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Nuclear ProteinsCell NucleusMolecular Sequence DataBase SequenceDNA-Binding ProteinsPromoter Regions, GeneticNucleoproteinsAmino Acid Sequenceran GTP-Binding ProteinTranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticHeLa CellsDNACell LineNucleoplasminsProtein BindingNuclear Localization SignalsBinding SitesRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidGene Expression RegulationActive Transport, Cell NucleusDeoxyribonuclease IEnhancer Elements, GeneticNuclear EnvelopeKaryopherinsCloning, MolecularTransfectionRecombinant Fusion ProteinsRNA, MessengerCytoplasmEpstein-Barr Virus Nuclear AntigensHistonesalpha KaryopherinsSequence Homology, Amino AcidNuclear Pore Complex ProteinsChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneMutationSp1 Transcription FactorHMGB1 ProteinTumor Cells, CulturedRNA-Binding Proteinsbeta KaryopherinsChromatinElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelNuclear MatrixTranscriptional ActivationOligodeoxyribonucleotidesChloramphenicol O-AcetyltransferaseElectrophoretic Mobility Shift AssayAntigens, NuclearPoly Adenosine Diphosphate RiboseNuclear Matrix-Associated ProteinsDNA, ComplementaryDNA FootprintingMolecular WeightPlasmidsLiverCells, CulturedHeterogeneous-Nuclear RibonucleoproteinsRestriction MappingSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidProtaminesRepetitive Sequences, Nucleic AcidCarrier ProteinsZinc FingersOligonucleotide ProbesNucleocytoplasmic Transport ProteinsHigh Mobility Group ProteinsTwo-Hybrid System TechniquesTrans-ActivatorsRepressor ProteinsConsensus SequenceGenes, ReporterRibonucleoproteinsPoly(ADP-ribose) PolymerasesDNA PrimersPhosphoproteinsFluorescent Antibody TechniqueNucleotide MappingSequence AlignmentRecombinant ProteinsSequence DeletionGene ExpressionMutagenesis, Site-DirectedBlotting, WesternProtein Structure, TertiaryHeterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-BImmunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding ProteinGenesNuclear PoreBinding, CompetitivePhosphorylationCOS CellsFungal ProteinsCCAAT-Enhancer-Binding ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsLaminsCell ExtractsDrosophila ProteinsProteinsCell Cycle ProteinsPhosvitinSaccharomyces cerevisiaeLuciferasesOligonucleotidesNeoplasm ProteinsMicroscopy, FluorescenceResponse ElementsGenes, RegulatorReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearCell CycleNucleoside Diphosphate SugarsCellular Apoptosis Susceptibility ProteinCell CompartmentationCell NucleolusBlotting, NorthernSignal TransductionProtein TransportMethylationProto-Oncogene Proteins c-junThymosinSubcellular FractionsLamin Type B3T3 CellsRNA, Heterogeneous NuclearTATA BoxDrosophilaBiological TransportConserved SequenceChromatography, AffinityGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalOrgan SpecificityPrecipitin TestsHerpesvirus 4, HumanCyclic AMP Response Element-Binding ProteinCell DivisionCell DifferentiationPlant ProteinsKineticsRNAImmunohistochemistryTranscription Factor AP-1Green Fluorescent ProteinsLuminescent ProteinsIntranuclear SpaceGene LibraryMitosisNFI Transcription FactorsProto-Oncogene ProteinsDNA ProbesMutagenesisIntronsProtein KinasesImmunoblottingAdenosine Diphosphate SugarsLeucine ZippersCricetinaeRNA SplicingExonsChickensCell FractionationHMGN1 ProteinUltraviolet RaysElectrophoresis, Gel, Two-DimensionalCell Nucleus StructuresNF-kappa BHMGA1a ProteinProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalGenes, FungalAmino Acid MotifsMicroinjectionsThymopoietinsXenopusGuanosine TriphosphateDNA DamageDrosophila melanogasterFibroblastsPolymerase Chain ReactionHMGN ProteinsSpermatidsProto-OncogenesDNA Mutational AnalysisTestisAntigens, ViralGlutathione TransferaseFluorescent Antibody Technique, IndirectCercopithecus aethiopsAutoantigensHomeodomain ProteinsProliferating Cell Nuclear AntigenModels, BiologicalPhotometryIntranuclear Inclusion BodiesCell Line, TumorProtein BiosynthesisCell Line, TransformedBlotting, SouthwesternGene Expression Regulation, ViralY-Box-Binding Protein 1
Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.Cell Nucleus: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Nucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.ran GTP-Binding Protein: A monomeric GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins into the nucleus and RNA into the cytoplasm. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Nucleoplasmins: A family of histone molecular chaperones that play roles in sperm CHROMATIN decondensation and CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY in fertilized eggs. They were originally discovered in XENOPUS egg extracts as histone-binding factors that mediate nucleosome formation in vitro.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Nuclear Localization Signals: Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors at the NUCLEAR PORE.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid: Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Active Transport, Cell Nucleus: Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.Deoxyribonuclease I: An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.Enhancer Elements, Genetic: Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.Nuclear Envelope: The membrane system of the CELL NUCLEUS that surrounds the nucleoplasm. It consists of two concentric membranes separated by the perinuclear space. The structures of the envelope where it opens to the cytoplasm are called the nuclear pores (NUCLEAR PORE).Karyopherins: A family of proteins involved in NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC TRANSPORT. Karyopherins are heteromeric molecules composed two major types of components, ALPHA KARYOPHERINS and BETA KARYOPHERINS, that function together to transport molecules through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Several other proteins such as RAN GTP BINDING PROTEIN and CELLULAR APOPTOSIS SUSCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN bind to karyopherins and participate in the transport process.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Cytoplasm: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens: Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. At least six nuclear antigens have been identified.Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.alpha Karyopherins: Nucleocytoplasmic transport molecules that bind to the NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNALS of cytoplasmic molecules destined to be imported into the CELL NUCLEUS. Once attached to their cargo they bind to BETA KARYOPHERINS and are transported through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Inside the CELL NUCLEUS alpha karyopherins dissociate from beta karypherins and their cargo. They then form a complex with CELLULAR APOPTOSIS SUSCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN and RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN which is exported to the CYTOPLASM.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins: Proteins that form the structure of the NUCLEAR PORE. They are involved in active, facilitated and passive transport of molecules in and out of the CELL NUCLEUS.Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone: Nucleoproteins, which in contrast to HISTONES, are acid insoluble. They are involved in chromosomal functions; e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Sp1 Transcription Factor: Promoter-specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor that binds to the GC box, one of the upstream promoter elements, in mammalian cells. The binding of Sp1 is necessary for the initiation of transcription in the promoters of a variety of cellular and viral GENES.HMGB1 Protein: A 24-kDa HMGB protein that binds to and distorts the minor grove of DNA.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.RNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.beta Karyopherins: Nucleocytoplasmic transport molecules that bind to ALPHA KARYOPHERINS in the CYTOSOL and are involved in transport of molecules through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Once inside the CELL NUCLEUS beta karyopherins interact with RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN and dissociate from alpha karyopherins. Beta karyopherins bound to RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN are then re-transported to the cytoplasm where hydrolysis of the GTP of RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN causes release of karyopherin beta.Chromatin: The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Nuclear Matrix: The residual framework structure of the CELL NUCLEUS that maintains many of the overall architectural features of the cell nucleus including the nuclear lamina with NUCLEAR PORE complex structures, residual CELL NUCLEOLI and an extensive fibrogranular structure in the nuclear interior. (Advan. Enzyme Regul. 2002; 42:39-52)Transcriptional Activation: Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.Oligodeoxyribonucleotides: A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay: An electrophoretic technique for assaying the binding of one compound to another. Typically one compound is labeled to follow its mobility during electrophoresis. If the labeled compound is bound by the other compound, then the mobility of the labeled compound through the electrophoretic medium will be retarded.Antigens, Nuclear: Immunologically detectable substances found in the CELL NUCLEUS.Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: A polynucleotide formed from the ADP-RIBOSE moiety of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES.Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins: A broad category of nuclear proteins that are components of or participate in the formation of the NUCLEAR MATRIX.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.DNA Footprinting: A method for determining the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins. DNA footprinting utilizes a DNA damaging agent (either a chemical reagent or a nuclease) which cleaves DNA at every base pair. DNA cleavage is inhibited where the ligand binds to DNA. (from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins: A family of ribonucleoproteins that were originally found as proteins bound to nascent RNA transcripts in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles. Although considered ribonucleoproteins they are primarily classified by their protein component. They are involved in a variety of processes such as packaging of RNA and RNA TRANSPORT within the nucleus. A subset of heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins are involved in additional functions such as nucleocytoplasmic transport (ACTIVE TRANSPORT, CELL NUCLEUS) of RNA and mRNA stability in the CYTOPLASM.Restriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Protamines: A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid: Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Zinc Fingers: Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In the classic zinc finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. In between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA binding fingertip. By variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites.Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins: Proteins involved in the process of transporting molecules in and out the cell nucleus. Included here are: NUCLEOPORINS, which are membrane proteins that form the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX; KARYOPHERINS, which carry molecules through the nuclear pore complex; and proteins that play a direct role in the transport of karyopherin complexes through the nuclear pore complex.High Mobility Group Proteins: A family of low-molecular weight, non-histone proteins found in chromatin.Two-Hybrid System Techniques: Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.Trans-Activators: Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.Repressor Proteins: Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.Genes, Reporter: Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.Ribonucleoproteins: Complexes of RNA-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (RNA).Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-RIBOSE groups from nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) onto protein targets, thus building up a linear or branched homopolymer of repeating ADP-ribose units i.e., POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.PhosphoproteinsFluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Nucleotide Mapping: Two-dimensional separation and analysis of nucleotides.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Sequence Deletion: Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B: A class of closely related heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins of approximately 34-40 kDa in size. Although they are generally found in the nucleoplasm, they also shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Members of this class have been found to have a role in mRNA transport, telomere biogenesis and RNA SPLICING.Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein: A ubiquitously expressed sequence-specific transcriptional repressor that is normally the target of signaling by NOTCH PROTEINS.Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.Nuclear Pore: An opening through the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the CELL NUCLEUS and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.COS Cells: CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)Fungal Proteins: Proteins found in any species of fungus.CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins: A class of proteins that were originally identified by their ability to bind the DNA sequence CCAAT. The typical CCAAT-enhancer binding protein forms dimers and consists of an activation domain, a DNA-binding basic region, and a leucine-rich dimerization domain (LEUCINE ZIPPERS). CCAAT-BINDING FACTOR is structurally distinct type of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein consisting of a trimer of three different subunits.Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins: Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.Lamins: Nuclear matrix proteins that are structural components of the NUCLEAR LAMINA. They are found in most multicellular organisms.Cell Extracts: Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Cell Cycle Proteins: Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.Phosvitin: An egg yolk phosphoglycoprotein which contains about 90% of the yolk protein phosphorus. It is synthesized in the liver of the hen and transferred to the developing oocyte, where it is bound to lipoproteins within the yolk granules.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Luciferases: Enzymes that oxidize certain LUMINESCENT AGENTS to emit light (PHYSICAL LUMINESCENCE). The luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates.Oligonucleotides: Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)Neoplasm Proteins: Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promoter and enhancer regions.Genes, Regulator: Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.Nucleoside Diphosphate SugarsCellular Apoptosis Susceptibility Protein: A nucleocytoplasmic transport protein that binds to ALPHA KARYOPHERINS and RAN GTP BINDING PROTEIN inside the CELL NUCLEUS and participates in their export into CYTOPLASM. It is also associated with the regulation of APOPTOSIS and microtubule assembly.Cell Compartmentation: A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.Cell Nucleolus: Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Blotting, Northern: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun: Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-jun genes (GENES, JUN). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. There appear to be three distinct functions: dimerization (with c-fos), DNA-binding, and transcriptional activation. Oncogenic transformation can take place by constitutive expression of c-jun.Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.Subcellular Fractions: Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)Lamin Type B: A subclass of ubiquitously-expressed lamins having an acidic isoelectric point. They are found to remain bound to nuclear membranes during mitosis.3T3 Cells: Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear: Nuclear nonribosomal RNA larger than about 1000 nucleotides, the mass of which is rapidly synthesized and degraded within the cell nucleus. Some heterogeneous nuclear RNA may be a precursor to mRNA. However, the great bulk of total hnRNA hybridizes with nuclear DNA rather than with mRNA.TATA Box: A conserved A-T rich sequence which is contained in promoters for RNA polymerase II. The segment is seven base pairs long and the nucleotides most commonly found are TATAAAA.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.Chromatography, Affinity: A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Organ Specificity: Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.Precipitin Tests: Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.Herpesvirus 4, Human: The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein: A protein that has been shown to function as a calcium-regulated transcription factor as well as a substrate for depolarization-activated CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. This protein functions to integrate both calcium and cAMP signals.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.RNA: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Transcription Factor AP-1: A multiprotein complex composed of the products of c-jun and c-fos proto-oncogenes. These proteins must dimerize in order to bind to the AP-1 recognition site, also known as the TPA-responsive element (TRE). AP-1 controls both basal and inducible transcription of several genes.Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.Luminescent Proteins: Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.Intranuclear Space: The area within the CELL NUCLEUS.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.Mitosis: A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.NFI Transcription Factors: Transcription factors that were originally identified as site-specific DNA-binding proteins essential for DNA REPLICATION by ADENOVIRUSES. They play important roles in MAMMARY GLAND function and development.Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.DNA Probes: Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.Mutagenesis: Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.Introns: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.Immunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.Adenosine Diphosphate Sugars: Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate.Leucine Zippers: DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coiled coil and then bifurcate to form Y shaped structures. Leucines occurring in heptad repeats end up on the same sides of the helixes and are adjacent to each other in the stem of the Y (the "zipper" region). The DNA-binding residues are located in the bifurcated region of the Y.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.RNA Splicing: The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.Exons: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Cell Fractionation: Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.HMGN1 Protein: An evolutionarily-conserved 10-kDa nuclear protein that binds NUCLEOSOMES and may be involved in the process of CHROMATIN unfolding.Ultraviolet Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional: Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.Cell Nucleus Structures: Structures that are part of or contained in the CELL NUCLEUS.NF-kappa B: Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.HMGA1a Protein: An 11-kDa AT-hook motif-containing (AT-HOOK MOTIFS) protein that binds to the minor grove of AT-rich regions of DNA. It is the full-length product of the alternatively-spliced HMGA1 gene and may function as an architectural chromatin binding protein that is involved in transcriptional regulation.Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos: Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Genes, Fungal: The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.Microinjections: The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.Thymopoietins: Two closely related polypeptides (molecular weight 7,000) isolated from the thymus gland. These hormones induce the differentiation of prothymocytes to thymocytes within the thymus. They also cause a delayed impairment of neuromuscular transmission in vivo and are therefore believed to be the agent responsible for myasthenia gravis.Xenopus: An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.DNA Damage: Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.HMGN Proteins: A family of HIGH MOBILITY GROUP PROTEINS that bind to NUCLEOSOMES.Spermatids: Male germ cells derived from the haploid secondary SPERMATOCYTES. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to SPERMATOZOA.Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Proto-oncogenes have names of the form c-onc.DNA Mutational Analysis: Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.Testis: The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.Glutathione Transferase: A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect: A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.Homeodomain Proteins: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Photometry: Measurement of the various properties of light.Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies: Circumscribed masses of foreign or metabolically inactive materials, within the CELL NUCLEUS. Some are VIRAL INCLUSION BODIES.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.Cell Line, Transformed: Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.Blotting, Southwestern: A method that is used to detect DNA-protein interactions. Proteins are separated by electrophoresis and blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane similar to Western blotting (BLOTTING, WESTERN) but the proteins are identified when they bind labeled DNA PROBES (as with Southern blotting (BLOTTING, SOUTHERN)) instead of antibodies.Gene Expression Regulation, Viral: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.Y-Box-Binding Protein 1: Y-box-binding protein 1 was originally identified as a DNA-binding protein that interacts with Y-box PROMOTER REGIONS of MHC CLASS II GENES. It is a highly conserved transcription factor that regulates expression of a wide variety of GENES.
Progeroid syndromesProgeroid syndromes
PangolinPangolin
LIG3LIG3
IMMP2LIMMP2L
LIG3, a enciclopedia libreLIG3, a enciclopedia libre
Hloroplasts - VikipēdijaHloroplasts - Vikipēdija
TIMM50TIMM50
MRPS21MRPS21
MRPS28MRPS28
MRPL23MRPL23
MRPS33MRPS33
MRPL17MRPL17
MRPL39MRPL39
MRPS35MRPS35
MRPS12MRPS12
MRPL1MRPL1
MRPL30MRPL30
MRPS26MRPS26
MRPL12MRPL12
MRPL20MRPL20
MRPL33MRPL33
MRPS17MRPS17
MRPS5MRPS5
MRPS25MRPS25
MRPL28MRPL28
MRPS7MRPS7
MRPL15MRPL15
MRPS22MRPS22
MRPS11MRPS11
MRPL40MRPL40
Chloroplast DNAChloroplast DNA
OctopusOctopus
Progesterone receptorProgesterone receptor
ReptileReptile
Hypervitaminosis AHypervitaminosis A
PSEN1PSEN1
RAD51RAD51
Chromosome 16Chromosome 16
Cyclin T2Cyclin T2
HADHBHADHB
Antiphospholipid syndromeAntiphospholipid syndrome
Superoxide dismutaseSuperoxide dismutase
DNA paternity testingDNA paternity testing
Honey beeHoney bee
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis
எயிட்சு - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியாஎயிட்சு - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
Vitamin CVitamin C
PRNPPRNP
Eukaryoty - WikipédiaEukaryoty - Wikipédia
Anti-nuclear antibodyAnti-nuclear antibody
Leigh syndromeLeigh syndrome
Medical geneticsMedical genetics
Evolution of mammalsEvolution of mammals
سرطان پروستات - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزادسرطان پروستات - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
BatBat
Retrograde signalingRetrograde signaling
MAPK8IP1MAPK8IP1
FolateFolate
Steppe polecatSteppe polecat
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Nuclear ProteinsCell NucleusMolecular Sequence DataBase SequenceDNA-Binding ProteinsPromoter Regions, GeneticNucleoproteinsAmino Acid Sequenceran GTP-Binding ProteinTranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticHeLa CellsDNACell LineNucleoplasminsProtein BindingNuclear Localization SignalsBinding SitesRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidGene Expression RegulationActive Transport, Cell NucleusDeoxyribonuclease IEnhancer Elements, GeneticNuclear EnvelopeKaryopherinsCloning, MolecularTransfectionRecombinant Fusion ProteinsRNA, MessengerCytoplasmEpstein-Barr Virus Nuclear AntigensHistonesalpha KaryopherinsSequence Homology, Amino AcidNuclear Pore Complex ProteinsChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneMutationSp1 Transcription FactorHMGB1 ProteinTumor Cells, CulturedRNA-Binding Proteinsbeta KaryopherinsChromatinElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelNuclear MatrixTranscriptional ActivationOligodeoxyribonucleotidesChloramphenicol O-AcetyltransferaseElectrophoretic Mobility Shift AssayAntigens, NuclearPoly Adenosine Diphosphate RiboseNuclear Matrix-Associated ProteinsDNA, ComplementaryDNA FootprintingMolecular WeightPlasmidsLiverCells, CulturedHeterogeneous-Nuclear RibonucleoproteinsRestriction MappingSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidProtaminesRepetitive Sequences, Nucleic AcidCarrier ProteinsZinc FingersOligonucleotide ProbesNucleocytoplasmic Transport ProteinsHigh Mobility Group ProteinsTwo-Hybrid System TechniquesTrans-ActivatorsRepressor ProteinsConsensus SequenceGenes, ReporterRibonucleoproteinsPoly(ADP-ribose) PolymerasesDNA PrimersPhosphoproteinsFluorescent Antibody TechniqueNucleotide MappingSequence AlignmentRecombinant ProteinsSequence DeletionGene ExpressionMutagenesis, Site-DirectedBlotting, WesternProtein Structure, TertiaryHeterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-BImmunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding ProteinGenesNuclear PoreBinding, CompetitivePhosphorylationCOS CellsFungal ProteinsCCAAT-Enhancer-Binding ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsLaminsCell ExtractsDrosophila ProteinsProteinsCell Cycle ProteinsPhosvitinSaccharomyces cerevisiaeLuciferasesOligonucleotidesNeoplasm ProteinsMicroscopy, FluorescenceResponse ElementsGenes, RegulatorReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearCell CycleNucleoside Diphosphate SugarsCellular Apoptosis Susceptibility ProteinCell CompartmentationCell NucleolusBlotting, NorthernSignal TransductionProtein TransportMethylationProto-Oncogene Proteins c-junThymosinSubcellular FractionsLamin Type B3T3 CellsRNA, Heterogeneous NuclearTATA BoxDrosophilaBiological TransportConserved SequenceChromatography, AffinityGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalOrgan SpecificityPrecipitin TestsHerpesvirus 4, HumanCyclic AMP Response Element-Binding ProteinCell DivisionCell DifferentiationPlant ProteinsKineticsRNAImmunohistochemistryTranscription Factor AP-1Green Fluorescent ProteinsLuminescent ProteinsIntranuclear SpaceGene LibraryMitosisNFI Transcription FactorsProto-Oncogene ProteinsDNA ProbesMutagenesisIntronsProtein KinasesImmunoblottingAdenosine Diphosphate SugarsLeucine ZippersCricetinaeRNA SplicingExonsChickensCell FractionationHMGN1 ProteinUltraviolet RaysElectrophoresis, Gel, Two-DimensionalCell Nucleus StructuresNF-kappa BHMGA1a ProteinProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalGenes, FungalAmino Acid MotifsMicroinjectionsThymopoietinsXenopusGuanosine TriphosphateDNA DamageDrosophila melanogasterFibroblastsPolymerase Chain ReactionHMGN ProteinsSpermatidsProto-OncogenesDNA Mutational AnalysisTestisAntigens, ViralGlutathione TransferaseFluorescent Antibody Technique, IndirectCercopithecus aethiopsAutoantigensHomeodomain ProteinsProliferating Cell Nuclear AntigenModels, BiologicalPhotometryIntranuclear Inclusion BodiesCell Line, TumorProtein BiosynthesisCell Line, TransformedBlotting, SouthwesternGene Expression Regulation, ViralY-Box-Binding Protein 1
Contrasting Patterns of Nonneutral Evolution in Proteins Encoded in Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genomes | GeneticsContrasting Patterns of Nonneutral Evolution in Proteins Encoded in Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genomes | Genetics
Nuclear gene OPA1, encoding a mitochondrial dynamin-related protein, is mutated in dominant optic atrophy. - PubMed - NCBINuclear gene OPA1, encoding a mitochondrial dynamin-related protein, is mutated in dominant optic atrophy. - PubMed - NCBI
Compensatory increases in nuclear PGC1α protein are primarily associated with subsarcolemmal mitochondrial adaptations in ZDF...Compensatory increases in nuclear PGC1α protein are primarily associated with subsarcolemmal mitochondrial adaptations in ZDF...
AtWRKY40 and AtWRKY63 Modulate the Expression of Stress-Responsive Nuclear Genes Encoding Mitochondrial and Chloroplast...AtWRKY40 and AtWRKY63 Modulate the Expression of Stress-Responsive Nuclear Genes Encoding Mitochondrial and Chloroplast...
Nuclear effect on mitochondrial protein expression of the CMS Owen cytoplasm in sugar beet | SpringerLinkNuclear effect on mitochondrial protein expression of the CMS Owen cytoplasm in sugar beet | SpringerLink
Partitioning of the Nuclear and Mitochondrial tRNA 3-end Processing Activities Between Two Different Proteins in...Partitioning of the Nuclear and Mitochondrial tRNA 3'-end Processing Activities Between Two Different Proteins in...
Four-color staining of a muntjac cell with probes for cytoskeletal, nuclear and mitochondrial proteins | Thermo Fisher...Four-color staining of a muntjac cell with probes for cytoskeletal, nuclear and mitochondrial proteins | Thermo Fisher...
PC (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human pyruvate carboxylase (PC), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, transcript variant 1 - OriGenePC (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human pyruvate carboxylase (PC), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, transcript variant 1 - OriGene
Myc-DDK-tagged ORF clone of Homo sapiens optic atrophy 1 (autosomal dominant) (OPA1), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial...Myc-DDK-tagged ORF clone of Homo sapiens optic atrophy 1 (autosomal dominant) (OPA1), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial...
Anterograde and retrograde regulation of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins during growth, development, and stress. ...Anterograde and retrograde regulation of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins during growth, development, and stress. ...
Mrpl17 (untagged) - Mouse mitochondrial ribosomal protein L17 (Mrpl17), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, (10ug) -...Mrpl17 (untagged) - Mouse mitochondrial ribosomal protein L17 (Mrpl17), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, (10ug) -...
Mrpl28 (untagged) - Mouse mitochondrial ribosomal protein L28 (Mrpl28), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, (10ug) -...Mrpl28 (untagged) - Mouse mitochondrial ribosomal protein L28 (Mrpl28), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, (10ug) -...
Import of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins: a cotranslational perspective<...Import of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins: a cotranslational perspective<...
The complete mitochondrial genome of Taxus cuspidata (Taxaceae): eight protein-coding genes have transferred to the nuclear...The complete mitochondrial genome of Taxus cuspidata (Taxaceae): eight protein-coding genes have transferred to the nuclear...
Mitochondrial versus nuclear gene expression and membrane protein assembly: the case of subunit 2 of yeast cytochrome c oxidaseMitochondrial versus nuclear gene expression and membrane protein assembly: the case of subunit 2 of yeast cytochrome c oxidase
Mitochondrial-nuclear co‐evolution leads to hybrid incompatibility through pentatricopeptide repeat proteins | EMBO ReportsMitochondrial-nuclear co‐evolution leads to hybrid incompatibility through pentatricopeptide repeat proteins | EMBO Reports
Progeroid syndromes - WikipediaProgeroid syndromes - Wikipedia
Mitochondrial pseudogenes in the individual nuclear genome have already been described - Heat Shock Proteins & Heat Shock...Mitochondrial pseudogenes in the individual nuclear genome have already been described - Heat Shock Proteins & Heat Shock...
Proteomic study of imported nuclear proteins into mitochondria in the patients with mitochondrial disease: Leber hereditary...Proteomic study of imported nuclear proteins into mitochondria in the patients with mitochondrial disease: Leber hereditary...
Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide (ATP5B), nuclear gene encoding...Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide (ATP5B), nuclear gene encoding...
Mrpl50 (untagged) - Mouse mitochondrial ribosomal protein L50 (Mrpl50), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, (10ug) -...Mrpl50 (untagged) - Mouse mitochondrial ribosomal protein L50 (Mrpl50), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, (10ug) -...
Agxt2 (untagged) - Mouse alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (Agxt2), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, (10ug) -...Agxt2 (untagged) - Mouse alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (Agxt2), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, (10ug) -...
Expression of mitochondrial protein genes encoded by nuclear and mitochondrial genomes correlate with energy metabolism in...Expression of mitochondrial protein genes encoded by nuclear and mitochondrial genomes correlate with energy metabolism in...
Table of Contents - August 01, 2017, 13 (8) | Biology LettersTable of Contents - August 01, 2017, 13 (8) | Biology Letters
Bang Issue 7 by Bang! Bangscience - issuuBang Issue 7 by Bang! Bangscience - issuu
Partitioning of the nuclear and mitochondrial tRNA 3′ end processing activities between two different proteins in...Partitioning of the nuclear and mitochondrial tRNA 3′ end processing activities between two different proteins in...
Dynamic subcompartmentalization of the mitochondrial inner membrane | JCBDynamic subcompartmentalization of the mitochondrial inner membrane | JCB
Bcl2l13 (untagged) - Mouse BCL2-like 13 (apoptosis facilitator) (Bcl2l13), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, (10ug) ...Bcl2l13 (untagged) - Mouse BCL2-like 13 (apoptosis facilitator) (Bcl2l13), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, (10ug) ...
Mitochondrial versus nuclear gene expression and membrane protein assembly: the case of subunit 2 of yeast cytochrome c oxidaseMitochondrial versus nuclear gene expression and membrane protein assembly: the case of subunit 2 of yeast cytochrome c oxidase
Distinct Mitochondrial Retrograde Signals Control the G1-S Cell Cycle CheckpointDistinct Mitochondrial Retrograde Signals Control the G1-S Cell Cycle Checkpoint
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Nuclear ProteinsCell NucleusMolecular Sequence DataBase SequenceDNA-Binding ProteinsPromoter Regions, GeneticNucleoproteinsAmino Acid Sequenceran GTP-Binding ProteinTranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticHeLa CellsDNACell LineNucleoplasminsProtein BindingNuclear Localization SignalsBinding SitesRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidGene Expression RegulationActive Transport, Cell NucleusDeoxyribonuclease IEnhancer Elements, GeneticNuclear EnvelopeKaryopherinsCloning, MolecularTransfectionRecombinant Fusion ProteinsRNA, MessengerCytoplasmEpstein-Barr Virus Nuclear AntigensHistonesalpha KaryopherinsSequence Homology, Amino AcidNuclear Pore Complex ProteinsChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneMutationSp1 Transcription FactorHMGB1 ProteinTumor Cells, CulturedRNA-Binding Proteinsbeta KaryopherinsChromatinElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelNuclear MatrixTranscriptional ActivationOligodeoxyribonucleotidesChloramphenicol O-AcetyltransferaseElectrophoretic Mobility Shift AssayAntigens, NuclearPoly Adenosine Diphosphate RiboseNuclear Matrix-Associated ProteinsDNA, ComplementaryDNA FootprintingMolecular WeightPlasmidsLiverCells, CulturedHeterogeneous-Nuclear RibonucleoproteinsRestriction MappingSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidProtaminesRepetitive Sequences, Nucleic AcidCarrier ProteinsZinc FingersOligonucleotide ProbesNucleocytoplasmic Transport ProteinsHigh Mobility Group ProteinsTwo-Hybrid System TechniquesTrans-ActivatorsRepressor ProteinsConsensus SequenceGenes, ReporterRibonucleoproteinsPoly(ADP-ribose) PolymerasesDNA PrimersPhosphoproteinsFluorescent Antibody TechniqueNucleotide MappingSequence AlignmentRecombinant ProteinsSequence DeletionGene ExpressionMutagenesis, Site-DirectedBlotting, WesternProtein Structure, TertiaryHeterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-BImmunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding ProteinGenesNuclear PoreBinding, CompetitivePhosphorylationCOS CellsFungal ProteinsCCAAT-Enhancer-Binding ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsLaminsCell ExtractsDrosophila ProteinsProteinsCell Cycle ProteinsPhosvitinSaccharomyces cerevisiaeLuciferasesOligonucleotidesNeoplasm ProteinsMicroscopy, FluorescenceResponse ElementsGenes, RegulatorReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearCell CycleNucleoside Diphosphate SugarsCellular Apoptosis Susceptibility ProteinCell CompartmentationCell NucleolusBlotting, NorthernSignal TransductionProtein TransportMethylationProto-Oncogene Proteins c-junThymosinSubcellular FractionsLamin Type B3T3 CellsRNA, Heterogeneous NuclearTATA BoxDrosophilaBiological TransportConserved SequenceChromatography, AffinityGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalOrgan SpecificityPrecipitin TestsHerpesvirus 4, HumanCyclic AMP Response Element-Binding ProteinCell DivisionCell DifferentiationPlant ProteinsKineticsRNAImmunohistochemistryTranscription Factor AP-1Green Fluorescent ProteinsLuminescent ProteinsIntranuclear SpaceGene LibraryMitosisNFI Transcription FactorsProto-Oncogene ProteinsDNA ProbesMutagenesisIntronsProtein KinasesImmunoblottingAdenosine Diphosphate SugarsLeucine ZippersCricetinaeRNA SplicingExonsChickensCell FractionationHMGN1 ProteinUltraviolet RaysElectrophoresis, Gel, Two-DimensionalCell Nucleus StructuresNF-kappa BHMGA1a ProteinProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalGenes, FungalAmino Acid MotifsMicroinjectionsThymopoietinsXenopusGuanosine TriphosphateDNA DamageDrosophila melanogasterFibroblastsPolymerase Chain ReactionHMGN ProteinsSpermatidsProto-OncogenesDNA Mutational AnalysisTestisAntigens, ViralGlutathione TransferaseFluorescent Antibody Technique, IndirectCercopithecus aethiopsAutoantigensHomeodomain ProteinsProliferating Cell Nuclear AntigenModels, BiologicalPhotometryIntranuclear Inclusion BodiesCell Line, TumorProtein BiosynthesisCell Line, TransformedBlotting, SouthwesternGene Expression Regulation, ViralY-Box-Binding Protein 1
Ribosomal proteinsGenomesGenes encodingElectronRibosomeDiseasesReactive OxygenRibosomesMolecularNeurons2017RegulatesMRNAsMediatesSequencesIntermembrane space proteinsPolypeptideCytoplasmicComplexesLocalizationInheritanceActivity of mitochondrialLevels of mitochondrialDecrease in mitochondrialCytosolic and mitochondrialEnzymesRRNATranscriptionBiologicalPseudogenesSaccharomycesRespirationDynamin-relatedTRNAsCause mitochondrialRetrograde regulationSpecific mitochondrialOuter membraneEndoplasmic ReticulumTranslationInsulin resistance
Ribosomal proteins10
Genomes4
Genes encoding4
Electron6
Ribosome3
Diseases10
Reactive Oxygen2
  • however, flavin-dependent enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix may produce the reactive oxygen species at much higher rates than complex I [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance are characterized by inefficient mitochondrial coupling and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) despite their association with normal to high oxygen consumption. (jci.org)
Ribosomes3
Molecular4
Neurons9
  • performed specialized proteomics on nuclear extracts from embryonic rat cortical neurons to identify hundreds of proteins that could be S-nitrosylated. (sciencemag.org)
  • We used S-nitrosothiol resin-assisted capture on NO donor-treated nuclear extracts from rat cortical neurons and identified 614 S-nitrosylated nuclear proteins. (sciencemag.org)
  • Of these, 131 proteins have not previously been shown to be S-nitrosylated in any system, and 555 are previously unidentified targets of S-nitrosylation in neurons. (sciencemag.org)
  • Moreover, S-nitrosylation of the histone-binding protein RBBP7 was necessary for dendritogenesis of cortical neurons in culture. (sciencemag.org)
  • Together, our findings characterize S-nitrosylated nuclear proteins in neurons and identify S-nitrosylation motifs that may be shared with other targets of NO signaling. (sciencemag.org)
  • Mutant human α-synuclein was detected in dopaminergic neurons, both cytoplasmic and nuclear. (alzforum.org)
  • Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a are expressed in motor neurons of adult mouse spinal cord, and, during their apoptosis induced by sciatic nerve avulsion, nuclear and cytoplasmic 5-methylcytosine immunoreactivity, Dnmt3a protein levels and Dnmt enzyme activity increased preapoptotically. (jneurosci.org)
  • The mitochondrial influx and efflux of Ca 2+ play a relevant role in cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca 2+ homeostasis, and contribute to the regulation of mitochondrial functions in neurons. (biologists.org)
  • Collectively, these results suggest that, in neurons, NCX3 regulates mitochondrial Ca 2+ handling from the OMM through an AKAP121-anchored signaling complex, thus promoting cell survival during hypoxia. (biologists.org)
20171
  • Karyopherins regulate nuclear pore complex barrier and transport function, The Journal of Cell Biology (2017). (phys.org)
Regulates5
MRNAs2
Mediates1
  • The TIM23 translocase consists of four integral IM proteins (Tim17p, Tim21p, Tim23p, and Tim50p) and mediates two distinct import pathways, translocation into the matrix and insertion into the IM. (rupress.org)
Sequences3
Intermembrane space proteins2
Polypeptide1
Cytoplasmic4
Complexes4
Localization7
Inheritance2
Activity of mitochondrial1
Levels of mitochondrial1
Decrease in mitochondrial1
  • Results: In this study, exposure of L6 myocytes to AMA induced an increase cell death, decreased ATP content, followed by a decrease in mitochondrial superoxide, and decreased expression of NDUFB8. (omicsonline.org)
Cytosolic and mitochondrial1
  • Reduction of LYRM4 levels by siRNA increases the total iron content, and reduces cytosolic and mitochondrial aconitase activities and NFS1 protein levels. (genecards.org)
Enzymes3
  • There are five major types of primary intracellular antioxidant enzymes, that is, Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD, SOD1) in the cytosol, manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD, SOD2) in the mitochondrial matrix, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR). The SODs dismute superoxide to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, while catalase and GPx convert hydrogen peroxide into H 2 O and O 2 . (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, many binding partners have been identified for NETs that are either chromatin proteins, enzymes that modify chromatin proteins, or regulators of gene expression ( 1 , 11 ). (mcponline.org)
  • Recognition of RNA by RNA processing enzymes and RNA binding proteins often involves cooperation between multiple subunits. (bireme.br)
RRNA3
  • Here, we report a pentatricopeptide repeat‐containing ( PPR ) protein, Ccm1, and its interacting partner, 15S rRNA , to be involved in hybrid incompatibility between two yeast species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus . (embopress.org)
  • Proteins S4 and S7, which initiate assembly of the 16S rRNA, are located at junctions of five and four RNA helices, respectively. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • In this way proteins serve to organise and stabilise the rRNA tertiary structure. (ebi.ac.uk)
Transcription8
Biological1
Pseudogenes2
Saccharomyces2
Respiration1
Dynamin-related1
TRNAs2
  • Northern blot analysis of nuclear tRNAs from wild-type and trz1-1 mutant strains. (nih.gov)
  • Moreover, we found that the frequency of 1-methyladenosine (m1A) in two mitochondrial tRNAs increased in ALKBH1-knockout cells, indicating that ALKBH1 also has demethylation activity toward m1A in mt-tRNAs. (bireme.br)
Cause mitochondrial1
  • 2,4 Studies from our group have shown that increased tissue expression of angiotensin II via stimulation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT 1 R) can cause mitochondrial morphological and functional abnormalities in skeletal muscle, and liver ( Figure 1 ) as well as cardiovascular tissue ( Figure 2 ). (ahajournals.org)
Retrograde regulation1
Specific mitochondrial1
  • We examined in insulin resistant muscle if, in contrast to long-standing dogma, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation is increased, and whether this is attributed to an increased nuclear content of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC1α) and the adaptations of specific mitochondrial sub-populations. (diabetesjournals.org)
Outer membrane1
Endoplasmic Reticulum2
  • We compare UPR mt with the extensively characterized cytosolic heat shock response (HSR) and the unfolded protein response in endoplasmic reticulum (UPR ER ), and discuss the current knowledge about UPR mt signaling pathways as well as their potential involvement in physiology. (biologists.org)
  • The SND proteins constitute an alternative targeting route to the endoplasmic reticulum. (mpg.de)
Translation11
Insulin resistance1
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Contrasting Patterns of Nonneutral Evolution in Proteins Encoded in Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genomes | Genetics (genetics.org)
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Nuclear effect on mitochondrial protein expression of the CMS Owen cytoplasm in sugar beet | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
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Moonlighting nuclear pore proteins: tissue-specific nucleoporin function in health and disease | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
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NMR structures of membrane proteins in phospholipid bilayers | Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics | Cambridge Core (cambridge.org)
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