Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Mitochondria, Liver
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Mitochondria, Muscle
Mitochondrial Proteins
Mitochondrial Swelling
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Mitochondrial Membranes
The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).
Intracellular Membranes
Oxygen Consumption
Cell Respiration
DNA, Mitochondrial
Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial
Cytochromes c
Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins
Uncoupling Agents
Electron Transport Complex IV
A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Oligomycins
A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).
Adenosine Triphosphate
Reactive Oxygen Species
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.
Cytochrome c Group
Atractyloside
Apoptosis
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Antimycin A
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Electron Transport
Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases
A class of nucleotide translocases found abundantly in mitochondria that function as integral components of the inner mitochondrial membrane. They facilitate the exchange of ADP and ATP between the cytosol and the mitochondria, thereby linking the subcellular compartments of ATP production to those of ATP utilization.
Submitochondrial Particles
Cytosol
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Succinates
Biological Transport
Protein Transport
NAD
A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
bcl-2-Associated X Protein
Permeability
Electron Transport Complex I
A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Oxidative Stress
Succinic Acid
A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases
Subcellular Fractions
Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.
Caspases
A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.
Adenosine Diphosphate
Mersalyl
Cell Fractionation
Ruthenium Red
Amino Acid Sequence
Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels
Energy Metabolism
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.
Cardiolipins
Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal SYPHILIS SERODIAGNOSIS.
Membrane Proteins
Electron Transport Complex III
A multisubunit enzyme complex that contains CYTOCHROME B GROUP; CYTOCHROME C1; and iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to UBIQUINONE, and transfers the electrons to CYTOCHROME C. In MITOCHONDRIA the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Ubiquinone
Carrier Proteins
NADH Dehydrogenase
A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD. In eukaryotes the enzyme can be found as a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex I. Under experimental conditions the enzyme can use CYTOCHROME C GROUP as the reducing cofactor. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.6.2.1.
Bongkrekic Acid
Ketoglutaric Acids
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Models, Biological
Hydrogen Peroxide
Carnitine
Mitochondrial Dynamics
Rats, Wistar
Proton-Translocating ATPases
Rats, Inbred Strains
BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein
Liver
Neurospora crassa
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Mutation
Polarography
An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.
Organelles
Citrate (si)-Synthase
Base Sequence
Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1
Cells, Cultured
Valinomycin
A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Apoptosis Inducing Factor
A flavoprotein that functions as a powerful antioxidant in the MITOCHONDRIA and promotes APOPTOSIS when released from the mitochondria. In mammalian cells AIF is released in response to pro-apoptotic protein members of the bcl-2 protein family. It translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and binds DNA to stimulate CASPASE-independent CHROMATIN condensation.
Cattle
Membranes
Cytochromes
Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.
Digitonin
Cytoplasm
Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
Pyruvic Acid
Ion Channels
Palmitoyl Coenzyme A
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Cell Death
Caspase 9
A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 9 is activated during cell stress by mitochondria-derived proapoptotic factors and by CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1. It activates APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES.
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Genes, Mitochondrial
Rhodamine 123
A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for P-glycoprotein and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of P-glycoprotein in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30)
Microscopy, Confocal
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Oxygen
Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins
A complex of enzymes and PROTON PUMPS located on the inner membrane of the MITOCHONDRIA and in bacterial membranes. The protein complex provides energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient, which may be used by either MITOCHONDRIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES or BACTERIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES.
Caspase 3
Autophagy
The segregation and degradation of damaged or unwanted cytoplasmic constituents by autophagic vacuoles (cytolysosomes) composed of LYSOSOMES containing cellular components in the process of digestion; it plays an important role in BIOLOGICAL METAMORPHOSIS of amphibians, in the removal of bone by osteoclasts, and in the degradation of normal cell components in nutritional deficiency states.
Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
Electron Transport Complex II
HeLa Cells
Solanum tuberosum
Protons
Adenosine Triphosphatases
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Myocardium
RNA Editing
A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).
Hexokinase
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and a D-hexose to ADP and a D-hexose 6-phosphate. D-Glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, sorbitol, and D-glucosamine can act as acceptors; ITP and dATP can act as donors. The liver isoenzyme has sometimes been called glucokinase. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.1.
Citric Acid Cycle
NADP
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Palmitoylcarnitine
Fatty Acids
Cyclophilins
Rhodamines
Blotting, Western
Cyclosporine
Clonazepam
An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.
Neurospora
bcl-X Protein
Superoxide Dismutase
Malate Dehydrogenase
Adipose Tissue, Brown
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)
Membrane Transport Proteins
Magnesium
Cyanides
Malonyl Coenzyme A
Enzyme Activation
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Fluorescent Dyes
Biological Transport, Active
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Acyl Coenzyme A
Nigericin
Glutamates
Cell Compartmentation
Cell Membrane Permeability
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Protein Binding
bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein
tert-Butylhydroperoxide
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Cell Survival
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Protein Biosynthesis
Antioxidants
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Superoxides
Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to METHEMOGLOBIN. In living organisms, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides.
Muscle, Skeletal
Chloroplasts
Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.
Aconitate Hydratase
Quinone Reductases
NAD(P)H:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductases. A family that includes three enzymes which are distinguished by their sensitivity to various inhibitors. EC 1.6.99.2 (NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASE (QUINONE);) is a flavoprotein which reduces various quinones in the presence of NADH or NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol. EC 1.6.99.5 (NADH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADH, is inhibited by AMP and 2,4-dinitrophenol but not by dicoumarol or folic acid derivatives. EC 1.6.99.6 (NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol and folic acid derivatives but not by 2,4-dinitrophenol.
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Glutathione
Cytochromes c1
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase
Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1
Phosphate-Binding Proteins
Potassium Cyanide
Calcium Signaling
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases
A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.
Tetramethylphenylenediamine
Fumarate Hydratase
Bcl-2 regulates amplification of caspase activation by cytochrome c. (1/26295)
Caspases, a family of specific proteases, have central roles in apoptosis [1]. Caspase activation in response to diverse apoptotic stimuli involves the relocalisation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytoplasm where it stimulates the proteolytic processing of caspase precursors. Cytochrome c release is controlled by members of the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis regulators [2] [3]. The anti-apoptotic members Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL may also control caspase activation independently of cytochrome c relocalisation or may inhibit a positive feedback mechanism [4] [5] [6] [7]. Here, we investigate the role of Bcl-2 family proteins in the regulation of caspase activation using a model cell-free system. We found that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL set a threshold in the amount of cytochrome c required to activate caspases, even in soluble extracts lacking mitochondria. Addition of dATP (which stimulates the procaspase-processing factor Apaf-1 [8] [9]) overcame inhibition of caspase activation by Bcl-2, but did not prevent the control of cytochrome c release from mitochondria by Bcl-2. Cytochrome c release was accelerated by active caspase-3 and this positive feedback was negatively regulated by Bcl-2. These results provide evidence for a mechanism to amplify caspase activation that is suppressed at several distinct steps by Bcl-2, even after cytochrome c is released from mitochondria. (+info)Hsp60 is targeted to a cryptic mitochondrion-derived organelle ("crypton") in the microaerophilic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. (2/26295)
Entamoeba histolytica is a microaerophilic protozoan parasite in which neither mitochondria nor mitochondrion-derived organelles have been previously observed. Recently, a segment of an E. histolytica gene was identified that encoded a protein similar to the mitochondrial 60-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp60 or chaperonin 60), which refolds nuclear-encoded proteins after passage through organellar membranes. The possible function and localization of the amebic Hsp60 were explored here. Like Hsp60 of mitochondria, amebic Hsp60 RNA and protein were both strongly induced by incubating parasites at 42 degreesC. 5' and 3' rapid amplifications of cDNA ends were used to obtain the entire E. histolytica hsp60 coding region, which predicted a 536-amino-acid Hsp60. The E. histolytica hsp60 gene protected from heat shock Escherichia coli groEL mutants, demonstrating the chaperonin function of the amebic Hsp60. The E. histolytica Hsp60, which lacked characteristic carboxy-terminal Gly-Met repeats, had a 21-amino-acid amino-terminal, organelle-targeting presequence that was cleaved in vivo. This presequence was necessary to target Hsp60 to one (and occasionally two or three) short, cylindrical organelle(s). In contrast, amebic alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and ferredoxin, which are bacteria-like enzymes, were diffusely distributed throughout the cytosol. We suggest that the Hsp60-associated, mitochondrion-derived organelle identified here be named "crypton," as its structure was previously hidden and its function is still cryptic. (+info)An alternative transcript of the rat renin gene can result in a truncated prorenin that is transported into adrenal mitochondria. (3/26295)
Characterization of the local renin-angiotensin system in the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa indicated a dual targeting of renin both to the secretory pathway and mitochondria. To investigate the transport of renin into mitochondria, we constructed a series of amino-terminal deletion variants of preprorenin. One of these variants, lacking the complete signal sequence for the endoplasmic reticulum and 10 amino acids of the profragment, was transported efficiently into isolated mitochondria. The transport was further shown to be dependent on mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis. Analysis of adrenal RNA revealed the existence of 2 renin transcripts. While one of the transcripts corresponds to the known full-length transcript, the other one lacks exon 1; instead, exon 2 is preceded by a domain of 80 nucleotides originating from intron 1. This domain, as well as the following region of intron 1 being excised, shows all essential sequence elements defining an additional, so-far-unknown exon. The second mRNA possibly derives from an additional transcription start in intron 1 and an alternative splicing process. Translation of this mRNA could result in a truncated prorenin representing a cytosolic form of renin, which is required for transport into mitochondria. This truncated prorenin corresponds exactly to the deletion variant being imported into mitochondria in vitro. (+info)UCP4, a novel brain-specific mitochondrial protein that reduces membrane potential in mammalian cells. (4/26295)
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are a family of mitochondrial transporter proteins that have been implicated in thermoregulatory heat production and maintenance of the basal metabolic rate. We have identified and partially characterized a novel member of the human uncoupling protein family, termed uncoupling protein-4 (UCP4). Protein sequence analyses showed that UCP4 is most related to UCP3 and possesses features characteristic of mitochondrial transporter proteins. Unlike other known UCPs, UCP4 transcripts are exclusively expressed in both fetal and adult brain tissues. UCP4 maps to human chromosome 6p11.2-q12. Consistent with its potential role as an uncoupling protein, UCP4 is localized to the mitochondria and its ectopic expression in mammalian cells reduces mitochondrial membrane potential. These findings suggest that UCP4 may be involved in thermoregulatory heat production and metabolism in the brain. (+info)R73A and H144Q mutants of the yeast mitochondrial cyclophilin Cpr3 exhibit a low prolyl isomerase activity in both peptide and protein-folding assays. (5/26295)
Previously we reported that the R73A and H144Q variants of the yeast cyclophilin Cpr3 were virtually inactive in a protease-coupled peptide assay, but retained activity as catalysts of a proline-limited protein folding reaction [Scholz, C. et al. (1997) FEBS Lett. 414, 69-73]. A reinvestigation revealed that in fact these two mutations strongly decrease the prolyl isomerase activity of Cpr3 in both the peptide and the protein-folding assay. The high folding activities found previously originated from a contamination of the recombinant Cpr3 proteins with the Escherichia coli protein SlyD, a prolyl isomerase that co-purifies with His-tagged proteins. SlyD is inactive in the peptide assay, but highly active in the protein-folding assay. (+info)Mitochondrial depolarization accompanies cytochrome c release during apoptosis in PC6 cells. (6/26295)
Cytochrome c is released from mitochondria into the cytosol in cells undergoing apoptosis. The temporal relationship between cytochrome c release and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was monitored by laser-scanning confocal microscopy in single living pheochromocytoma-6 cells undergoing apoptosis induced by staurosporine. Mitochondrial membrane potential monitored by tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester decreased abruptly in individual cells from 2 to 7 h after treatment with staurosporine. Depolarization was accompanied by cytochrome c release documented by release of transfected green fluorescent protein-tagged cytochrome c in these cells. The results show that mitochondrial depolarization accompanies cytochrome c release in pheochromocytoma-6 cells undergoing apoptosis. (+info)Identification of 17-methyl-18-norandrosta-5,13(17-dien-3beta-ol, the C19 fragment formed by adrenal side chain cleavage of a 20-aryl analog of (20S)-20-hydroxycholesterol. (7/26295)
Incubation of (20R)-20-phenyl-5-pregnene-3beta,20-diol, an aromatic analog of (23S)-20-hydroxycholesterol, with an adrenal mitochondrial preparation leads to the formation of four compounds: pregnenolone, phenol, a C8 ketone, acetophenone, and a nonpolar C19 compound. This latter compound has now been identified by reverse isotope dilution analysis and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as 17-methyl-18-norandrosta-5,13(17)-dien-3beta-ol. From these results it is evident that enzymatic fission of the C-17,20 bond of this synthetic derivative occurs. On the other hand, when (20S)-20-hydroxy[21-14C]cholesterol was used as substrate, the analogous cleavage did not take place. Thus, substitution of an aromatic group on C-20 facilitates side chain cleavage between that carbon atom and the nucleus whereas neither of the naturally occuring precursors, cholesterol or its 20-hydroxylated counterpart, are metabolized to a C8 fragment. (+info)Role of hypoxia-induced Bax translocation and cytochrome c release in reoxygenation injury. (8/26295)
We investigated mechanisms of cell death during hypoxia/reoxygenation of cultured kidney cells. During glucose-free hypoxia, cell ATP levels declined steeply resulting in the translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria. Concurrently, there was cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Cells that leaked cytochrome c underwent apoptosis after reoxygenation. ATP depletion induced by a mitochondrial uncoupler resulted in similar alterations even in the presence of oxygen. Moreover, inclusion of glucose during hypoxia prevented protein translocations and reoxygenation injury by maintaining intracellular ATP. Thus, ATP depletion, rather than hypoxia per se, was the cause of protein translocations. Overexpression of Bcl-2 prevented cytochrome c release and reoxygenation injury without ameliorating ATP depletion or Bax translocation. On the other hand, caspase inhibitors did not prevent protein translocations, but inhibited apoptosis during reoxygenation. Nevertheless, they could not confer long-term viability, since mitochondria had been damaged. Omission of glucose during reoxygenation resulted in continued failure of ATP production, and cell death with necrotic morphology. In contrast, cells expressing Bcl-2 had functional mitochondria and remained viable during reoxygenation even without glucose. Therefore, Bax translocation during hypoxia is a molecular trigger for cell death during reoxygenation. If ATP is available during reoxygenation, apoptosis develops; otherwise, death occurs by necrosis. By preserving mitochondrial integrity, BCL-2 prevents both forms of cell death and ensures cell viability. (+info)
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Formation of elongated giant mitochondria in DFO-induced cellular senescence: Involvement of enhanced fusion process through...
Human mitochondria and mitochondrial genome function as a single dynamic cellular unit. | JCB
Mitochondria - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mitochondria - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mitochondrion - wikidoc
Mitochondrial regulation of Leydig cell steroid synthesis. Implications for the decline in male testosterone production with...
Identification of the Target of the Retrograde Response that Mediates Replicative Lifespan Extension in Saccharomyces...
Mitochondria - ApoE4.Info Wiki
Osmotic Effects on Mitochondria from Two Species of Amphibian, Bufo ma by Jeff Duerr
Cell Biology/Organelles/Mitochondria - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Mitochondrion - Academic Kids
Mitochondrion - Academic Kids
Abstract 18590: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Protein Kinase C Targeting To Mitochondria | Circulation
Does diet have an effect on mitochondria - Diet Blog
Biochemical and evolutionary aspects of anaerobically functioning mitochondria | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal...
INF2-mediated actin polymerization at the ER stimulates mitochondrial calcium uptake, inner membrane constriction, and division...
SWELLING OF FISH MITOCHONDRIA | Journal of Cell Biology | Rockefeller University Press
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A SINGLE MITOCHONDRION - GETTYSBURG COLLEGE
NAD+ Related to Mitochondria Function of Osteoblasts | Osteoporosis-Studies
Bode Ten Supports Healthy Mitochondria Function, ATP Energy
What the Heck are Mitochondria? | Dr. Mark Hyman
How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species | Biochemical Journal
Neddylation regulation of mitochondrial structure and functions | Cell & Bioscience | Full Text
Protein That Shuttles RNA Into Cell Mitochondria Discovered
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Science and Technology Updates
Mitochondria - The School of Biomedical Sciences Wiki
Mitochondria - The School of Biomedical Sciences Wiki
Increased mitochondria uncoupling results in kidney tissue hypoxia and proteinuria.
Measurement of Mitochondrial DNA Release in Response to ER ...
Mitochondrial regulation of store-operated CRAC channels. - Oxford Neuroscience
Electron transport chain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria is inhibited by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> at succinate...
Cloning, Expression and Characterization of Mitochondrial Manganese Superoxide Dismutase from the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci -...
A COMPLEX DIETARY SUPPLEMENT AUGMENTS SPATIAL LEARNING, BRAIN MASS, AND MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ACTIVITY IN...
Mitochondria Supply Membranes for Autophagosome Biogenesis during Starvation - ScienceOpen
Isolation and functional assessment of mitochondria from small amounts of mouse brain tissue<...
Lipid content, active mitochondria and brilliant cresyl blue staining in bovine oocytes<...
Mitochondria Function, Natural Anti Aging, Health Tips
RhoA and Mitophagy | Heller Brown Lab
Interaction of gold nanoparticles with mitochondria. - Radcliffe Department of Medicine
Increased localization of APP-C99 in mitochondria-associated ER membranes causes mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer disease...
PAYWALLED T cells with dysfunctional mitochondria induce multimorbidity and premature senescence - BioscienceNews - LONGECITY
Individual Cardiac Mitochondria Undergo Rare Transient Permeability Transition Pore Openings.
Fusion, fission, and transport control asymmetric inheritance of mitochondria and protein aggregates | JCB
ER-associated mitochondrial division links the distribution of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA in yeast - Walter Lab
Getting More Out Of Your Mitochondria | Carolina Health Club
A novel neurological phenotype in mice lacking mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Melatonin: A Mitochondrial Targeting Molecule Involving Mitochondrial Protection and Dynamics
Uncoupling protein-3 lowers reactive oxygen species production in isolated mitochondria. | MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit
Nature of the effect of adenosine 5-monophosphate on the cyanide-insensitive respiration in mitochondria of Moniliella...
Supplements for Energy - Almsbio - Liposomal Glutathione & Vitamin C Bioavailable Health Supplements
Abstract 3562: Chronic Pressure Overload in Rats Reduces Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity but not Coupling to ATP-Production ...
Why do mitochondria synthesize fatty acids? Evidence for involvement in lipoic acid production | PNAS
Morphological heterogeneity of HeLa cell mitochondria visualized by a modified diaminobenzidine staining technique | Journal of...
Effects of alcohol and oxidative stress on liver pathology: The role of the mitochondrion<...
Fluctuating vs. continuous exposure to H₂O₂: the effects on mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular calcium, and NF-κB...
Cell-penetrating peptides are excluded from the mitochondrial matrix | Biochemical Society Transactions | Portland Press
mitochondria for neet
OSA | Intracellular disruption of mitochondria in a living HeLa cell with a 76-MHz femtosecond laser oscillator
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Neuroprotective Effects of Mitochondria-Targeted Plastoquinone in a Rat Model of Neonatal Hypoxic...
Mitochondria on the move | Journal of Cell Science
Intramitochondrial recruitment of endolysosomes mediates Smac degradation and constitutes a novel intrinsic apoptosis...
Chromosome mitochondria (human) | definition of Chromosome mitochondria (human) by Medical dictionary
Analysis of mitochondria morphology dynamics during adipogenesis, UNCG NC DOCKS (North Carolina Digital Online Collection of...
mitochondria questions worksheet
Abstract 210: Thioredoxin-2 Inhibits Mitochondrial Ros Generation And Ask1 Activity To Maintain Cardiac Function | Circulation...
Researchers find mitochondria could delay aging
Phosphoproteins and protein kinase activities intrinsic to inner membranes of potato tuber mitochondria
Mitochondria regulate Ca2+ wave initiation and inositol trisphosphate signal transduction in oligodendrocyte progenitors
Acute Knockdown of Uncoupling Protein-2 Increases Uncoupling via the Adenine Nucleotide Transporter and Decreases Oxidative...
ANAVEX 2-73 Restores Mitochondrial Functionality, Blocks Cell Death and Oxidative Stress, Preventing Onset of Alzheimers...
Novel factors involved in transport of proteins to respiratory chain complexes - Transport across and into membranes
Dysfunction of Mitochondria in Human Skeletal Muscle in Type 2 Diabetes | Diabetes
Dysfunction of Mitochondria in Human Skeletal Muscle in Type 2 Diabetes | Diabetes
CEF-MC : New insights into the remodelling of mitochondria
Displacement of thiamine pyrophosphate from swollen mitochondria
Primary sequence that determines the functional overlap between mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 Ssc1 and Ssc3 of...
Marsh-Armstrongs Reports in PNAS regarding the transcellular degradation of axonal mitochondria - The Solomon H Snyder...
Dysfunctional Mitochondria Found to Be Associated with Low Motile Sperm
13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid
... from mitochondria-bearing reticulocytes to mature mitochondria-free erythrocytes in rabbits, the mitochondria accumulate ... Involvement in mitochondria degradation[edit]. In the maturation of the red blood cell lineage (see erythropoiesis) ... epithelial cells of lung airways show various pathological changes including disruption of their mitochondria[47][61][63] 13(S ... HODE causes similar disruptive changes in the mitochondria of cultured Beas 2B human airway epithelial cells.[47] Furthermore, ...
Node of Ranvier
Paranode regulation via mitochondria accumulation[edit]. Mitochondria and other membranous organelles are normally enriched in ... In the nodes of Ranvier, mitochondria serve as an important role in impulse conduction by producing the ATP that is essential ... Supporting this fact, about five times more mitochondria are present in the PNP axoplasm of large peripheral axons than in the ... In the synaptic terminals, mitochondria produce the ATP needed to mobilize vesicles for neurotransmission. ...
Dehydroascorbic acid
Transport to mitochondria[edit]. Vitamin C accumulates in mitochondria, where most of the free radicals are produced, by ...
Hormesis
Mitochondria[edit]. Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's ... Lane, Nick (November 17, 2006). Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0- ... For example, mitochondria consume oxygen which generates free radicals (reactive oxygen species) as a by-product. It was ... Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been regarded as unwanted by-products of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by the ...
Selfish genetic element
Selfish mitochondria[edit]. Genomic conflicts often arise because not all genes are inherited in the same way. Probably the ... Frank SA, Hurst LD (September 1996). "Mitochondria and male disease". Nature. 383 (6597): 224. doi:10.1038/383224a0. PMID ... Camus MF, Clancy DJ, Dowling DK (September 2012). "Mitochondria, maternal inheritance, and male aging". Current Biology. 22 (18 ... Uniparental inheritance been suggested to be a way to reduce the opportunity for selfish mitochondria to spread, as it ensures ...
Chemiosmosis
In mitochondria[edit]. Directions of chemiosmotic proton transfer in the mitochondrion, chloroplast and in gram-negative ... for example in case of the mammalian mitochondrion:[10] H+ / ATP = ΔGp / (Δp / 10.4 kJ·mol−1/mV) = 40.2 kJ·mol−1 / (173.5 mV / ... Chemiosmotic coupling is important for ATP production in mitochondria, chloroplasts[4] and many bacteria and archaea.[5] ... The last steps of this process occur in mitochondria. The reduced molecules NADH and FADH2 are generated by the Krebs cycle, ...
Institute For Medical Research, Israel-Canada
"Mitochondria". medicine.ekmd.huji.ac.il. Retrieved 2016-05-03. "Developmental Processes, Malformations and Diseases". medicine. ... Epigenetics and Common Human Diseases The Tumor and its Microenvironment Mitochondria Developmental Processes, Malformations ...
Copurification
ISBN 0-87969-628-1. Schon, Eric A.; Pon, Liza A. (2001). Mitochondria. Methods in Cell Biology. 65. Boston: Academic Press. pp ...
Intermembrane space
Unlike the IMS of the mitochondria, the IMS of the chloroplast does not seem to have any obvious function. Mitochondria are ... The IMS of mitochondria plays a crucial role in coordinating a variety of cellular activities, such as regulation of ... Unlike the IMS of the mitochondria, the IMS of the chloroplast does not seem to have any obvious function. The translocase of ... This electrochemical gradient from the IMS to the matrix is used to drive the synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria. Releasing ...
Drosophila melanogaster
Mitochondria. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 372. pp. 33-49. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-365-3_3. ISBN 978-1-58829- ...
Cell (biology)
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: generate energy for the cell. Mitochondria are self-replicating organelles that occur in various ... Mitochondria multiply by binary fission, like prokaryotes. Chloroplasts can only be found in plants and algae, and they capture ... A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus (the nuclear genome) and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial ... Some (such as the nucleus and golgi apparatus) are typically solitary, while others (such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, ...
Retina
The outermost portion of the photoreceptor inner segment (IS) packed with mitochondria Very Hyper-reflective No [22][27][25][23 ... RPE mitochondria zone + Junction between the RPE & Bruch's membrane Very Hyper-reflective ...
Progeroid syndromes
Abnormal mitochondria. Other[edit]. Alterations in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, a triplet-repeat disorder (myotonic ...
RALA
Mitochondria portal. ...
Pelagibacterales
... indicated that SAR11 could be the ancestor of mitochondria in most eukaryotic cells.[1] However, this result could represent a ... "The SAR11 group of alpha-proteobacteria is not related to the origin of mitochondria". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30520. Bibcode ... "Phylogenomic evidence for a common ancestor of mitochondria and the SAR11 clade". Scientific Reports. 1: 13. Bibcode:2011NatSR ...
Glutathione synthetase
Because of its antioxidant role, GSS mostly produce GSH inside the cytoplasm of liver cells and imported to mitochondria where ... Ribas V, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC (Jul 2014). "Glutathione and mitochondria". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 5: 151. doi: ...
MFN2
Mitochondria function as a dynamic network constantly undergoing fusion and fission. The balance between fusion and fission is ... In particular, it is not clear if MFN2 is linked to AD through its effects on mitochondria or by affecting other pathways. In ... Celsi F, Pizzo P, Brini M, Leo S, Fotino C, Pinton P, Rizzuto R (May 2009). "Mitochondria, calcium and cell death: a deadly ... MFN2 has also been suggested to be a key regulator of ER-mitochondria contiguity, though its exact function in this inter- ...
Inner mitochondrial membrane
For typical liver mitochondria, the area of the inner membrane is about 5 times as large as the outer membrane due to cristae. ... In pig heart mitochondria, phosphatidylethanolamine makes up the majority of the inner mitochondrial membrane at 37.0% of the ... This ratio is variable and mitochondria from cells that have a greater demand for ATP, such as muscle cells, contain even more ... Krauss, Stefan (2001). "Mitochondria: Structure and Role in Respiration" (PDF). Nature Publishing Group. Archived from the ...
Symbiogenesis
Mitochondria are regarded as organelles rather than endosymbionts because mitochondria and the host cells share some parts of ... There are many lines of evidence that mitochondria and plastids including chloroplasts arose from bacteria. New mitochondria ... This and the phylogenetics of the genes encoded within the mitochondrion suggest that mitochondria have multiple ancestors, ... If a cell's mitochondria or chloroplasts are removed, the cell does not have the means to create new ones. For example, in some ...
Lynn Margulis
The descent of mitochondria from bacteria and of chloroplasts from cyanobacteria was experimentally demonstrated in 1978 by ... Still a junior faculty member at Boston University at the time, her theory that cell organelles such as mitochondria and ... Gillham, Nicholas W. (14 January 2014). "Chloroplasts and Mitochondria". In Reeve, Eric C.R. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Genetics. ... Schwartz, R.; Dayhoff, M. (1978). "Origins of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts". Science. 199 (4327): ...
Lipid metabolism
Scheffler IE (2008). Mitochondria (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Liss. ISBN 978-0-470-04073-7. Choe SS, Huh JY, Hwang IJ, Kim ... Long chain fatty acids (more than 14 carbon) need to be converted to fatty acyl-CoA in order to pass across the mitochondria ... The resulting acyl-CoA cross the mitochondria membrane and enter the process of beta oxidation. The main products of the beta ... However, the main steps of fatty acids catabolism occur in the mitochondria. ...
Douglass Turnbull
CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Professor Doug Turnbull: Personal Biography". newcastle-mitochondria.com. Newcastle ...
Unicellular organism
While not all eukaryotes have mitochondria or chloroplasts, mitochondria are found in most eukaryotes, and chloroplasts are ... "Origin of Mitochondria". Nature. Retrieved 2015-11-23. "Endosymbiosis and The Origin of Eukaryotes". users.rcn.com. Retrieved ... It is likely that modern mitochondria were once a species similar to Rickettsia, with the parasitic ability to enter a cell. ... Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular ...
Goulstonian Lecture
"Professor Doug Turnbull: Personal Biography". newcastle-mitochondria.com. Newcastle upon Tyne. Archived from the original on 31 ...
Symbiogenesis
This and the phylogenetics of the genes encoded within the mitochondrion suggest that mitochondria have multiple ancestors, ... Mitochondria are regarded as organelles rather than endosymbionts because mitochondria and the host cells share some parts of ... Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780199205646. .. ... If a cell's mitochondria or chloroplasts are removed, the cell does not have the means to create new ones.[54] For example, in ...
Substrate-level phosphorylation
MitochondriaEdit. ATP can be generated by substrate-level phosphorylation in mitochondria in a pathway that is independent from ... Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells during glycolysis and in mitochondria either during the Krebs ... This is the case in human erythrocytes, which have no mitochondria, and in oxygen-depleted muscle. ... but also to prevent mitochondria from straining glycolytic ATP reserves by maintaining the adenine nucleotide translocator in ' ...
Thomas Cavalier-Smith
In addition, some protists lacking mitochondria were discovered. As mitochondria were known to be the result of the ... Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1987). "Eukaryotes with no mitochondria". Nature. 326 (6111): 332-333. Bibcode:1987Natur.326..332C. doi ...
Peter G. Schultz
Martin, William F.; Mentel, Marek (2010). "The Origin of Mitochondria". Nature Education. 3 (9): 58. Mehta, Angad P.; Supekova ... In order to probe details of the traditionally accepted hypothesis that mitochondria originated when independent bacteria ... as has happened with mitochondria over time. He is a founder of Affymax Research Institute, Symyx Technologies, Syrrx, Kalypsys ... "Engineering yeast endosymbionts as a step toward the evolution of mitochondria". Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
Gladstone Institutes
Mitochondria and synaptic dysfunction. Studying mitochondria, the energy-producing subunits of cells, as their impairment ...
Mother's curse
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in eukaryotic respiration. Because of maternal inheritance, mtDNA has no selection in males. ... "Mitochondria, maternal inheritance, and male aging." Current Biology 22.18 (2012): 1717-1721. Dowling, Damian K., A. Larkeson ... "Mitochondria-related male infertility." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.41 (2006): 15148-15153. Labuda, ...
Wordle - mitochondria 1
Mitochondria
The role of mitochondria in longevity and healthspan The role of mitochondria in aging and disease remains contentious more ... Mitochondria at the extremes: pioneers, protectorates, protagonists The engulfment of a proto-mitochondrion by a primitive ... Mitochondria as signaling organelles Almost 20 years ago, the discovery that mitochondrial release of cytochrome c initiates a ... Mitochondria as biosynthetic factories for cancer proliferation Unchecked growth and proliferation is a hallmark of cancer, and ...
Pharmacology of Mitochondria | SpringerLink
Mitochondria in Alzheimers Disease and Diabetes-Associated Neurodegeneration: License to Heal! Susana M. Cardoso, Sónia C. ... calcium mitochondrial ion channels mitochondrion oxidative stress pharmacology reactive oxygen species Editors and affiliations ... Nuclear Transcription Factors in the Mitochondria: A New Paradigm in Fine-Tuning Mitochondrial Metabolism ... by leading mitochondrial researchers in the handbook will take us through the novel pharmacological strategies via mitochondria ...
Mitochondria Overview
Mitochondria are double membrane bound cytoplasmic organelles present in most eukaryotic cells. They are responsible for ... How Mitochondria Produce Energy. Play. The role of mitochondria in human disease. Mutations within mtDNA results in a diverse ... The structure of a mitochondrion. Mitochondria are between 1-10μm in length, and often form branched networks within cells. The ... Both sperm and egg gametes contain mitochondria, however mitochondria in the sperm are broken down after fertilisation of the ...
Mitochondria - Immo E. Scheffler - Google Libros
As in that seminal first edition, the second edition tackles the biochemistry, genetics, and pathology of mitochondria in ... March 2009 This book is the eagerly awaited second edition of the best-selling Mitochondria, a book widely acknowledged as the ... scientifically fundamental topic of the cellular organelles known as mitochondria. This new edition brings readers completely ... Mitochondria in Health and Disease. Carolyn D. Berdanier. No hay ninguna vista previa disponible - 2005. ...
Wordle - mitochondria 3 (cluster 1)
Wang Laboratory | Mitochondria & Metabolism Center
Mitochondria dysfunction often underlies the pathogenesis of disease. ... Mitochondria play a central role in cell bioenergetics, free radical signaling, redox homeostasis, ion regulation, and cell ... Mitochondria and Metabolism Center (MMC). Wang Laboratory. University of Washington, Box 358057. 850 Republican Street, Room ... Mitochondria play a central role in cell bioenergetics, free radical signaling, redox homeostasis, ion regulation, and cell ...
Plant Mitochondria | Frank Kempken | Springer
It is now a well established fact that mitochondria did evolve from free living bacteria being the common ancestor of both, ... eukaryotic mitochondria and α-proteobacteria. Advances in genome sequencing, the establishment of in organello and ... Mitochondria are the product of a long evolutionary history. ... Mitochondria are the product of a long evolutionary history. It ... Plant Mitochondria. Editors. * Frank Kempken Series Title. Advances in Plant Biology. Series Volume. 1. Copyright. 2011. ...
Lipids of mitochondria. - PubMed - NCBI
Lipids of mitochondria.. Horvath SE1, Daum G.. Author information. 1. Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology ... Mitochondria are capable of synthesizing several lipids autonomously such as phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and in part ... A unique organelle for studying membrane biochemistry is the mitochondrion whose functionality depends on a coordinated supply ... CDP-diacylglycerol synthase; CDS; CL; CS; DMPE; ER; ER-mitochondria encounter structure; ERMES; IMM; IMS; Lipid synthesis; ...
Mitochondria: Form, function, and disease
Mitochondria are often called the powerhouses of the cell. We explain how they got this title, and outline other important ... Mitochondria are important in a number of processes.. Although the best-known role of mitochondria is energy production, they ... Mitochondria and aging. Over recent years, researchers have investigated a link between mitochondria dysfunction and aging. ... Mitochondria help decide which cells are destroyed.. Mitochondria release cytochrome C, which activates caspase, one of the ...
Mitochondria and Ageing
... Christiaan Leeuwenburgh. ,1 Reinald Pamplona. ,2 and Alberto Sanz3. 1Division of Biology of Aging, ... T. Wenz, "Mitochondria and PGC-1α in aging and age-associated diseases," Journal of Aging Research, vol. 2011, Article ID ... Most of our knowledge about how mitochondria work is based on data from isolated organelles. As in vitro systems are prone to ... D. Harman, "The biologic clock: the mitochondria?" Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 145-147, ...
mitochondria - Everything2.com
Introduction Mitochondria are organelles found in nearly all eukaryotic cells. Their primary function is the synthesis of ATP ... mitochondria. ("mitochondria" is also a: user.). Confirm. Do you really want to send jafuser a message saying you like their ... Mitochondria, the plural of mitochondrion, are organelles which function as the powerhouse of the cell. The Krebs Cycle takes ... The typical liver cell has over 1,000 mitochondria. Some people have theorized that the mitochondria was a primitive ...
Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. - PubMed - NCBI
Eliminating Damaged Mitochondria from Neuronal Cells
... ... Dysfunctioning mitochondria generate reactive oxygen species and release mediators that kill cells, so recognizing and breaking ... Cardiolipin is found in the inner membrane of healthy mitochondria and is not present in any other organelle. Using primary ... The findings from this study point to a mechanism by which externalized cardiolipin in injured mitochondria interacts with LC3 ...
Inflammation turns mitochondria into toxic factories
Researchers discover how macrophages stop mitochondria from producing energy and coerce them into producing harmful products ... Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell. They are present in nearly all cell types and generate the ... "Mitochondria are well known as the key energy generators in our cells, but we found that during inflammation they switch from ... "Inflammation turns mitochondria into toxic factories." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 25 Sep. 2016. Web.. 18 Aug. 2018 ...
Mitochondria modulate programmed neuritic retraction | PNAS
Mitochondria modulate programmed neuritic retraction. Sergei V. Baranov, Oxana V. Baranova, Svitlana Yablonska, Yalikun Suofu, ... Mitochondria modulate programmed neuritic retraction. Sergei V. Baranov, Oxana V. Baranova, Svitlana Yablonska, Yalikun Suofu, ... Mitochondria modulate programmed neuritic retraction. Sergei V. Baranov, Oxana V. Baranova, Svitlana Yablonska, Yalikun Suofu, ... We demonstrate that impaired distal mitochondria have a lower threshold for focal/nonlethal neuritic caspase-3 activation in ...
Mitochondria and Parkinson's Disease
Mitochondria and Parkinsons Disease. David K. Simon. ,1 Charleen T. Chu. ,2 and Russell H. Swerdlow3. 1Beth Israel Deaconess ... Mitochondria and Parkinsons Disease,. Parkinsons Disease,. vol. 2011. ,. Article ID 261791. ,. 2. pages. ,. 2011. .. https ... Overall, this review makes a compelling case for why mitochondria should be considered to play a key role in both PD etiology ... Relationships between mitochondria and oxidative stress, cell calcium homeostasis, dopamine metabolism, and Lewy bodies are ...
Mitochondria: Gifts & Merchandise | Redbubble
High quality Mitochondria inspired T-Shirts, Posters, Mugs and more by independent artists and designers from around the world ... Related searches:Science,Biology,Cell,Nerd,Mighty Mitochondria,Organelle,Girl Power,Feminism,Feminist,Women Inventors,Cell ... High quality Mitochondria inspired T-Shirts, Posters, Mugs and more by independent artists and designers from around the world ...
Carbon Monoxide Targeting Mitochondria
... Cláudia S. F. Queiroga,1,2,3 Ana S. Almeida,1,2 and Helena L. A. Vieira1,2,3 ... Mitochondria present two key roles on cellular functioning: (i) cell metabolism, being the main cellular source of energy and ( ... Herein, mitochondrion is approached as the main cellular target of carbon monoxide (CO). In this paper, two main perspectives ...
Charles Darwin's Mitochondria | Genetics
Charles Darwins Mitochondria. *John Hayman1. *. Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, ... Mitochondria and mitochondrial disorders are maternally inherited. An examination of Darwins family history provides ... 2007 Population prevalence of the MELAS A3243G mutation. Mitochondrion 7: 230-233. ... 2011 Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in asthma: implications for mitochondria-targeted antioxidant therapeutics. ...
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of immunity | Nature Immunology
Recent evidence indicates that mitochondria lie at the heart of immunity. Mitochondrial DNA acts as a danger-associated ... ONeill and colleagues review the role of mitochondria dynamics and energetics in immunity and inflammation, in innate and ... Mitochondria are gate-keepers of T cell function by producing the ATP that drives purinergic signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 289, ... Mitochondria are required for antigen-specific T cell activation through reactive oxygen species signaling. Immunity 38, 225- ...
Dropbox - SAC Calcium & Osteoporosis & Mitochondria & Cancer.pdf
NORTHWEST METABOLOMICS RESEARCH CENTER | Mitochondria & Metabolism Center
Metabolomics (also known as metabonomics or metabolic profiling) deals with the quantitative analysis of multicomponent mixtures of biological samples, and is focused on establishing metabolic responses of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli or genetic alterations. While vast progress in the fields of genomics and proteomics have provided a wealth of information for understanding the factors that regulate cell physiology and pathology, great insight into the functions of biological systems is also gained through the study of concentrations and fluxes of metabolites.. The quantitative measurement of small molecule metabolites that are the end products of genes, transcripts and proteins functions provides vital information for understanding the composition and function of biochemical networks, and promises solutions to many important questions related to human disease diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic development. Significant interest in the application of metabolomics-based approaches ...
Mitochondria affect stress responses | EurekAlert! Science News
Mitochondria, the tiny structures inside our cells that generate energy, may also play a previously unrecognized role in mind- ... At the core of bioenergetics are the mitochondria, residing in large numbers outside the nucleus of every cell. Mitochondria ... Mitochondria affect stress responses. Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia. Journal. Proceedings of the National Academy of ... Mitochondria, the tiny structures inside our cells that generate energy, may also play a previously unrecognized role in mind- ...
Mitochondria in Pathogenesis | John J. Lemasters | Springer
Massive programmed translational jumping in mitochondria | PNAS
Translational jumping in mitochondria. B. Franz Lang, Michaela Jakubkova, Eva Hegedusova, Rachid Daoud, Lise Forget, Brona ... Translational jumping in mitochondria. B. Franz Lang, Michaela Jakubkova, Eva Hegedusova, Rachid Daoud, Lise Forget, Brona ... Massive programmed translational jumping in mitochondria. B. Franz Lang, Michaela Jakubkova, Eva Hegedusova, Rachid Daoud, Lise ... Here, we report 81 translational bypassing elements (byps) in mitochondria of the yeast Magnusiomyces capitatus and demonstrate ...
Mitochondria Functions: Optimizing Mitochondrial Metabolism
Mitochondria Functions: Optimizing Mitochondrial Metabolism
How Mitochondria Produce Energy To produce energy, your mitochondria require oxygen from the air you breathe and fat and ... Exercise Helps Keep Your Mitochondria Young. Exercise also promotes mitochondrial health, as it forces your mitochondria to ... which means your cells are forced to use their mitochondria. Your mitochondria are the only mechanisms by which your body can ... Mitochondria: you might not know what they are, but they are vital to your health. Rhonda Patrick, PhD is a biomedical ...
Breaking Bad Mitochondria
This fragmentation (fission) results in the formation of one healthy mitochondrion and one damaged or bad mitochondrion, the ... Although the fragmentation serves to excise the damaged area from the mitochondrion, the formation of a healthy mitochondrion ... Mitochondria are organelles in a cell that convert energy from food (glucose) into a form of energy that can be used by cells ... "The virus damages mitochondria in liver cells. Cells recognize the damage and respond to it by recruiting proteins that tell ...
SevERing Mitochondria | Science
Mitochondria are the cells metabolic headquarters, fueling oxidative phosphorylation for adenosine 5′-triphosphate production ... The endoplasmic reticulum is an active participant in the division of another organelle, the mitochondrion. ... The endoplasmic reticulum is an active participant in the division of another organelle, the mitochondrion. ...
MetabolismOrganellesProteinsApoptosisCristaeReactive oxygenMembranesCellularCellsFact that mitochondriaOuter membraneCellOxidative phosphorylationCell'sNeuronal MitochondriaNucleusMembraneMitophagyOrganelleCompartmentsMetabolicDysfunctionEndoplasmic reticulumTravel to the mitochondriaIntermembrane spaceGeneticsGenesOrganismsRole for mitochondriaCytosol and mitochondriaStructure of mitochondriaLipidBiologyProteinCalciumSingle mitochondrionResearchersMtDNAGenomeCitric acidCytoplasmPhospholipidAnimal mitochondriaMuscle mitochondriaMalignant mitochondriaTargeting MitochondriaMammalianMitochondrial DNAEnergyEnzymesFunction
Metabolism16
- Navdeep Chandel outlines the important role for mitochondrial metabolism in providing the building blocks for cell proliferation and explains how mitochondria contribute to the bioenergetic, biosynthetic and signaling requirements of proliferating cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Eukaryotic cells with a less active metabolism may have one single large mitochondrion, whereas cells which migrate or contract, such as muscle cells, or those with an active metabolism, such as liver cells, can possess hundreds or thousands of mitochondria. (news-medical.net)
- Mitochondria present two key roles on cellular functioning: (i) cell metabolism, being the main cellular source of energy and (ii) modulation of cell death, by mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. (hindawi.com)
- Although he emphasizes that much more research remains to be done on the role of mitochondria on human behavior, Wallace postulates that the current study indicates that an important reason for our limited progress in understanding the genetic and biologic basis of psychology is our lack of appreciation for the importance of systematic alterations in energetic metabolism. (eurekalert.org)
- Your mitochondria have enormous potential to influence your health, specifically cancer, and I'm starting to believe that optimizing mitochondrial metabolism may in fact be at the core of effective cancer treatment. (mercola.com)
- Taking this line of thought, Johan Auwerx's lab at EPFL looked at mitochondria, which are the energy-producing powerhouses of cells, and thus central in metabolism. (eurekalert.org)
- Cancer cells, which have an increased metabolism, not only contain more mitochondria than healthy cells, but also different ones, structurally and functionally. (eurekalert.org)
- The distinctive features and their decisive role in cell metabolism have made malignant mitochondria a prominent target for new therapeutic compounds. (eurekalert.org)
- The results were impressive: The authors observed a dose-dependent viability loss of up to 100 percent of the cells, mitochondrial membrane disintegration, drug intake into the mitochondria, ROS generation, and impairment of the mitochondrial metabolism. (eurekalert.org)
- The Bioenergetics, Mitochondria, and Metabolism Subgroup attracts participants with a wide range of interests. (biophysics.org)
- The role of mitochondria in cell metabolism and apoptosis are hot topics since they combine bioenergetics with mitochondria ability to rapidly respond to changes in cell function and adaption but also disease development. (biophysics.org)
- In order to join the Bioenergetics, Mitochondria, and Metabolism Subgroup, you must be a member of the Society. (biophysics.org)
- mitochondrion ), are rod-shaped organelles that are responsible for the lions share of energy metabolism within a cell, converting oxygen and nutrients into Carbon dioxide and water and synthesizing ATP in the process. (conservapedia.com)
- zinc toxicity alters mitochondrial metabolism and lowers ATP production in liver mitochondria. (marksdailyapple.com)
- For example, mitochondria in liver cells contain enzymes that allow them to detoxify ammonia , a waste product of protein metabolism. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Energy Metabolism and the Regulation of Metabolic Processes in Mitochondria contains papers presented at the 1972 symposium on metabolic regulation, held at the University of Nebraska Medical School in Omaha, Nebraska. (elsevier.com)
Organelles32
- Mitochondria are highly dynamic and structurally complex organelles that provide multiple essential metabolic functions. (biomedcentral.com)
- Mitochondria are double membrane bound cytoplasmic organelles present in most eukaryotic cells. (news-medical.net)
- This book is the eagerly awaited second edition of the best-selling Mitochondria , a book widely acknowledged as the first modern, truly comprehensive authored work on the important, scientifically fundamental topic of the cellular organelles known as mitochondria. (google.com)
- Although mitochondria are often drawn as oval-shaped organelles, they are constantly dividing (fission) and bonding together (fusion). (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Mitochondria are self- replicating double-walled organelles in all eukaryotic cells. (everything2.com)
- Mitochondria, the plural of mitochondrion , are organelles which function as the powerhouse of the cell . (everything2.com)
- Mitochondria are organelles in each cell outside the nucleus and are the energy source of all cells. (springer.com)
- Mitochondria are organelles in a cell that convert energy from food (glucose) into a form of energy that can be used by cells called adenosine triphosphate. (ucsd.edu)
- Prokaryotes - bacteria and archaea - are single-celled microbes without mitochondria nor other organelles aside from ribosomes. (giantmicrobes.com)
- One remarkable theory, called endosymbiosis, holds that the first eukaryotes engulfed smaller, free-living prokaryotic cells, which then became mitochondria and other organelles inside of more complex cells. (giantmicrobes.com)
- Bio-inorganic chemist Kogularamanan Suntharalingam and his group at King's College, London, UK, explore how mitochondria killing agents can be inserted into the organelles and what damage can be achieved. (eurekalert.org)
- Mitochondria are very versatile organelles and they are involved in a plethora of cellular functions, such as energy production, regulation of death pathways, calcium buffering. (hupo.org)
- Meet mitochondria: cellular compartments, or organelles, that are best known as the powerhouses that convert energy from the food we eat into energy that runs a range of biological processes. (livescience.com)
- As you can see in this close-up of mitochondria from a rat's heart muscle cell, the organelles have an inner membrane that folds in many places (and that appears here as striations). (livescience.com)
- It's broadly assumed that cells degrade and recycle their own old or damaged organelles, but researchers at University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Kennedy Krieger Institute have discovered that some neurons transfer unwanted mitochondria - the tiny power plants inside cells - to supporting glial cells called astrocytes for disposal. (ucsd.edu)
- The number of mitochondria present in a cell depends upon the metabolic requirements of that cell , and may range from a single large mitochondrion to thousands of the organelles . (conservapedia.com)
- Mitochondria are generally oblong organelles , which range in size between 1 and 10 micrometers in length, and occur in numbers that directly correlate with the cell's level of metabolic activity. (conservapedia.com)
- The organelles are quite flexible, however, and time-lapse studies of living cells have demonstrated that mitochondria change shape rapidly and move about in the cell almost constantly. (conservapedia.com)
- Mitochondria (singular - mitochondrion) are rod-shaped or kidney-shaped, membrane-enclosed organelles, ranging in size from 1 to 10 micrometers, that are found in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells. (brighthub.com)
- All eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and little organelles - and one of the most famous was the mitochondrion. (nhpr.org)
- Mitochondria are subcellular organelles that function as power plants for the cell, generating energy in the form of ATP from glucose, oxygen, and other molecules. (cshlpress.com)
- Mitochondria are referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because these small organelles take energy that is ingested in the form of sugars or fats and convert it to fuel for the cell in a process called respiration. (nih.gov)
- In eukaryotic cells, two organelles, peroxisomes and mitochondria, are the major sites of oxygen utilization. (jove.com)
- mitochondrion) are organelles , or parts of a eukaryote cell . (wikipedia.org)
- Mitochondria are small, spherical or cylindrical organelles. (wikipedia.org)
- This ATP is released from the mitochondrion, and broken down by the other organelles of the cell to power their own functions. (wikipedia.org)
- Mitochondria purification involves cell lysis followed by separation of the organelles from the rest of the cellular components. (sens.org)
- Mitochondria: totally real cell organelles that convert sugars, fats and oxygen into usable energy for cells. (livescience.com)
- Mitochondria are organelles which contain their own DNA. (reference.com)
- Mitochondria are organelles that are about 1 to 10 micrometers long. (reference.com)
- Mitochondria are indispensable organelles of eukaryotic cells, takes part in the efficient generation of energy required for the cellular activities. (uni-muenchen.de)
- Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that exchange a multiplicity of signals with other cell compartments, in order to finely adjust key biological routines to the fluctuating metabolic needs of the cell. (frontiersin.org)
Proteins17
- A unique organelle for studying membrane biochemistry is the mitochondrion whose functionality depends on a coordinated supply of proteins and lipids. (nih.gov)
- Cells recognize the damage and respond to it by recruiting proteins that tell the mitochondria to eliminate the damaged area, but the repair process ends up helping the virus. (ucsd.edu)
- Mitochondria are the cell's metabolic headquarters, fueling oxidative phosphorylation for adenosine 5′-triphosphate production, and driving reactions to manufacture core metabolites for the biosynthesis of fats, DNA, and proteins. (sciencemag.org)
- The primary focus is mitochondria and chloroplasts, from biogenesis to the structure and function of individual proteins and protein complexes. (biophysics.org)
- Mitochondria import many hundreds of different proteins that are encoded by nuclear genes. (nih.gov)
- These proteins are targeted to the mitochondria, translocated through the mitochondrial membranes, and sorted to the different mitochondrial subcompartments. (nih.gov)
- The main goal of this action is to obtain robust information about the integrative role of proteins acting at the mitochondrial level, considering both those encoded by the mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) and the nuclear encoded proteins (either imported into mitochondria or simply associated to them). (hupo.org)
- Two specialized membranes encircle each mitochondrion present in a cell, dividing the organelle into a narrow intermembrane space and a much larger internal matrix, each of which contains highly specialized proteins. (conservapedia.com)
- The study revealed a target in mitochondria, called caseinolytic protease P (ClpP), which, upon activation, breaks down proteins within mitochondria, a process known as mitochondrial proteolysis. (medindia.net)
- Multiple molecular motors and related proteins participate in carrying and anchoring mitochondria to the midpiece during spermiogenesis and this process is regulated precisely. (scirp.org)
- A mitochondrion comprises outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers studded with proteins , much like a typical cell membrane . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Thus, mitochondria possess their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- This transport is regulated with chaperones and regulatory proteins which control the formation of the ER-mitochondria junction. (wikipedia.org)
- The presence of these DNA modifications leads the researchers to believe that a system of gene control similar to what occurs in the nucleus is present in mitochondria, functioning to ensure the correct levels of proteins needed for proper energy generation. (eurekalert.org)
- The team modified the expression of the mice's genes, so the function of certain proteins used in maintaining mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) - DNA inherited from one's mother that resides only in mitochondria - was inhibited. (yaledailynews.com)
- Mitochondrial disorders may emerge as a result of mutations not only in the mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) but also in the nuclear DNA (nDNA) encoding proteins, which forms part of the mitochondrial proteome. (uni-muenchen.de)
- When mitochondria become damaged, they avoid causing further problems by signaling cellular proteins to degrade them. (phys.org)
Apoptosis12
- Mitochondria are also involved in other tasks, such as signaling between cells and cell death, otherwise known as apoptosis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Controlled' is not the word I would use (not in most cases of mammalian apoptosis, anyway), since the originating signal that triggers apoptosis of a given cell usually comes from outside the cell, but yes, mitochondria play a central and quite early role in apoptosis. (bio.net)
- A small protein called cytochrome c, which is normally part of the respiratory chain, was 'to general stupefaction' (I quote a recent paper) discovered, only a few years ago, to be massively released from mitochondria into the cytosol shortly before apoptosis occurs. (bio.net)
- Scientists from the UK have now synthesized a copper-containing peptide that is readily taken up by mitochondria in breast cancer stem cells, where it effectively induces apoptosis. (eurekalert.org)
- If their mitochondria are taken off, cells will die through apoptosis. (eurekalert.org)
- And the localization to the mitochondria is crucial to the initiation of apoptosis. (redorbit.com)
- Here, it binds, deubiquitylates, and stabilizes type 3 inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R3), modulating calcium (Ca 2+ ) release from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol and mitochondria, promoting apoptosis. (nature.com)
- The copper-containing peptide is readily taken up by mitochondria in breast cancer stem cells and triggers programmed cell death, apoptosis. (chemweb.com)
- In light of the essential roles of mitochondria in energy production, calcium homeostasis and apoptosis, mitochondria dysfunction cause severe human diseases, such as male infertility. (scirp.org)
- These membranes are involved in import of certain lipids from the ER to mitochondria and in regulation of calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial function, autophagy and apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
- A tight ER-mitochondria contact site is integral to the mechanisms controlling cellular apoptosis and to inter-organelle Ca2 + signals. (wikipedia.org)
- MOMP is the process before apoptosis, which is accompanied to permeability of the inner membrane of the mitochondria (IMM). (wikipedia.org)
Cristae8
- Biological energy conversion in mitochondria is carried out by the membrane protein complexes of the respiratory chain and the mitochondrial ATP synthase in the inner membrane cristae. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cristae vastly increase the surface area of which cellular respiration can occur in the mitochondrion, making it much more efficient. (news-medical.net)
- Cristae also divide a mitochondrion into two internal compartments. (news-medical.net)
- Mitochondria are approximately 7 micrometre s long and consist mainly of a double phospholipid envelope , the inner membrane of which is infolded into projections called cristae . (everything2.com)
- Mitochondria have smooth outer membranes and folded inner membranes with tubular projections called cristae. (giantmicrobes.com)
- Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane: a smooth outer membrane, and an inner membrane that has many folds called cristae. (jove.com)
- In typical liver mitochondria, for example, the surface area, including cristae, is about five times that of the outer membrane. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Mitochondria of cells that have greater demand for ATP, such as muscle cells, contain even more cristae than typical liver mitochondria. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Reactive oxygen6
- Our lab is currently utilizing multiple approaches, including confocal imaging and in vitro and in vivo gene overexpression and knockdown models, to elucidate how individual mitochondrion integrates respiration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, calcium regulation and dynamics under physiological conditions. (washington.edu)
- Originally, the gerontological community became interested in mitochondria due to their role in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). (hindawi.com)
- Killing mitochondria could be accomplished, for example, by introducing agents to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). (eurekalert.org)
- It proves that reactive oxygen species produced in mitochondria play an important role in pathogenesis of diabetic wounds. (news-medical.net)
- It's very important to investigate the exact role of mitochondria and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in all cell types responsible for diabetic wound healing. (news-medical.net)
- Mitochondria also produce other molecules, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). (cea.fr)
Membranes6
- A mitochondrion contains two membranes . (wikipedia.org)
- Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) represent a region of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which is reversibly tethered to mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
- when the mitochondria does not function well enough the cell becomes very unwell and the organism they live inside becomes cry sick and may even die as a result of the disfunction this may then In mammalian cells, formation of these linkage sites are important for some cellular events including: Mitochondria associated membranes are involved in the transport of calcium from the ER to mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
- the ER stress have a key sensor enriched at the mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs). (wikipedia.org)
- The mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs), play role in cell death modulation. (wikipedia.org)
- Mitochindrial associated membranes associated with Alzheimer's disease have been reported to have an up-regulation of lipids synthesized in the MAMs juxtaposition and an up regulation of protein complexes present in the contact region between the ER and mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
Cellular20
- Mitochondria are the 'engine room' of eukaryotic organisms, as they are the main site of cellular respiration. (news-medical.net)
- Although the role of mitochondria in cell differentiation is not yet understood, available data indicate that they play a major role and that certain changes in mitochondrial function are essential to complete cellular differentiation. (hindawi.com)
- It is well established that mitochondria are major contributors to the cellular adaptations needed to prolong lifespan during DR. However, the mechanisms or pathways involved have yet to be completely elucidated. (hindawi.com)
- Herein, mitochondrion is approached as the main cellular target of carbon monoxide (CO). In this paper, two main perspectives concerning CO modulation of mitochondrial functioning are evaluated. (hindawi.com)
- Ca2+-Induced Transition in Mitochondria: A Cellular Catastrophe? (springer.com)
- In some way, just about every cellular process is linked to mitochondria,' says Harvard Medical School's Vamsi Mootha. (livescience.com)
- Research into mitochondria - small structures within a cell that have their own DNA - suggests that they may be a cause of cellular death, according to Newsweek. (slashdot.org)
- Other functions of the mitochondria include controlling the cell cycle - signaling, differentiation, growth and death - and assisting with cellular aerobic respiration. (brighthub.com)
- Indeed, even though mitochondria undeniably play a crucial role in aging pathways at the cellular and organismal level, the original hypothesis in which mitochondrial dysfunction and production of free radicals represent the main driving force of cell degeneration has been strongly challenged. (mdpi.com)
- There are clearly implications for cellular communication, for inflammation, and for several other processes as well, but what I'm taking away from this paper is that for decades we have been missing the fact that normal whole blood apparently has ordinary mitochondria floating around in it. (sciencemag.org)
- Two recent studies of blood stem cells highlight the importance of cellular components called mitochondria in determining how these cells function. (nih.gov)
- Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration-the process that converts energy from food into ATP-the primary form of energy used by cells. (jove.com)
- In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes, such as signalling , cellular differentiation , cell death , as well as the control of the cell division cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
- The morphology and distribution of the mitochondria in germ cells change to accommodate the cellular requirement. (scirp.org)
- Due to the central role that mitochondria play as the cellular powerhouse, their unique membrane composition and structure are critical to facilitate a variety of important biochemical processes within the cell. (biophysics.org)
- Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants," because their primary function is to convert organic materials into energy in the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylation. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The primary function of mitochondria is to convert organic materials into cellular energy in the form of ATP . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- A series of molecular signals that forms a pathway of communication from the mitochondria to the nucleus and initiates cellular changes in response to changes in mitochondrial function. (yeastgenome.org)
- Mitochondria encompassing crucial cellular functions are fulfilled by protein coding genes encoded by both mtDNA and nDNA. (uni-muenchen.de)
- Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. (phys.org)
Cells70
- Evidence supporting this includes the independent reproduction of mitochondria in cells by binary fission, and the presence of mitochondrial DNA. (news-medical.net)
- Mitochondria are between 1-10μm in length, and often form branched networks within cells. (news-medical.net)
- One focus of the lab is the characterization of single mitochondrial flash events, which are transient and reversible changes of multiple signals in the matrix of individual mitochondrion of live cells and animals. (washington.edu)
- Cells with a high demand for energy tend to have greater numbers of mitochondria. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Around 40 percent of the cytoplasm in heart muscle cells is taken up by mitochondria. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Also, in sperm cells, the mitochondria are spiraled in the midpiece and provide energy for tail motion. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Billions of cells working 24 hours a day, all being exploited by the mitochondria factory owners, making you slave and ripping you off, and taking away your rights ! (everything2.com)
- These cells have between 1 and 10,000 mitochondria, but most cells average around 200. (everything2.com)
- Some people have theorized that the mitochondria was a primitive independent life form which formed a symbiotic relationship with a host cell, and have been an important part of eukaryotic cells ever since. (everything2.com)
- Scientists suspect that mitochondria were once small microorganisms about 3.5 billion years ago and were absorbed into mammal cells and became symbiotes . (everything2.com)
- The investigators found that during the initial phase of the macrophage response, the cells alter the activity of mitochondria. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Mitochondria are well known as the key energy generators in our cells, but we found that during inflammation they switch from that role to instead making toxic products from oxygen using an enzyme called succinate dehydrogenase, which promotes inflammation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Mitochondria, the tiny structures inside our cells that generate energy, may also play a previously unrecognized role in mind-body interactions. (eurekalert.org)
- For example, one of the universal characteristics of cancer cells is they have serious mitochondrial dysfunction with radically decreased numbers of functional mitochondria. (mercola.com)
- The mitochondria can still function in cancer cells. (mercola.com)
- But one of the things that occur [in cancer cells] is that they immediately become dependent on glucose and they're not using their mitochondria even though they have mitochondria there. (mercola.com)
- The hard-to-kill pathogen, which infects an estimated 200 million people worldwide, attacks the liver cells' energy centers - the mitochondria - dismantling the cell's innate ability to fight infection. (ucsd.edu)
- The virus damages mitochondria in liver cells. (ucsd.edu)
- Mitochondria in hepatitis C-infected cells (bottom row) are self-destructing. (ucsd.edu)
- Incidentally, I agree vis a vis mitochondria: they are the major (95%) source of intracellular free radicals and therefore one of the major sources of entropic damage within cells. (bio.net)
- It clearly occurs in somatic cells (you are correct) and yet it clearly has not occurred within the inherited maternal germ cell line of mitochondria for an astounding timespan. (bio.net)
- Mitochondria, also known as the powerhouse of the cell, combine oxygen with food to generate energy for cells to move, divide and live. (giantmicrobes.com)
- Some cells have only one mitochondria, but most have many. (giantmicrobes.com)
- Eukaryotes - animals, plants, fungi and protists - have cells with mitochondria as well as nuclei with DNA. (giantmicrobes.com)
- During normal aging and age-associated diseases such as Alzheimer's, cells face increasing damage and struggle to protect and replace dysfunctional mitochondria. (eurekalert.org)
- Since mitochondria provide energy to brain cells, leaving them unprotected in Alzheimer's disease favors brain damage, giving rise to symptoms like memory loss over the years. (eurekalert.org)
- Mitochondria are the power factories of the cells and the central "node" of cell death induction. (eurekalert.org)
- The drug also affected the cancer stem cells more than the normal cell line, which was explained by their higher content of mitochondria. (eurekalert.org)
- Nearly all our cells have mitochondria, but cells with higher energy demands have more. (livescience.com)
- Mitochondria make the iron compound that allows red blood cells to ferry oxygen to the body's tissues. (livescience.com)
- The cooling process may help stop the death of brain and heart cells initiated by the mitochondria once they are deprived of oxygen. (slashdot.org)
- Using a combination of advanced microscopy and molecular techniques developed at the Ellisman and Marsh-Armstrong laboratories, they discovered that damaged mitochondria in retinal ganglion cells were shed at the ONH where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve leading to the brain. (ucsd.edu)
- These mitochondria were taken up and degraded by adjacent astrocytes, the most abundant form of glial cell in the vertebrate nervous system and the only cell which bridges between nerve cells and the brain's blood supply. (ucsd.edu)
- Interestingly, remarkable quercetin accumulation is also detected in the mitochondria isolated from quercetin-pre-loaded cells, and exposure to either ONOO− or extracellular oxidants caused the parallel loss of both the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions of the flavonoid. (wellnessresources.com)
- In conclusion, Jurkat cells accumulate large amounts of quercetin and even larger amounts of the flavonoid further accumulate in their mitochondria. (wellnessresources.com)
- human cells normally contain 3000-5000 mitochondria. (brighthub.com)
- Findings from the new study were published recently in Oncotarget , in an article entitled " ONC201 Kills Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro by Targeting Mitochondria . (genengnews.com)
- Mitochondria are the powerhouses inside eukaryotic cells , the type of complicated cell that makes up people, other critters and plants and fungi. (nhpr.org)
- Mitochondria have their own DNA, and scientists believe they were once free-living bacteria that got engulfed by primitive, ancient cells that were evolving to become the complex life forms we know and love today. (nhpr.org)
- For decades, researchers have tried to find eukaryotic cells that don't have mitochondria - and for a while they thought they'd found some. (nhpr.org)
- What they learned is that instead of relying on mitochondria to assemble iron-sulfur clusters, these cells use a different kind of machinery. (nhpr.org)
- However, the results do not negate the idea that the acquisition of a mitochondrion was an important and perhaps defining event in the evolution of eukaryotic cells, he adds. (nhpr.org)
- That's because it seems clear that this organism's ancestors had mitochondria that were then lost after the cells acquired their non-mitochondrial system for making iron-sulfur clusters. (nhpr.org)
- Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology discusses the evolution of mitochondria, their functions in cells, and the numerous diseases in which mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated. (cshlpress.com)
- Magnesium deficiency led to decreased mitochondria-per-cell count and increased size of individual mitochondrions in liver and kidney cells, which indicates that not only did low magnesium drop the overall number of mitochondria, but also increased the workload of the remaining mitochondria. (marksdailyapple.com)
- Mitochondria are specialized subunits (organelle) within cells. (familytreedna.com)
- That's a mystery all by itself, because compared to nuclear DNA, mitrochondrial DNA is a much simpler circular species (reflecting its ancient origins from the days when mitochondria were free-living bacteria all their own that took up residence inside early eukaryotic cells). (sciencemag.org)
- Might mitochondrial damage within long-lived cells be repaired by culturing healthy mitochondria in vitro and infecting the damaged cells with healthy mitochondria? (sciencemag.org)
- Further analysis of mouse Tie2-containing blood stem cells showed that these cells "turn on" several genes involved in the degradation of mitochondria, which helps cells remain healthy by selectively removing damaged mitochondria. (nih.gov)
- Mitochondria are found in all eukaryotic cells except red blood cells and are present in greater numbers in tissues with high energy requirements, such as muscle and liver. (jove.com)
- In mammalian cells, the mitochondria also carry out β oxidation, as well as using products from the catabolism of other energy sources, such as glucose, to produce ATP. (jove.com)
- Novel pharmaceuticals in the form of metallopeptides can be used to target the mitochondria present in cancer cells, according to new research published by researchers from King's College London, UK. (chemweb.com)
- It is thought that mitochondria were once independent bacteria , and became part of the eukaryotic cells by being engulfed, a process called endosymbiosis . (wikipedia.org)
- [8] The egg cell contains relatively few mitochondria, but it is these mitochondria that survive and divide to populate the cells of the adult organism. (wikipedia.org)
- Mitochondria is a sequence of DNA which is passed from the mother to all her children (male or female) and exists inside human cells but outside the nucleus of the cell. (hubpages.com)
- A mitochondrion (plural mitochondria ) is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Mitochondria are dynamic structures inside eukaryotic cells that provide much of the energy to keep a cell humming along. (yeastgenome.org)
- When two haploid yeast cells mate, they merge to form a single diploid cell that contains mitochondria from both of its parents. (yeastgenome.org)
- The MitoSENS team has recently published a new protocol which enables researchers to isolate mitochondria from mammalian cells more efficiently and scalably than any prior technique, using only readily available and economical reagents and equipment. (sens.org)
- Rapid enrichment of mitochondria from mammalian cells using commonly available reagents. (sens.org)
- When the mitochondria DNA is depleted, the host cells respond by inducing genes that are normally induced by type I interferons [genes that are activated only in the presence of specific stimuli]," said Akiko Iwasaki, co-author of the paper and professor of immunobiology at the Yale School of Medicine. (yaledailynews.com)
- What Types of Cells Have the Most Mitochondria? (reference.com)
- Animal cells generally have approximately 1,000 to 2,000 mitochondria. (reference.com)
- The process by which the mitochondria produce ATP is called aerobic respiration and this process allows cells to produce 15 times more ATP than they would without mitochondria. (reference.com)
- Mitochondria are present in all cells but the amount of energy they can produce in any given type of cell does vary. (cea.fr)
- Many cells have only a single mitochondrion, whereas others can contain several thousand mitochondria. (phys.org)
- Mitochondria afford the bioenergetic plasticity that allows tumor cells to adapt and thrive in this ever changing and often unfavorable environment. (frontiersin.org)
- Mitochondria gained center stage in molecular oncology when Otto Warburg observed that tumor cells can ferment glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen, proposing that a failure in mitochondrial respiration was the cause of this metabolic trait, called aerobic glycolysis, and that this was in turn required for neoplastic growth ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Because they found no wild-type SOD1 associated with spinal motor neuron mitochondria, the authors suggest that the selective import of the mutant SOD1 in motor neurons provides a compelling explanation for the specificity of the disease for these cells. (alzforum.org)
- When mitochondria, highlighted here in cow cells, suffer age-related oxidative damage, they can give rise to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (asbmb.org)
Fact that mitochondria3
- It is now a well established fact that mitochondria did evolve from free living bacteria being the common ancestor of both, eukaryotic mitochondria and α-proteobacteria. (springer.com)
- D. Harman proposed his renowned free radical theory of aging in 1956 [ 1 ], reformulating it 16 years later as the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging (MFRTA) [ 2 ] in order to emphasise the fact that mitochondria were simultaneously both the main generators and the main targets of free radicals. (hindawi.com)
- Among the potential damage that the authors point to, they emphasize the fact that mitochondria are 'the gatekeepers of caspase-directed cell death. (alzforum.org)
Outer membrane2
- The outer membrane of a mitochondrion contains many channels formed by the protein porin and acts like a sieve, filtering out molecules that are too big. (conservapedia.com)
- Permeability transition pore (PTP) opening induces mitochondrial swelling and outer membrane of the mitochondria (OMM) rupture. (wikipedia.org)
Cell58
- In addition to their role as energy generators, mitochondria play critical and active roles in diverse signalling pathways, from immunity to cell survival and cell fate decisions. (biomedcentral.com)
- Eventually, the organisms merged into one, forming a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion. (news-medical.net)
- The number of mitochondria a cell possesses depends on its metabolic demands. (news-medical.net)
- Mitochondria also have other roles within cell homeostasis, which are the conditions at which optimum function of a cell is achieved. (news-medical.net)
- Mitochondria play a central role in cell bioenergetics, free radical signaling, redox homeostasis, ion regulation, and cell fate determination. (washington.edu)
- Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouses of the cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Present in nearly all types of human cell, mitochondria are vital to our survival. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Different cell types have different numbers of mitochondria. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Although most of our DNA is kept in the nucleus of each cell, mitochondria have their own set of DNA. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Mitochondria convert chemical energy from the food we eat into an energy form that the cell can use. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Nowadays, it is known that mitochondria are more than just the power-houses of the cell. (hindawi.com)
- This is a song about the fucking mitochondria, the so-called factory of the cell, damn right it's a factory. (everything2.com)
- The typical liver cell has over 1,000 mitochondria. (everything2.com)
- Mitochondria are organelle s found in nearly all eukaryotic cell s. (everything2.com)
- There are usually several mitochondria in each cell , depending on how much energy the cell requires. (everything2.com)
- At the core of bioenergetics are the mitochondria, residing in large numbers outside the nucleus of every cell. (eurekalert.org)
- Mitochondria contain their own DNA, which codes for essential energy genes and which exchanges biological signals with the more familiar DNA housed in the cell nucleus. (eurekalert.org)
- Mitochondria are tiny inclusions in your cell, originally thought to be derived from bacteria. (mercola.com)
- Although the fragmentation serves to excise the damaged area from the mitochondrion, the formation of a healthy mitochondrion also helps keep the virus-infected cell alive. (ucsd.edu)
- Anything that improves our homeostatic defences should extend lifespan, but these effects (whether Coenzyme Q, DHEA, more efficient SOD, or vitamin E) can scarcely be expected to result in the biological 'immortality' already inherant in germ cell line mitochondria. (bio.net)
- Mitochondria (red) from the heart muscle cell of a rat. (livescience.com)
- Mitochondria are critical to cell survival in a variety of ways. (livescience.com)
- Retinal ganglion cell axons transfer mitochondria to adjacent astrocytes in the optic nerve head behind the retina. (ucsd.edu)
- Consequently, mitochondria may be organized into lengthy traveling chains, packed tightly into relatively stable groups, or appear in many other formations based upon the particular needs of the cell and the characteristics of its microtubular network. (conservapedia.com)
- Eventually, according to this view, the larger organism developed into the eukaryotic cell and the smaller organism into the mitochondrion. (conservapedia.com)
- It is for this reason that the mitochondria are called the power plants of the cell. (brighthub.com)
- These mitochondria, in red, are from the heart muscle cell of a rat. (nhpr.org)
- Mitochondria have been described as "the powerhouses of the cell" because they generate most of a cell's supply of chemical energy. (nhpr.org)
- Scientists have found a microbe that does something textbooks say is impossible: It's a complex cell that survives without mitochondria. (nhpr.org)
- It turned out that all of them actually had some kind of remnant mitochondrion," says Karnkowska, who notes that mitochondria perform key jobs in the cell beyond just generating power. (nhpr.org)
- So even if a microbe powers itself in a different way and has a limited form of the organelle that isn't the same as the mitochondria found in people, Karnkowska says, "it's still a mitochondrion and it has some important function for the cell. (nhpr.org)
- New working hypothesis will be also presented in which mitochondria are considered at the center of a complex web of cell dysfunctions that eventually leads to cell senescence and death. (mdpi.com)
- Confocal microscopy indicated that EGFR and CoxII colocalized in mitochondria and EGFR and CoxII coimmunoprecipitated from a mitochondrial fraction of a breast cancer cell line that overexpresses EGFR and c-Src (MDA-MB-231). (sciencemag.org)
- In humans, mitochondria are responsible for cell respiration and for producing energy. (familytreedna.com)
- This ties in well with the realization in recent years that mitochondria are in fact be transferred from cell to cell under normal conditions. (sciencemag.org)
- The paper's figure 5 has a possible mechanism, whereby a bacterial species and an archaeaon fused together in the distant past, with the former eventually becoming the mitochondrion inside a larger eukaryotic cell and the latter becoming a primitive nucleus. (sciencemag.org)
- To me (not working in the field) it seems as if free-floating mitochondria would be expected whenever you have cell lysis happening. (sciencemag.org)
- [2] This means mitochondria are known as "the powerhouse of the cell" [3] . (wikipedia.org)
- There are about 100-150 mitochondria in each cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Most of a cell's DNA is in the cell nucleus , but the mitochondrion has its own independent genome . (wikipedia.org)
- Mitochondria divide by binary fission similar to bacterial cell division. (wikipedia.org)
- In single-celled eukaryotes, division of mitochondria is linked to cell division . (wikipedia.org)
- This division must be controlled so that each daughter cell receives at least one mitochondrion. (wikipedia.org)
- In other eukaryotes (in humans for example), mitochondria may replicate their DNA and divide in response to the energy needs of the cell, rather than in phase with the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- Usually a cell has hundreds or thousands of mitochondria, which can occupy up to 25 percent of the cell's cytoplasm . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Although mitochondrial DNA is physically separate from nuclear DNA, it turns out that the two need to work together if the cell is to make functioning mitochondria. (yeastgenome.org)
- But other pairing combinations were inauspicious, giving sickly or dead mitochondria that can harm the cell, especially when it is growing under stressful conditions. (yeastgenome.org)
- One set exists in the nucleus while the other exists in the mitochondrion, the energy generator of the cell. (eurekalert.org)
- pl. mitochondria) A rod-shaped organelle inside a cell that is a site of energy release. (thefreedictionary.com)
- A team of Yale researchers has shown that bodies use mitochondria - cell structures typically associated with energy production - to incite immune responses. (yaledailynews.com)
- The research comes as part of a larger effort by the Shadel Lab, directed by Yale professor of pathology and genetics Gerald Shadel, to identify how mitochondria play a role in signaling processes within a cell. (yaledailynews.com)
- The ATP molecules produced by mitochondria are used as the energy supply for the various cell metabolic processes. (reference.com)
- Why Is the Mitochondria Called the Powerhouse of the Cell? (reference.com)
- The usage of MitoModel has proved the efficiency of the approach to understand the behaviour of the mitochondria from the RNA-seq data in HCT116 5/4, RPE1 5/3 12/3 and RPE1H2B 21/3 aneuploidy cell lines generated by collaborators. (uni-muenchen.de)
- The number of mitochondria in a cell varies widely by organism and tissue type. (phys.org)
- These bioenergetic, biosynthetic and signaling functions render mitochondria capable of rapidly sensing and integrating stress signals, in order to coordinate biochemical pathways required for the appropriate responses of the cell to environmental changes ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Unlike Warburg's proposal, tumor cell mitochondria not only retain their functionality, but are also instrumental for integrating a variety of signals and adjusting the metabolic activity of the cell to such a demanding and stressful situation ( 4 ) (Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Incidentally, the same issue of Science magazine also carries a report on a mitochondrial enzyme that interacts specifically with Aβ, supporting the widely held assumption that an inability of mitochondria to handle cell stress may be a general but important factor that interacts with disease-specific molecules to cause Parkinson's in one person and AD in another. (alzforum.org)
Oxidative phosphorylation4
- The end product of beta oxidation is acetyl-CoA, which can enter mitochondria along with pyruvate from carbohydrates to generate ATP via the citric acid cycle in oxidative phosphorylation. (jove.com)
- Then, oxidative phosphorylation through the electron transport chain occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, resulting in the production of a significant amount of ATP. (jove.com)
- Mitochondria are metabolic hubs that harbor enzymes responsible for several biochemical circuitries, including tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), fatty acid oxidation (FAO), biosynthesis of amino acids, lipids and nucleotides and maintenance of homeostatic levels of Ca 2+ and of reducing equivalent carriers. (frontiersin.org)
- Mattiazzi M, D'Aurelio M, Gajewski CD, Martushova K, Kiaei M, Beal MF, Manfredi G . Mutated human SOD1 causes dysfunction of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of transgenic mice . (alzforum.org)
Cell's2
- This fragmentation (fission) results in the formation of one healthy mitochondrion and one damaged or bad mitochondrion, the latter of which is quickly broken down (catabolized) and dissolved in the cell's cytoplasm. (ucsd.edu)
- In a series of biochemical experiments, the researchers also found that Reaper must travel to the mitochondria, the cell's energy factories, to effectively deliver its death sentence, and that to get there, it must hitch a ride on the Hid protein, with which it interacts. (redorbit.com)
Neuronal Mitochondria4
- Neuronal mitochondria dysfunction and neuroinflammation are two prominent pathological features increasingly realized as important pathogenic mechanisms for neurodegenerative diseases. (jneurosci.org)
- To explore the significance of neuronal mitochondria in the regulation of neuroinflammation, male and female transgenic mice with forced overexpression of Mfn2 specifically in neurons were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a widely used approach to model neurodegeneration-associated neuroinflammation. (jneurosci.org)
- Together, these results reveal an unrecognized possible role of neuronal mitochondria in the regulation of microglial activation, and propose neuronal Mfn2 as a likely mechanistic linker between neuronal mitochondria dysfunction and neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration. (jneurosci.org)
- An international team 1 including MIRCen showed that within the energy-voracious brain (close to 20% of total glucose consumption in humans), neuronal mitochondria produce more ATP than astrocytic mitochondria, but inversely, astrocytic mitochondria produce much more ROS than neuronal mitochondria 2 . (cea.fr)
Nucleus4
- fautly Mitochondria DNA can deprive the nucleus of energy and lead to cancer and other diseases. (everything2.com)
- It was considered to be a kind of living fossil because it had a nucleus but didn't seem to have acquired mitochondria. (nhpr.org)
- The results point to the importance of the mitochondria-nucleus interactions and may inform our understanding of human mitochondrial disorders, about half of which are caused by mitochondrial mutations in tRNA genes. (the-scientist.com)
- If so, drugs known to impact gene expression in the nucleus may be useful in reversing damage caused by improper gene expression in mitochondria. (eurekalert.org)
Membrane7
- Hydrogen ions from NADH are transferred across from the interior of the mitochondria to the external matrix , generating a potential difference across the internal membrane . (everything2.com)
- A solution would be to make a parcel, for example, by tethering it to a membrane-soluble peptide specific for mitochondria. (eurekalert.org)
- By tagging Hid and Reaper fluorescently, Sandu could visualize Hid and Reaper acting in a complex and gathering at the membrane of the mitochondria. (redorbit.com)
- The mitochondrion is a double membrane bound organelle. (jove.com)
- This interaction is important for rapid uptake of calcium by mitochondria through Voltage dependent anion channels (VDACs), which are located at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). (wikipedia.org)
- Maybe it is the plasma membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
- When Valente and colleagues stressed mitochondria expressing the exon 4 mutant, they found that the membrane potential decreased by 44 percent, whereas that of wild-type mitochondria fell by only 8 percent under the same conditions. (alzforum.org)
Mitophagy4
- Mitophagy is a selective form of macro-autophagy in which mitochondria are selectively targeted for degradation in autophagolysosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
- The role of PINK1, Parkin, and DJ-1 in the degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria (mitophagy) is discussed also. (hindawi.com)
- Second, mitophagy, a process that recycles defective mitochondria. (eurekalert.org)
- When the process involves mitochondria, it's called mitophagy. (ucsd.edu)
Organelle4
- The endoplasmic reticulum is an active participant in the division of another organelle, the mitochondrion. (sciencemag.org)
- The elaborate structure of a mitochondrion is very important to the functioning of the organelle . (conservapedia.com)
- Mitochondria contain their own DNA, encoding genes necessary for the organelle to do its work. (yeastgenome.org)
- DJ-1 can localize to mitochondria under some circumstances, and a fraction of parkin is also found in this organelle. (alzforum.org)
Compartments3
- Mitochondria are split into different compartments or regions, each of which carries out distinct roles. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Together, the various compartments of a mitochondrion are able to work in harmony to generate ATP in a complex multi-step process. (conservapedia.com)
- Because of this double-membraned organization, there are five distinct compartments within the mitochondrion. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolic2
- Further, we are studying whether dysregulation of these functions in individual mitochondria contributes to cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. (washington.edu)
- Here we analyse how mitochondria orchestrate the profound metabolic rewiring required for neoplastic growth. (frontiersin.org)
Dysfunction4
- Mitochondria dysfunction often accompanies and underlies the pathogenesis of disease. (washington.edu)
- Since mitochondrial function is at the very heart of everything that occurs in your body, optimizing mitochondrial function - and preventing mitochondrial dysfunction by making sure you get all the right nutrients and precursors your mitochondria need - is extremely important for health and disease prevention. (mercola.com)
- Conclusions These findings suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to the depletion of the ovarian reserve caused by cisplatin, but long-term impacts on mitochondria may be minimal as those immature oocytes that survive cisplatin treatment develop into mature oocytes with normal mitochondrial parameters. (doaj.org)
- Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders and cardiac dysfunction, and may play a role in the aging process. (phys.org)
Endoplasmic reticulum1
- Two segments of the endoplasmic reticulum adjacent to the mitochondrion are shown in light brown and green. (sdsu.edu)
Travel to the mitochondria1
- The resulting product-acetyl-CoA-is released into the cytosol and can travel to the mitochondria, where it is used to produce ATP. (jove.com)
Intermembrane space1
- Transfer of calcium from ER to mitochondria depends on high concentration of calcium macrodomes in the intermembrane space, and mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) accumulates of calcium into the mitochondrial matrix for electrochemical gradient. (wikipedia.org)
Genetics2
- As in that seminal first edition, the second edition tackles the biochemistry, genetics, and pathology of mitochondria in different organisms. (google.com)
- Wallace, who has investigated the genetics of mitochondria and their role in health for over 40 years, has long argued that a traditional biomedical approach focused on anatomy and thus, on the organ exhibiting the most prominent symptoms of a disease, overlooks the key role played by systematic bioenergetics in health. (eurekalert.org)
Genes3
- In fact, only about 3 percent of the genes needed to make a mitochondrion go into its energy production equipment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Sometimes, these mitochondria exchange pieces of DNA, mixing-and-matching genes in a process known as mitochondrial recombination . (yeastgenome.org)
- In this thesis, an overall model termed as mitochondrial model (MitoModel) is developed, which at present includes 17 mitochondria specific processes with 659 genes further grouped into functional clusters. (uni-muenchen.de)
Organisms4
- Mitochondria are wonderful, yet most organisms do not have any at all. (giantmicrobes.com)
- These defense and recycle pathways of the mitochondria are essential in organisms, from the worm C. elegans all the way to humans," says Vincenzo Sorrentino, first author of the paper. (eurekalert.org)
- The scope of Mitochondrion is broad, reporting on basic science of mitochondria from all organisms and from basic research to pathology and clinical aspects of mitochondrial diseases. (elsevier.com)
- Mitochondria have their own DNA , and, according to the generally accepted endosymbiotic theory , they were originally derived from external organisms. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Role for mitochondria1
- Presently, new theories have been put forward suggesting a role for mitochondria in aging which is independent of the generation of ROS. (hindawi.com)
Cytosol and mitochondria1
- Hydrogen peroxide is then converted to water by glutathione peroxidase, the most abundant peroxidase in the cytosol and mitochondria. (jci.org)
Structure of mitochondria1
- What Is the Function and Structure of Mitochondria? (brighthub.com)
Lipid1
- Transport of phosphatidylserine into mitochondria from the ER for decarboxylation to phosphatidylethanolamine through the ER-mitochondria lipid which transform phosphatidic acid (PA) into phosphatidylserine (PS) by phosphatidylserine synthases 1 and 2 (PSS1, PSS2) in the ER and then transfers PS to mitochondria, where phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PSD) transform into phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). (wikipedia.org)
Biology5
- Miranda Robertson explains how the changing perception of the structure and function of mitochondria is reflected in the inaugural reviews published in BMC Biology for the series on mitochondria, and will inform future contributions to the series. (biomedcentral.com)
- Members of the Faculty of Biology and A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, a unit of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, have tested on a mouse model a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, helping to treat diabetic wounds. (news-medical.net)
- Dr. Roman Zinovkin, a Senior Researcher at the A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, a unit of the Lomonosov Moscow State University and one of the article coauthors reported: 'In the current project we've tested the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 on a mouse model of diabetes mellitus type II. (news-medical.net)
- The present study paves a way for a more detailed exploration of the biology of mitochondria during spermiogenesis. (scirp.org)
- Meanwhile, the Journal of Molecular Biology and Techniques (not to be confused with the Journal of Molecular Biology) simply asked that 'midichlorians' be changed to 'mitochondria' and that the paper be resubmitted. (livescience.com)
Protein5
- Specifically, the researchers discovered that the virus stimulates the production of a protein (Drp 1) that induces viral-damaged mitochondria to undergo asymmetric fragmentation. (ucsd.edu)
- Using worms and mice as models, they discovered that boosting mitochondria defenses against a particular form of protein stress, enables them to not only protect themselves, but to also reduce the formation of amyloid plaques. (eurekalert.org)
- The scientists identified two mechanisms that control the quality of mitochondria: First, the "mitochondrial unfolded protein response" (UPRmt), which protects mitochondria from stress stimuli. (eurekalert.org)
- The matrix contains about 2/3rd of the total mitochondrion protein. (brighthub.com)
- In the first paper, Don Cleveland of the University of California, San Diego, and colleagues at several other institutions, showed that mutant SOD1 protein, but not wild-type SOD1, finds a home in the mitochondria of spinal cord neurons. (alzforum.org)
Calcium1
- Mitochondria are intracellular stores of calcium, which is an important signalling molecule. (news-medical.net)
Single mitochondrion1
- A single mitochondrion can contain 2-10 copies of its DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers6
- The chapters contributed by leading mitochondrial researchers in the handbook will take us through the novel pharmacological strategies via mitochondria to understand their physiological and pathological role as well as present them as therapeutic targets. (springer.com)
- As the mitochondria is passed intact from mother to offspring, they are of great help to researchers in tracing lineages. (brighthub.com)
- The researchers say this is the first example of any eukaryote that completely lacks mitochondria. (nhpr.org)
- Richmond, Va. (June 20, 2011) - Researchers at Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center have revealed novel mechanisms in mitochondria that have implications for cancer as well as many other age-related diseases such as Parkinson's disease, heart disease and hypertension. (eurekalert.org)
- The researchers report that mutant SOD1 begins to accumulate in and on mitochondria along with the earliest pathology, before disease onset. (alzforum.org)
- Gerner and his fellow researchers plan to continue this research by performing their proteomic analysis on blood samples taken from greater numbers of healthy elderly people and B-CLL patients to ultimatelybe able to test when mitochondria have become predisposed for the disease. (asbmb.org)
MtDNA1
- Specifically, R. Gredilla in "DNA damage and base excision repair in mitochondria and their role in aging" describes the substantial progress that has been achieved in understanding the repair mechanisms relevant to mtDNA. (hindawi.com)
Genome2
- in "The importance of mitochondrial DNA in aging and cancer" and A. M. Czarnecka and E. Bartnik in "The role of the mitochondrial genome in ageing and carcinogenesis" analyse the contribution of mitochondria to both the origin and progression of cancer. (hindawi.com)
- Like the wand-wizard pairing in Harry Potter's world, the combination of a specific mitochondrial genome (the wand) with a particular nuclear genome (the wizard) is important for making a healthy mitochondrion. (yeastgenome.org)
Citric acid1
- Most ATP is produced in mitochondria through a series of reactions, known as the citric acid cycle or the Krebs cycle. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Cytoplasm1
- Interestingly, about the same amount of mutant SOD1 localized to the mitochondria irrespective of the protein's concentration in the cytoplasm of motor neurons. (alzforum.org)
Phospholipid1
- S. Papa, M. Lorusso, D. Boffoli and E. Bellomo, Redox-linked proton translocation in the b-c1 complex from beef-heart mitochondria reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles. (springer.com)
Animal mitochondria1
- However, there is some evidence that animal mitochondria can undergo recombination . (wikipedia.org)
Muscle mitochondria3
- Consistent with the decrease in muscle mitochondria in the muscle-R1KO mice, adiponectin caused an increase in mitochondrial DNA in C2C12 myocytes. (sciencemag.org)
- If you want to improve your exercise performance by increasing the effectiveness of your muscle mitochondria, this post is for you. (marksdailyapple.com)
- Slow twitch muscle fibers, the ones employed in endurance training, contain the most mitochondria, so it's natural that training that targets slow twitch fibers will also target more muscle mitochondria . (marksdailyapple.com)
Malignant mitochondria1
- Killing malignant mitochondria is one of the most promising approaches in the development of new anticancer drugs. (eurekalert.org)
Targeting Mitochondria2
- K + efflux-independent NLRP3 inflammasome activation by small molecules targeting mitochondria. (nature.com)
- By targeting mitochondria, NR and other molecules that stimulate their 'defense and recycle' systems could perhaps succeed where so many drugs, most of which aim to decrease amyloid plaque formation, have failed," says Vincenzo Sorrentino. (medindia.net)
Mammalian1
- Taylor's team also showed that the enzyme responsible for DNA methylation was present in mammalian mitochondria. (eurekalert.org)
Mitochondrial DNA3
- What makes them so special today is that they actually have their own set of mitochondrial DNA , inherited from the mother's mitochondria. (everything2.com)
- The middle of the mitochondrion, called the matrix , contains small amounts of mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes . (everything2.com)
- The mitochondria, and therefore the mitochondrial DNA, usually comes from the egg only. (wikipedia.org)
Energy14
- The main function of mitochondria is to produce energy through aerobic respiration. (news-medical.net)
- But, there is more to mitochondria than energy production. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Although the best-known role of mitochondria is energy production, they carry out other important tasks as well. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The increased ability to produce energy that mitochondria provide is probably one of the reasons for us eukaryotes being up here and prokaryotes never getting round to discovering fire , inventing the wheel , forming civilisation , that sort of thing. (everything2.com)
- In order for your organs to function properly, they require energy, and that energy is produced by the mitochondria. (mercola.com)
- To produce energy, your mitochondria require oxygen from the air you breathe and fat and glucose from the food you eat. (mercola.com)
- That's what the mitochondria use to generate energy in the form of ATP. (mercola.com)
- Mitochondria started out being described as the generators of energy-rich ATP molecules,' says NIH's Vernon Anderson. (livescience.com)
- G. Von Jagow, W. D. Engel and H. Schägger, On the mechanism of proton translocation linked to electron transfer at energy conversion site 2, in: "Vectorial Reactions in Electron and Ion Transport in Mitochondria and Bacteria", F. Palmieri, E. Quagliariello, N. Siliprandi, E. C. Slater, eds. (springer.com)
- In the fertilization process, the sperm is propelled towards the egg with energy it gets from the mitochondrion in its tail. (brighthub.com)
- In last week's mitochondria post , I explained how burning fat for energy was the foundation for keeping your mitochondria plentiful, happy, and robust. (marksdailyapple.com)
- Yeah, if you want mitochondria to do one of their most basic jobs - break down fatty acids for energy - you better consume ample amounts of meat, or supplement with L-carnitine. (marksdailyapple.com)
- The research comes from a team dedicated to the study of mitochondria and is the latest in an expanding body of evidence showing mitochondria do much more than manufacture energy. (yaledailynews.com)
- Cytochrome c is a small enzyme that plays an important role in the production of energy by mitochondria. (phys.org)
Enzymes2
- Now decades later, Taylor and her colleagues have further expanded the field of epigenetics into a new area of research they created by discovering enzymes in mitochondria that were previously known to exist only in nuclei. (eurekalert.org)
- Taylor's team is currently working to force into mitochondria more of the enzyme responsible for forming the silencing mark, and to identify enzymes responsible for removing it. (eurekalert.org)
Function2
- A couple weeks ago, I wrote about how becoming an efficient fat-burner helps mitochondrial function , and last week I went over some of the nutrients and supplements most important for your mitochondria . (marksdailyapple.com)
- Our research indicates that errors in gene expression could be unfolding in mitochondria, possibly contributing to loss of mitochondrial function typical of cancer and a host of other age-related diseases. (eurekalert.org)