Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).
Backflow of blood from the RIGHT VENTRICLE into the RIGHT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the TRICUSPID VALVE.
Backflow of blood from the PULMONARY ARTERY into the RIGHT VENTRICLE due to imperfect closure of the PULMONARY VALVE.
Abnormal protrusion or billowing of one or both of the leaflets of MITRAL VALVE into the LEFT ATRIUM during SYSTOLE. This allows the backflow of blood into left atrium leading to MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; SYSTOLIC MURMURS; or CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA.
Flaps within the VEINS that allow the blood to flow only in one direction. They are usually in the medium size veins that carry blood to the heart against gravity.
The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle.
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.
Surgical insertion of synthetic material to repair injured or diseased heart valves.
Surgery performed on the heart.
A type of heart valve surgery that involves the repair, replacement, or reconstruction of the annulus of the MITRAL VALVE. It includes shortening the circumference of the annulus to improve valve closing capacity and reinforcing the annulus as a step in more complex valve repairs.
A device that substitutes for a heart valve. It may be composed of biological material (BIOPROSTHESIS) and/or synthetic material.
The tendinous cords that connect each cusp of the two atrioventricular HEART VALVES to appropriate PAPILLARY MUSCLES in the HEART VENTRICLES, preventing the valves from reversing themselves when the ventricles contract.
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The valve consisting of three cusps situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart.
Prosthesis, usually heart valve, composed of biological material and whose durability depends upon the stability of the material after pretreatment, rather than regeneration by host cell ingrowth. Durability is achieved 1, mechanically by the interposition of a cloth, usually polytetrafluoroethylene, between the host and the graft, and 2, chemically by stabilization of the tissue by intermolecular linking, usually with glutaraldehyde, after removal of antigenic components, or the use of reconstituted and restructured biopolymers.
A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle.
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus.
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.
Echocardiography amplified by the addition of depth to the conventional two-dimensional ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY visualizing only the length and width of the heart. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging was first described in 1961 but its application to echocardiography did not take place until 1974. (Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:221-40)
A type of heart valve surgery that involves the repair, replacement, or reconstruction of the annuli of HEART VALVES. It includes shortening the circumference of the annulus to improve valve closing capacity and reinforcing the annulus as a step in more complex valve repairs.
Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.
Graphic registration of the heart sounds picked up as vibrations and transformed by a piezoelectric crystal microphone into a varying electrical output according to the stresses imposed by the sound waves. The electrical output is amplified by a stethograph amplifier and recorded by a device incorporated into the electrocardiograph or by a multichannel recording machine.
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.
Echocardiography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image.
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.
Apparatus that provides mechanical circulatory support during open-heart surgery, by passing the heart to facilitate surgery on the organ. The basic function of the machine is to oxygenate the body's venous supply of blood and then pump it back into the arterial system. The machine also provides intracardiac suction, filtration, and temperature control. Some of the more important components of these machines include pumps, oxygenators, temperature regulators, and filters. (UMDNS, 1999)

Frequency and long term follow up of valvar insufficiency caused by retrograde aortic radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures. (1/1634)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of valvar complications caused by left sided radiofrequency catheter ablation using the retrograde aortic technique. METHODS: 179 patients (118 male) with a mean (SD) age of 43 (17) years underwent 216 procedures at one centre. The target of the ablation was an accessory atrioventricular pathway in 144 patients, the atrioventricular junction in 29 patients, and a ventricular tachycardia in six patients. In 25 patients structural heart disease was identified before the procedure (ischaemic heart disease 10, cardiomyopathy nine, valvar three, other three). Echo/Doppler examinations were performed the day before the procedure and within 24 hours postablation; the investigations were all reviewed by the same investigator. Patients with identified valvar injury caused by the procedure were followed for 42 (7) months. RESULTS: Valvar injury caused by the ablation procedure was identified in four young (age 30 (8) years), otherwise healthy patients with left lateral atrioventricular accessory pathways. Mild mitral insufficiency with a central regurgitation jet was detected in two patients and remained unchanged at follow up. Mild aortic insufficiency was detected in another two patients. In one of these the regurgitation jet was central and remained unchanged at follow up. In one patient the regurgitation jet was located between the non-coronary and left cusps in relation to a loosely attached structure. Both the structure and the valvar regurgitation disappeared during follow up. No clinical complications occurred in any of the patients during follow up. CONCLUSION: In this study, the frequency of valvar complications after left sided radiofrequency catheter ablation using the retrograde aortic technique was 1.9%.  (+info)

Chordal force distribution determines systolic mitral leaflet configuration and severity of functional mitral regurgitation. (2/1634)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the chordae tendineae force distribution on systolic mitral leaflet geometry and mitral valve competence in vitro. BACKGROUND: Functional mitral regurgitation is caused by changes in several elements of the valve apparatus. Interaction among these have to comply with the chordal force distribution defined by the chordal coapting forces (F(c)) created by the transmitral pressure difference, which close the leaflets and the chordal tethering forces (FT) pulling the leaflets apart. METHODS: Porcine mitral valves (n = 5) were mounted in a left ventricular model where leading edge chordal forces measured by dedicated miniature force transducers were controlled by changing left ventricular pressure and papillary muscle position. Chordae geometry and occlusional leaflet area (OLA) needed to cover the leaflet orifice for a given leaflet configuration were determined by two-dimensional echo and reconstructed three-dimensionally. Occlusional leaflet area was used as expression for incomplete leaflet coaptation. Regurgitant fraction (RF) was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter. RESULTS: Mixed procedure statistics revealed a linear correlation between the sum of the chordal net forces, sigma[Fc - FT]S, and OLA with regression coefficient (minimum - maximum) beta = -115 to -65 [mm2/N]; p < 0.001 and RF (beta = -0.06 to -0.01 [%/N]; p < 0.001). Increasing FT by papillary muscle malalignment restricted leaflet mobility, resulting in a tented leaflet configuration due to an apical and posterior shift of the coaptation line. Anterior leaflet coapting forces increased due to mitral leaflet remodeling, which generated a nonuniform regurgitant orifice area. CONCLUSIONS: Altered chordal force distribution caused functional mitral regurgitation based on tented leaflet configuration as observed clinically.  (+info)

Effects of permanent dual-chamber pacing on mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. (3/1634)

AIMS: To assess the effects of chronic dual-chamber pacing on mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-three patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and mitral regurgitation. treated with DDD pacing for 16 +/- 14 months, were included in the study. Mitral regurgitation was assessed by Doppler-echocardiography using semi-quantitative analysis (grades I-IV) and by measuring the maximum regurgitant jet area/left atrial area ratio. At the end of follow-up, DDD pacing reduced the outflow gradient from 93 +/- 37 mmHg to 31 +/- 30 mmHg (P<0.0001). Nine of the 14 patients who initially had > or =grade II mitral regurgitation improved by at least one grade, two of them exhibiting dramatic improvement (from grade IV and III to grade I). The regurgitant jet area/left atrial area ratio was reduced with DDD pacing from 20 +/- 13% to 11 +/- 6% (P<0.0001). Patients who had significant mitral regurgitation despite pacing were those whose outflow gradient remained high or those with mitral valve organic abnormalities (mitral annulus calcification or mitral valve prolapse). In the absence of organic abnormalities other than leaflet elongation, there was a significant correlation between the gradient value achieved with DDD pacing and the extent of mitral regurgitation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: In the absence of organic mitral valve abnormalities, DDD pacing reduces in parallel mitral regurgitation and left ventricular outflow gradient. In such patients therefore, significant mitral regurgitation is not a contraindication to pacing.  (+info)

Symptomatic mitral myxomatous transformation in the elderly. (4/1634)

The clinical and pathological features of four patients with intractable heart failure, due to myxomatous change in the mitral valve, are described. It is suggested that this change may represent a response of ageing connective tissue to mechanical stress.  (+info)

An evaluation of left ventricular function after surgery for pure mitral regurgitation using dobutamine-stress echocardiography--should the mitral complex be preserved? (5/1634)

To evaluate the importance of preserving the mitral complex, clinical outcomes and postoperative left ventricular (LV) functions of 175 patients with pure mitral regurgitation (MR) were analyzed. They were divided into three groups; patients who had conventional mitral valve replacement (cMVR; n = 47), posterior mitral leaflet preserved MVR (pMVR; n = 66) or mitral valvuloplasty (MVP; n = 62). There was no operative death or hospital death in this study. The actuarial survival rate was 85.2% in cMVR, 78.5% in pMVR, and 84.7% in MVP at 10 years after operation. The actuarial freedom from reoperation 10 years postoperatively was 100% in cMVR, 97.9% in pMVR, 85.8% in MVP. The actuarial freedom from thromboembolism (TE) at 10 years was 92.2% in cMVR, 87.1% in pMVR, 93.5% in MVP. Freedom from all types of events including non-cardiac death was 78.3% in cMVR, 64.8% in pMVR, 65.3% in MVP at 10 years, respectively. Pre- and postoperative LV function was evaluated using echocardiography. Patients with MVP had better LV performance than those with MVR. However, there was no significant difference between the cMVR and pMVR groups. For further estimation of postoperative LV function, dobutamine-stress echocardiography (DSE) was performed. The results of DSE revealed that the LV contractility in MVP was obviously better than those in MVR groups especially in systole. The change in ejection fraction (EF) from baseline to peak dobutamine stress in the pMVR group was significantly greater than in cMVR. This study supports the concept that the preservation of continuity between the mitral annulus and papillary muscle plays an important role in clinical outcome and postoperative LV function. In conclusion, MVP should be a first choice as an operative method for pure MR when technically feasible. When it is impossible to perform MVP, pMVR, not cMVR, should be the next choice. This study suggests that preservation of papillary muscle-mitral annular continuity during mitral valve surgery for pure MR is beneficial to LV systolic function.  (+info)

Three-dimensional color Doppler: a clinical study in patients with mitral regurgitation. (6/1634)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of color Doppler signals in patients with mitral regurgitation. BACKGROUND: Two-dimensional (2D) color Doppler has limited value in visualizing and quantifying asymmetric mitral regurgitation. Clinical studies on 3D reconstruction of Doppler signals in original color coding have not yet been performed in patients. We have developed a new procedure for 3D reconstruction of color Doppler. METHODS: We studied 58 patients by transesophageal 3D echocardiography. The jet area was assessed by planimetry and the jet volumes by 3D Doppler. The regurgitant fractions, the volumes, and the angiographic degree of mitral regurgitation were assessed in 28 patients with central jets and compared with those of 30 patients with eccentric jets. RESULTS: In all patients, jet areas and jet volumes significantly correlated with the angiographic grading (r = 0.73 and r = 0.90), the regurgitant fraction (r = 0.68 and r = 0.80) and the regurgitant volume (r = 0.66 and r = 0.90). In patients with central jets, significant correlations were found between jet area and angiography (r = 0.86), regurgitant fraction (r = 0.64) and regurgitant volume (r = 0.78). No significant correlations were found between jet area and angiography (r = 0.53), regurgitant fraction (r = 0.52) and regurgitant volume (r = 0.53) in the group of patients with eccentric jets. In contrast, jet volumes significantly correlated with angiography (r = 0.90), regurgitant fraction (r = 0.75) and regurgitant volume (r = 0.88) in the group of patients with eccentric jets. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional Doppler revealed new images of the complex jet geometry. In addition, jet volumes, assessed by an automated voxel count, independent of manual planimetry or subjective estimation, showed that 3D Doppler is also capable of quantifying asymmetric jets.  (+info)

Three-dimensional Doppler. Techniques and clinical applications. (7/1634)

AIMS: Colour Doppler is the most widely used technique for assessing valve disease, but eccentric regurgitant jets cannot be visualized and measured by conventional 2D techniques. We have developed a new procedure for three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of colour Doppler signals. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty patients with mitral regurgitation underwent transoesophageal echocardiography and 3D acquisition. The severity of mitral regurgitation was assessed by angiography and the regurgitant volumes were measured by pulsed Doppler. The jet areas were calculated by planimetry from conventional colour Doppler; the jet volumes were obtained by 3D Doppler. A higher degree of mitral regurgitation was found in the patients with eccentric jets. While jet areas showed poor correlation with regurgitant volumes (r = 0.61), jet volumes correlated significantly with regurgitant volumes (r = 0.93; P < 0.001). While jet areas failed to identify patients with different grades of regurgitation, jet volumes could so discriminate. CONCLUSIONS: 3D Doppler revealed new patterns of regurgitant flow and allowed a more accurate semiquantitative assessment of complex asymmetrical regurgitant jets. Three-dimensional colour Doppler has a great potential for becoming a reference method for the assessment of patients with heart valve disease.  (+info)

The Mitral Regurgitation Index: an echocardiographic guide to severity. (8/1634)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a semiquantitative index of mitral regurgitation severity suitable for use in daily clinical practice and research. BACKGROUND: There is no simple method for quantification of mitral regurgitation (MR). The MR Index is a semiquantitative guide to MR severity. The MR Index is a composite of six echocardiographic variables: color Doppler regurgitant jet penetration and proximal isovelocity surface area, continuous wave Doppler characteristics of the regurgitant jet and tricuspid regurgitant jet-derived pulmonary artery pressure, pulse wave Doppler pulmonary venous flow pattern and two-dimensional echocardiographic estimation of left atrial size. METHODS: Consecutive patients (n = 103) with varying grades of MR, seen in the Adult Echocardiography Laboratory at UCSF, were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were evaluated for the six variables, each variable being scored on a four point scale from 0 to 3. The reference standards for MR were qualitative echocardiographic evaluation by an expert and quantitation of regurgitant fraction using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. A subgroup of patients with low ejection fraction (EF < 50%) were also analyzed. RESULTS: The MR Index increased in proportion to MR severity with a significant difference among the three grades in both normal and low EF groups (F = 130 and F = 42, respectively, p < 0.0001). The MR Index correlated with regurgitant fraction (r = 0.76, p < 0.0001). An MR Index > or =2.2 identified 26/29 patients with severe MR (sensitivity = 90%, specificity = 88%, PPV = 79%). No patient with severe MR had an MR Index <1.8 and no patient with mild MR had an MR Index >1.7. CONCLUSIONS: The MR Index is a simple semiquantitative estimate of MR severity, which seems to be useful in evaluating MR in patients with a low EF.  (+info)

Mitral valve insufficiency, also known as mitral regurgitation, is a cardiac condition in which the mitral valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart does not close properly, causing blood to flow backward into the atrium during contraction of the ventricle. This leads to an increased volume load on the left heart chamber and can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. The condition can be caused by various factors including valve damage due to degenerative changes, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, or trauma. Treatment options include medication, mitral valve repair, or replacement surgery depending on the severity and underlying cause of the insufficiency.

The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, is a two-leaflet valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart. Its function is to ensure unidirectional flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle during the cardiac cycle. The mitral valve consists of two leaflets (anterior and posterior), the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and the left atrial and ventricular myocardium. Dysfunction of the mitral valve can lead to various heart conditions such as mitral regurgitation or mitral stenosis.

Aortic valve insufficiency, also known as aortic regurgitation or aortic incompetence, is a cardiac condition in which the aortic valve does not close properly during the contraction phase of the heart cycle. This allows blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta, instead of being pumped out to the rest of the body. As a result, the left ventricle must work harder to maintain adequate cardiac output, which can lead to left ventricular enlargement and heart failure over time if left untreated.

The aortic valve is a trileaflet valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta. During systole (the contraction phase of the heart cycle), the aortic valve opens to allow blood to be pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta and then distributed to the rest of the body. During diastole (the relaxation phase of the heart cycle), the aortic valve closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

Aortic valve insufficiency can be caused by various conditions, including congenital heart defects, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, Marfan syndrome, and trauma. Symptoms of aortic valve insufficiency may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, palpitations, and edema (swelling). Diagnosis is typically made through physical examination, echocardiography, and other imaging studies. Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition and may include medication, surgery to repair or replace the aortic valve, or a combination of both.

Tricuspid valve insufficiency, also known as tricuspid regurgitation, is a cardiac condition in which the tricuspid valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the right atrium during contraction of the right ventricle. This results in a portion of the blood being pumped inefficiently, which can lead to volume overload of the right side of the heart and potentially result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. The condition can be congenital or acquired, with common causes including dilated cardiomyopathy, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and trauma.

Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency, also known as Pulmonary Regurgitation, is a cardiac condition in which the pulmonary valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery does not close properly. This leads to the backward leakage or regurgitation of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole, causing an increased volume load on the right ventricle.

The severity of Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency can vary from mild to severe and may be caused by congenital heart defects, infective endocarditis, Marfan syndrome, rheumatic heart disease, or as a result of aging, or following certain cardiac procedures such as pulmonary valvotomy or ventriculostomy.

Mild Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency may not cause any symptoms and may only require periodic monitoring. However, severe Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency can lead to right-sided heart failure, arrhythmias, and other complications if left untreated. Treatment options for Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency include medication, surgical repair or replacement of the pulmonary valve, or a combination of these approaches.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a heart condition where the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart, doesn't function properly. In MVP, one or both of the mitral valve flaps (known as leaflets) bulge or billow into the left atrium during the contraction of the left ventricle. This prolapse can cause a leakage of blood back into the atrium, known as mitral regurgitation. In many cases, MVP is asymptomatic and doesn't require treatment, but in some instances, it may lead to complications such as infective endocarditis or arrhythmias. The exact causes of MVP are not fully understood, but it can be associated with certain genetic factors, connective tissue disorders, and mitral valve abnormalities present at birth.

Venous valves are one-way flaps made of thin, flexible tissue that lie inside your veins. They allow blood to flow towards the heart but prevent it from flowing backward. These valves are especially important in the veins of the legs, where they help to counteract the force of gravity and ensure that blood flows back up to the heart. When venous valves become damaged or weakened, blood can pool in the veins, leading to conditions such as varicose veins or chronic venous insufficiency.

The aortic valve is the valve located between the left ventricle (the lower left chamber of the heart) and the aorta (the largest artery in the body, which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body). It is made up of three thin flaps or leaflets that open and close to regulate blood flow. During a heartbeat, the aortic valve opens to allow blood to be pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta, and then closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricle when it relaxes. Any abnormality or damage to this valve can lead to various cardiovascular conditions such as aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, or infective endocarditis.

Heart valve diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function of one or more of the heart's four valves (tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic). These valves are responsible for controlling the direction and flow of blood through the heart. Heart valve diseases can cause the valves to become narrowed (stenosis), leaky (regurgitation or insufficiency), or improperly closed (prolapse), leading to disrupted blood flow within the heart and potentially causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and irregular heart rhythms. The causes of heart valve diseases can include congenital defects, age-related degenerative changes, infections, rheumatic heart disease, and high blood pressure. Treatment options may include medications, surgical repair or replacement of the affected valve(s), or transcatheter procedures.

Mitral valve stenosis is a cardiac condition characterized by the narrowing or stiffening of the mitral valve, one of the four heart valves that regulate blood flow through the heart. This narrowing prevents the mitral valve from fully opening during diastole (relaxation phase of the heart cycle), leading to restricted flow of oxygenated blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle.

The narrowing or stiffening of the mitral valve can be caused by various factors, such as rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart defects, aging, or calcium deposits on the valve leaflets. As a result, the left atrium has to work harder to pump blood into the left ventricle, causing increased pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary veins. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, coughing, and heart palpitations.

Mitral valve stenosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging techniques like echocardiography or cardiac catheterization. Treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications, as well as surgical interventions such as mitral valve repair or replacement to alleviate the stenosis and improve heart function.

Heart valve prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure where an artificial heart valve is inserted to replace a damaged or malfunctioning native heart valve. This can be necessary for patients with valvular heart disease, including stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leaking), who do not respond to medical management and are at risk of heart failure or other complications.

There are two main types of artificial heart valves used in prosthesis implantation: mechanical valves and biological valves. Mechanical valves are made of synthetic materials, such as carbon and metal, and can last a long time but require lifelong anticoagulation therapy to prevent blood clots from forming. Biological valves, on the other hand, are made from animal or human tissue and typically do not require anticoagulation therapy but may have a limited lifespan and may need to be replaced in the future.

The decision to undergo heart valve prosthesis implantation is based on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, type and severity of valvular disease, and personal preferences. The procedure can be performed through traditional open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques, such as robotic-assisted surgery or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Recovery time varies depending on the approach used and individual patient factors.

Cardiac surgical procedures are operations that are performed on the heart or great vessels (the aorta and vena cava) by cardiothoracic surgeons. These surgeries are often complex and require a high level of skill and expertise. Some common reasons for cardiac surgical procedures include:

1. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): This is a surgery to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with coronary artery disease. During the procedure, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to create a detour around the blocked or narrowed portion of the coronary artery.
2. Valve repair or replacement: The heart has four valves that control blood flow through and out of the heart. If one or more of these valves become damaged or diseased, they may need to be repaired or replaced. This can be done using artificial valves or valves from animal or human donors.
3. Aneurysm repair: An aneurysm is a weakened area in the wall of an artery that can bulge out and potentially rupture. If an aneurysm occurs in the aorta, it may require surgical repair to prevent rupture.
4. Heart transplantation: In some cases, heart failure may be so severe that a heart transplant is necessary. This involves removing the diseased heart and replacing it with a healthy donor heart.
5. Arrhythmia surgery: Certain types of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) may require surgical treatment. One such procedure is called the Maze procedure, which involves creating a pattern of scar tissue in the heart to disrupt the abnormal electrical signals that cause the arrhythmia.
6. Congenital heart defect repair: Some people are born with structural problems in their hearts that require surgical correction. These may include holes between the chambers of the heart or abnormal blood vessels.

Cardiac surgical procedures carry risks, including bleeding, infection, stroke, and death. However, for many patients, these surgeries can significantly improve their quality of life and longevity.

Mitral valve annuloplasty is a surgical procedure that involves repairing and reinforcing the mitral valve in the heart, which helps control blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle. The procedure typically aims to reduce the size of the mitral valve's dilated or stretched opening (annulus) by implanting a prosthetic ring or band around it. This reinforcement helps restore normal valve function, preventing regurgitation or backflow of blood into the atrium during heart contractions.

The procedure is often performed to treat mitral valve regurgitation, which can be caused by various factors such as age-related degenerative changes, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, or congenital abnormalities. Mitral valve annuloplasty may be done alone or in combination with other cardiac surgeries like mitral valve replacement or repair of the valve leaflets.

A heart valve prosthesis is a medical device that is implanted in the heart to replace a damaged or malfunctioning heart valve. The prosthetic valve can be made of biological tissue (such as from a pig or cow) or artificial materials (such as carbon or polyester). Its function is to allow for the proper directional flow of blood through the heart, opening and closing with each heartbeat to prevent backflow of blood.

There are several types of heart valve prostheses, including:

1. Mechanical valves: These are made entirely of artificial materials and have a longer lifespan than biological valves. However, they require the patient to take blood-thinning medication for the rest of their life to prevent blood clots from forming on the valve.
2. Bioprosthetic valves: These are made of biological tissue and typically last 10-15 years before needing replacement. They do not require the patient to take blood-thinning medication, but there is a higher risk of reoperation due to degeneration of the tissue over time.
3. Homografts or allografts: These are human heart valves that have been donated and preserved for transplantation. They have similar longevity to bioprosthetic valves and do not require blood-thinning medication.
4. Autografts: In this case, the patient's own pulmonary valve is removed and used to replace the damaged aortic valve. This procedure is called the Ross procedure and has excellent long-term results, but it requires advanced surgical skills and is not widely available.

The choice of heart valve prosthesis depends on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health, lifestyle, and personal preferences.

The chordae tendineae are cord-like tendons that attach the heart's papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves in the heart. They play a crucial role in preventing the backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. The chordae tendineae ensure that the cusps of the atrioventricular valves close properly and maintain their shape during the cardiac cycle. Damage to these tendons can result in heart conditions such as mitral or tricuspid valve regurgitation.

Aortic valve stenosis is a cardiac condition characterized by the narrowing or stiffening of the aortic valve, which separates the left ventricle (the heart's main pumping chamber) from the aorta (the large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body). This narrowing or stiffening prevents the aortic valve from opening fully, resulting in reduced blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and the rest of the body.

The narrowing can be caused by several factors, including congenital heart defects, calcification (hardening) of the aortic valve due to aging, or scarring of the valve due to rheumatic fever or other inflammatory conditions. As a result, the left ventricle must work harder to pump blood through the narrowed valve, which can lead to thickening and enlargement of the left ventricular muscle (left ventricular hypertrophy).

Symptoms of aortic valve stenosis may include chest pain or tightness, shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness or fainting, and heart palpitations. Severe aortic valve stenosis can lead to serious complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, or even sudden cardiac death. Treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms, lifestyle changes, or surgical intervention such as aortic valve replacement.

Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of certain hormones, primarily cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol helps regulate metabolism, respond to stress, and suppress inflammation, while aldosterone helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body to maintain blood pressure.

Primary adrenal insufficiency, also known as Addison's disease, occurs when there is damage to the adrenal glands themselves, often due to autoimmune disorders, infections, or certain medications. Secondary adrenal insufficiency occurs when the pituitary gland fails to produce enough adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.

Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, low blood pressure, dizziness, and darkening of the skin. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing hormones with medications taken orally or by injection.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

The tricuspid valve is the heart valve that separates the right atrium and the right ventricle in the human heart. It is called "tricuspid" because it has three leaflets or cusps, which are also referred to as flaps or segments. These cusps are named anterior, posterior, and septal. The tricuspid valve's function is to prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricle into the atrium during systole, ensuring unidirectional flow of blood through the heart.

A bioprosthesis is a type of medical implant that is made from biological materials, such as heart valves or tendons taken from animals (xenografts) or humans (allografts). These materials are processed and sterilized to be used in surgical procedures to replace damaged or diseased tissues in the body.

Bioprosthetic implants are often used in cardiac surgery, such as heart valve replacement, because they are less likely to cause an immune response than synthetic materials. However, they may have a limited lifespan due to calcification and degeneration of the biological tissue over time. Therefore, bioprosthetic implants may need to be replaced after several years.

Bioprostheses can also be used in other types of surgical procedures, such as ligament or tendon repair, where natural tissue is needed to restore function and mobility. These prostheses are designed to mimic the properties of native tissues and provide a more physiological solution than synthetic materials.

The pulmonary valve, also known as the pulmonic valve, is a semilunar valve located at the exit of the right ventricle of the heart and the beginning of the pulmonary artery. It has three cusps or leaflets that prevent the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during ventricular diastole, ensuring unidirectional flow of blood towards the lungs for oxygenation.

Venous insufficiency is a medical condition that occurs when the veins, particularly in the legs, have difficulty returning blood back to the heart due to impaired valve function or obstruction in the vein. This results in blood pooling in the veins, leading to symptoms such as varicose veins, swelling, skin changes, and ulcers. Prolonged venous insufficiency can cause chronic pain and affect the quality of life if left untreated.

Renal insufficiency, also known as kidney failure, is a medical condition in which the kidneys are unable to properly filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood. This results in a buildup of these substances in the body, which can cause a variety of symptoms such as weakness, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. Renal insufficiency can be acute, meaning it comes on suddenly, or chronic, meaning it develops over time. It is typically diagnosed through blood tests, urine tests, and imaging studies. Treatment may include medications to control symptoms, dietary changes, and in severe cases, dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a type of echocardiogram, which is a medical test that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart. In TEE, a special probe containing a transducer is passed down the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach) to obtain views of the heart from behind. This allows for more detailed images of the heart structures and function compared to a standard echocardiogram, which uses a probe placed on the chest. TEE is often used in patients with poor image quality from a standard echocardiogram or when more detailed images are needed to diagnose or monitor certain heart conditions. It is typically performed by a trained cardiologist or sonographer under the direction of a cardiologist.

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is defined as a chronic heart condition caused by damage to the heart valves due to untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal throat infection (strep throat). The immune system's response to this infection can mistakenly attack and damage the heart tissue, leading to inflammation and scarring of the heart valves. This damage can result in narrowing, leakage, or abnormal functioning of the heart valves, which can further lead to complications such as heart failure, stroke, or infective endocarditis.

RHD is a preventable and treatable condition if detected early and managed effectively. It primarily affects children and young adults in developing countries where access to healthcare and antibiotics for strep throat infections may be limited. Long-term management of RHD typically involves medications, regular monitoring, and sometimes surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.

During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.

There are several types of echocardiograms, including:

* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.

Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a condition characterized by the reduced ability to digest and absorb nutrients due to a lack of digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine glands in the pancreas. These enzymes, including lipases, amylases, and proteases, are necessary for breaking down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in food during the digestion process.

When EPI occurs, undigested food passes through the gastrointestinal tract, leading to malabsorption of nutrients, which can result in various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, weight loss, and steatorrhea (fatty stools). EPI is often associated with chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, or other conditions that damage the exocrine glands in the pancreas.

EPI can be diagnosed through various tests, including fecal elastase testing, fecal fat quantification, and imaging studies to assess the structure and function of the pancreas. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing enzymes with oral supplements taken with meals and snacks to improve digestion and absorption of nutrients. In addition, dietary modifications and management of underlying conditions are essential for optimal outcomes.

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is a type of cardiac ultrasound that uses advanced technologies to create a real-time, detailed 3D image of the heart. This imaging technique provides a more comprehensive view of the heart's structure and function compared to traditional 2D echocardiography. By visualizing the heart from multiple angles, 3DE can help physicians better assess complex cardiac conditions, plan treatments, and monitor their effectiveness.

In a 3DE examination, a transducer (a handheld device that emits and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest to capture ultrasound data. This data is then processed by specialized software to create a 3D model of the heart. The procedure is non-invasive and typically takes less than an hour to complete.

Three-dimensional echocardiography has several clinical applications, including:

1. Evaluation of cardiac morphology and function in congenital heart disease
2. Assessment of valvular structure and function, such as mitral or aortic valve regurgitation or stenosis
3. Guidance during interventional procedures like transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
4. Quantification of left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, and mass
5. Assessment of right ventricular size and function
6. Detection and monitoring of cardiac tumors or other masses
7. Pre-surgical planning for complex heart surgeries

Overall, 3DE offers a more accurate and detailed view of the heart, allowing healthcare providers to make informed decisions about patient care and improve outcomes.

Cardiac valve annuloplasty is a surgical procedure that involves repairing and reinforcing the ring-like structure (annulus) surrounding the heart valves, primarily the mitral or tricuspid valves. This procedure is often performed to correct valve leaks or regurgitation caused by various conditions such as valve disease or dilated cardiomyopathy.

During the annuloplasty procedure, the surgeon typically uses an artificial ring-like device (annuloplasty ring) made of fabric, metal, or a combination of both to reshape and stabilize the damaged annulus. The ring is sewn in place, reducing the size of the valve opening and helping the valve leaflets to coapt properly, thereby preventing valve leaks and improving heart function.

Annuloplasty can be performed as a standalone procedure or in combination with other cardiac surgeries such as valve replacement or repair. The specific technique and approach may vary depending on the individual patient's needs and the surgeon's preference.

Placental insufficiency is a condition in which the placenta does not provide adequate nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus. This can occur due to various reasons, such as poor placental development, damage to the placenta, or problems with the blood flow to the placenta. As a result, the fetus may receive less oxygen and nutrients than it needs for proper growth and development, which can lead to a range of complications, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental delays.

The medical definition of placental insufficiency is: "a condition in which the placenta fails to provide adequate support to the developing fetus, resulting in impaired fetal growth and development." This condition can be diagnosed through various tests, such as ultrasound, fetal monitoring, and blood tests, and may require close monitoring and management throughout pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

Phonocardiography is a non-invasive medical procedure that involves the graphical representation and analysis of sounds produced by the heart. It uses a device called a phonocardiograph to record these sounds, which are then displayed as waveforms on a screen. The procedure is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic techniques, such as electrocardiography (ECG), to help diagnose various heart conditions, including valvular heart disease and heart murmurs.

During the procedure, a specialized microphone called a phonendoscope is placed on the chest wall over the area of the heart. The microphone picks up the sounds generated by the heart's movements, such as the closing and opening of the heart valves, and transmits them to the phonocardiograph. The phonocardiograph then converts these sounds into a visual representation, which can be analyzed for any abnormalities or irregularities in the heart's function.

Phonocardiography is a valuable tool for healthcare professionals, as it can provide important insights into the health and functioning of the heart. By analyzing the waveforms produced during phonocardiography, doctors can identify any potential issues with the heart's valves or other structures, which may require further investigation or treatment. Overall, phonocardiography is an essential component of modern cardiac diagnostics, helping to ensure that patients receive accurate and timely diagnoses for their heart conditions.

Bacterial endocarditis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and infection of the inner layer of the heart, known as the endocardium. This infection typically occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and attach themselves to damaged or abnormal heart valves or other parts of the endocardium. The bacteria can then multiply and cause the formation of vegetations, which are clusters of infected tissue that can further damage the heart valves and lead to serious complications such as heart failure, stroke, or even death if left untreated.

Bacterial endocarditis is a relatively uncommon but potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention. Risk factors for developing bacterial endocarditis include pre-existing heart conditions such as congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, previous history of endocarditis, or other conditions that damage the heart valves. Intravenous drug use is also a significant risk factor for this condition.

Symptoms of bacterial endocarditis may include fever, chills, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a new or changing heart murmur. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood cultures, and imaging tests such as echocardiography. Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics to eradicate the infection, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Echocardiography, Doppler, color is a type of ultrasound test that uses sound waves to create detailed moving images of the heart and its blood vessels. In this technique, color Doppler is used to visualize the direction and speed of blood flow through the heart and great vessels. The movement of the red blood cells causes a change in frequency of the reflected sound waves (Doppler shift), which can be used to calculate the velocity and direction of the blood flow. By adding color to the Doppler image, it becomes easier for the interpreting physician to understand the complex three-dimensional motion of blood through the heart. This test is often used to diagnose and monitor various heart conditions, including valve disorders, congenital heart defects, and cardiac muscle diseases.

Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart chambers and heart valves, called the endocardium. This inflammation typically results from a bacterial or, less commonly, fungal infection that travels through the bloodstream and attaches to damaged areas of the heart.

There are two main types of endocarditis:

1. Acute Endocarditis: Develops quickly and can be severe, causing fever, chills, shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart murmurs. It may lead to serious complications like heart failure, embolism (blood clots that travel to other parts of the body), and damage to heart valves.

2. Subacute Endocarditis: Develops more slowly, often causing milder symptoms that can be mistaken for a cold or flu. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, weight loss, joint pain, and heart murmurs. Subacute endocarditis is more likely to affect people with previously damaged heart valves or congenital heart conditions.

Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics or antifungal medications, depending on the cause of the infection. In some cases, surgery may be required to repair or replace damaged heart valves. Preventive measures include good oral hygiene and prompt treatment of infections, especially in individuals at a higher risk for endocarditis, such as those with congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, or previous history of endocarditis.

A heart-lung machine, also known as a cardiopulmonary bypass machine, is a medical device that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during certain surgical procedures, such as open-heart surgery. The machine pumps blood through the body, oxygenates it, and removes carbon dioxide, allowing the surgeon to operate on a still and non-functioning heart.

The heart-lung machine consists of several components, including a pump, an oxygenator, a heat exchanger, and monitoring equipment. The pump is used to circulate the blood throughout the body, while the oxygenator adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood. The heat exchanger is used to control the patient's body temperature during surgery.

The use of a heart-lung machine allows for more precise surgical techniques and can reduce the risk of complications during open-heart surgery. However, there are also potential risks associated with its use, including bleeding, stroke, and infection. Therefore, careful monitoring and management of the patient's condition is essential during and after the use of a heart-lung machine.

Aortic valve repair Cardiac surgery Mitral valve insufficiency MitraClip Lewis, Sharon (2015). Medical-Surgical Nursing: ... of the mitral valve. The mitral valve is the "inflow valve" for the left side of the heart. Blood flows from the lungs, where ... For decades after, mitral valve replacement was the only surgical option for patients with a severely diseased mitral valve. ... Occasionally, the mitral valve is abnormal from birth (congenital). More often the mitral valve becomes abnormal with age ( ...
1991). "[Mitral valve aneurysm associated with mitral insufficiency in absence of aortic insufficiency]". Arq. Bras. Cardiol. ...
Congenital quadricuspid aortic valve associated with aortic insufficiency and mitral regurgitation. Journal of Cardiothoracic ... and aortic valve replacement, usually with a synthetic valve. Quadricuspid aortic valves are very rare cardiac valvular ... A short-axis ultrasound of the aortic valve allows for the best view of the aortic valve, and gives a clear indication of the ... Tutarel, O. (2004). The quadricuspid aortic valve: a comprehensive review. The Journal of Heart Valve Disease, 13(4), 534-537. ...
Mitral valve insufficiency can lead to eccentric (volume dependent or dilated) hypertrophy and eventually left heart failure if ... mitral valve prolapse (into the left atrium) and insufficiency. This chronic prolapse occurs mainly in women over the age of 60 ... An excess of dermatan sulfate in the mitral valve is characteristic of myxomatous degeneration of the leaflets leading to ... heart valves, tendons, and lungs. It is also referred to as chondroitin sulfate B, although it is no longer classified as a ...
... leaflets or mitral valve prolapse will cause the valve significantly leak during closure known as mitral valve insufficiency. ... Parachute mitral valve (or PMV) is a rare congenital heart disease where the mitral valve only has a single papillary muscle ... Themes, U. F. O. (2018-12-25). "Mitral Valve Repair for Congenital Mitral Valve Disease in the Adult". Thoracic Key. Retrieved ... there is a restriction of the inflow of blood to mitral valve annulus and subannulus causing a narrowing known as mitral ...
Aortic valve diseases like aortic stenosis and insufficiency also increase the afterload, whereas mitral valve regurgitation ... Mitral regurgitation (MR) occurs when the mitral valve fails to close completely, causing blood to flow back into the left ... Aortic insufficiency (AI) is a condition in which the aortic valve fails to close completely at the end of systolic ejection, ... The constant backflow of blood through the leaky mitral valve implies that there is no true phase of isovolumic contraction. ...
... heart disease Aortic insufficiency Mitral stenosis Tricuspid valve stenosis Pulmonary valve stenosis Mitral insufficiency/ ... regurgitation Tricuspid insufficiency/regurgitation Pulmonary insufficiency/regurgitation See also Category:Vascular surgery ...
... tricuspid valve insufficiency, and mitral valve stenosis. Contrary, those with Tbx2 gene deletion have presented with pulmonary ... Cardiac development is heavily regulated and requires the development of the four cardiac chambers, septum, and various valve ...
... tricuspid valve prolapse, mitral and tricuspid insufficiency, hyperactivity, intellectual disability, low birth weight and ...
... tricuspid regurgitation from percutaneous treatment is better tolerated than the insufficiency occurring during mitral ... Tricuspid valve stenosis is a valvular heart disease that narrows the opening of the heart's tricuspid valve. It is a ... Echocardiography Tricuspid valve "Problem: Tricuspid Valve Stenosis". www.heart.org. Retrieved 2017-10-31. Ing, Frank; Sullivan ... Tricuspid valve stenosis itself usually does not require treatment. If stenosis is mild, monitoring the condition closely ...
Diseases of mitral valve 394.0 Mitral stenosis 394.1 Rheumatic mitral insufficiency 394.2 Mitral stenosis with insufficiency ... 395.2 Rheumatic aortic stenosis with insufficiency 395.9 Other and unspecified 396 Diseases of mitral and aortic valves 397 ... 394.9 Other and unspecified 395 Diseases of aortic valve 395.0 Rheumatic aortic stenosis 395.1 Rheumatic aortic insufficiency ... Diseases of other endocardial structures 397.0 Diseases of tricuspid valve 397.1 Rheumatic diseases of pulmonary valve 397.9 ...
... valve 746.4 Congenital insufficiency of aortic valve 746.5 Congenital mitral stenosis 746.6 Congenital mitral insufficiency ...
A valve prolapse can result in mitral insufficiency, which is the regurgitation or backflow of blood due to the incomplete ... across the mitral valve. This early filling across the mitral valve is seen on doppler echocardiography of the mitral valve as ... or the mitral valve may be narrowed (mitral stenosis). Rheumatic heart disease often affects the mitral valve; the valve may ... The heart valves are all one-way valves allowing blood flow in just one direction. The mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are ...
Valvular insufficiencies, particularly of mitral or tricuspid valves, are often observed in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease ... There is also late-onset aortic or mitral insufficiency caused by thickening or deformation of fibrosed valves, with the timing ... delayed aortic and mitral insufficiency secondary to active valvulitis". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 7 (4): ... March 1996). "Aortic valve replacement for aortic regurgitation due to Kawasaki disease. Report of two cases". The Journal of ...
Mitral valve disease, also known as mitral regurgitation or mitral insufficiency Marburg virus disease, a disease of humans and ...
This insufficiency can affect any of the valves as in aortic insufficiency, mitral insufficiency, pulmonary insufficiency and ... Mitral Valve Repair at The Mount Sinai Hospital - "Mitral Valve Anatomy" 3D, animated, rotatable heart valves (Rich media ... valve Mitral Valve Prolapse murmur Heart sounds of a 16 year old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral ... The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve because it contains two leaflets or cusps. The mitral valve gets its name ...
... options exist for medical treatment in both mitral insufficiency and mitral valve stenosis, although they won't cure the ... mitral valve regurgitation) The valve is narrowed and doesn't open properly (mitral valve stenosis) Causes of mitral valve ... transcatheter mitral valve replacement involves wedging a new valve into the site of the existing valve. The replacement valve ... Mitral valve replacement is a procedure whereby the diseased mitral valve of a patient's heart is replaced by either a ...
... owing to insufficiency of the mitral valve; it may be acute or chronic, and is usually due to mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic ... or through the mitral valve to the atrium due to mitral insufficiency. It is measured as the amount of blood regurgitated into ... of the heart valves); for example, aortic valve insufficiency causes regurgitation through that valve, called aortic ... owing to insufficiency of the aortic semilunar valve; it may be chronic or acute. Mitral regurgitation: the backflow of blood ...
Most of the time this is the right coronary artery.[citation needed] The papillary muscles attach the mitral valve (the valve ... insufficiency of oxygen-rich blood). On the other hand, the posteromedial papillary muscle is usually supplied only by the PDA ... If the papillary muscles are not functioning properly, the mitral valve may leak during contraction of the left ventricle. This ... There are three aortic sinuses (dilations) in the wall of the aorta just superior to the aortic semilunar valve. Two of these, ...
... tricuspid valve prolapse MeSH C14.280.484.461 - mitral valve insufficiency MeSH C14.280.484.517 - mitral valve stenosis MeSH ... heart valve prolapse MeSH C14.280.484.400.100 - aortic valve prolapse MeSH C14.280.484.400.500 - mitral valve prolapse MeSH ... pulmonary valve insufficiency MeSH C14.280.484.716 - pulmonary valve stenosis MeSH C14.280.484.716.525 - leopard syndrome MeSH ... tricuspid valve insufficiency MeSH C14.280.484.911 - tricuspid valve stenosis MeSH C14.280.647.250 - coronary disease MeSH ...
Mitral Valve Prolapse murmur Heart sounds of a 16-year-old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. ... Mitral stenosis is uncommon and not as age-dependent as other types of valvular disease. Mitral insufficiency can be caused by ... Severe mitral stenosis is defined as a mitral valve area 50%, while progressive mitral regurgitation has an RF of 40%. Surgical ... of cases rheumatic heart disease involves only the mitral valve, while 25% of cases involve both the aortic and mitral valves. ...
With an extra pathway for blood flow through the mitral valve, the left ventricle does not have to work as hard to eject its ... Aortic insufficiency (Aortic Regurgitation) increases afterload, because a percentage of the blood that ejects forward ... regurgitant blood flows backwards/retrograde back and forth through a diseased and leaking mitral valve. The remaining blood ... For instance, if the blood pressure is 120/80, and the aortic valve stenosis creates a trans-valvular gradient of 30 mmHg, the ...
This can cause severe mitral insufficiency. Parachute mitral valve occurs when all the chordae tendineae of the mitral valve ... This causes mitral valve stenosis at an early age. It is a rare congenital heart defect. Although it often causes mitral ... are inelastic cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve ... "Parachute mitral valve , Radiology Reference Article , Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia. Boutsikou, Maria; Li, Wei (2018-01-01), ...
During open heart surgery for another issue (e.g. mitral valve), fixing the tricuspid valve may be considered, but medical ... Tricuspid regurgitation (TR), also called tricuspid insufficiency, is a type of valvular heart disease in which the tricuspid ... In cases of severe organic lesions of the valve, such as endocarditis, the valve may be excised. Tricuspid valve replacement ... "Tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular function after mitral valve surgery with or without concomitant tricuspid valve ...
Mitral regurgitation / mitral insufficiency - Deficiency of the mitral valve that permits regurgitation from the left ventricle ... Mitral valve - Disorders and treatments of the mitral valve that separates the left atrium and left ventricle. Mitral valve ... Mitral valve repair - Repair, instead of replacement, of the mitral valve. Mitral valvuloplasty - Repair of the valve by using ... Mitral stenosis - Narrowing of the mitral valve opening that reduces blood flow through the valve. Mitral valve replacement - ...
Mitral valve prolapse murmur Heart sounds of a 16-year-old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. ... Abnormal murmurs may also occur with valvular insufficiency (regurgitation), which allows backflow of blood when the ... It is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves (the aortic valve and pulmonary valve) at the end of ventricular systole ... mitral valve closure) and T1 (tricuspid valve closure). Normally M1 precedes T1 slightly. It is caused by the closure of the ...
"Aortic valve replacement - Why it's done - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2016. "Aortic insufficiency: MedlinePlus ... S1 is soft because the elevated filling pressures close the mitral valve in diastole.[medical citation needed] Chronic aortic ... Aortic regurgitation (AR), also known as aortic insufficiency (AI), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes ... Aortic valve regurgitation vs aortic valve stenosis Phonocardiograms from normal and abnormal heart sounds The physical ...
... also known as mitral insufficiency or mitral incompetence, is a form of valvular heart disease in which the mitral valve is ... mitral valve replacement and mitral valve repair. Mitral valve repair is preferred to mitral valve replacement where a repair ... Mitral Valve Prolapse murmur at mitral area Heart sounds of a 16-year-old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral ... The mitral valve apparatus comprises two valve leaflets, the mitral annulus, which forms a ring around the valve leaflets, and ...
Myocarditis Mitral valve prolapse syndrome: Those affected are usually slim females presented with chest pain which is sharp in ... On examination, murmur of aortic insufficiency can be heard with unequal radial pulses. Pericarditis: This condition can be the ... Aortic stenosis: This condition happens when the person has underlying congenital bicuspid valve, aortic sclerosis, or history ...
Soffer has published the Patient's Guide to Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome. He has also published the Mediterranean Diet Book. ... "The Importance of Differentiating Leg Edema from Venous Insufficiency versus that of Congestive Heart Failure". www. ... His published papers include research on mitral valve prolapse. He has also published in Vein Therapy News. Assistant Professor ... "Psychiatric and medical co-morbidity in mitral valve prolapse". Ir J Psychol Med. 19 (1): 16-20. doi:10.1017/S0790966700006790 ...
... occurs when the mitral valve allows reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle (LV) to the left atrium. The presentation of ... mitral regurgitation varies and largely depends on etiology, severity, and rate of onset. ... Pediatric Mitral Regurgitation (Mitral Valve Insufficiency) * Sections Pediatric Mitral Regurgitation (Mitral Valve ... Mitral Valve Insufficiency)) and Pediatric Mitral Regurgitation (Mitral Valve Insufficiency) What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Patients suffering mitral valve disease are increasingly turning to their medical practitioners for advice regarding this ... Abstract Minimally invasive mitral valve repair (MIMVR) is a relatively new alternative to median sternotomy for valvular heart ... Minimally invasive mitral valve repair: A new surgical option for mitral insufficiency. Eamon Raith Thursday, April 22nd, 2010 ... Long-shafted instruments in use during mitral valve repair. Abstract. Minimally invasive mitral valve repair (MIMVR) is a ...
Mitral Valve Insufficiency/ Regurgitation. 8. 8. Mitral Regurgitation. 7. 7. Hemolytic Anemia. 7. 7. ...
Mitral Valve Insufficiency/ Regurgitation. 5. 5. Pseudoaneurysm. 5. 5. Heart Block. 4. 4. ...
Keywords : coronary artery disease, Humans, Mitral Valve, Mitral Valve Insufficiency, Myocardial Ischemia ... Abstract : Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a frequent complication of left ventricular (LV) global or regional ... IMR is defined as mitral regurgitation caused by chronic changes of LV structure and function due to ischemic heart disease and ... It is not a valve disease but represents the valvular consequences of increased tethering forces and reduced closing forces. ...
Mitral valve insufficiency. * Nephritis. * Osteomyelitis. * Pneumonia. * Acute rheumatic fever (ARF). * Rheumatic heart disease ...
TMVR with the Tendyne valve was associated with encouraging acute outcomes, midterm durability, and clinical improvement. ... Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation* / instrumentation * Heart Valve Prosthesis* * Humans * Male * Mitral Valve Insufficiency ... Early outcomes of transcatheter mitral valve replacement with the Tendyne system in severe mitral annular calcification ... The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) with the Tendyne valve ( ...
... resulting in aortic valve insufficiency. Mitral valve insufficiency rarely occurs. Fibrosis of the conduction system may result ... This may result in renal dysfunction with proteinuria and renal insufficiency or failure. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy ...
Aortic valve repair Cardiac surgery Mitral valve insufficiency MitraClip Lewis, Sharon (2015). Medical-Surgical Nursing: ... of the mitral valve. The mitral valve is the "inflow valve" for the left side of the heart. Blood flows from the lungs, where ... For decades after, mitral valve replacement was the only surgical option for patients with a severely diseased mitral valve. ... Occasionally, the mitral valve is abnormal from birth (congenital). More often the mitral valve becomes abnormal with age ( ...
Congenital Mitral Valve Insufficiency ... Valve Repair or Replacement (Aortic, Mitral, Tricuspid, and ... View other providers who treat Valve Repair or Replacement (Aortic, Mitral, Tricuspid, and Pulmonary) ... Valve Repair or Replacement (Aortic, Mitral, Tricuspid, and Pulmonary) ... View other providers who treat Heart Valvuloplasty of Mitral Valve Without Replacement ...
In 2009, she was hospitalized because of heart failure caused by mitral valve insufficiency, possibly resulting from chordal ... Transesophageal echocardiography revealed an insufficiency of the mitral valve repair. An echocardiogram was not performed ... In October 2010, mitral valve repair, a coronary bypass, and atrial septal defect closure were performed. The patient was ... In 2004, aortic valve stenosis of a tricuspid valve was diagnosed in a 73-year-old man. Additional medical history included ...
Echo showed severe mitral insufficiency with mitral valve leaflet restriction. Finally, MRI showed a large area of nonviable ... First, all stitches were put in the mitral valve prosthesis and then around the mitral valve annulus. There was a nice exposure ... and mitral valve replacement was performed with the preservation of both mitral valve leaflets. ... The surgeons decided the mitral valve wasnt suitable to repair. The anterior leaflet was divided in the A2 segment, ...
... and determine whether taurine concentrations differ across preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) stages or between ... Prevalence of mitral valve insufficiency in cavalier King Charles spaniels. Vet Rec. 1992;130:302-303. doi:10.1136/vr.130.14. ... Prevalence of mitral valve insufficiency in cavalier King Charles spaniels. Vet Rec. 1992;130:302-303. doi:10.1136/vr.130.14. ... Prevalence of mitral valve insufficiency in cavalier King Charles spaniels. Vet Rec. 1992;130:302-303. doi:10.1136/vr.130.14. ...
Heart Disease - Mitral Valve insufficiency has been confirmed in the Havanese breed. ...
Congenital Mitral Valve Insufficiency ... View other providers who treat Mitral and Aortic Valve Disorder ...
Explore the pathogenic potential of group G streptococci in spondylodiscitis and native valve endocarditis. ... echocardiography revealed a nodule of increased echogenicity in the mitral valve and aortic valvular insufficiency. Six days ... Infective endocarditis (IE) occurs in older group who has prosthetic valves or structural heart diseases. Few of them have ... Until this report, there has been no previous report of spondylodiscitis and native valve endocarditis due to G group ...
Mitral Valve Insufficiency (MVI) Heart & Blood Pressure Health. *Hemangiosarcoma Heart & Blood Pressure Health ...
Mitral Valve Insufficiency / diagnostic imaging* * Mitral Valve Insufficiency / epidemiology * Mitral Valve Insufficiency / ... 13 mm2 for ischemic/functional mitral regurgitation (50 patients) and 41 +/- 32 mm2 for organic mitral regurgitation (82 ... Effective regurgitant orifice area in surgically determined moderate and severe lesions was markedly different in mitral ... Aortic Valve Insufficiency / diagnostic imaging* * Aortic Valve Insufficiency / epidemiology * Aortic Valve Insufficiency / ...
Mitral Valve. 2. 2011. 45. 0.190. Why? Mitral Valve Insufficiency. 2. 2011 ...
Evaluation of cough in dogs with mitral valve insufficiency. The Compendium.1994; 16: 1547-1552 ... S1 is caused by closure of the mitral (M1) and tricuspid (T1) valves. It is a high frequency sound heard best with the ... Ventricular systole follows closure of mitral and tricuspid valves (related to the 1st heart sound, S1). When ventricular ... Diastolic murmurs associated with aortic/pulmonary insufficiency are heard over the related valve regions. Continuous (" ...
... and Three-Dimensional Assessment of the Mitral Valve by Novices and Experts, Illustrated Using Anterior Mitral Valve Leaflet ... and Three-Dimensional Assessment of the Mitral Valve by Novices and Experts, Illustrated Using Anterior Mitral Valve Leaflet ... and Three-Dimensional Assessment of the Mitral Valve by Novices and Experts, Illustrated Using Anterior Mitral Valve Leaflet ... and Three-Dimensional Assessment of the Mitral Valve by Novices and Experts, Illustrated Using Anterior Mitral Valve Leaflet ...
Two children had a remaining mild PH with moderate mitral valve insufficiency. All three children with bad outcome had combined ... Two children had a remaining mild PH with moderate mitral valve insufficiency. All three children with bad outcome had combined ...
Heart with Mitral Valve Insufficiency. Image. Normal Heart vs. Heart with Mitral Valve Insufficiency ... Includes labels for right atrium/ventricle, left atrium/ventricle, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve, and triscuspid ... Structures included are right atrium/ventricle, left atrium/ventricle, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve, and ... Next, three views of the aortic valve compare a normal aortic valve, a bicuspid aortic valve, and a bicuspid aortic valve with ...
CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides information that may help in the development of future treatment for mitral valve ... PROCEDURES Five trained investigators measured 4 aspects of the mitral valve and the fourth thoracic vertebrae (T4) length ... Our hypothesis was that mitral measurement would be possible and consistent among observers using CT. SAMPLE Thoracic CT scans ... Abstract OBJECTIVE To measure the mitral annulus in dogs. ... option for severe mitral valve insufficiency is mitral valve ...
... of valve repair with Carpentiers techniques in nonrheumatic mitral valve insufficiency. Braunberger E, Deloche A, Berrebi A, ... 14) Valve repair versus valve replacement for degenerative mitral valve disease. Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, Nowicki ER, ... Mitral valve repair is often recommended in severe mitral regurgitation however absence of symptoms and episodes of atrial ... Mitral valve (MV) repair is optimal surgical treatment for severe degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR) (1). The ESC ...
Conditions: Mitral Regurgitation, Mitral Insufficiency, Mitral Valve Insufficiency, Cardiovascular Diseases, Valve Disease, ... REvascularization and Valve Intervention for Ischemic Valve diseasE: REVIVE Trial *Conditions: Mitral Valve Insufficiency, ... Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair for Inotrope Dependent Cardiogenic Shock *Conditions:Cardiogenic Shock, Mitral Regurgitation ... Watchman for Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair (WATCH-TMVR) *Conditions: ...
Valve Heart Disease Training Video is designed to provide an introduction to the Doppler evaluation of commonly seen mitral ... Perform routine Doppler measurements and apply the Doppler criteria for grading mitral valve stenosis and insufficiency ... Doppler Evaluation of Mitral Valve Heart Disease Training Video is designed to provide an introduction to the Doppler ... Identify common pathology for mitral valve disease.. *Recognize cardiology pathology and correlate the two dimensional and ...
Mitral regurgitation after previous aortic valve surgery for bicuspid aortic valve insufficiency ... conventional sternotomy mitral valve surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abdullah, AL OTAIBI, Saurabh GUPTA, Emilie ... The geometrical effect of different annuloplasty rings on mitral valve annulus. Sameer, AL-MAISARY, Bastian GRASER, Sandy ... A comparison between surgical risk scores for predicting outcome in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation ...
Cardiac evaluation - mitral valve prolapse, aortic insufficiency, arterial stenosis and other associated cardiac pathologies ... mitral valve insufficiency, or renal artery stenosis. *Treatment of hypercalcemia - diet modification, oral corticosteroids, ...
... aortic insufficiency, and mitral valve regurgitation. ...
  • Mitral valve repair is a cardiac surgery procedure performed by cardiac surgeons to treat stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage) of the mitral valve. (wikipedia.org)
  • The patient was a 12-year-old girl with rheumatic mitral stenosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2004, aortic valve stenosis of a tricuspid valve was diagnosed in a 73-year-old man. (cdc.gov)
  • Because of progressive stenosis, the patient underwent aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthesis in May 2011. (cdc.gov)
  • A 78-year-old man had a medical history of aortic valve stenosis of a tricuspid valve, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and endovascular aneurysm repair in 2005. (cdc.gov)
  • Because the he had progressive aortic valve stenosis, the patient was on a waiting list for elective valve replacement at an academic cardiovascular center. (cdc.gov)
  • Review of the intraoperative management and hemodynamic goals for patients with aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, aortic insufficiency, and mitral valve regurgitation. (asda.org)
  • Rheumatic disease is associated with a thickened valve with reduced mobility and often a mixed picture of stenosis and regurgitation. (health.am)
  • Calcification of the mitral valve is less common than in pure mitral stenosis . (health.am)
  • In acute mitral regurgitation, patients are in sinus rhythm rather than atrial fibrillation and have little or no enlargement of the left atrium, no calcification of the mitral valve, no associated mitral stenosis , and in many cases little left ventricular dilation. (health.am)
  • The most common cardiac cause of massive hemoptysis is mitral stenosis. (accjournal.org)
  • Most often, valvular stenosis or insufficiency. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A 38 year old female with significant osetogensis imperfecta, severe scoliosis and severe myxomatous mitral valve insufficiency from bileaflet prolapse was referred for MitraClip. (siemens-healthineers.com)
  • In developed countries, more common causes of mitral regurgitation include myxomatous degeneration (eg, mitral valve prolapse with or without connective tissue diseases such as Marfan's syndrome), infective endocarditis, and subvalvular dysfunction (due to papillary muscle dysfunction or ruptured chordae tendineae). (health.am)
  • Nonrheumatic mitral regurgitation may develop abruptly, such as with papillary muscle dysfunction following myocardial infarction , valve perforation in infective endocarditis, or ruptured chordae tendineae in mitral valve prolapse. (health.am)
  • Echocardiography revealed mitral valve prolapse and grade IV mitral regurgitation. (accjournal.org)
  • The patient was diagnosed with sporadic primary mitral valve prolapse. (accjournal.org)
  • Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a billowing of mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These changes result in floppy valve leaflets that can balloon back (prolapse) into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Myxomatous degeneration less commonly affects the aortic or tricuspid valve, resulting in aortic or tricuspid prolapse. (msdmanuals.com)
  • MAD is strongly associated with mitral valve prolapse and ventricular arrhythmias. (msdmanuals.com)
  • MR) due to mitral valve prolapse may occur in patients with apparently normal mitral valve leaflets (ie, nonmyxomatous) due to ischemic papillary muscle dysfunction or rheumatic chordal rupture. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This process creates the four major components of the mitral valve, which are the mitral annulus, the mitral leaflets, the chordae tendineae, and the papillary muscles. (medscape.com)
  • The mitral annulus is derived from the fibrous skeleton of the heart, which is discontinuous posteriorly, thus increasing risk for posterior annular dilatation. (medscape.com)
  • The anterior leaflet is one third of the mitral valve and attaches to the mitral annulus, whereas the posterior leaflet attaches to the posterior lateral free wall of the left ventricle (LV). (medscape.com)
  • First, all stitches were put in the mitral valve prosthesis and then around the mitral valve annulus. (ctsnet.org)
  • CT scans of the mitral valve annulus in a normal dog presented in a soft tissue window. (avma.org)
  • Sagittal plane reformed image (B) and transverse plane image (C) used to adjust the reformatting plane as depicted in (A). The oblique red lines represent the reformatting plane used in (A). D, E-Mitral valve annulus measurements acquired in all subjects. (avma.org)
  • RC = Remainder of the circumference of the mitral valve annulus. (avma.org)
  • As demonstrated in this image, the circle tool was used to identify the distance between the mitral leaflets and the mitral annulus. (siemens-healthineers.com)
  • Mitral annular disjunction (MAD) is partial detachment of the mitral annulus from the ventricular myocardium, allowing for hypermobility of the mitral valve. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In chronic mitral regurgitation, depending on the degree of regurgitation, patients may be asymptomatic and may remain so for many years. (medscape.com)
  • Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a frequent complication of left ventricular (LV) global or regional pathological remodeling due to chronic coronary artery disease. (amrita.edu)
  • IMR is defined as mitral regurgitation caused by chronic changes of LV structure and function due to ischemic heart disease and it worsens the prognosis. (amrita.edu)
  • We present cases of chronic Q fever that were not diagnosed until after the patients underwent cardiac valve surgery. (cdc.gov)
  • The diagnosis of chronic Q fever was not made until after the patients had elective cardiac valve surgery for progressive valvular dysfunction. (cdc.gov)
  • Retrospective microbiological examination of a serum sample obtained at the time of the first valve replacement demonstrated a profile consistent with chronic Q fever ( Table ). (cdc.gov)
  • In dogs impingement of the left main stem bronchus by a left atrium enlarged by chronic mitral regurgitation contributes to chronic coughing. (vin.com)
  • The most prevalent type of acquired heart disease, Chronic Valvular Disease (CVD), is also known as mitral regurgitation, mitral valve disease and valvular insufficiency, among other names. (homevet.com)
  • KIRKLAND, WA - Sept. 22, 2021 - Cardiac Dimensions, a leader in the development of innovative, minimally invasive treatment modalities to address heart failure and related cardiovascular conditions, today announced the mention of their Carillon Mitral Contour System in the 2021 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure. (cardiacdimensions.com)
  • In addition, the Carillon Mitral Contour System can now be considered under the new Class IIb 2021 Guidelines for the Management of Valvular Heart Disease recommendations on indications for mitral valve intervention in chronic severe secondary mitral regurgitation. (cardiacdimensions.com)
  • The mitral valve leaflets (anterior and posterior) consist of collagenous fibrosa and spongiosa peripherally and mucoid myxomatous tissue centrally. (medscape.com)
  • The chordae tendineae are a complex network of collagenous cordlike structures that extend from the free edges of the mitral valve leaflets to the papillary muscles. (medscape.com)
  • The techniques of mitral valve repair include inserting a cloth-covered ring around the valve to bring the leaflets into contact with each other (annuloplasty), removal of redundant/loose segments of the leaflets (quadrangular resection), and re-suspension of the leaflets with artificial (Gore-Tex) cords. (wikipedia.org)
  • The anterior leaflet was divided in the A2 segment, and mitral valve replacement was performed with the preservation of both mitral valve leaflets. (ctsnet.org)
  • During left ventricular systole, the mitral leaflets do not close normally, and blood is ejected into the left atrium as well as through the aortic valve. (health.am)
  • The chordae become longer and thinner and the valve leaflets enlarge and become rubbery. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although the pathophysiology resulting from mitral regurgitation (MR) (mitral valve insufficiency) is similar throughout all age groups, the specific cause of mitral regurgitation differs with age. (medscape.com)
  • Cardiac tumors, chiefly left atrial myxoma, are a rare cause of mitral regurgitation. (health.am)
  • Mitral regurgitation (MR) (also known as mitral valve insufficiency) occurs when the mitral valve allows reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle (LV) to the left atrium. (medscape.com)
  • In this case, we dealt with a case of fatal Edward-Duromedics mechanical mitral valve leaflet fracture embolization that had been implanted 20 years ago. (accjournal.org)
  • You can see the opening and closing of the mechanical aortic and the mechanical mitral valve because of the location of the continuous-wave Doppler going through both the aortic prosthesis and the "anterior" prosthesis of the mitral valve. (medscape.com)
  • OBJECTIVES: In this measurement validation study, the authors evaluated agreement between 2-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), measuring anterior mitral valve leaflet length by both novice and experienced echocardiographers. (duke.edu)
  • Recognize cardiology pathology and correlate the two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography findings associated with various types of mitral valve disease. (gcus.com)
  • Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography accurately predicts mitral valve anatomy and suitability for repair. (apil.ca)
  • Severe transvalvular mitral regurgitation and only one valve leaflet was observed in echocardiography. (accjournal.org)
  • However, there are some significant downsides to a prosthetic mitral valve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infective endocarditis (IE) occurs in older group who has prosthetic valves or structural heart diseases. (scirp.org)
  • The vast majority of cardiac surgery units however uncommonly offer the possibility of mitral repair to patients with potentially reparable valves. (escardio.org)
  • The section in the guidelines continues with reference to Cardiac Dimensions' REDUCE FMR trial that was blinded, sham-controlled and randomized, and met its primary endpoint of mitral regurgitant volume reduction with reverse left ventricle remodeling at 12 months. (cardiacdimensions.com)
  • The guidelines go on to reference additional Cardiac Dimensions' studies that confirm the favorable results of the Carillon Mitral Contour System on left atrium volumes and left ventricle remodeling with trends towards improvement in clinical measures, and a reduction in heart failure hospitalizations. (cardiacdimensions.com)
  • Being the only device, other than TEER, mentioned in the 2021 ESC guidelines for the treatment of secondary mitral regurgitation is a testament to our excellent clinical data and the overwhelming need for additional treatment options in the space," said Rick Wypych, Cardiac Dimensions President and Chief Executive Officer. (cardiacdimensions.com)
  • Overview of Cardiac Valvular Disorders Any heart valve can become stenotic or insufficient (also termed regurgitant or incompetent), causing hemodynamic changes long before symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • For decades after, mitral valve replacement was the only surgical option for patients with a severely diseased mitral valve. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the past two decades, some surgeons have embraced surgical techniques to repair the damaged native valve, rather than replace it. (wikipedia.org)
  • The traditional surgical approach to a mitral valve repair is a full or partial sternotomy, in which the surgeon cuts through the breastbone at the center of the chest to access the heart. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitral valve repair is often recommended in severe mitral regurgitation however absence of symptoms and episodes of atrial fibrillation, a preserved left ventricular function and normal pulmonary artery pressure either warrant early repair or watchful waiting depending on 1) the patient's characteristics, 2) surgical risk, 3) likelihood of an effective and durable repair and 4) local expertise. (escardio.org)
  • Mitral valve (MV) repair is optimal surgical treatment for severe degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR) (1). (escardio.org)
  • Early repair, nevertheless, is to be considered only if the surgical risk is very low and the likelihood of a successful valve repair is very high (greater than 90%) (2,3). (escardio.org)
  • 1 Surgical mitral valve (MV) intervention is currently considered the gold standard for treatment of symptomatic patients with severe degenerative MR (DMR). (bmj.com)
  • Identification of MAD can alter the surgical technique used for mitral valve repair. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In acute severe mitral regurgitation, patients may present in heart failure or cardiogenic shock. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment of mitral regurgitation (MR) associated with severe mitral annular calcification (MAC) is challenging due to the high risk of fatal atrioventricular groove disruption and significant paravalvular leak. (nih.gov)
  • In patients with MR and severe MAC, TMVR with the Tendyne valve was associated with encouraging acute outcomes, midterm durability, and clinical improvement. (nih.gov)
  • Echo showed severe mitral insufficiency with mitral valve leaflet restriction. (ctsnet.org)
  • The rationale behind early repair in these instances is to treat severe MR before pathological changes have occurred thus preserving patients in a state of normal ventricular and atrial chambers, normal rhythm (i.e. no persistent or permanent disturbances) and good long-term valve function, the aim being to ultimately ensure a survival rate and quality of life identical to the matched population. (escardio.org)
  • The results of the Cardiovascular Outcomes Assessment of the MitraClip Percutaneous Therapy for Heart Failure Patients with Functional Mitral Regurgitation (COAPT) randomized controlled trial (RCT) and the Multicentre Study of Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair MitraClip Device in Patients with Severe Secondary Mitral Regurgitation (MITRA-FR) RCT have caused controversy and doubt regarding real-world applicability in terms of safety and effectiveness. (medscape.com)
  • Instead, a pre-procedural transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated severe mitral regurgitation. (siemens-healthineers.com)
  • The fracture embolization of a mechanical valve is a very rare but potentially fatal event that can cause acute severe valve regurgitation and subsequent decompensated heart failure. (accjournal.org)
  • Rupture of a degenerate chorda can allow part of the valve leaflet to flail into the atrium, which typically causes severe regurgitation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Review in this article the general indications for mitral repair with a focus on the special considerations to observe in these patients, and a review of the early markers of initial MR decompensation. (escardio.org)
  • The latest guidelines, referring to the Carillon Mitral Contour System, state that other percutaneous mitral valve repair systems, such as indirect annuloplasty, are available for treatment of secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR). (cardiacdimensions.com)
  • Major factors in management of mitral regurgitation include determining when to start therapy and what type of intervention is needed. (medscape.com)
  • Cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs results from left-heart volume overload (mitral regurgitation, endocardiosis) or dilated cardiomyopathy. (vin.com)
  • Defects in the pulmonic or aortic valves, which separate the ventricles from the pulmonary vessels and aorta, respectively, are usually congenital (present at birth) and might not be detectable when the kitten is young. (catpedia.net)
  • Minimally invasive mitral valve repair (MIMVR) is a relatively new alternative to median sternotomy for valvular heart surgery, and has become increasingly appealing due to its improved cosmetic results and more rapid recovery time. (amsj.org)
  • Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery is much more technically demanding and may involve higher risk. (wikipedia.org)
  • Babliak O, Demianenko V, Babliak D, Marchenko A. Concomitant Minimally Invasive CABG with LV Restoration and Mitral Valve Replacement. (ctsnet.org)
  • Prognosis in patients with mitral regurgitation varies with the timing of the presentation and the severity of the associated congenital defects. (medscape.com)
  • Patients suffering mitral valve disease are increasingly turning to their medical practitioners for advice regarding this procedure. (amsj.org)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) with the Tendyne valve (Abbott Structural) in patients with MR and MAC. (nih.gov)
  • In all patients, a valve was implanted with no procedural mortality and successful hospital discharge. (nih.gov)
  • Patients with mechanical heart valves are required to take blood thinners for the rest of their lives, which presents a risk of bleeding complications. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients with mechanical heart valves who use warfarin for anticoagulation have to be on long-term anticoagulation therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • For patients with the most common type of mitral valve disease, termed "degenerative" or "myxomatous" mitral valve disease, repair rates are very high and long term durability is excellent. (wikipedia.org)
  • There has been great debate about timing of surgery in patients with asymptomatic mitral valve regurgitation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In epidemic areas, Q fever screening of valve surgery patients secures early initiation of treatment and can prevent illness and death. (cdc.gov)
  • In all patients with spondylodiscitis, infective endocarditis should be considered, particularly in patients with heart valve disease history, since spondylodiscitis may be the presenting sign of an infective endocarditis. (scirp.org)
  • MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fifty datasets from 44 patients with mitral regurgitation were analyzed by 4 observers (2 novices, 2 experts). (duke.edu)
  • Patients who are asymptomatic and free from mitral regurgitation however, can be the object of either a "wait and see" (watchful waiting) approach or an "early repair" strategy according to the specific factors that we present in this review. (escardio.org)
  • Thus, mitral repair is performed in asymptomatic patients well before the development of symptoms, LV dysfunction, AF or PHT in many referral centers. (escardio.org)
  • Chaque année, des milliers de volontaires, pour la plupart des patients, mais aussi des personnes en bonne santé, participent à nos études. (ottawaheart.ca)
  • The benefits of transcatheter edge-to-edge repair with the MitraClip device (Abbott) in patients with secondary mitral insufficiency have been debated extensively. (medscape.com)
  • COAPT-PAS is a prospective, single-arm, observational study of 5000 consecutive patients with secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR) treated with the MitraClip at 406 US centers participating in the Transcatheter Valve Therapy registry from 2019 to 2020. (medscape.com)
  • Patients in the COAPT-PAS full cohort and the COAPT-like and MITRA-FR-like subgroups achieved a 97.7% MitraClip implant rate, a similar and durable reduction of mitral regurgitation to ≤ 2+ at 1 year (90.7%, 89.7%, and 86.6%, respectively), and a large improvement in quality of life at 1 year. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Device Aids Patients With Secondary Mitral Insufficiency - Medscape - Oct 18, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • Percutaneous transcatheter techniques for the improvement of SMR have broadened the spectrum of patients who may benefit from mitral valve intervention. (cardiacdimensions.com)
  • We've already seen, with the unveiling of the guidelines, more hospitals becoming aware of the Carillon Mitral Contour System as an important option in the treatment of their patients. (cardiacdimensions.com)
  • This systematic review aimed to assess the prognostic value of LV-GLS in patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) to define its clinical applicability. (mssm.edu)
  • In patients with mitral valve insufficiency and altered pressure conditions the interplay of these parameters changes. (fraunhofer.de)
  • Objectives Differences in terms of safety and efficacy of percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral repair between patients with functional and degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR) are not well established. (bmj.com)
  • More often the mitral valve becomes abnormal with age (degenerative) or as a result of rheumatic fever. (wikipedia.org)
  • Few of them have underlying rheumatic valve disease. (scirp.org)
  • Bothe W , Miller DC , Doenst T , Surgery C . Sizing for mitral annuloplasty: where does science stop and voodoo begin? (avma.org)
  • In rare instances the mitral valve can be destroyed by infection or a bacterial endocarditis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The removed valve had no macroscopic signs of endocarditis, so neither microbiological nor pathological examination was requested. (cdc.gov)
  • The native valve was not further examined because there were no macroscopic signs of endocarditis. (cdc.gov)
  • The present case illustrates the pathogenic potential of group G streptococci in spondylodiscitis and native valve endocarditis. (scirp.org)
  • Staphylococcus aureus and viridans streptococci are the most common causes of native valve infective endocarditis. (scirp.org)
  • Until this report, there has been no previous report of spondylodiscitis and native valve endocarditis due to G group Streptococcus in the literature. (scirp.org)
  • Mitral regurgitation may predispose to infective endocarditis. (health.am)
  • During atrial contraction, annular contraction begins, effectively decreasing the circumference of the mitral valve by 20%-30% throughout systole. (medscape.com)
  • Her main therapeutic experience is in cardiology with special focus on interventional cardiology to treat coronary artery diseases, mitral valve insufficiencies or atrial fibrillations. (xtalks.com)
  • Mitral regurgitation leads to left atrial enlargement and may cause subsequent atrial fibrillation. (health.am)
  • It is not a valve disease but represents the valvular consequences of increased tethering forces and reduced closing forces. (amrita.edu)
  • Mitral regurgitation may also occur as a result of ischemic heart disease (coronary artery disease) or non-ischemic heart disease (dilated cardiomyopathy). (wikipedia.org)
  • in some, the state of valve disease is too advanced and replacement is necessary. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scatterplot depicting plasma (A) and whole blood (B) taurine concentrations for Cavalier King Charles Spaniels grouped based on myxomatous mitral valve disease stage. (avma.org)
  • Heart Disease - Mitral Valve insufficiency has been confirmed in the Havanese breed. (canadasguidetodogs.com)
  • Doppler Evaluation of Mitral Valve Heart Disease Training Video is designed to provide an introduction to the Doppler evaluation of commonly seen mitral valvular heart disease. (gcus.com)
  • Identify common pathology for mitral valve disease. (gcus.com)
  • Given the newly introduced option of "other percutaneous therapies" in the valvular disease guidelines and being the only non-TEER device mentioned in the heart failure guidelines, the Carillon Mitral Contour System can now be considered the only other non-TEER Class IIb option in the treatment of SMR. (cardiacdimensions.com)
  • By far the most common type of heart disease seen in cats, aside from that caused by heartworms, is mitral insufficiency, which involves the heart valve separating the left atrium from the left ventricle. (catpedia.net)
  • Mitral insufficiency can result from normal wear and tear associated with age, or-more importantly-it can appear secondary to other diseases, namely, periodontal disease. (catpedia.net)
  • Disease of the tricuspid valve, which separates the right chambers of the heart, can occur secondary to age or infection and can interfere with the normal return of blood to the heart from the body. (catpedia.net)
  • Mitral regurgitation (MR) affects about 10% of people aged more than 75 years and is the second most common valve disease requiring surgery in Europe. (bmj.com)
  • It aims to improve quality of life and survival for people with heart valve disease through timely diagnosis and appropriate intervention. (bvsalud.org)
  • In myxomatous degeneration, the fibrous collagen layer of the valve thins and mucoid (myxomatous) material accumulates. (msdmanuals.com)
  • I'm very pleased to see the Carillon Mitral Contour System mentioned in the 2021 ESC heart failure guidelines," commented Professor Dr. Horst Sievert, Director of the Cardiovascular Center in Frankfurt and the Director of Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Vascular Medicine of the Sankt-Katharinen-Hospital. (cardiacdimensions.com)
  • And even more exciting is to have the allowance for other transcatheter valve therapy in the 2021 ESC valve guidelines with the Carillon device the only other device mentioned for use. (cardiacdimensions.com)
  • Today, we can consider secondary mitral insufficiency correction with MitraClip a recommended course of action. (medscape.com)
  • The presentation of mitral regurgitation varies and largely depends on its etiology, severity, and rate of onset. (medscape.com)
  • Normal blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle (LV) and, subsequently, to the systemic circulation, is altered in mitral regurgitation. (medscape.com)
  • After the left atrium fills with blood, the mitral valve allows blood to flow from the left atrium into the heart's main pumping chamber called the left ventricle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. (bvsalud.org)
  • If this valve becomes diseased and fails to close properly when it is supposed to, blood is allowed to flow back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts. (catpedia.net)
  • The mitral valve is the "inflow valve" for the left side of the heart. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mitral inflow velocity was slightly more than 2 m/s. (medscape.com)
  • The artificial mitral valve has an elevated risk of stroke. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infection of the valve can occur, which is dangerous and difficult to treat. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although their frequency is much less, diseases involving the other valves in the heart can nevertheless occur. (catpedia.net)
  • However, leaflet fracture embolizations related to mechanical failure may occur in the specific mechanical valve brands associated with the subjects own structural fragilities. (accjournal.org)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Differences in Two- and Three-Dimensional Assessment of the Mitral Valve by Novices and Experts, Illustrated Using Anterior Mitral Valve Leaflet Length. (duke.edu)
  • All observers measured the anterior mitral valve leaflet length from end-systolic 2D TEE images from the midesophageal longitudinal axis view and 3D software-augmented TEE images. (duke.edu)
  • CONCLUSION: For both novices and experts, 3D TEE measurements of the anterior mitral valve leaflet were significantly shorter than 2D measurements. (duke.edu)
  • Use of Bi-plane imaging with and without color Doppler was useful in guiding the device to the best position and documenting the decreased mitral regurgitation. (siemens-healthineers.com)
  • After deploying the MitraClip, 2D and color flow Doppler revealed two small residual mitral regurgitation jets. (siemens-healthineers.com)
  • You see a pulse Doppler through the mechanical mitral prosthesis. (medscape.com)
  • I am showing you a continuous-wave Doppler in the short axis around the aortic-valve level. (medscape.com)
  • In the next slide, there is a continuous-wave Doppler through the aortic valve. (medscape.com)
  • The continuous-wave Doppler for the mitral valve did not demonstrate any mitral gurgitation signal. (medscape.com)
  • Well, let's take another look at a continuous-wave Doppler that I already showed you through the aortic valve. (medscape.com)
  • Then you have the isovolumic contraction period, and then the aortic valve click demonstrating the aortic valve opening, followed by the ejection period, during which you have the continuous-wave Doppler signal through the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and the aorta. (medscape.com)
  • Although the emergency mitral valve replacement was performed under the diagnosis with valve leaflet fracture embolization, the patient was not resuscitated from systolic pump failure and died. (accjournal.org)
  • Different diseases involving the heart valves or heart muscle can lead to heart failure. (catpedia.net)
  • There was a nice exposure of the mitral valve prosthesis. (ctsnet.org)
  • A post-op echo confirmed good mitral valve prosthesis function. (ctsnet.org)
  • You can see the mechanical and a prosthesis of the mitral and the aortic positions. (medscape.com)
  • You can see the mechanical mitral prosthesis opening and closing nicely. (medscape.com)
  • You can see the peak velocity here through the aortic-valve prosthesis is about 2 m/s. (medscape.com)
  • The velocity through the aortic valve prosthesis of about 2 m/s is normal. (medscape.com)