Pyruvate carboxylase

Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

Adenosine triphosphate

Malate-aspartate shuttle

Succinate dehydrogenase

Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (quinone)

Histidine

Kynureninase

MT-TI

Creatine kinase

Transfer RNA

Cellular respiration

List of MeSH codes (D08)

Histidine

Biosynthesis

Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration

Citrate synthase

Respiratory complex I

Adenosine triphosphate

Glycolysis

Tryptophan synthase

Glycolysis

Lactate dehydrogenase7

• Low lactate dehydrogenase and high mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase in pancreatic beta-cells. (hindawi.com)
• Lactate is produced by anaerobic glycolysis from pyruvate and is metabolised by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to pyruvate, which is subsequently oxidised in the mitochondria to carbon dioxide and water ( Figure 1 ) [ 1 ]. (degruyter.com)
• The glycolytic pathway showing the production of lactate from pyruvate, catalysed by NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenase. (degruyter.com)
• diminished LC3 response and reduced sequestration of the prototypical bulk autophagy cargo lactate dehydrogenase. (sciencepop.org)
• That study also revealed that lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is expressed at very low levels in β-cells, despite nearly universal expression elsewhere ( 5 ). (highwire.org)
• Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) converts a portion of pyruvate to lactate. (biomedcentral.com)
• Sustained glycolysis requires reoxidation of NADH to NAD + either through the coordinated reduction of pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or through the action of one of the mitochondrial NADH shuttles. (rupress.org)

Phosphate28

• Sp/Krüppel-like transcription factors are essential for the expression of mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase promoter B. (semanticscholar.org)
• The human mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (hmGPD) is abundant in the normal pancreatic insulin cell and its level is lowered to 50% by high glucose and diabetes. (semanticscholar.org)
• Cytosolic glycerol kinase (Gut1p) and mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gut2p) constitute the glycerol utilization pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (nih.gov)
• Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPD1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
• This gene encodes a member of the NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family. (wikipedia.org)
• The encoded cytosolic protein and mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase also form a glycerol phosphate shuttle that facilitates the transfer of reducing equivalents from the cytosol to mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
• The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is composed of a cytosolic G3Pdh which actually hydrogenates dihydroxy acetone phosphate to glycerol-3-phosphate, using NADH, and a second, mitochondrial version, which does the actual dehydrogenating reconversion back to dihydroxy acetone phosphate. (blogspot.com)
• GPD1 (Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 1) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
• Testis-specific Expression of Rat Mitochondrial Glycerol-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase in Haploid Male Germ Cells Biology of Reproduction. (jove.com)
• Pubmed ID: 12533437 Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) is regulated by multiple promoters in a tissue-specific manner. (jove.com)
• The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, using FAD as a cofactor. (utsouthwestern.edu)
• To gain better insight into the insulin secretory activity of fetalbcells in response to glucose, the expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2), glucokinase and mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (mGDH) were studied. (tailieu.vn)
• One candidate for these metabolic coupling factors is NADH generated by the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) ( 4 ). (sciencemag.org)
• We generated mice with a targeted disruption of mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) ( 7 ), a rate-limiting enzyme for the glycerol phosphate shuttle. (sciencemag.org)
• Full length Clone DNA of Human glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (soluble) with N terminal His tag. (sinobiological.com)
• GPD1, also known as glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase 1, is a member of the NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family. (sinobiological.com)
• Flight muscles of Triatoma infestans have two glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) isoforms: GPDH-1 is involved in flight metabolism and GPDH-2 provides lipid precursors. (ajtmh.org)
• The mitochondrial FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Trypanosomatidae and the glycosomal redox balance of insect stages of Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania spp. (naver.com)
• The genes for the mitochondrial FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were identified in Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major genomes. (naver.com)
• We expressed the fragments of mitochondrial chaperone Hsp70 (mitHsp70), mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mitG3PDH), and alternative oxidase (AOX) from the microsporidium Antonospora (Paranosema) locustae in Escherichia coli. (asm.org)
• Besides, all studied microsporidial species, with the exception of Enterocytozoon bieneusi ( 13 ), possess the genes encoding both cytosolic and mitochondrial components of the glycerol phosphate shuttle. (asm.org)
• This suggests that mitochondrial glycerol-3-phospate dehydrogenase (mitG3PDH) and AOX are coupled on the mitosomal inner membrane to provide an electron transfer from glycerol-3-phosphate to the oxygen through flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and the ubiquinone pool. (asm.org)
• Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD), the key enzyme of the glycerol-phosphate shuttle, is encoded in the nucleus and is located in the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane. (elsevier.com)
• We here report that respiratory-deficient cells become strictly dependent on the Gpd2p isoform of the NAD(+)-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpd). (chalmers.se)
• Complex II and glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reduced MitoQ analogs, and the rate depended on chain length. (cam.ac.uk)
• Ontogeny of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase-positive oligodendrocytes in rat brain. (saladgaffe.tk)
• The mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK m ), which produces ATP from ADP by converting creatine phosphate to creatine, is present between the two membranes of the mitochondrion. (wikidoc.org)
• Glycerol-3-phosphate gets converted back to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by an inner membrane-bound mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPDH-M), this time reducing one molecule of enzyme-bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to FADH 2 . (bioscience.ws)

NADH5

• By abolishing the NADH shuttle function, glucose-induced increases in NADH autofluorescence, mitochondrial membrane potential, and adenosine triphosphate content were reduced and glucose-induced insulin secretion was abrogated. (sciencemag.org)
• The NADH shuttle evidently couples glycolysis with activation of mitochondrial energy metabolism to trigger insulin secretion. (sciencemag.org)
• Growth is also restored by addition of lysine or glutamic acid/glutamine, the synthesis of which involves production of mitochondrial NADH. (chalmers.se)
• The cells rapidly realise that they have enough calories (High NADH levels, high mitochondrial delta psi, reduced electron transport chain). (blogspot.dk)
• The mitochondrial part begins with production of NADH, which is regulated by pyruvate dehydrogenase. (biomedcentral.com)

Genes4

• Mitochondrial dynamics and mtDNA maintenance is another link recently emerged, implicating mutations in the mitochondrial fusion genes OPA1 and MFN2 in the pathogenesis of multisystem syndromes characterized by neurodegeneration and accumulation of mtDNA multiple deletions in postmitotic tissues. (nih.gov)
• In humans the relevant genes are called GLUD1 (glutamate dehydrogenase 1) and GLUD2 (glutamate dehydrogenase 2), and there are also at least 8 GLDH pseudogenes in the human genome as well, probably reflecting microbial influences on eukaryote evolution. (wikidoc.org)
• Genes encoding three enzymes of the Escherichia coli glycolate catabolic pathway were introduced: glycolate dehydrogenase (GDH), glyoxylate carboxyligase (GCL) and tartronic semialdehyde reductase (TSR). (biomedcentral.com)
• In humans, mitochondrial DNA can be assessed as the smallest chromosome coding for only 37 genes and containing only about 16,600 base pairs. (gutenberg.org)

Mitochondria15

• For isolated mitochondria, the best assay is mitochondrial respiratory control: the increase in respiration rate in response to ADP. (biochemj.org)
• The predominant physiological function of mitochondria is the generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, but additional functions include the generation and detoxification of reactive oxygen species, involvement in some forms of apoptosis, regulation of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial matrix calcium, synthesis and catabolism of metabolites and the transport of the organelles themselves to correct locations within the cell. (biochemj.org)
• Techniques now exist to monitor mitochondrial bioenergetic function in cells with comparable precision to previous studies with isolated mitochondria. (biochemj.org)
• the mitochondria are not directly accessible to the full range of substrates and inhibitors, and the complexity of cytoplasmic metabolism must be considered together with the presence of separate pools of adenine nucleotides, nicotinamide nucleotides and calcium in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix. (biochemj.org)
• The main function of mitochondria is ATP production, which occurs during mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (ox-phos). (bioscience.org)
• In several cell types, mitochondria also serve as a very efficient Ca 2+ buffer, taking up substantial amounts of cytosolic Ca 2+ at the expense of mitochondrial membrane potential ( D Y m ). (bioscience.org)
• As a consequence of Ca 2+ uptake, mitochondria can suffer Ca 2+ overload, triggering the opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP) which is associated with apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway or necrosis due to mitochondrial damage (16). (bioscience.org)
• We also discuss evidence that, in contrast to certain non-excitable cells, direct transfer of Ca 2+ from the ER to mitochondria via localised physical contacts between these organelles is relatively less important for efficient mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake in β-cells. (naver.com)
• With the exception of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), the enzymes involved in the conversion of cholesterol to steroid hormones are located in either the mitochondria or the endoplasmic reticulum. (biomedcentral.com)
• The cytosolic and mitochondrial GPDH enzymes thus constitute an electron shuttle mechanism that facilitates the transfer of reducing equivalents from the cytosol to mitochondria. (bmrservice.com)
• Such widespread retention of mitochondrial homologues suggests their essential role for eukaryotic cells lacking canonical mitochondria. (asm.org)
• Interactions of mitochondria-targeted and untargeted ubiquinones with the mitochondrial respiratory chain and reactive oxygen species. (cam.ac.uk)
• Our results comprehensively describe the interaction of exogenous ubiquinones with mitochondria and have implications for their rational design and use as therapies and as research tools to probe mitochondrial function. (cam.ac.uk)
• Coupling-control states are defined in mitochondrial preparations (isolated mitochondria, permeabilized cells, permeabilized tissues, homogenates) as LEAK , OXPHOS , and ET states, with corresponding respiration rates ( L, P, E ) in any electron-transfer-pathway state which is competent for electron transfer. (oroboros.at)
• Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA or mDNA [ 2 ] ) is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria , structures within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (gutenberg.org)

High mitochondrial1

• Histochemical analysis showing high succinate dehydrogenase in muscle demonstrates high mitochondrial content and high oxidative potential. (wikipedia.org)

Metabolism6

• There was also an increase in both mitochondrial number and size in Sln OE muscle, together with increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) and PPAR γ coactivator 1 α (PGC1α), key transcriptional activators of mitochondrial biogenesis and enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Affected individuals displayed a slowly progressive syndrome characterized by CPEO, mitochondrial myopathy, sensorineural deafness, peripheral neuropathy, parkinsonism, and/or cognitive impairment, in most cases without visual complains, but with subclinical loss of retinal nerve fibers at OCT. Muscle biopsies showed cytochrome c oxidase-negative fibers and mtDNA multiple deletions, and MRS displayed defective oxidative metabolism in muscle and brain. (nih.gov)
• The many genetically modified cell lines and organisms that have been generated for the study of physiological and pathological mechanisms often show features that suggest compromised energy metabolism or mitochondrial dysfunction. (biochemj.org)
• These findings, subsequently confirmed by several groups ( 6 , 7 ), suggest that pyruvate derived from glycolysis is preferentially directed toward mitochondrial oxidation, consistent with the remarkable capacity of these cells for the oxidative metabolism of glucose ( 5 , 7 ). (highwire.org)
• Because these parasites lack any ATP-generating enzymes of mitochondrial origin, their mitosomes appeared not to be involved in energy metabolism ( 10 ). (asm.org)
• The metabolism of pyruvate or other oxidative fuels through the mitochondrial TCA cycle, which leads to ATP resynthesis through the action of the electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP synthase. (rupress.org)

Alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase1

• Serum T3 and T4 levels, as well as hepatic mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity, were unchanged by ClO2 treatment. (epa.gov)

Genetics1

• see Eve Eve, in genetics, popular term for a theoretical female ancestor of all living people, also known as Mitochondrial Eve. (thefreedictionary.com)

Glycerophosphate5

• Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. (nih.gov)
• Antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of hepatic mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in rats resulted in a phenotype akin to chronic metformin treatment, and abrogated metformin-mediated increases in cytosolic redox state, decreases in plasma glucose concentrations, and inhibition of endogenous glucose production. (nih.gov)
• These findings were replicated in whole-body mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase knockout mice. (nih.gov)
• Pernicova I, Korbonits M. Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by qccion mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. (tasavvuf.info)
• Glucose-induced and Ca 2+ -dependent activation of FAD-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. (springer.com)

Membrane potential2

• Our analysis of the model simulations suggests that the mitochondrial membrane potential should be relatively lower in beta cells compared with other cell types to permit precise mitochondrial regulation of the cytoplasmic ATP/ADP ratio. (biomedcentral.com)
• and that the relatively low production rate of reactive oxygen species in beta-cells under physiological conditions is a consequence of the relatively decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. (biomedcentral.com)

MGPDH1

• G3P can diffuse from the cytoplasm to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is oxidized back to DHAP by the mitochondrial GPDH (GPDH2 or mGPDH), which is FAD-dependent. (bmrservice.com)

Human mitochondrial2

• Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. (gutenberg.org)
• This is accomplished on human mitochondrial DNA by sequencing one or more of the hypervariable control regions (HVR1 or HVR2) of the mitochondrial DNA, as with a genealogical DNA test . (gutenberg.org)

Proteins2

• Overall, our results extend the recent finding of lysine acetylation of mitochondrial proteins and demonstrate that SIRT3 has evolved to control reversible lysine acetylation in this organelle. (asm.org)
• In this review we bring together current data on mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake, ROS generation, and redox modulation of Ca 2+ transport proteins. (bioscience.org)

Regulation of mitochondrial1

• This work is the basis of future research in the area of Ca 2+ -mediated regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and mitochondrial calcium ([Ca 2+ ] m ) uptake. (frontiersin.org)

Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial1

• The goal of this work is to uncover contributions of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial processes in this secretory coupling mechanism using mathematical modeling in a systems biology approach. (biomedcentral.com)

Synthesis2

• In Veech's isolated rat heart preparation insulin REDUCES glycolysis, increases glycogen synthesis and increases mitochondrial ETC efficiency. (blogspot.com)
• It is proposed that mitochondrial HSD is essential for the synthesis of high levels of progesterone. (biomedcentral.com)

Glycolysis2

• One or more factors derived from glycolysis other than pyruvate appear to be required for the generation of mitochondrial signals that lead to insulin secretion. (sciencemag.org)
• Glycolysis-derived pyruvate can be converted to lactate and alanine or it generates acetyl-CoA through pyruvate dehydrogenase - a key step in the Krebs cycle. (scielo.br)

Chromosome Adam2

• Y Chromosome Adam and Mitochondrial Eve aren't the first human man and woman either, but they are real people whose Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA have been passed down with modifications to every living male and female. (thefreedictionary.com)
• New Zealander, Professor Allan Wilson, discovered that all of us are descended from only two lineages, from one man and one woman, from people he called Mitochondrial Eve and Y Chromosome Adam. (thefreedictionary.com)

Respiration2

• Mitochondrial respiration can be studied in oxygraph experiments. (leeds.ac.uk)
• Thus a distinction is made between physiological uncoupling and pathologically defective dyscoupling in mitochondrial respiration. (oroboros.at)

Redox state1

• Finally, we discuss evidence from single cell imaging that increases in cytosolic Ca 2+ are not required for the upstroke of oscillations in mitochondrial redox state, but may underlie the reoxidation process. (naver.com)

MtDNA4

• The association of CPEO and parkinsonism/dementia with subclinical optic neuropathy widens the phenotypic spectrum of OPA1 mutations, highlighting the association of defective mitochondrial dynamics, mtDNA multiple deletions, and altered mitophagy with parkinsonism. (nih.gov)
• Knowledge of the mode of mitochondrial inheritance is essential for understanding population structure based on mtDNA variation. (thefreedictionary.com)
• In 1987 biochemist Allan C. Wilson proposed that all living human beings had inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from a single woman. (thefreedictionary.com)
• Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA are thought to be of separate evolutionary origin, with the mtDNA being derived from the circular genomes of the bacteria that were engulfed by the early ancestors of today's eukaryotic cells. (gutenberg.org)

Skeletal muscle1

• AMP kinase is required for mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle in response to chronic energy deprivation. (tasavvuf.info)

Physiology1

• Gnaiger Erich et al ― MitoEAGLE Task Group (2020) Mitochondrial physiology. (oroboros.at)

Uptake1

• Recent studies suggest that nuclear-encoded microRNAs (miRNA) are able to translocate in to the mitochondrial compartment, and modulate mitochondrial activities, including [Ca 2+ ] m uptake. (frontiersin.org)

Secretion1

• This comprehensive model predicts a special role for mitochondrial control mechanisms in insulin secretion and ROS generation in the beta cell. (biomedcentral.com)

Humans2

• With style names inspired by Mitochondrial Eve -- the universal matrilineal ancestor to all humans who is believed to have lived over 140,000 years ago in what is now Ethiopia, Kenya or Tanzania. (thefreedictionary.com)
• Working from the premise that Homo sapiens emerged 150,000 years ago in Africa from Mitochondrial Eve , Shlain argues that humans succeeded because of the dramatic change in hormonal cycle that Eve and her female successors experienced. (thefreedictionary.com)

Expression1

• In contrasts to these findings, the expression of the glycolytic pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) and of the mitochondrial ATPase Inhibitor Factor 1 (IF1) and Hsp60 were significantly augmented in DM when compared to other IMs in accordance with a metabolic shift prone to cancer development. (biomedcentral.com)

Mice2

• In contrast, no mitochondrial hyperacetylation was detectable in mice lacking the two other mitochondrial sirtuins, SIRT4 and SIRT5. (asm.org)
• This was accomplished by measuring the HSD activity in microsomal and mitochondrial fractions from ovaries of pregnant mice. (biomedcentral.com)

Substrate1

• Overall, oxphos activity in KO livers and hepatoblastoma was comparable with that of control counterparts, with evidence that metabolic substrate abnormalities were compensated for by increased mitochondrial mass. (aacrjournals.org)

Reactive1

• MitoQ10 has been used to prevent mitochondrial oxidative damage and to infer the involvement of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in signaling pathways. (cam.ac.uk)