… anything found to be true of E [ scherichia ] coli must also be true of elephants" reflects the widely held belief that the attention and resources of researchers are most effectively focused on a few wisely chosen "model systems" ( 1 ). (pnas.org)
- Modeling biological systems can provide key insights for scientists and medical researchers, but periodic cycles that repeat themselves so-called oscillatory systems pose some key challenges. (bio-medicine.org)
- How the well-organized structural hierarchies often seen in biological systems can lead to multiscale problems, and possible ways to address the encountered computational difficulties are discussed. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Secondly, biological systems tend to have well-organized structural hierarchies. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Nicolis J.S., Protonotarios E.N., Voulodemou I. (1978) Controlled Markov Chain Models for Biological Hierarchies. (springer.com)
- Biological systems are able to adapt to rapidly and widely changing environments. (plos.org)
- Driving forces in a biological context are usually referred to as rhythms, pulses or clocks. (uleth.ca)
- As a simple example of this approach, measurement error in lifetime allocation of resources to reproduction in Finnish preindustrial women is modelled in the context of the survival cost of reproduction. (arctichealth.org)
- A model characterized the effect of pH, mechanical stress and formulation on in vitro extended release (ER) tablet erosion. (diva-portal.org)
- The isotopic technique by using labeled P allows the formulation of a model showing the biological flows of phosphorus. (scielo.br)
- The predictive capabilities of these models, in particular under changing environmental conditions, naturally rely strongly on the model formulation, including choice of functional groups and the form of their representation, i.e., their parameterisation. (frontiersin.org)
- The former establishes a connection of stochastic hybrid models to deterministic models given, e.g., by systems of partial differential equations. (bl.uk)
- That these may, in contrast, be the result of intrinsic nonlinearities, present even in very simple deterministic models, was first mooted by May. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Proceedings of the Workshop on Aquatic Ecosystem Modeling and Assessment Techniques for Application within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers," Miscellaneous Paper EL-98-1, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Pages 77 - 84. (osu.edu)
- In the modern era, the limitations imposed by the availability of precious molecular resources such as antibodies or gene clones (and until very recently, of whole genome sequences) have keenly sharpened the emphasis on a few "mainstream" model systems. (pnas.org)