Alternatives to the use of animals in research, testing, and education. The alternatives may include reduction in the number of animals used, replacement of animals with a non-animal model or with animals of a species lower phylogenetically, or refinement of methods to minimize pain and distress of animals used.
Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.
Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems.
Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
The unsuccessful attempt to kill oneself.
The act of killing oneself.

Efficacy of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase in combination with cytokine gene therapy in an experimental metastatic breast cancer model. (1/9364)

Immunotherapy in combination with suicide gene therapy for breast cancer was tested using a metastatic animal model. Subcutaneous injection of the nonimmunogenic breast cancer cell line 4T1 in BALB/C mice gave rise to tumors in 100% of mice with both micrometastases and macrometastases in the lung. We used the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene along with the cytokine genes granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) to determine their effect on tumor regression and inhibition of lung metastasis. Adenoviral (AV) vectors carrying these transgenes, in separate constructs, were used in this study. Intratumoral administration of AV-TK followed by 10 days of ganciclovir treatment resulted in a delay in tumor growth and, in some cases, in a low to moderate reduction in tumor volume. Inclusion of either GM-CSF or IL-2 gene with HSV-TK resulted in a slightly greater reduction in tumor volume, although these data were not significantly different from those obtained for TK treatment alone. However, when both cytokine genes were combined with TK, a substantial reduction in tumor growth was observed compared with HSV-TK alone (P < .02). Tumor weight data also exhibited superior efficacy of TK/GM-CSF/IL-2 treatment when compared with animals treated with TK gene only (P < .01). More importantly, TK/GM-CSF/IL-2 combination gene therapy induced a significant reduction in lung metastasis compared with any other treatment groups in the 4T1 model (P < .001 between TK GM-CSF/IL-2 versus TK only). Surgical excision of primary tumors after TK/GM-CSF/IL-2 plus ganciclovir treatment resulted in anti-metastatic activity that was similar to that observed for animals in which no surgery was performed. Survival analysis showed a significant difference between animals treated with AV-TK/GM-CSF/IL-2 and animals treated with TK only at 35 days after virus injection (P < .01). Immunophenotypic data suggest infiltration of lymphocytes within the tumor microenvironment in TK- and cytokine gene-treated animals. Thus, the overall data presented here demonstrate that TK gene therapy in combination with GM-CSF and IL-2 gene-mediated immunotherapy strategies have important implications in the treatment of breast cancer.  (+info)

Primary cultured hepatocytes of the bony fish, Oreochromis mossambicus, the tilapia: a valid tool for physiological studies on IGF-I expression in liver. (2/9364)

In spite of the importance of IGF-I for growth and development, knowledge about regulation of its production in submammalian species is rather limited. In order to create a tool for investigation of direct regulatory effects on the expression of IGF-I in bony fish liver, a primary cell culture of hepatocytes from Oreochromis mossambicus, the tilapia, was established. The cells were viable for up to 3 days and IGF-I mRNA synthesis was detected by northern blot and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. Northern blot analysis of the primary cultured hepatocytes revealed four different IGF-I transcripts, 0.5, 1.9, 3.9 and 6.0 kb in size, which were identical to those in liver tissue. However, the expression rate was weaker than that in liver. The direct effects of recombinant tilapia (rt) growth hormone (GH) and salmon (s) IGF-I on the expression of IGF-I in primary cultured hepatocytes were investigated in time-course and dose-response experiments. In untreated cultures, IGF-I mRNA decreased with time. Hepatocytes treated with 100 nM rtGH resulted in a pronounced stimulation of IGF-I mRNA expression throughout the experiment. Treatment with rtGH in concentrations ranging from 0.1 nM to 1 microM caused a clear dose-dependent increase in the amount of IGF-I mRNA. Significant stimulation was obtained even with 0.1 nM, reaching a plateau with 10 nM. Neither significant inhibitory nor stimulatory effects were detected by adding sIGF-I from 0.1 nM to 1 microM to the hepataocytes. Our results indicate that the established primary cell culture of tilapia hepatocytes is a useful system in which to study direct effects of potential regulators of bony fish liver cell function.  (+info)

Exclusive androgenic effect of dehydroepiandrosterone in sebaceous glands of rat skin. (3/9364)

In order to analyze the hormonal effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in skin sebaceous glands, the precursor steroid was administered to ovariectomized (OVX) female Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 30 mg applied on the dorsal skin, twice daily, for 3, 6 and 12 months. In a parallel experiment, female OVX rats were treated with DHEA at the same daily percutaneous dose of 30 mg, alone or in combination with the antiandrogen Flutamide or the pure antiestrogen EM-800, for 12 months, in order to determine the androgenic and/or estrogenic components of DHEA action. Treatment of female OVX rats with DHEA resulted in a similar mild to moderate hyperplasia of the sebaceous glands of both dorsal (site of application) and ventral skin, as illustrated by an increase in the number and size of the acini. The above-indicated effects were observed at all time intervals studied, beginning at 3 months of treatment, and they were not further increased after longer term administration of DHEA (for 6 and 12 months). The addition of Flutamide to DHEA treatment completely prevented the DHEA-induced changes in the sebaceous glands, whereas the antiestrogen EM-800 had no effect. The present data indicate an exclusive androgenic stimulatory action of DHEA on the sebaceous glands, thus pointing out the importance of local intracrine DHEA transformation into androgens for skin anatomical integrity and function, while showing that estrogens, if active in rat skin, do not originate from DHEA.  (+info)

Electrophysiological and cardiohemodynamic effects of AH-1058, a new type calcium channel blocker, assessed by the in vivo canine model. (4/9364)

AH-1058 (4-(5H-dibenzo[a, d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)- 1-[(E)-3-(3-methoxy-2-nitro)phenyl-2-propenyl]piperidine hydrochloride) is a novel calcium channel blocker whose chemical structure is quite different from those of typical calcium channel blockers. In this study, electrophysiological and hemodynamic effects of AH-1058 were assessed in the halothane-anesthetized, closed-chest canine model. Intravenous administration of a canine antiarrhythmic dose of 100 microg/kg of AH-1058 (n = 6) did not affect the cardiovascular variables, except that the cardiac output was decreased at 30 min after the drug administration. Additional administration of 200 microg/kg of AH-1058 (n = 6) suppressed the sinus nodal automaticity, AV nodal conduction and ventricular contraction and decreased the mean blood pressure, cardiac output and double product. The effects gradually appeared, while no change was detected in the intraventricular conduction, ventricular repolarization period, ventricular effective refractory period, preload to the left ventricle and total peripheral vascular resistance during the observation period of 30 min. The cardiosuppressive effects of AH-1058 can be explained by its calcium channel blocking action demonstrated in a previous in vitro experiment, while the lack of the effect on the vascular resistance would suggest that AH-1058 may become a slow-acting cardioselective calcium channel blocker.  (+info)

The effect of the prostaglandin I2 analogue OP-2507 on adrenaline-induced pulmonary edema in rabbits and analysis of hemodynamic changes. (5/9364)

This study was carried out to understand the onset mechanism of adrenaline (ADR)-induced pulmonary edema (PE) and the effect of drugs related to the arachidonate cascade in a rabbit model. ADR was administered intravenously by a bolus injection to the rabbits at 50, 75 and 100 microg/kg. To evaluate the severity of PE, the lung-water ratio (LWR) was calculated as a ratio of the difference between wet and dry lung weight to dry lung weight. The PE incidence and LWR exhibited a dose-dependent increase, and LWR correlated with the left atrial pressure (LAP). The involvement of the arachidonate cascade was evaluated by the co-administration of flurbiprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor; ozagrel, a thromboxane synthase inhibitor; and OP-2507 (15-cis-(4-n-propylcyclohexyl)-6,17,18, 19,20-pentanor-9-deoxy-6,9-alpha-nitriloprostaglandin F1 methyl ester), a prostaglandin I2 analogue. Co-treatment of the rabbits with ADR and flurbiprofen resulted in an increase in LAP and the incidence of PE, whereas co-administration of ozagrel did not exhibit any significant changes in the measured parameters. Conversely, OP-2507 reduced the LAP, PE incidence and LWR when co-administered with ADR. Rabbits co-treated with OP-2507 displayed an improved cardiac function. The results of these studies demonstrated the effectiveness of OP-2507 in protecting the lung and cardiac function from the ADR-induced PE.  (+info)

Standardized ejection fraction as a parameter of overall ventricular pump function. (6/9364)

To evaluate the pump function of the ventricle, a parameter which (i) incorporates systolic and diastolic function and (ii) separates the heart from preload and afterload is needed. This study utilized ejection fraction (EF), calculated from the end-systolic (ES) and end-diastolic (ED) pressure-volume relationship (PVR) using an arbitrary set of loading conditions. Ten isolated canine hearts with a balloon placed inside the left ventricle were used to determine the ESPVR and EDPVR. An end-diastolic volume (EDV) at a pressure of 15 mmHg and an end-systolic volume (ESV) at 70 mmHg were obtained from the EDPVR and ESPVR, respectively. EF was calculated as (EDV-ESV)/EDV. With low-dose (8 microg/min) and high-dose (40 microg/min) dobutamine infusion, the EF increased from 0.25+/-0.16 to 0.33+/-0.13 and 0.57+/-0.08 (p<0.01), respectively, in conjunction with increases in end-systolic elastance from 3.11+/-0.83 to 3.48+/-1.08 and 5.38+/-1.91 mmHg/ml (p<0.01). It was thus concluded that because the estimation of EF separates the heart from preload and afterload, this method may facilitate comparing overall pump function of hearts beating under different loading conditions.  (+info)

Carnosine as a potential anti-senescence drug. (7/9364)

The naturally occurring dipeptide carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) has been found to exert an anti-senescence effect when used as a dietary supplement. Carnosine clearly improved the external appearance of experimental animals and provided beneficial physiological effects, thus maintaining the animals in better condition than control animals receiving no carnosine or a mixture of beta-alanine and L-histidine.  (+info)

DNA vaccines. (8/9364)

DNA vaccination or genetic immunization is a rapidly developing technology that offers new approaches for the prevention and therapy of disease. Regarding the inoculation method of DNA vaccine, we recommend the gene gun delivery system, which is a highly reliable method compared to intramuscular inoculation. DNA vaccines could have potential advantages over other types of vaccines in that these vaccines can induce strong cellular immune responses, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and type 1 helper T cells, without resorting to live organisms or complicated protein formulation. The cellular immune responses are especially required for the protection against infections with intracellular pathogens such as viruses and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and protection against cancers, suggesting that they seem to be suitable targets of DNA vaccines. We describe here that their application to bacterial infections requires optimization of codon usage in the DNA vaccines to the host animal to improve translational efficiencies of the bacteria genes. DNA vaccines for a variety of pathogens and cancers have now entered phase I/II human clinical trials.  (+info)

"Animal Use Alternatives" refers to the methods and techniques used in scientific research, testing, and education that avoid or reduce the use of animals. The three main categories of alternatives are:

1. Replacement: This involves using non-animal methods to entirely replace the use of animals in a particular procedure or experiment. Examples include the use of computer modeling, cell cultures, and tissue samples instead of live animals.
2. Reduction: This refers to methods that reduce the number of animals used in a given procedure or experiment while still achieving the same scientific objective. Examples include using statistical methods to design experiments that require fewer animals, or sharing data and resources between research groups.
3. Refinement: This involves modifying procedures to minimize suffering and improve animal welfare for those animals that are still used. Examples include using anesthesia and pain relief during surgical procedures, providing appropriate housing and enrichment, and implementing humane endpoints in experiments.

The development and implementation of animal use alternatives is a key goal in the ethical and responsible conduct of scientific research, testing, and education.

An animal model in medicine refers to the use of non-human animals in experiments to understand, predict, and test responses and effects of various biological and chemical interactions that may also occur in humans. These models are used when studying complex systems or processes that cannot be easily replicated or studied in human subjects, such as genetic manipulation or exposure to harmful substances. The choice of animal model depends on the specific research question being asked and the similarities between the animal's and human's biological and physiological responses. Examples of commonly used animal models include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and non-human primates.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Depression is a mood disorder that is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. It can also cause significant changes in sleep, appetite, energy level, concentration, and behavior. Depression can interfere with daily life and normal functioning, and it can increase the risk of suicide and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of depression is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. There are several types of depression, including major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, postpartum depression, and seasonal affective disorder. Treatment for depression typically involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy.

Antidepressive agents are a class of medications used to treat various forms of depression and anxiety disorders. They act on neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers in the brain, to restore the balance that has been disrupted by mental illness. The most commonly prescribed types of antidepressants include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). These medications can help alleviate symptoms such as low mood, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide. It is important to note that antidepressants may take several weeks to reach their full effectiveness and may cause side effects, so it is essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the right medication and dosage.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also simply referred to as depression, is a serious mental health condition characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes. A major depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks during which an individual experiences a severely depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms such as significant changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

MDD can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life, and it is associated with increased risks of suicide, substance abuse, and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of MDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medication (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants).

A depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It can also include changes in sleep, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem, as well as thoughts of death or suicide. Depressive disorders can vary in severity and duration, with some people experiencing mild and occasional symptoms, while others may have severe and chronic symptoms that interfere with their ability to function in daily life.

There are several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), and postpartum depression. MDD is characterized by symptoms that interfere significantly with a person's ability to function and last for at least two weeks, while PDD involves chronic low-grade depression that lasts for two years or more. Postpartum depression occurs in women after childbirth and can range from mild to severe.

Depressive disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy (talk therapy), and lifestyle changes.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "An attempted suicide is a non-fatal self-directed, potentially injurious behavior with intent to die as a result of the behavior. It's a clear expression of intention to die."

It's important to note that anyone who has attempted suicide requires immediate professional medical attention and support. They should be assessed for their level of suicidal ideation and any underlying mental health conditions, and provided with appropriate care and treatment. If you or someone you know is struggling with thoughts of suicide, please reach out to a healthcare provider or a trusted mental health professional immediately.

Suicide is defined in the medical field as the intentional taking of one's own life. It is a complex phenomenon with various contributing factors, including psychological, biological, environmental, and sociocultural elements. Suicide is a significant global public health concern that requires comprehensive understanding, prevention, and intervention strategies. If you or someone you know is struggling with thoughts of self-harm or suicide, it's essential to seek help from a mental health professional immediately.

Animal testing Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Pit of despair, an apparatus used for animal models of clinical ... Therefore, animal models of depression often display altered anxiety-related behavior. An appropriate animal model of human ... model is probably the most valid animal model of depression. It aims to model a chronic depressive-like state that develops ... Learned helplessness: The learned helplessness model (LH), one of the well validated animal models, is the best replicated one ...
... genetic animal models, chemically induced models, and electrically induced models. New models are using light-gated ion ... Animal models of epilepsy have helped to advance the understanding of how normal brains develop epilepsy (a process known as ... Löscher, Wolfgang (31 May 2011). "Critical review of current animal models of seizures and epilepsy used in the discovery and ... Animal models of epilepsy and seizures can be divided into three basic categories: ...
Parkinson's disease animal models are divided into two categories: neurotoxin models and genetic models. Neurotoxin models ... "Animal Model of Parkinson Disease: Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis in the 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Model", Experimental Animal ... Animal models of Parkinson's disease are essential in the research field and widely used to study Parkinson's disease. ... A limitation to the LRRK2 animal model is that although there is a loss in dopaminergic neurons, neurodegeneration is very low ...
Animal models of autism Animal models of schizophrenia Animal testing on invertebrates Animal testing on rodents Animal testing ... An animal model (short for animal disease model) is a living, non-human, often genetic-engineered animal used during the ... These test conditions are often termed as animal models of disease. The use of animal models allows researchers to investigate ... As in noted the introduction, animal models can be classified as homologous, isomorphic or predictive. Animal models can also ...
Thus, for each stroke etiology one or more animal models have been developed: Animal models of ischemic stroke Animal models of ... Animal models of stroke are procedures undertaken in animals (including non-human primates) intending to provoke ... intracerebral hemorrhage Animal models of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm Animal models of sinus vein thrombosis ... Stroke models are carried out on animals which inevitably suffer during the procedure. These encumbrances are e.g. social ...
While no animal model can fully encompass all aspects of schizophrenia, progress has been made in using animals to model ... Animals used as models for schizophrenia include rats, mice, and primates. The modelling of schizophrenia in animals can range ... In order for an animal model to be useful in developing treatments, results from the animal model must translate into results ... These fit into four basic categories: pharmacological models, developmental models, lesion models, and genetic models. ...
Klauck, S. M.; Poustka, A. (2006). "Animal models of autism". Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models. 3 (4): 313-318. doi:10.1016 ... researchers often focus only on single features of autism when using animal models. One of the more common rodent models is the ... "Animal Models of Autism". Transgenic and Knockout Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience. p. ... "Finding an Animal Model for Language Development". Archived from the original on 2016-12-19. Retrieved 2013-12-10. Condro, M. C ...
Graham, S.M; McCullough, L.D; Murphy, S.J (2004). "Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke: Balancing Experimental Aims and Animal ... or artificial spheres into the carotid artery of animals as an animal model of ischemic stroke. Thrombembolic MCAO is achieved ... animal models of stroke ^ Beech, J. S.; S. C. Williams; C. A. Campbell; P. M. Bath; A. A. Parsons; A. J. Hunter; D. K. Menon ( ... Animal models of ischemic stroke are procedures inducing cerebral ischemia. The aim is the study of basic processes or ...
Orians predicted that animals exhibiting resource defence polygyny, such as the fish Neolamprologus pulcher would fit to this ... The model shows how females may gain a higher level of biological fitness by mating with a male who already has a mate. The ... The polygyny threshold model is an explanation of polygyny, the mating of one male of a species with more than one female. ... The graphical depiction of the model presented in Gordon Orians' 1969 paper is often used to explain the concept. The graph ...
... help to explain the variance in foraging behaviour in animals. This model allows powerful ... Risk sensitive foraging is based on experimental evidence that the net energy budget level of an animal is predictive of type ... Risk sensitive foraging has also been found in other animal species. Laboratory rats have also been found to display risk ... When the hummingbirds are given three different choices of food supply, risk sensitivity foraging model was not entirely ...
... from one food-motivated individual to another-among humans and other animals. Models of food-sharing are based upon general ... This model was designed to address problems that Trivers' model failed to address. One problem, according to Moore, was that ... Since the theoretical basis of these models involves reproductive fitness, one underlying assumption of these models is that ... model of reciprocal altruism. Following Trivers' ideas, reciprocal altruism models of food-sharing generate expectations of ...
Boyd, Robert; Silk, Joan B. (1983). "A method for assigning cardinal dominance ranks". Animal Behaviour. 31 (1): 45-58. doi: ... The Bradley-Terry model is a probability model for the outcome of pairwise comparisons between individuals, teams, or objects. ... Ordinal regression Rasch model Scale (social sciences) Elo rating system Thurstonian model Hunter, David R. (2004). "MM ... Machine learning, Statistical models, Logistic regression, Regression models). ...
Schmid-Hempel, Paul (February 1987). "Efficient Nectar-Collecting by Honeybees I. Economic Models". The Journal of Animal ... Optimality modeling is the modeling aspect of optimization theory. It allows for the calculation and visualization of the costs ... The results from Parker's experiment agree with this model. One common use of the optimality model is in optimal foraging ... In his model, Zach predicted the optimal height for crows to drop the whelks. To do this, Zach calculated the total distance ...
Christie, Kevin W.; Eberl, Daniel F. (October 2014). "Noise-induced hearing loss: new animal models". Current Opinion in ... Coppola, Antonietta; Moshé, Solomon L. (2012). "Animal models". Epilepsy. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 107. pp. 63-98. ... It is encoded by the TMEM211 gene and is found in almost all animals. Human TMEM211 RNA is expressed in relatively low levels, ... Fibrinogen alpha is understood to be a rapidly evolving protein, while cytochrome C is a model of a slowly evolving protein. ...
"Diabetic Animal Models". In Hau J, Van Hoosier Jr GL (eds.). Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science. Animal Models. Vol. II (2nd ... Merkel cell polyomavirus closely related to SV40 and mouse polyomaviruses that have been used as animal models for cancer ... The viruses that infect plants are harmless to animals, and most viruses that infect other animals are harmless to humans. The ... It can be a virus that is isolated from its natural reservoir or isolated as the result of spread to an animal or human host ...
"Animal Models". IT'IS Foundation. Retrieved 2022-08-08. "ViP: In Silico Clinical Tests and Trials The Future Today" (PDF). ... virtual human and animal models for investigations of anatomy-dependent interactions and optimization of therapies via computer ...
Animal models in neuroscience '. i J Hau & SJ Schapiro (red), Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science: Vol. II. Animal Models. 3 ... a model that deals with the seeming contradiction between the localization and post-traumatic recovery of various functions in ...
"Research Animal Models". CRiver.com. Charles River Laboratories. 2021. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. "Lewis Rat". ... Like NOD mice, biobreeding rats are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. The strain re-capitulates many of the features ... While less commonly used for research than laboratory mice, rats have served as an important animal model for research in ... Laboratory mouse Animal testing on rodents Morris water maze Rat Genome Database Vandenbergh, J. G. (1 January 2000). "Use of ...
All models are simplified abstractions of the real-life situation. There exists a basic tradeoff between model precision and ... Jeanson, R (2012). "Long-term dynamics in proximity networks in ants". Animal Behaviour. 83 (4): 915-923. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav ... Stephen P. Ellner & John Guckenheimer (2006). "Building dynamic models". Dynamic Models in Biology. Princeton University Press ... such models should generally be kept simple. Therefore, we generally should not expect models for social insect task allocation ...
On the other hand, insects can be used as alternative animal models in biomedical research. Due to the close evolutionary ... "Short CV , Anton Windfelder , Alternative Animal Models". Meinewebsite. Retrieved 15 September 2023. Windfelder, Anton G.; ... as an alternative animal model for medical research.[excessive citations] His work has received international attention and ... using the above methods as an alternative animal model for chronic inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ...
Journal of Animal Ecology. 59, 1129-1146. Tokeshi, M. (1993). Species abundance patterns and community structure. Adv. Ecol. ... Fixed Division Model was similar to the random fraction model, but the randomness of the model is drawn from a triangular ... the Dominance Pre-emption model to the most even the Dominance Decay and MacArthur Fraction models. This model describes a ... The random fraction model of niche apportionment is an extreme of the power fraction model where k=0, and the other extreme of ...
A predictive intake modelling approach is used to estimate voluntary food intake (VFI) by animals where their eating habits ... A mechanistic modelling approach is one where a model is derived from basic theory. Examples of these include compartmental ... Predictive modelling Exposure science Exposure Assessment Hackmann T. J.; Spain J. N. (2010). "A mechanistic model for ... Predictive intake modelling uses mathematical modelling strategies to estimate intake of food, personal care products, and ...
... is related to optimal foraging theory in that the model describes the diet selection that animals should perform in order to ... The original description of the model positioned the DRM as an alternative to the contingency model (CM) of optimal foraging ... It differs from the main body of Optimal Foraging Theory in stating that animals can select food in order to make optimal use ... The basic tenet of the DRM is that the intake of energy by an animal passes through two consecutive processes, food ingestion ...
Journal of Animal Science. American Society of Animal Science. 1973: 10-41. doi:10.1093/ansci/1973.Symposium.10. Retrieved 17 ... A mixed model, mixed-effects model or mixed error-component model is a statistical model containing both fixed effects and ... model Fixed effects model Generalized linear mixed model Linear regression Mixed-design analysis of variance Multilevel model ... non-linear mixed effects models, missing data in mixed effects models, and Bayesian estimation of mixed effects models. Mixed ...
Prenatal MAM exposure in rats results in a model of brain malformation. In some MAM animals, video-EEG monitoring has ... Methylazoxymethanol acetate, MAM, is a neurotoxin which reduces DNA synthesis used in making animal models of neurological ... Jones, CA; Watson, DJG; Fone, KCF (1 October 2011). "Animal models of schizophrenia". British Journal of Pharmacology. 164 (4 ... In rat models, the specific effect of MAM on neural development depends on the gestational age of the subject. At the ...
One significant limitation of thermal assays lies in the specificity and validity of results in animals as models of human pain ... Le Bars, Daniel; Gozariu, Manuela; Cadden, Samuel W. (2001). "Animal Models of Nociception". Pharmacological Reviews. 53 (4): ... and the Von Frey hairs are inserted through the mesh to poke the animal's hindpaw. Normal reactions for the animal include ... Animal subjects used must be restrained to a fairly high degree when performing the tail withdrawal test due to the exact ...
Le Bars, D; Gozariu, M; Cadden, S. (2001). "Animal Models of Nociception". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental ... Most commonly, an intense light beam is focused on the animal's tail and a timer starts. When the animal flicks its tail, the ... The tail flick test is a test of the pain response in animals, similar to the hot plate test. It is used in basic pain research ... The tail flick test is one test to measure heat-induced pain in animals. This reflexive response is an indicator of pain ...
... mechanistic and predictive models. The activity-based anorexia model has been one of the most suitable animal models when ... Sham-feeding was the most prominent model used to study BED. Animal models have been able to provide key knowledge of the ... Relevance of animal models to human eating disorders and obesity. Psychopharmacology, 199, 313-329. Smith, G. (1989) Animal ... Animal models have contributed a fair amount to the current understanding of eating disorders and obesity, in different ways ...
Le Bars D, Gozariu M, Cadden SW (December 2001). "Animal models of nociception". Pharmacological Reviews. 53 (4): 597-652. PMID ... Garfield, Natasha; Karaplis, Andrew C. (2001). "Genetics and animal models of hypoparathyroidism". Trends in Endocrinology & ... However, animals living in the wild do not reproduce in the colder months, even though they do not hibernate.) The pups are ... The tail is also used for balance when the mouse is climbing or running, or as a base when the animal stands on its hind legs ( ...
Strains and Models". The Laboratory Rat (Handbook of Experimental Animals). Gillian R. Bullock (series ed.), Tracie bunton ( ... Prior to the Animal Welfare Act, animal welfare law was largely reactive and action could only be taken once an animal had ... Animal dealers are people who sell animals bred at their facility. Examples of dealers include pet and laboratory animal ... Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations from the United States Department of Agriculture Animal Welfare Act History ...
Nicholson, A. J.; Bailey, V. A. (1935). "The Balance of Animal Populations. Part I.". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of ... Nicholson-Bailey model Nicholson-Bailey model with density dependence Nicholson-Bailey spatial model (Predation, Population ... The model is closely related to the Lotka-Volterra model, which describes the dynamics of antagonistic populations (preys and ... The model uses (discrete time) difference equations to describe the population growth of host-parasite populations. The model ...
... and animal models. Traditional two dimensional cell culture is a useful experimental model of Alzheimer's disease to conduct ... Rodent animal models of Alzheimer's disease are commonly used in research as rodents and humans have many of the same major ... This results in the animal models having a higher tendency to form amyloid-β plaques and/or neurofibrillary tangles, the two ... As current models are highly reliant on FAD mutations to induce Alzheimer's like pathology, there is still no ideal model that ...
... Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2020 Oct;10(5):1561-1579. doi: 10.21037/cdt-20-400. ... Selecting the right animal model for the right study is hence important, but may be difficult due to the plethora of different ... In this review we provide an overview of the available animal models of acute and chronic right heart failure and discuss the ... When initiating new pre-clinical or basic research studies it is key to choose the right animal model to ensure successful ...
Animal testing Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Pit of despair, an apparatus used for animal models of clinical ... Therefore, animal models of depression often display altered anxiety-related behavior. An appropriate animal model of human ... model is probably the most valid animal model of depression. It aims to model a chronic depressive-like state that develops ... Learned helplessness: The learned helplessness model (LH), one of the well validated animal models, is the best replicated one ...
Many animal models of musculoskeletal infection have been described in the literature; however, there remains a dearth of fully ... An inherent limitation of animal models is the difficulty in extrapolating results not only to humans, but also to other ... animals or to the same model in another laboratory.. In the orthopaedic and trauma field, standardisation and refinement of ... implementation of this technology relies on well-designed and clinically relevant in vivo simulation using animal models. ...
... a new model using high doses of DENV has recently been shown to develop hemorrhagic signs after infection. Overall, each model ... Humanized mouse models can sustain DENV replication and show some signs of disease, but further development is needed to ... In contrast, certain immunodeficient mouse models infected with mouse-adapted DENV strains show signs of severe disease similar ... The development of animal models of dengue virus (DENV) infection and disease has been challenging, as epidemic DENV does not ...
The program seeks to train talented graduate students to conduct studies of human infectious diseases using animal models and ... Objectives The Animal Models of Infectious Diseases Training Program, funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), ... Animal Models of Infectious Diseases Training Program (AMID T32) ... Animal Models of Infectious Diseases Training Program * AMID - ... Animal Models of Infectious Diseases Training Program (AMID T32). Objectives. The Animal Models of Infectious Diseases Training ...
Researchers have found an animal model of hysterectomy resulted in decreased memory capacity and an altered hormonal profile ... Hysterectomy linked to memory deficit in an animal model. Date:. December 6, 2018. Source:. Arizona State University. Summary: ... "Hysterectomy linked to memory deficit in an animal model." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2018. /. 12. /. ... Researchers have found an animal model of hysterectomy resulted in decreased memory capacity and an altered hormonal profile ...
Alzheimer diseaseAnatomyAnimal modelsBiomarkersBrainCentral nervous systemCerebrumDiagnosisDisease modelsDrug discoveryDrug ... "This APP/PS1 mouse model has been extensively characterized, and we are delighted to be able to offer it to our clients to help ... "We intend to further characterize the model and hope to be able to identify early onset and robust behavioral and physiological ...
... bioRxiv. 2022 Mar 28;2022.03. ... We compared immune responses elicited by mosaic-8 (SARS-CoV-2 and seven animal sarbecoviruses) and homotypic (only SARS-CoV-2) ... strains including SARS-CoV and animal sarbecoviruses. Mosaic-8 immunization showed equivalent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 ...
The BC SPCAs model animal bylaws are based on effective animal control examples from municipalities and regional districts ... Model municipal bylaws. Model municipal bylaws. Bylaws are an important means of addressing animal welfare concerns at the ... The BC SPCAs model bylaws. In addition to the search tool above, we have combined effective animal-related bylaws from across ... Download a copy of our Model Animal Responsibility Bylaws (PDF). Please contact us with any questions. ...
The mouse model, which the scientists called wildling, acquired the microbes and pathogens of wild mice, while maintaining ... Researchers developed a new mouse model that could improve the translation of research in mice into advances in human health. ... Wildling mice could help translate results in animal models to results in humans. Researchers create mouse colony to address ... Wildling mice could help translate results in animal models to results in humans." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. ...
7 Pieces of Technology Modeled After Animals. By Editorial Staff. , Jun 6, 2016. ... Modeled after the water-harvesting texture of the beetles back, the material features bumps that help turn condensation into ... Thats why so many scientists look to the animal kingdom to help overcome the limits of human technology. Here are seven pieces ... While initial prototypes only worked in grayscale, the researchers are working on creating a model that would be able to match ...
Structure of the typical animal cell as viewed by an electron microscope. Important organelles are shown in raised relief and ... The full cell model can be removed from the base that depicts adjacent monochromatic animal cells. Size, 21 x 11 x 31 cm. ... Use this greatly enlarged, vibrantly colored model to study the structure of a typical animal cell. Significant structures ... Animals (Non-Mammals). For over 80 years, Carolina has provided superior non-mammal specimens that engage students in hands-on ...
... June 6, 2005. Article ... The study describes how Canadian researchers developed the vaccines by replacing a surface protein in an animal pathogen, ...
Meurs H, Gosens R, Zaagsma J. Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: lessons from in vitro model systems and animal models. Eur ... Animal models of airway hyperresponsiveness. S. I. Said. European Respiratory Journal 2009 33: 217-218; DOI: 10.1183/ ... I read with much interest the review by Meurs et al. 1, in which they examined the relative merits of several animal models of ... Animal models of airway hyperresponsiveness Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from European Respiratory ...
... many scientists rely on animal models.. Animal models are built upon the idea that many species of animals have a behavior or ... What are the limitations of animal models?. Scientists use different animal models depending on the experimental questions they ... It is important to understand that an animal model is not just the animal studied-it also includes the type of scientific ... What are animal models?. As we strive to better understand how the brain works, as well as how different brain-related diseases ...
ES Cells Used by the UMass Chan Transgenic Animal Modeling Core for Gene Targeting. ... Transgenic Animal Modeling Core • 55 Lake Ave North Worcester, Massachusetts 01605 Questions or Comments? E-mail: Heather. ... The UMass Chan Transgenic Animal Modeling Core (TAMC) also has JM8-strain ES cells for targeting, and routinely injects either ...
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Copyright © 2023 Animal Fair , Wendy Diamond , Pet lifestyle Expert , Animal Rescue Advocate/ Celebrity Pets. All Rights ... Bianca clearly gets her sun-kissed looks from her mother, Beth Ostrosky (a model, actress and relationship expert […] ... In this issue, Animal Fair has a cornucopia of fabulous ideas for […] ... Wendy Diamond, Entrepreneur, Leading Pet Lifestyle expert, Best Selling Author, TV Personality and Endangered Animal and Rescue ...
Downloading a figure as powerpoint requires a browser with javascript support. Enable javascript and try again For help please contact [email protected] ...
Anand Gururajan on Animal models for depression, part of a collection of multimedia lectures. ... Gururajan, A. (2020, November 30). Animal models for depression [Video file]. In The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection, ... and animal models will continue to play an important role. ... Animal models for depression. *Dr. Anand Gururajan - University ... I will be reviewing animal models for depression. ... Then I will talk about modeling aspects of depression, and ...
The cat Anatomy Model contains 10 fully detachable organs and body parts. Can Help you to carry out comprehensive practice ... Promote understanding and mastery,Model We have specially designed digital indicator signs help you conduct accurate and ... effective research and learning.High quatity - This cat anatomy model is made up of high quality environmentally friendly PVC ...
PDX animal models: It is expected that multiple PDX models be established from unique patient sources using established ... PDX animal model deliverables: Establish a serially transplantable, phenotypically stable, human cancer xenograft model in ... Solicited models include patient-derived cell lines, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models, and 3D human tissue model ... Furthermore, PDX models are suggested to be a useful tool to mimic human clinical trials using animals. ...
Decrease Quantity of WILD REPUBLIC MARINE ANIMAL COLLECTION Increase Quantity of WILD REPUBLIC MARINE ANIMAL COLLECTION ... WILD REPUBLIC MARINE ANIMAL COLLECTION This collection from Wild Republic® has (10) mini whales (a contradiction, but still fun ... Build your own mini model dinosaur with these 3D puzzles. Each puzzle has (16) to (25) pre-cut pieces of thick, soft material, ...
The alterations in Sprague-Dawley rats were accompanied by an increase in anxiety-like behavior in those animals as measured ... Next, we assayed animals that had experienced morphine withdrawal using a dependence paradigm that modeled the negative affect ... Noradrenergic Synaptic Function in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Varies in Animal Models of Anxiety and Addiction. * ... Animals were isolated in a novel cage for 5 min before running the maze. Animals explored the maze for 5 min and their movement ...
Next-generation ALS drug silences inherited form of the disease in animal models. NIH-funded preclinical study suggests drug ... Antisense oligonucleotides extend survival and reverse decrement in muscle response in ALS models. The Journal of Clinical ...
Customizable - all models or filter a custom list of models. ... Breed Your Model Breed Your Model * Colony Management * Animal ... Customizable - build your own version with all models or filter a custom list ... Breed Your Model * Colony Management * Animal Breeding and Husbandry *Animal Model Housing ... Find Your Model Find Your Model * Model Search * GEMs *Taconic Transgenic Models™ ...
The authors adeptly compare the different animal models used and provide reasons why 1 animal model is preferred to another. ... It clearly and concisely provides extensive details about the animal models, both past and present, that have been used to ... Taylor K. Biodefense: Research Methodology and Animal Models. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(3):523. doi:10.3201/ ... Biodefense: Research Methodology and Animal Models, edited by James R. Swearengen, is a timely and invaluable reference for ...
The Citys 1980s-vintage animal shelter and its cramped conditions would be replaced by a building with more space and features ... under pre-design models shared at a community meeting ... Models present vision for new Evanston animal shelter by Bob ... All three models would include features not available at the current facility, such as separate animal areas, compatibility ... Photo courtesy of Evanston Animal Shelter Association). Under the agreement with the County, the expanded animal shelter would ...

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