A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.
The fluid of the body that is outside of CELLS. It is the external environment for the cells.
Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
A process of selective diffusion through a membrane. It is usually used to separate low-molecular-weight solutes which diffuse through the membrane from the colloidal and high-molecular-weight solutes which do not. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA.
Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.
A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.
An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
Mutant strains of rats that produce little or no hair. Several different homozygous recessive mutations can cause hairlessness in rats including rnu/rnu (Rowett nude), fz/fz (fuzzy), shn/shn (shorn), and nznu/nznu (New Zealand nude). Note that while NUDE RATS are often hairless, they are most characteristically athymic.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Loose connective tissue lying under the DERMIS, which binds SKIN loosely to subjacent tissues. It may contain a pad of ADIPOCYTES, which vary in number according to the area of the body and vary in size according to the nutritional state.
Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.
Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.
Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.
The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.
The phylogenetically newer part of the CORPUS STRIATUM consisting of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and PUTAMEN. It is often called simply the striatum.
A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake.
Techniques used mostly during brain surgery which use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)
The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.
An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.
A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.
Drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin.
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
A method of non-invasive, continuous measurement of MICROCIRCULATION. The technique is based on the values of the DOPPLER EFFECT of low-power laser light scattered randomly by static structures and moving tissue particulates.
The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel for the body. Lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, circulating lipids in the BLOOD, and stored lipids in the ADIPOSE TISSUE or the LIVER. A number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as LIPASE and LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE from various tissues.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate SEROTONIN RECEPTORS. Many serotonin receptor agonists are used as ANTIDEPRESSANTS; ANXIOLYTICS; and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
A highly miniaturized version of ELECTROPHORESIS performed in a microfluidic device.
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.
Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
A subclass of G-protein coupled SEROTONIN receptors that couple preferentially to GI-GO G-PROTEINS resulting in decreased intracellular CYCLIC AMP levels.
An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266)
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Novel insights into human endometrial paracrinology and embryo-maternal communication by intrauterine microdialysis. (1/2093)

The regulation of human implantation is still unknown. Evidence from mice suggests an essential role for several paracrine mediators but species differences with implantation in the human preclude the extrapolation of these concepts to humans. An intrauterine microdialysis device (IUMD), consisting of microdialysis tubing glued into a balloon catheter on one side and into a polypropylene tube on the other, allows a dynamic and accurate in-vivo measurement of uterine paracrine interactions in humans. Inserted into the uterine cavity in the form of a loop, it can be continuously perfused with saline to reveal a number of relevant cytokines and growth factors in uterine effluents of non-pregnant women in both follicular and luteal phases. These included interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), epidermal growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), prolactin, and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). The source of intrauterine HCG is unclear since endometrial mRNA for the HCG beta-subunit is not revealed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. Applying urinary HCG locally via the IUMD profoundly alters endometrial secretory parameters. Prolactin, IGFBP-1, and M-CSF are significantly inhibited and VEGF is regulated in a biphasic manner involving early stimulation followed by inhibition of intrauterine levels. Use of the IUMD has thus shown that the urinary HCG preparations routinely used for ovulation induction and luteal support may directly alter endometrial function.  (+info)

N-Acetylaspartate distribution in rat brain striatum during acute brain ischemia. (2/2093)

Brain N-acetylaspartate (NAA) can be quantified by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and is used in clinical settings as a marker of neuronal density. It is, however, uncertain whether the change in brain NAA content in acute stroke is reliably measured by 1H-MRS and how NAA is distributed within the ischemic area. Rats were exposed to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Preischemic values of [NAA] in striatum were 11 mmol/L by 1H-MRS and 8 mmol/kg by HPLC. The methods showed a comparable reduction during the 8 hours of ischemia. The interstitial level of [NAA] ([NAA]e) was determined by microdialysis using [3H]NAA to assess in vivo recovery. After induction of ischemia, [NAA]e increased linearly from 70 micromol/L to a peak level of 2 mmol/L after 2 to 3 hours before declining to 0.7 mmol/L at 7 hours. For comparison, [NAA]e was measured in striatum during global ischemia, revealing that [NAA]e increased linearly to 4 mmol/L after 3 hours and this level was maintained for the next 4 h. From the change in in vivo recovery of the interstitial space volume marker [14C]mannitol, the relative amount of NAA distributed in the interstitial space was calculated to be 0.2% of the total brain NAA during normal conditions and only 2 to 6% during ischemia. It was concluded that the majority of brain NAA is intracellularly located during ischemia despite large increases of interstitial [NAA]. Thus, MR quantification of NAA during acute ischemia reflects primarily changes in intracellular levels of NAA.  (+info)

Determination of free interstitial concentrations of piperacillin-tazobactam combinations by microdialysis. (3/2093)

The investigation of tissue penetration and distribution of antibiotics is of great importance, since infections occur mostly in the tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of piperacillin and tazobactam, alone and in combination, by measuring total plasma and free interstitial concentrations, and to examine the relationship between free levels of both drugs in blood and those in the extracellular space. Piperacillin and tazobactam were administered, alone and in combination, to anaesthetized rats as a single iv bolus dose. Total plasma concentrations and free extracellular concentrations were quantified by HPLC. In-vivo microdialysis sampling was used to study the free tissue distribution patterns of both drugs. The pharmacokinetics of piperacillin and tazobactam in plasma were consistent with a two-compartment body model. Piperacillin pharmacokinetics were not influenced by co-administration of tazobactam. Tazobactam's volumes of distribution and clearance were decreased by the co-administration of piperacillin and the area under the curve was significantly increased. Comparisons between calculated free concentrations in the peripheral compartment for both drugs and measured free extracellular concentrations revealed excellent agreement. For piperacillin and tazobactam, alone and in combination, predictions of the concentration-time profiles of free drug in the peripheral compartment can be made on the basis of plasma data.  (+info)

Effects of mCPP on the extracellular concentrations of serotonin and dopamine in rat brain. (4/2093)

Intravenous administration of m-chloro-phenylpiperazine (mCPP) (0.25 or 2.5 mg/kg) induced a marked and dose-related increase in extracellular concentrations of serotonin in hippocampus (300-1,400% of baseline) as measured using in vivo microdialysis in awake male Wistar rats of the spontaneously hypertensive (SH) strain. Indicating that the effect of mCPP was caused by a reversal of the serotonin transporter, it was antagonized by pretreatment with the serotonin re-uptake inhibitor citalopram (10 mg/kg) but was unaffected by local administration of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX; 1 microns). mCPP was also shown to induce an increase in extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and the striatum of SH rats and in the nucleus accumbens of rats of the Sprague-Dawley (SD) strain; this effect of mCPP was, however, much weaker (125-170% of baseline) than the effect on serotonin; moreover, it seems to be TTX-sensitive. In anesthetized SD rats, mCPP induced a moderate reduction of nigral dopamine cell firing rate; supporting the assumption that this effect is secondary to the observed increase in dopamine release, it was blocked by pretreatment either with the dopamine synthesis inhibitor alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine or with the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol. In conclusion, the results suggest that mCPP induces a marked, TTX-insensitive increase in serotonin release in rat brain, but only a modest and TTX-sensitive increase in the extracellular levels of dopamine.  (+info)

Estimation of rat muscle blood flow by microdialysis probes perfused with ethanol, [14C]ethanol, and 3H2O. (5/2093)

We used the perfused rat hindquarter to evaluate whether the microdialysis ethanol technique can be used to qualitatively estimate nutritive skeletal muscle blood flow. Four microdialysis probes were inserted in different hindlimb muscles in each of 16 rats. Hindquarters were perfused at blood flow rates ranging from 0 to 21 ml. 100 g-1. min-1. The microdialysis probes were perfused at 2 microliter/min with perfusate containing ethanol, [14C]ethanol, and 3H2O. Within and between experiments outflow-to-inflow ratios (o/i) generally varied inversely with blood flow. When a low flow or no flow was maintained in hindquarters, o/i ratios first increased with time (for at least 60 min) and then leveled off. The long time constant impaired detection of rapid oscillations in blood flow, especially at low blood flow rates. Contractions per se apparently decreased o/i ratios independent of blood flow. Ethanol and [14C]ethanol o/i ratios did not differ. 3H2O o/i paralleled ethanol and [14C]ethanol o/i ratios but it was significantly lower. In conclusion, differences in skeletal muscle blood flow can be detected by the microdialysis technique. However, the slow changes in o/i, in particular at low blood flow rates, limit the usefulness of the technique for measuring dynamic changes in blood flow; caution must also be exerted during muscle contractions. 3H2O and [14C]ethanol are good alternatives to ethanol in the determination of blood flow by microdialysis.  (+info)

Metabolism and inflammatory mediators in the peritendinous space measured by microdialysis during intermittent isometric exercise in humans. (6/2093)

1. The metabolic processes that occur around the tendon during mechanical loading and exercise are undescribed in man. These processes are important for understanding the development of overuse inflammation and injury. 2. A microdialysis technique was used to determine interstitial concentrations of glycerol, glucose, lactate, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) as well as to calculate tissue substrate balance in the peritendinous region of the human Achilles tendon. Recovery of 48-62 % (range) at rest and 70-77 % during exercise were obtained for glycerol, glucose and PGE2. 3. Six young healthy humans were studied at rest, during 30 min of intermittent static plantar flexion of the ankle at a workload corresponding to individual body weight, and during 60 min of recovery. Microdialysis was performed in both legs with simultaneous determination of blood flow by 133Xe washout in the same area, and blood sampling from the radial artery. 4. With exercise, the net release of lactate as well as of glycerol from the peritendinous space of the Achilles tendon increased 2-fold (P < 0.05). Furthermore a 100 % increase in interstitial concentration of PGE2 and TXB2 was found, but it was only significant for TXB2(P < 0.05). As peritendinous blood flow increased 2- to 3-fold during intermittent static contractions, this indicates also that the output of these substances from the tissue increased during exercise. 5. This study indicates that both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as inflammatory activity is accelerated in the peritendinous region of the human Achilles tendon with dynamic loading.  (+info)

Evaluation of the microdialysis technique in the dog fat pad. (7/2093)

In the present study the microdialysis technique was evaluated in an isolated autoperfused dog fat pad. Concentrations of glucose, lactate, and glycerol were measured in interstitial fluid by microdialysis and simultaneously in arterial and adipose venous plasma. Adipose tissue blood flow was measured by both 133Xe washout and timed weighing of venous blood. Metabolite concentrations in adipose venous plasma calculated from interstitial and arterial metabolite concentrations and 133Xe washout were positively correlated with measured venous concentrations (glucose: r = 0.95, lactate: r = 0.92, glycerol: r = 0.81). Calculated and measured venous plasma concentrations did not differ for either glucose or lactate, but for glycerol, calculated concentration was on average 76% of measured concentration. Metabolite exchanges (Fick's principle) calculated from interstitial metabolite concentrations were positively correlated with measured exchanges only for lactate (r = 0.69). In conclusion, metabolite concentrations in adipose venous plasma can be calculated from microdialysis measurements with greater accuracy for glucose and lactate than for glycerol. The precision, however, is too low to allow calculation of metabolite exchange when arteriovenous metabolite differences are low.  (+info)

Interstitial Ca2+ undergoes dynamic changes sufficient to stimulate nerve-dependent Ca2+-induced relaxation. (8/2093)

We recently described a perivascular sensory nerve-linked dilator system that can be activated by interstitial Ca2+ (Ca2+isf). The present study tested the hypothesis that Ca2+isf in the rat duodenal submucosa varies through a range that is sufficient to activate this pathway. An in situ microdialysis method was used to estimate Ca2+isf. When the duodenal lumen was perfused with Ca2+-free buffer, Ca2+isf was 1.0 +/- 0.13 mmol/l. Ca2+isf increased to 1.52 +/- 0.04, 1.78 +/- 0.10, and 1.89 +/- 0.1 when the lumen was perfused with buffer containing 3, 6, and 10 mmol/l Ca2+, respectively (P < 0.05). Ca2+isf was 1.1 +/- 0.06 mmol/l in fasted animals and increased to 1. 4 +/- 0.06 mmol/l in free-feeding rats (P < 0.05). Wire myography was used to study isometric tension responses of isolated mesenteric resistance arteries. Cumulative addition of extracellular Ca2+-relaxed serotonin- and methoxamine-precontracted arteries with half-maximal effective doses of 1.54 +/- 0.05 and 1.67 +/- 0.08 mmol/l, respectively (n = 5). These data show that duodenal Ca2+isf undergoes dynamic changes over a range that activates the sensory nerve-linked dilator system and indicate that this system can link changes in local Ca2+ transport with alterations in regional resistance and organ blood flow.  (+info)

There are several different types of brain injuries that can occur, including:

1. Concussions: A concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury that occurs when the brain is jolted or shaken, often due to a blow to the head.
2. Contusions: A contusion is a bruise on the brain that can occur when the brain is struck by an object, such as during a car accident.
3. Coup-contrecoup injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is injured as a result of the force of the body striking another object, such as during a fall.
4. Penetrating injuries: A penetrating injury occurs when an object pierces the brain, such as during a gunshot wound or stab injury.
5. Blast injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is exposed to a sudden and explosive force, such as during a bombing.

The symptoms of brain injuries can vary depending on the severity of the injury and the location of the damage in the brain. Some common symptoms include:

* Headaches
* Dizziness or loss of balance
* Confusion or disorientation
* Memory loss or difficulty with concentration
* Slurred speech or difficulty with communication
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision or double vision
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
* Personality changes
* Difficulty with coordination and balance

In some cases, brain injuries can be treated with medication, physical therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation. However, in more severe cases, the damage may be permanent and long-lasting. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The microdialysis technique requires the insertion of a small microdialysis catheter (also referred to as microdialysis probe) ... The microdialysis probe is designed to mimic a blood capillary and consists of a shaft with a semipermeable hollow fiber ... The microdialysis principle was first employed in the early 1960s, when push-pull canulas and dialysis sacs were implanted into ... The microdialysis technique has undergone much development since its first use in 1972, when it was first employed to monitor ...
A microdialysis study". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 119 (3): 294-296. doi:10.1007/BF02445840. ISSN 0007-4888 ...
... a microdialysis study". European Journal of Pharmacology. 242 (2): 151-63. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(93)90075-S. PMID 8253112. ... in vivo microdialysis study)". Pharmacological Research. 43 (3): 283-90. doi:10.1006/phrs.2000.0773. PMID 11401421. Millan MJ, ...
Surgery can also be used for microdialysis protocols to implant and tether the dialysis probe and guide cannula. Radiosurgery ... A.4A.1-A.4A.9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) Zapata, Agustin (2009). "Microdialysis in Rodents". Current Protocols ... Zapata, A., Chefer, V. I. and Shippenberg, T. S. (2009). "Microdialysis in Rodents". Current Protocols in Neuroscience. 47: 7.2 ... applications of stereotactic surgery are to introduce fluids directly to the brain or to implant cannulae and microdialysis ...
24(7): p. 2034-9. "in vivo MicroDialysis Hollow Fibers". Spectrumlabs.com. Retrieved 2010-10-26. "System Description / ... a microdialysis catheter CMA 60 implanted transdermally and the sensor connected to its tygon tubing. This sensor was tested in ... was entrapped in a sealed microdialysis tube, in the same lab, namely of J Schultz, in 2001 another study was published using ... microdialysis fibres using a Fret ConA sensor but with different labels and using sephadex instead of dextran (the former being ...
Müller, M (2002). "Science, medicine, and the future: Micro-dialysis". BMJ. 324 (7337): 588-91. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7337.588. ...
"In Vivo Measurements of Neurotransmitters by Microdialysis Sampling". Analytical Chemistry. 78 (5): 1391-1399. doi:10.1021/ ...
Fuller RW (1994). "Uptake inhibitors increase extracellular serotonin concentration measured by brain microdialysis". Life ...
Electrodialysis Haemodialysis Microdialysis Osmosis Peritoneal dialysis AutoAnalyzer Reed, R (2007). Practical Skills in ...
... a microdialysis study". Journal of Neurochemistry. 56 (3): 938-44. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02012.x. PMID 1847191. S2CID ... "Tonic GABA-ergic modulation of striatal dopamine release studied by in vivo microdialysis in the freely moving rat". European ...
McDonald S, Lunte C (November 2003). "Determination of the dermal penetration of esterom components using microdialysis ...
The first OFM sampling probe to be used as an alternative to microdialysis was described in an Austrian patent application ... Lonnroth, P.; Jansson, P. A.; Smith, U. (1 August 1987). "A microdialysis method allowing characterization of intercellular ... "Comparison of cerebral Open Flow Microperfusion and Microdialysis when sampling small lipophilic and small hydrophilic ...
EMD-386,088 EMDT 5-Bromo-DMT 5-Chloro-AMT Valentini V, Frau R, Bordi F, Borsini F, Di Chiara G (March 2011). "A microdialysis ...
"Physiological levels of glucagon do not influence lipolysis in abdominal adipose tissue as assessed by microdialysis". The ... "Effect of training on epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis determined by microdialysis in human adipose tissue". The American ...
... an in vivo microdialysis study". Sleep. 26 (8): 943-947. doi:10.1093/sleep/26.8.943. PMID 14746372. Sato A, Terata K, Miura H, ...
Samples can be introduced by flow injection, microdialysis, or by coupling with liquid chromatography. Flow rates are typically ...
Wong BJ, Tublitz NJ, Minson CT (Nov 2005). "Neurokinin-1 receptor desensitization to consecutive microdialysis infusions of ...
Other microdialysis studies have shown that the presence of natural reinforcers such as food, water, and a sex partner cause a ... Another research technique that was used in determining the function of the MFB was microdialysis. Reinforcing electrical ...
Through PET studies and microdialysis, the compound's brain permeability was able to be further elucidated. (-)-Phenserine, ...
"Comparison of a needle-type and a microdialysis continuous glucose monitor in type 1 diabetic patients". Diabetes Care. 28 (12 ...
June 2000). "Mast cell mediators other than histamine induce pruritus in atopic dermatitis patients: a dermal microdialysis ...
Microdialysis may also be used to separate nanoparticles from the solutions in which they were formed. In such a separation, ... Commercially available microdialysis probes typically have molecular weight cutoffs that range from 1,000 to 300,000 Da, and ...
"Opioid receptor regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine release from the rat hippocampus measured by in vivo microdialysis". Brain ...
However, more recent in vivo studies that involved performing microdialysis on rats showed a different trend. These studies ...
Moghaddem used the technique of in vivo microdialysis to look at the composition of extracellular dopamine in the rodent brain ... Moghaddam, Bita; Bunney, Benjamin S. (1989). "Ionic Composition of Microdialysis Perfusing Solution Alters the Pharmacological ... An In Vivo Microdialysis Study". Journal of Neurochemistry. 54 (5): 1755-1760. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01230.x. ISSN ... Characterization of dopamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex as assessed by in vivo microdialysis: Comparison to the ...
"Comparison of cerebral Open Flow Microperfusion and Microdialysis when sampling small lipophilic and small hydrophilic ...
"Physiological Levels of Glucagon Do Not Influence Lipolysis in Abdominal Adipose Tissue as Assessed by Microdialysis". The ...
... s can be used for electrospinning, electrospraying, microdialysis, microfluidics, dispensing/dilution, tissue ...
The use of microdialysis and voltammetry in studies has indicated that neurotransmitter-mediated responses may be different, ... "Functional Mapping of Dorsal and Median Raphe 5-Hydroxytryptamine Pathways in Forebrain of the Rat Using Microdialysis". ...
Studies have performed microdialysis in subjects as they formed attention tasks and found significantly increased acetylcholine ...
Connect microdialysis probes to swivels, pumps and fraction collectors. This custom-extruded FEP tubing has the same inner and ... Microdialysis Tubing Connectors. Connect FEP tubing to 22ga swivels, probes and syringes with no added dead volume. ... FEP Tubing for Microdialysis. Due to supply issues, Instech no longer sells FEP tubing. ... For alternatives see CMA/Microdialysis, or for high quantities an extruder such as Zeus. ...
The microdialysis tests are analysed with GC-TOF-MS. Using GC-MS has its advantages, due to the high level of sensitivity and ... Biomarkers in blood and microdialysis tests in the case of work-related muscle pain. In order to investigate what happens in a ... In this project, we analyse both blood tests and microdialysis tests for a great number of substances produced in the muscle. ... For example, observing changes in lactate in microdialysis studies from CBF have proven it to be the substance with the most ...
A Combined Electrophysiological and Microdialysis Study. Kota Ishida, Mikio Murata, Nobuyuki Katagiri, Masago Ishikawa, Kenji ... A Combined Electrophysiological and Microdialysis Study. Kota Ishida, Mikio Murata, Nobuyuki Katagiri, Masago Ishikawa, Kenji ... A Combined Electrophysiological and Microdialysis Study. Kota Ishida, Mikio Murata, Nobuyuki Katagiri, Masago Ishikawa, Kenji ...
The microdialysis system consists of a microdialysis analyzer with a pump and a two-way catheter implanted into the target ... Microdialysis. MDialysis. Microdialysis is a mini-invasive monitoring method of oxidative/anaerobic glucose metabolism enabling ... The use of microdialysis allows an early response to the development of ischemic changes in the target tissue and enables the ...
... the impact of RH on amygdala function using an elevated plus-maze test of anxiety together with in vivo amygdala microdialysis ... the impact of RH on amygdala function using an elevated plus-maze test of anxiety together with in vivo amygdala microdialysis ... Microdialysis. As published (22, 30, 37-40): a fresh probe was inserted, and animals were acclimated for 2 h prior to testing. ... animals underwent stereotactic implantation of a microdialysis guide cannula (CMA12, CMA/Microdialysis) into the left BLA, then ...
Microdialysis * Microinjections * Motor Activity / drug effects * Nicotine / adverse effects* * Nicotinic Agonists / adverse ...
A randomised, placebo controlled trial of low level laser therapy for activated Achilles tendinitis with microdialysis ...
Review In vivo measurements of neurotransmitters by microdialysis sampling.[Anal Chem. 2006]. Review In vivo measurements of ... neurotransmitters by microdialysis sampling.. Watson CJ, Venton BJ, Kennedy RT. Anal Chem. 2006 Mar 1; 78(5):1391-9. ...
Comparison of a needle-type and a microdialysis continuous glucose monitor in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2005 Dec ...
A study with microdialysis probes implanted in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Brain Res 794:169-173, doi:10.1016/S0006- ...
Khan, A.S.; Michael, A.C. Invasive consequences of using micro-electrodes and microdialysis probes in the brain. TrAC Trends ... biological assays such as in vivo microdialysis sampling [90] and in vitro cell culture on the neural probe [91] have been ...
Cerebral microdialysis in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 2002. 36. 1333. 1340. ...
Intracerebral microdialysis to rationally select appropriate systemically administered therapies for testing in GBM patients ... "Development of Small Molecule Inhibitors and Biologic Agents for Treatment of Glioblastoma Using Intracerebral Microdialysis ...
The microdialysis L/P technique seems to have an MH diagnostic potential in the clinical setting.[1]. References. ... There were no signs of global muscle rigidity, systemic hypermetabolism, or a clinical MH episode during microdialysis RyR1 ... CONCLUSIONS: The authors data demonstrate that the in vivo muscle microdialysis of the porcine L/P system reveals distinct ... Sets of six CMA/20 microdialysis catheters were implanted; each catheter was perfused with different RyR1 agonist ...
Herwig A, Pévet P, Bothorel B, Steinlechner S, Saboureau M (2006) Trans-pineal microdialysis in the Djungarian hamster ( ... and hypothalamic T3 microdialysis suggest low central T3 concentrations as requirement for torpor expression. J Comp Physiol B ...
"Incorporating dexamethasone release in hydrogel coated microdialysis probes." Annual International Conference of the Ieee ... "Magnetic resonance imaging of a tissue/implanted device biointerface using in vivo microdialysis sampling." Anal Chem 74, no. ... "Membrane biofouling measured by microdialysis." Proceedings of the Controlled Release Society, January 1, 1998. ... "Glucose recovery with bare and hydrogel-coated microdialysis probes: experiment and simulation of temporal effects." Analytical ...
Findings of studies using in vivo microdialysis and HPLC to measure norepinephrine levels in the amygdala strongly support this ... Response of amygdalar norepinephrine to footshock and GABAergic drugs using in vivo microdialysis and HPLC. Brain Res. 835, 340 ...
E. Microdialysis. F. Addition of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein and trichloacetic acid precipitation ...
A Novel and Translational Rat Model of Concussion Combining Force and Rotation with In Vivo Cerebral Microdialysis ...
Peripheral microdialysis for glucocorticoid hormones Description. We have developed peripheral microdialysis for the ... By performing dual microdialysis we will be able to monitor free corticosterone levels and stress responses in the brain and ... A thin, flexible microdialysis probe is inserted into the jugular vein or under the skin. Free corticosterone levels in the ... These data presented the basis for a successful translation of our microdialysis method into humans.. 2. We found that after ...
... during the entire microdialysis. IL-6, IL-8 and IL-13 changed during microdialysis in both groups (Friedman; Ps < 0.05), ... were assessed throughout microdialysis, while pressure-pain thresholds (PPT) were assessed before and after microdialysis. ... Perceived stress (PSS-10) and Trait Anxiety (STAI) were assessed before microdialysis. The levels of IL-6, IL-7, IL-8 and IL-13 ... and lower PPTs before and after microdialysis (P < 0.05). There were no correlations between cytokine levels, pain or ...
The potential of microdialysis to monitor organic and inorganic nitrogen compounds in soil. Inselsbacher, E., Öhlund, J., ... article{inselsbacher_potential_2011, title = {The potential of microdialysis to monitor organic and inorganic nitrogen ...
Microdialysis measurements of lamellar perfusion and energy metabolism during the development of laminitis in the oligofructose ... Using microdialysis probes inserted directly into the lamellar milieu our recent studies show increased lamellar perfusion ( ...
Optically Specific Detection of D- and L-Lactic Acids by a Flow-Injection Dual Biosensor System with On-line Microdialysis ... The dialysate from the microdialysis tube is delivered to a sample loop of the six-way autoinjector and then automatically ... A flow-injection dual biosensor system with microdialysis sampling is proposed for the simultaneous determination of D-lactic ...
... on in vivo acetylcholine release from rat prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum was studied by means of microdialysis with ...
... sensitive method for detecting hydroxyl radical formation together with evoked neurotransmitter release in brain microdialysis ...
... an in vivo microdialysis study . Ann N Y Acad Sci . 2004 ; 1018 ( 1 ): 541 - 549 . Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS PubMed 19 ... an in vivo microdialysis study . Ann N Y Acad Sci . 2004 ; 1018 ( 1 ): 541 - 549 . Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS PubMed 19 ...
  • We tested the impact of RH on amygdala function using an elevated plus-maze test of anxiety together with in vivo amygdala microdialysis for norepinephrine (NEp), a widely used marker of basolateral amygdala cognitive processes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Measuring the levels of free glucocorticoid hormone directly in the brain of rats, i.e. free corticosterone - with a technique called in vivo microdialysis- we found that the pulsatile rhythm of blood corticosterone is maintained in the brain. (ukri.org)
  • The effect of intravenous administration of 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), in a range of doses (0.32-3.2 mg/kg) that have been shown to maintain self-administration behaviour in rats, on in vivo acetylcholine release from rat prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum was studied by means of microdialysis with vertical concentric probes. (erowid.org)
  • Técnica para la medición de concentraciones extracelulares de sustancias en los tejidos, usualmente in vivo, mediante una pequeña sonda equipada con una membrana semipermeable. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bank JHH, Cubuk C, Wilson D, Rijntjes E, Kemmlng J, Markowsky H, Barret P, Herwig A. (2017) Gene expression analysis during daily torpor in Djungarian hamsters ( Phodopus sungorus ) and hypothalamic T3 microdialysis suggest low central T3 concentrations as requirement for torpor expression. (uni-ulm.de)
  • For example, observing changes in lactate in microdialysis studies from CBF have proven it to be the substance with the most consistent results. (hig.se)
  • Using microdialysis probes inserted directly into the lamellar milieu our recent studies show increased lamellar perfusion (hyperaemia) during the development phase. (equipodiatry.com)
  • The microdialysis system consists of a microdialysis analyzer with a pump and a two-way catheter implanted into the target tissue. (imedex.cz)
  • In order to investigate what happens in a muscle when pain is perceived and during strain, we use the microdialysis technique. (hig.se)
  • A flow-injection dual biosensor system with microdialysis sampling is proposed for the simultaneous determination of D -lactic and L -lactic acids. (or.jp)
  • Intramuscular microdialysis was performed to sample masseter muscle cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The dialysate from the microdialysis tube is delivered to a sample loop of the six-way autoinjector and then automatically injected into the flow-injection line with a dual enzyme electrode arranged in perpendicular to the flow direction. (or.jp)
  • In this project, we analyse both blood tests and microdialysis tests for a great number of substances produced in the muscle. (hig.se)
  • Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens during self administration as studied by microdialysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • By performing dual microdialysis we will be able to monitor free corticosterone levels and stress responses in the brain and circulation simultaneously. (ukri.org)
  • July 22, 2005 (Los Angeles) -- Intrahepatic microdialysis detects early posttransplant complications such as liver ischemia, graft rejection, or cholangitis, according to a presentation given here by Greg Nowak, MD, PhD, at the 11th Annual Congress of the International Liver Transplantation Society. (medscape.com)
  • The aim of the study was to evaluate intrahepatic microdialysis as a method for early detection of postoperative complications such as liver ischemia, rejection, or cholangitis in patients who had received liver transplants. (medscape.com)
  • Based on microdialysis data, systemic hyperglycemic episodes result in potentially harmful ischemia-like changes in the liver graft. (medscape.com)
  • After microdialysis probe delivery of 4-HBA, (*)OH production was significantly increased in the striatal core during both ischemia and reperfusion. (cdc.gov)
  • Microdialysis probes were placed in striatal tissue of rats subjected to the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke. (cdc.gov)
  • In this chapter, we describe the entire process of pineal microdialysis that includes probe manufacturing, surgical procedure for its implantation, and the sample collection process. (nih.gov)
  • Intrahepatic microdialysis directly monitors metabolic changes in liver tissue, sending data about changes in levels of glucose, glycerol (a marker of cell membrane damage), lactate, and pyruvate to a computer at the patient's bedside. (medscape.com)
  • As an NIGMS PRAT Fellow, he studied microdialysis in animals, then completed Nuclear Medicine training in the NIH Clinical Center. (nih.gov)
  • CMA Microdialysis, the maker of the microdialysis device, Stockholm, Sweden, provided the devices for the pilot study at no cost. (medscape.com)
  • The purpose of this funding opportunity is to support the research and development necessary to advance microdialysis or open flow microperfusion methods, study designs, and analyses to directly measure the rate and extent to which a topically applied compound becomes available in the dermis, at or near a site of action within the skin. (nih.gov)
  • Specifically, using a microdialysis method, we examined the effects of BPA (0.1, 1, and 10nM) directly infused to the stalk-median eminence on the release of GnRH and kisspeptin (KP) in mid to late pubertal ovarian intact female rhesus monkeys. (nih.gov)
  • Application of long-term microdialysis in circadian rhythm research. (nih.gov)
  • To gain a better understanding of amyloid-beta in the brain, a research team led by Dr. David M. Holtzman of the Washington University in St. Louis used a technique called microdialysis to monitor levels in living mouse brains. (nih.gov)