A highly chlorinated polycyclic hydrocarbon insecticide whose large number of chlorine atoms makes it resistant to degradation. It has been shown to be toxic to mammals and causes abnormal cellular changes in laboratory animals.
An organochlorine insecticide that is carcinogenic.
An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.
A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more of the hydrogens replaced by CHLORINE.
An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants.
7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.
Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.
**I'm really sorry, but I can't fulfill your request.**
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.
Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.
The surgical removal of one or both testicles.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

The association between local fish consumption and DDE, mirex, and HCB concentrations in the breast milk of Mohawk women at Akwesasne. (1/15)

A study was conducted to assess the extent to which the consumption of local fish contaminated with p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), mirex, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) has impacted the concentrations of these compounds in the milk of nursing Mohawk women residing along the St. Lawrence River. From 1986 to 1992, 97 Mohawk women were interviewed, and each donated a one-time sample of at least 50 ml of breast milk. The comparison population consisted of 154 Caucasians from other rural areas in New York State. After adjustment for potential confounders, Mohawk mothers who gave birth from 1986 to 1990 had significantly higher geometric mean p,p'-DDE milk concentrations than did the control group, but no significant differences were observed from 1991 to 1992. In contrast, mirex was significantly elevated among the Mohawks throughout the study period, while HCB showed no difference at any point. Mohawk women with the greatest estimated cumulative lifetime exposure to p,p'-DDE from local fish consumption had a significantly higher geometric mean milk level of that compound relative to control women, but no differences in mirex or HCB concentrations in breast milk by local fish consumption were found. The reduction in breast milk p,p'-DDE concentrations among the Mohawk women from 1986 to 1990 parallels a corresponding decrease in local fish consumption, and may be the result of the advisories that have been issued over the past decade recommending against the consumption of local fish by pregnant and nursing Mohawk women. Elevations in the concentrations of mirex in the breast milk of the Mohawks are consistent with the fact that it is a common contaminant in the region and throughout the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Basin.  (+info)

Nondigestible oligosaccharides do not increase accumulation of lipid soluble environmental contaminants by mice. (2/15)

Supplementing diets with nondigestible fibers that are fermented by the gastrointestinal tract bacteria increases the dimension and absorptive capacities of the small intestine; we hypothesized that this would increase the accumulation of environmental contaminants. This was tested by feeding mice for 6-8 wk diets with fiber at two levels (0 and 100 g/kg) and from different sources (cellulose, lactosucrose, polydextrose, indigestible dextrin, inulin) before a 2-wk oral exposure to (14)C-labeled mirex or methylmercury in combination with (3)H-labeled retinol. Concentrations of contaminants and retinol were measured in urine and feces collected for the last 2 d of exposure and in seven tissues (small and large intestine, brain, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract mesentery, gall bladder). Mice fed the same diets, but not exposed to the contaminants, were used for routine microbiology of alimentary canal contents, measurements of intestinal dimensions and in vitro rates of glucose, mirex, methylmercury and retinol absorption by the small intestine. Mice fed the diets with nondigestible oligosaccharides had higher densities of anaerobic bacteria and larger small and large intestines, but did not have greater rates of contaminant absorption or accumulation. Mice exposed to methylmercury accumulated less retinol than mice exposed to mirex. Although diets with nondigestible oligosaccharides fibers reduce accumulation of environmental contaminants, but not retinol, the specific responses vary among tissues, sources of fiber and contaminants. The mechanisms responsible for the influence of nondigestible oligosaccharides can include reduced absorption, increased fecal elimination and transformation to forms that are excreted in the urine.  (+info)

17beta-estradiol is a hormonal regulator of mirex tumor promotion sensitivity in mice. (3/15)

Mirex, an organochlorine pesticide, is a potent non-phorbol ester tumor promoter in mouse skin. Previous studies have shown that female mice are 3 times more sensitive to mirex tumor promotion than male mice and that ovariectomized (OVX) female mice are resistant to mirex promotion, suggesting a role for ovarian hormones in mirex promotion. To determine whether the ovarian hormone 17-beta estradiol (E2) is responsible for the sensitivity of female mice to mirex promotion, female mice were initiated with DMBA; 2 weeks later groups of mice were OVX and implants, with or without E2, were surgically implanted subcutaneously. These mice were treated topically twice weekly with mirex for 26 weeks. E2 implanted OVX mice demonstrated high normal physiologic levels of serum E2 throughout the tumor promotion experiment. E2 implants restored by 80% the intact mirex-sensitive phenotype to the OVX mice. Consistent with a role for E2 and ERalpha and ERbeta, treatment of DMBA-initiated female mice with topical ICI 182,780, an estrogen-receptor antagonist, reduced mirex tumor multiplicity by 30%. However, in cells co-transfected with ERalpha or ERbeta and estrogen-responsive promoter reporter, mirex did not stimulate promoter reporter activity, suggesting that the promotion effect of mirex is downstream of ERalpha/beta. Finally, a tumor promotion study was conducted to determine whether E2 implants could increase the sensitivity of male mice to mirex promotion. E2 implants in male mice did increase sensitivity to mirex promotion; however, the implants did not produce the full female sensitivity to mirex tumor promotion. Collectively, these studies indicate that E2 is a major ovarian hormone responsible for mirex tumor promotion sensitivity in female mice.  (+info)

Pivotal role of hepatocellular regeneration in the ultimate hepatotoxicity of CCl4 in chlordecone-, mirex-, or phenobarbital-pretreated rats. (4/15)

Our earlier histomorphometric and biochemical studies suggested that the progressive phase of the interactive toxicity of chlordecone (CD) + CCl4 involves suppression of hepatocellular regeneration. The objective of the present work was to correlate hepatocellular regeneration with CCl4 (100 microliters/kg)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats maintained for 15 days on a normal (N) diet, relative to the regenerative response in rats maintained on a diet containing either 10 ppm CD, 225 ppm phenobarbital (PB), or 10 ppm mirex (M). Hepatocellular regeneration was assessed by measuring DNA and 3H-thymidine (3H-T) incorporation, followed by autoradiographic analysis of liver sections. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by measuring plasma transaminases (aspartate and alanine) followed by histopathological observations of liver sections for necrotic, swollen, and lipid-laden cells. Lethality studies were also carried out to assess the consequence of hepatotoxicity on animal survival. Dietary 10 ppm CD potentiated the hepatotoxicity of CCl4 to a greater extent than PB or M, as evidenced by elevations in plasma enzymes. Although the serum enzymes were significantly elevated in PB rats in contrast to the slight elevations in N and M rats, they returned to normal levels by 96 hr. However, serum enzyme elevations in CD rats were progressive with time until death of the animals. Actual liver injury by CCl4 was greater in PB- than in CD-pretreated rats, as evidenced by histopathological observations. A 100% mortality occurred in CD-pretreated rats at 60 hr after CCl4 administration, whereas no mortality occurred in either N-, M-, or PB-pretreated rats, indicating recovery from liver injury. Hepatocellular nuclear DNA levels were significantly decreased starting at 6 hr after CCl4 administration to CD-pretreated rats, but not in M- or PB-pretreated rats. 3H-T incorporation into nuclear DNA as well as percentage of labeled cells showed a biphasic increase in N rats: 1 at 1-2 hr, and the other at 36-48 hr after CCl4 administration. However, only 1 peak of 3H-T incorporation at 36-48 hr was observed in the CD + CCl4 combination, which was also significantly lower when compared to that observed after the M or PB + CCl4 combination treatments. These findings suggest that there is recovery in N-, PB-, or M-pretreated rats from CCl4-induced injury by virtue of the stimulated hepatocellular regeneration and tissue repair.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)  (+info)

Comparative biodegradation of alkyl halide insecticides by the white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (BKM-F-1767). (5/15)

The ability of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to degrade six alkyl halide insecticides (aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, chlordane, lindane, and mirex) in liquid and soil-corncob matrices was compared by using 14C-labeled compounds. Of these, only [14C]lindane and [14C]chlordane underwent extensive biodegradation, as evidenced by the fact that 9.4 to 23.4% of these compounds were degraded to 14CO2 in 30 days in liquid cultures and 60 days in soil-corncob cultures inoculated with P. chrysosporium. Although [14C]aldrin, [14C]dieldrin, [14C]heptachlor, and [14D]mirex were poorly mineralized, substantial bioconversion occurred, as determined by substrate disappearance and metabolite formation. Nonbiological disappearance was observed only with chlordane and heptachlor.  (+info)

The chlorinated pesticide mirex is a novel nonphorbol ester-type tumor promoter in mouse skin. (6/15)

The hepatocarcinogenic organochlorine pesticide, mirex, was examined as a tumor promoter in the mouse skin initiation-promotion model. Female CD-1 mice were initiated with 200 nmol 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene and topically promoted three times weekly for 20 weeks with doses of 25, 50, 100, or 200 nmol mirex. Mirex promoted tumors at all dose levels in a dose-dependent manner. At 20 weeks, mice promoted with 25, 50, 100, and 200 nmol mirex developed an average of 0.2, 4, 10, and 16 tumors per mouse with a 10, 60, 93, and 96% incidence of tumor-bearing mice, respectively. With continued treatment to 34 weeks, mice promoted with 25, 50, and 100 nmol mirex developed an average of 0.7, 7, and 12 tumors per mouse with a 27, 85, and 100% incidence of tumor-bearing mice, respectively. These results demonstrate that mirex is a very effective tumor promoter in mouse skin. The effect of mirex on several biochemical and morphological events associated with tumor promotion was then investigated. Mirex did not stimulate epidermal protein kinase C activity in vitro. Unlike the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a single topical application of mirex (200 nmol) did not increase [3H]thymidine incorporation into epidermal DNA up to 108 h after application. Furthermore, multiple applications of 200 nmol mirex (3 times weekly for 4 weeks) resulted in only a very weak proliferative response; mirex increased the number of nucleated epidermal cell layers from 1 to 2 in acetone-treated controls to 2 to 3 while 2 nmol 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate produced 6 to 7 nucleated cell layers. Mirex (200 nmol) did not induce ornithine decarboxylase activity up to 56 h after a single topical application. Collectively, these data indicate that mirex is a novel nonphorbol ester-type tumor promoter in mouse skin.  (+info)

Diabetes in relation to serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in adult Native Americans. (7/15)

BACKGROUND: Recent research suggests that diabetes, a condition whose incidence is increasing, is associated with exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the potential association between diabetes and serum levels of PCBs, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and mirex in a cross-sectional study of an adult Native-American (Mohawk) population. METHODS: Through a standardized questionnaire we collected demographic, medical, and lifestyle information from 352 adults, > or =30 years of age. We collected fasting serum samples that were analyzed for 101 PCB congeners, DDE, HCB, and mirex along with fasting glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Participants who had fasting-glucose values > 125 mg/dL and/or who were taking antidiabetic medication were defined as persons with diabetes. We conducted logistic regression to assess the potential association between organochlorine serum levels and diabetes, while controlling for the potential confounding variables of age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, sex, and serum lipid levels. Organochlorine serum levels were categorized in tertiles, and the lowest tertile was used as the reference category. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes was 20.2%. The odds ratio (OR) of having diabetes for participants in the highest tertile of total PCB concentration compared with the lowest tertile was 3.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.5-10.6). The corresponding ORs for DDE and HCB were even higher. Elevated serum mirex was not associated with diabetes. After adjustment for other analytes, the OR for HCB remained significant, whereas ORs for PCBs and DDE remained elevated but not statistically significant. In contrast, after adjustment for other analytes, the OR for mirex became statistically significant and indicated an inverse association. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of adult Native Americans, elevated serum PCBs, DDE, and HCB were positively associated with diabetes after controlling for potential confounders, whereas a negative association was observed for mirex.  (+info)

Relationships of putative endocrine disruptors to human sexual maturation and thyroid activity in youth. (8/15)

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Chlordecone is a synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural purposes, particularly in banana plantations. It has been banned in many countries due to its persistence in the environment and its potential negative effects on human health.

Chlordecone is classified as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Exposure to this chemical can occur through contaminated food, water, or air, and it has been linked to various health problems, including neurological effects, endocrine disruption, and an increased risk of certain cancers.

In the medical field, chlordecone exposure is often evaluated in patients who have been exposed to this chemical through environmental contamination or occupational exposure. Medical professionals may use various tests, such as blood or urine tests, to measure the levels of chlordecone in a patient's body and assess any potential health risks.

Mirex is not typically defined in a medical context as it is not a medical term. However, Mirex is a chemical compound that was previously used as an insecticide and flame retardant. It is a colorless solid with a weak chemical odor and is highly stable, which led to its use in various applications.

In the medical field, Mirex may be mentioned in relation to environmental health or toxicology due to its potential harmful effects on human health. Exposure to Mirex can occur through contaminated food, water, or air, and it has been linked to several adverse health outcomes, including neurological damage, reproductive problems, and cancer. However, the use of Mirex as an insecticide has been banned in many countries due to its environmental and health hazards.

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is not typically included in standard medical textbooks or resources as it's more of a environmental and industrial chemical. However, I can provide you with an definition from a toxicological perspective:

Hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6) is an organic compound that consists of a benzene ring with six chlorine atoms attached to it. It is a persistent organic pollutant, which means it does not break down easily and can accumulate in the environment and living organisms. HCB has been used as a pesticide, fungicide, and chemical intermediate in various industrial processes. Exposure to this compound can lead to several health issues, including skin lesions, damage to the nervous system, and impaired immune function. It's also considered a possible human carcinogen by some agencies. Long-term environmental exposure to HCB is of particular concern due to its bioaccumulation in the food chain and potential adverse effects on human health and the environment.

Chlordane is a man-made chlorinated hydrocarbon compound that was widely used as a pesticide, particularly for termite control, from the 1940s until it was banned in the United States in 1988 due to its toxicity and persistence in the environment. It is a colorless or light brown liquid with a mild, aromatic odor.

Chlordane is an extremely toxic compound to insects and has been shown to have negative effects on human health as well. Exposure to chlordane can cause a range of adverse health effects, including neurological damage, liver toxicity, and an increased risk of cancer. It is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Chlordane is highly persistent in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain, posing a particular risk to wildlife and humans who consume contaminated food or water. It can also volatilize from soil and water into the air, where it can be transported long distances and contribute to air pollution. As a result, chlordane continues to pose a significant environmental and health hazard, even though its use has been banned for several decades.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of organic compounds that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and chlorine (Cl) atoms. These chemicals are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule with chlorine atoms. The properties of chlorinated hydrocarbons can vary widely, depending on the number and arrangement of chlorine and hydrogen atoms in the molecule.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons have been widely used in various industrial applications, including as solvents, refrigerants, pesticides, and chemical intermediates. Some well-known examples of chlorinated hydrocarbons are:

1. Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) - a colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor, used as a solvent in various industrial applications, including the production of pharmaceuticals and photographic films.
2. Chloroform - a heavy, volatile, and sweet-smelling liquid, used as an anesthetic in the past but now mainly used in chemical synthesis.
3. Carbon tetrachloride - a colorless, heavy, and nonflammable liquid with a mildly sweet odor, once widely used as a solvent and fire extinguishing agent but now largely phased out due to its ozone-depleting properties.
4. Vinyl chloride - a flammable, colorless gas, used primarily in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and other synthetic materials.
5. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - a group of highly stable and persistent organic compounds that were widely used as coolants and insulating fluids in electrical equipment but are now banned due to their toxicity and environmental persistence.

Exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, depending on the specific compound and its physical state. Some chlorinated hydrocarbons have been linked to various health effects, including liver and kidney damage, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and cancer. Therefore, proper handling, use, and disposal of these chemicals are essential to minimize potential health risks.

Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE) is a chemical compound that is formed as a byproduct when dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is metabolized or breaks down in the environment. DDE is an organochlorine pesticide and is similar in structure to DDT, with two phenyl rings and two chlorine atoms attached to a central ethylene molecule.

DDE is highly stable and does not break down easily in the environment, which means that it can persist for many years and accumulate in the food chain. It is lipophilic, meaning that it tends to accumulate in fatty tissues, and bioaccumulates in animals that are higher up in the food chain.

DDE has been shown to have toxic effects on both wildlife and humans. It can disrupt hormone systems, particularly those related to reproduction, and has been linked to reproductive problems in birds and other animals. In humans, exposure to DDE has been associated with increased risk of certain cancers, developmental delays in children, and other health problems.

DDE is no longer used as a pesticide in many countries, but it can still be found in the environment due to its persistence and ability to accumulate in the food chain. People can be exposed to DDE through contaminated food, water, or air, as well as through contact with soil or dust that contains DDE.

Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made organic chemicals consisting of 209 individual compounds, known as congeners. The congeners are formed by the combination of two benzene rings with varying numbers and positions of chlorine atoms.

PCBs were widely used in electrical equipment, such as transformers and capacitors, due to their non-flammability, chemical stability, and insulating properties. They were also used in other applications, including coolants and lubricants, plasticizers, pigments, and copy oils. Although PCBs were banned in many countries in the 1970s and 1980s due to their toxicity and environmental persistence, they still pose significant health and environmental concerns because of their continued presence in the environment and in products manufactured before the ban.

PCBs are known to have various adverse health effects on humans and animals, including cancer, immune system suppression, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and endocrine disruption. They can also cause neurological damage and learning and memory impairment in both human and animal populations. PCBs are highly persistent in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain, leading to higher concentrations in animals at the top of the food chain, including humans.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) is a synthetic, aromatic hydrocarbon that is commonly used in research as a carcinogenic compound. It is a potent tumor initiator and has been widely used to study chemical carcinogenesis in laboratory animals.

DMBA is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with two benzene rings fused together, and two methyl groups attached at the 9 and 10 positions. This structure allows DMBA to intercalate into DNA, causing mutations that can lead to cancer.

Exposure to DMBA has been shown to cause a variety of tumors in different organs, depending on the route of administration and dose. In animal models, DMBA is often applied to the skin or administered orally to induce tumors in the mammary glands, lungs, or digestive tract.

It's important to note that DMBA is not a natural compound found in the environment and is used primarily for research purposes only. It should be handled with care and appropriate safety precautions due to its carcinogenic properties.

Cocarcinogenesis is a term used in the field of oncology to describe a process where exposure to certain chemicals or physical agents enhances the tumor-forming ability of a cancer-causing agent (carcinogen). A cocarcinogen does not have the ability to initiate cancer on its own, but it can promote the development and progression of cancer when combined with a carcinogen.

In other words, a cocarcinogen is a substance or factor that acts synergistically with a known carcinogen to increase the likelihood or speed up the development of cancer. This process can occur through various mechanisms, such as suppressing the immune system, promoting inflammation, increasing cell proliferation, or inhibiting apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Examples of cocarcinogens include tobacco smoke, alcohol, certain viruses, and radiation. These agents can interact with carcinogens to increase the risk of cancer in individuals who are exposed to them. It is important to note that while cocarcinogens themselves may not directly cause cancer, they can significantly contribute to its development and progression when combined with other harmful substances or factors.

A drug implant is a medical device that is specially designed to provide controlled release of a medication into the body over an extended period of time. Drug implants can be placed under the skin or in various body cavities, depending on the specific medical condition being treated. They are often used when other methods of administering medication, such as oral pills or injections, are not effective or practical.

Drug implants come in various forms, including rods, pellets, and small capsules. The medication is contained within the device and is released slowly over time, either through diffusion or erosion of the implant material. This allows for a steady concentration of the drug to be maintained in the body, which can help to improve treatment outcomes and reduce side effects.

Some common examples of drug implants include:

1. Hormonal implants: These are small rods that are inserted under the skin of the upper arm and release hormones such as progestin or estrogen over a period of several years. They are often used for birth control or to treat conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids.
2. Intraocular implants: These are small devices that are placed in the eye during surgery to release medication directly into the eye. They are often used to treat conditions such as age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.
3. Bone cement implants: These are specially formulated cements that contain antibiotics and are used to fill bone defects or joint spaces during surgery. The antibiotics are released slowly over time, helping to prevent infection.
4. Implantable pumps: These are small devices that are placed under the skin and deliver medication directly into a specific body cavity, such as the spinal cord or the peritoneal cavity. They are often used to treat chronic pain or cancer.

Overall, drug implants offer several advantages over other methods of administering medication, including improved compliance, reduced side effects, and more consistent drug levels in the body. However, they may also have some disadvantages, such as the need for surgical placement and the potential for infection or other complications. As with any medical treatment, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits of drug implants with a healthcare provider.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New York" is not a medical term or concept. New York refers to a state in the United States, as well as its largest city. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Carcinogens are agents (substances or mixtures of substances) that can cause cancer. They may be naturally occurring or man-made. Carcinogens can increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular DNA, disrupting cellular function, or promoting cell growth. Examples of carcinogens include certain chemicals found in tobacco smoke, asbestos, UV radiation from the sun, and some viruses.

It's important to note that not all exposures to carcinogens will result in cancer, and the risk typically depends on factors such as the level and duration of exposure, individual genetic susceptibility, and lifestyle choices. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies carcinogens into different groups based on the strength of evidence linking them to cancer:

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans

This information is based on medical research and may be subject to change as new studies become available. Always consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or repelling pests. Pests can be insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or other organisms that can cause damage to crops, animals, or humans and their living conditions. The term "pesticide" includes all of the following: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, bactericides, and various other substances used to control pests.

It is important to note that while pesticides are designed to be toxic to the target pests, they can also pose risks to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is essential to follow all label instructions and safety precautions when handling and applying pesticides.

Hyperplasia is a medical term that refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, leading to an enlargement of the affected area. It's a response to various stimuli such as hormones, chronic irritation, or inflammation. Hyperplasia can be physiological, like the growth of breast tissue during pregnancy, or pathological, like in the case of benign or malignant tumors. The process is generally reversible if the stimulus is removed. It's important to note that hyperplasia itself is not cancerous, but some forms of hyperplasia can increase the risk of developing cancer over time.

Orchiectomy is a surgical procedure where one or both of the testicles are removed. It is also known as castration. This procedure can be performed for various reasons, including the treatment of testicular cancer, prostate cancer, or other conditions that may affect the testicles. It can also be done to reduce levels of male hormones in the body, such as in the case of transgender women undergoing gender affirming surgery. The specific medical definition may vary slightly depending on the context and the extent of the procedure.

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.

Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.

It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.

Tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) is defined as a pharmacological agent that is a derivative of the phorbol ester family. It is a potent tumor promoter and activator of protein kinase C (PKC), a group of enzymes that play a role in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, proliferation, and differentiation. TPA has been widely used in research to study PKC-mediated signaling pathways and its role in cancer development and progression. It is also used in topical treatments for skin conditions such as psoriasis.

Most of the mirex was in the form of "4X mirex bait," which consists of 0.3% mirex in 14.7% soybean oil mixed with 85% corncob ... Mirex was first synthesized in 1946, but was not used in pesticide formulations until 1955. Mirex was produced by the ... Being lipophilic, mirex is strongly adsorbed on sediments. Mirex is only moderately toxic in single-dose animal studies (oral ... After 6 applications of mirex bait at 1.4 kg/ha, high mirex levels were found in some species; turtle fat contained 24.8 mg ...
Mirex is an organochloride that was commercialized as an insecticide. Mirex may also refer to: MIREX (music), the Music ... a Russian company This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mirex. If an internal link led you here, ...
Rodriguez, Elva Maria Luna (2022-08-04). "MIREX distingue labor de dominicanas destacas en la ciencia". MIREX , Ministerio de ...
"Inicio". MIREX , Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-10-05. "Watch the 2020 National Dominican Day ...
"Histórico dos Órgãos Titulares" (in Portuguese). mirex.gov.ao. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 10 Dec ... "Perfil do Ministro" (in Portuguese). mirex.gov.ao. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 10 Dec 2014. "História ...
"Despacho del Ministro". MIREX (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-16. "Decreto no. 324-20". Presidencia de la República Dominicana ... The Ministry of External Relations (Spanish: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores or MIREX) of the Dominican Republic is the ...
"Manuel Domingos Augusto" (in Portuguese). mirex.gov.ao. Retrieved 4 Mar 2019. v t e (CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt), ...
"Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Dominicana y el Reino de Dinamarca". enlacecongreso.mirex.gov.do ...
... enlacecongreso.mirex.gov.do. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2015. Mario J. Gallego, ...
Sebastian, Mirex (2017-06-10). "Watch: Francis Concepcion sings 'Halo' on Tawag Ng Tanghalan Kids Grand Finals , Zeibiz". ... Sebastian, Mirex (2017-06-10). "Watch: Kiefer Sanchez sings 'Shine' on Tawag Ng Tanghalan Kids Grand Finals , Zeibiz". ...
"Relações Diplomáticas". mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023. "Firman Cuba y Botswana acuerdo de cooperación ...
"Relação Diplomática no Brasil". mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 June 2023. "Brasil e Moçambique completam 40 anos do ... "Relação Diplomática no Brasil". mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 June 2023. Documentos de política externa Volumes 1-4 ...
"Relações Diplomáticas". mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023. Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, ...
"Relações Diplomáticas". mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023. Lobban, Richard (1995). Cape Verde:Crioulo ... "Relações Diplomáticas". mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023. Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná ... "Relação Diplomática na Argentina". mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Retrieved 28 September 2023. "Diplomatic relations of the Holy ...
"Relação Diplomática no Congo (Republica)". mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 June 2023. "Diplomatic relations between ...
"Relações Diplomáticas". mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023. "Cabo Verde" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 ...
Sebastian, Mirex (October 27, 2016). "Watch: Miss Philippines Kylie Verzosa wins Miss International 2016". "PH bet Kylie ...
"Relação Diplomática na Itália". mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Retrieved 30 May 2023. Europe, France outremer Issues 382-392 (in ...
Sebastian, Mirex (August 4, 2019). "Yamyam Gucong is PBB 8 Big Winner". Zeibiz. Retrieved August 18, 2019. ""PBB Otso" Batch 2 ...
"Establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas". mirex.gob.do (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved ...
Sebastian, Mirex (February 28, 2016). "Watch: Jeyrick Sigmaton 'Carrot Man' on Kapuso Mo Jessica Soho , Zeibiz". Retrieved ...
Sebastian, Mirex (April 10, 2016). "Pilipinas Got Talent Live Semifinals Results and Recap April 10 Episode". Zeibiz. Retrieved ...
... mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Retrieved 28 September 2023. "Burundi & Bolivia, this week, signed a memorandum of establishment ...
"Relações Diplomáticas". mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 April 2023. "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum- ...
"ESTABLECIMIENTO DE RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS". enlacecongreso.mirex.gob.do (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 October ...
"Establecimiento de Relaciones diplomaticas". enlacecongreso.mirex.gob.do (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 October ...
"2019:Music Detection Results - MIREX Wiki". www.music-ir.org. Retrieved 2022-07-24. "Bmat Licensing, pyme del Año 2019 de ... 2019 awards by MIREX, Midsize Enterprise of the year Barcelona 2019 award by the Spanish Chamber of Commerce and Entrepreneur ...
Mirex did not have a connection. There is some recent epidemiological evidence that diabetes in the Native American population ...
In 2006, it won the MIREX prize. The application is written in Linux/C++, with a Java-based user interface. The code is open ...
"Computer simulation of mirex pharmacokinetics in the rat". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 66 (2): 182-192. doi:10.1016/ ... "Altered pattern of prenatal toxicity in rats due to different treatment schedules with mirex". Toxicology and Applied ... and/or nonclinical juvenile toxicity assessments of mirex, inorganic arsenic, nelfinavir (Viracept, an antiretroviral drug used ...

No data available that match "mirex"


  • As at 17 May 2009, there were no Parties registered for the specific exemptions listed in Annex A pertaining to aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, and mirex. (pops.int)
  • Per a 1995 ATSDR report mirex caused fatty changes in the livers, hyperexcitability and convulsion, and inhibition of reproduction in animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lindane (58899), mirex (2385855), and dioxins were found in parts per billion concentrations in settled dust samples collected from rafters at all three industries, and substantial concentrations were found in sediment from an abandoned elevator shaft at NL Industries and in sediment from Bloody Creek Run as it flowed through a conduit under Greif Brothers Corporation. (cdc.gov)
  • Mirex is a white crystalline solid, and chlordecone is a tan to white crystalline solid. (cdc.gov)
  • Mirex (C10C112) is a white crystalline odourless solid it is an extremely stable substance. (unep.org)
  • Approximately 250,000 kg of mirex was applied to fields between 1962-75 (US NRC, 1978). (wikipedia.org)
  • Use of mirex as a pesticide was banned in 1978. (wikipedia.org)
  • This year, however, we are asking that all discussions take place on the MIREX [https://mail.lis.illinois.edu/mailman/listinfo/evalfest "EvalFest" list]. (music-ir.org)
  • Mirex is an organochloride that was commercialized as an insecticide and later banned because of its impact on the environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mirex is a stomach insecticide, meaning that it must be ingested by the organism in order to poison it. (wikipedia.org)
  • Photomirex 2,8-dihydromirex Mirex is highly resistant to microbiological degradation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mirex was produced by the dimerization of hexachlorocyclopentadiene in the presence of aluminium chloride. (wikipedia.org)
  • To review how promoter stakes have changed over time, and how much of the promoter stake is pledged, please see the shareholding pattern of TRITON VALVE and the shareholding pattern of MIRCH MIREX . (equitymaster.com)
  • Mirex, a halogenated hydrocarbon, is a potent skin tumor promoter in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-initiated mouse skin. (ncsu.edu)
  • TPA- and mirex-promoted papillomas that were refractory to RA and FA demonstrated the same incidence of Ha-ras mutation as TPA- or mirex-promoted papillomas without RA and FA treatment, further indicating that the inhibitory activity of RA and FA is promoter-dependent and not solely dependent on mutant Ha-ras. (ncsu.edu)
  • Collectively, these results indicate that the promotional activity of mirex, as well as its weak proliferative response, result from a distinct promoter mechanism and/or that mirex promotes a unique population of epidermal cells that are insensitive to FA and RA and cannot be distinguished by their mutant Ha-ras genotype. (ncsu.edu)
  • 20-30% of mirex is used to control termites in structures of houses, dams and underground cable boxes. (pops.int)
  • Mirex and chlordecone are two separate but similar chemicals that are manufactured insecticides (insect killing) that are not found naturally in the environment. (cdc.gov)
  • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not found mirex or chlordecone in U.S.-wide studies of food conducted after 1992. (cdc.gov)
  • Animal studies have shown that eating or swallowing high levels of mirex can harm the liver, kidneys, eyes, thyroid, nervous system, and reproductive systems. (cdc.gov)
  • Liver cancer has been seen in animals exposed to high doses of mirex or chlordecone. (cdc.gov)
  • There is evidence of accumulation of mirex in aquatic and terrestrial food chains to harmful levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most of the mirex was in the form of "4X mirex bait," which consists of 0.3% mirex in 14.7% soybean oil mixed with 85% corncob grits. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mirex is only moderately toxic in single-dose animal studies (oral LD50 values range from 365-3000 mg/kg body weight). (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Mirex is toxic for a range of aquatic organisms, with crustacea being particularly sensitive. (wikipedia.org)
  • The annual output of mirex powder is in the range of 10-30 tons. (pops.int)
  • Can I get a medical test to check for mirex and chlordecone? (cdc.gov)
  • Mirex was used to control fire ants, and as a flame retardant in plastics, rubber, paint, paper, and electrical goods from 1959 to 1972. (cdc.gov)
  • Mirex is used under licence in northern Australia as a bait control for the giant termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis). (pops.int)
  • The spread of the red imported fire ant was encouraged by the use of mirex, which also kills native ants that are highly competitive with the fire ants. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most likely way you could be exposed to very small amounts of mirex and chlordecone is from contaminated food grown or caught near hazardous waste sites. (cdc.gov)
  • The Department of Health and Human Services considers mirex and chlordecone to be reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens (causing cancer). (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, an accuracy statistic will be computed that discounts confusion between similar classes - as was used in the MIREX 2005 audio genre task. (music-ir.org)