Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Mice, Inbred C57BLTransgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Plants, Genetically Modified: PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Rats, Transgenic: Laboratory rats that have been produced from a genetically manipulated rat EGG or rat EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. They contain genes from another species.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Animals, Genetically Modified: ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.Crosses, Genetic: Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Thymus Gland: A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.Mice, Inbred CBAReceptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta: T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.Molluscum contagiosum virus: A species of MOLLUSCIPOXVIRUS causing skin lesions in humans. It is transmitted by direct contact or from non-living reservoirs (fomites), such as books or clothing.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Clonal Deletion: Removal, via CELL DEATH, of immature lymphocytes that interact with antigens during maturation. For T-lymphocytes this occurs in the thymus and ensures that mature T-lymphocytes are self tolerant. B-lymphocytes may also undergo clonal deletion.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Mice, Inbred DBAReceptors, Antigen, T-Cell: Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte: Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.Immune Tolerance: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming: Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Mice, Inbred BALB CPhenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Papillomavirus E7 Proteins: ONCOGENE PROTEINS from papillomavirus that deregulate the CELL CYCLE of infected cells and lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. Papillomavirus E7 proteins have been shown to interact with various regulators of the cell cycle including RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and certain cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors.Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains: One of the types of light chains of the immunoglobulins with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.Freeze Substitution: A modification of the freeze-drying method in which the ice within the frozen tissue is replaced by alcohol or other solvent at a very low temperature.T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic: Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.T-Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.Antigens, CD4: 55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 3: An orphan nuclear receptor that is closely related to members of the thyroid-steroid receptor family. It was originally identified in NERVE CELLS, however it may play regulatory roles in a variety of other tissues.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.Antigens, CD: Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.Tobacco: A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Interferon-gamma: The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.Cytotoxicity, Immunologic: The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.Interleukin-4: A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Plants, Toxic: Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Gene Expression Regulation, Plant: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.Organ Specificity: Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Genes, Reporter: Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor: A single-pass type I membrane protein. It is cleaved by AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN SECRETASES to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. A 39-42 amino acid peptide, AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in SENILE PLAQUES.Luminescent Proteins: Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.Plant Leaves: Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Transformation, Genetic: Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.Integrases: Recombinases that insert exogenous DNA into the host genome. Examples include proteins encoded by the POL GENE of RETROVIRIDAE and also by temperate BACTERIOPHAGES, the best known being BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA.Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Alzheimer Disease: A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)Lac Operon: The genetic unit consisting of three structural genes, an operator and a regulatory gene. The regulatory gene controls the synthesis of the three structural genes: BETA-GALACTOSIDASE and beta-galactoside permease (involved with the metabolism of lactose), and beta-thiogalactoside acetyltransferase.Plaque, Amyloid: Accumulations of extracellularly deposited AMYLOID FIBRILS within tissues.Amyloid beta-Peptides: Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.Oryza sativa: Annual cereal grass of the family POACEAE and its edible starchy grain, rice, which is the staple food of roughly one-half of the world's population.Genetic Vectors: DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Zebrafish: An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.Genes, Plant: The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.Enhancer Elements, Genetic: Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.Blotting, Southern: A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.beta-Galactosidase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.Seeds: The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.Encephalitis Virus, California: A species in the ORTHOBUNYAVIRUS genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. Serotypes are found in temperate and arctic regions and each is closely associated with a single species of vector mosquito. The vertebrate hosts are usually small mammals but several serotypes infect humans.Meninges: The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental: Experimentally induced mammary neoplasms in animals to provide a model for studying human BREAST NEOPLASMS.Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with similar antimicrobial activity.Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.Solanum tuberosum: A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE. The starchy roots are used as food. SOLANINE is found in green parts.Mammary Glands, Animal: MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial: DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, a REPLICATION ORIGIN, for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. In addition, they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes.Nerve Tissue ProteinsGlucuronidaseCloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Blotting, Northern: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Keratin-14: A type I keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-5 in the internal stratified EPITHELIUM. Mutations in the gene for keratin-14 are associated with EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA SIMPLEX.Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.Models, Animal: Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Embryo, Mammalian: The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.Homeodomain Proteins: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).Up-Regulation: A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Plant Roots: The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Agrobacterium: A genus of gram negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, plants, and marine mud.Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid: Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination.Organisms, Genetically Modified: Organisms whose GENOME has been changed by a GENETIC ENGINEERING technique.Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse: The type species of BETARETROVIRUS commonly latent in mice. It causes mammary adenocarcinoma in a genetically susceptible strain of mice when the appropriate hormonal influences operate.Strelitziaceae: A plant family of the order ZINGIBERALES, subclass Zingiberidae, class Liliopsida. Some species in this genus are called bird-of-paradise which is also a common name for CAESALPINIA and Heliconia (HELICONIACEAE).Lycopersicon esculentum: A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.tau Proteins: Microtubule-associated proteins that are mainly expressed in neurons. Tau proteins constitute several isoforms and play an important role in the assembly of tubulin monomers into microtubules and in maintaining the cytoskeleton and axonal transport. Aggregation of specific sets of tau proteins in filamentous inclusions is the common feature of intraneuronal and glial fibrillar lesions (NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; NEUROPIL THREADS) in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (ALZHEIMER DISEASE; TAUOPATHIES).Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Huntington Disease: A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Mice, Inbred C3HCell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Epidermis: The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1.Trans-Activators: Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.Skin: The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.Cardiomegaly: Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.Caulimovirus: A genus of PLANT VIRUSES, in the family CAULIMOVIRIDAE, that are transmitted by APHIDS in a semipersistent manner. Aphid-borne transmission of some caulimoviruses requires certain virus-coded proteins termed transmission factors.Kidney: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.DNA, Plant: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.Chimera: An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.Droughts: Prolonged dry periods in natural climate cycle. They are slow-onset phenomena caused by rainfall deficit combined with other predisposing factors.Papilloma: A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)Restriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.Vaccines, Edible: Vaccines or candidate vaccines derived from edible plants. Transgenic plants (PLANTS, TRANSGENIC) are used as recombinant protein production systems and the edible plant tissue functions as an oral vaccine.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Globins: A superfamily of proteins containing the globin fold which is composed of 6-8 alpha helices arranged in a characterstic HEME enclosing structure.Zebrafish Proteins: Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).Islets of Langerhans: Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.Nerve Degeneration: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Growth Hormone: A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.RNA, Plant: Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.Gossypium: A plant genus of the family MALVACEAE. It is the source of COTTON FIBER; COTTONSEED OIL, which is used for cooking, and GOSSYPOL. The economically important cotton crop is a major user of agricultural PESTICIDES.Maze Learning: Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)Agrobacterium tumefaciens: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and the stems, leafs, and roots of plants. Some biotypes are pathogenic and cause the formation of PLANT TUMORS in a wide variety of higher plants. The species is a major research tool in biotechnology.Mammary Neoplasms, Animal: Tumors or cancer of the MAMMARY GLAND in animals (MAMMARY GLANDS, ANIMAL).Down-Regulation: A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast: Chromosomes in which fragments of exogenous DNA ranging in length up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast through ligation to vector sequences. These artificial chromosomes are used extensively in molecular biology for the construction of comprehensive genomic libraries of higher organisms.Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.RNA Interference: A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Genes, ras: Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein.Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.Neoprene: An oil-resistant synthetic rubber made by the polymerization of chloroprene.Immunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.Tauopathies: Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.Uvea: The pigmented vascular coat of the eyeball, consisting of the CHOROID; CILIARY BODY; and IRIS, which are continuous with each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Genes, myc: Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (myc) originally isolated from an avian myelocytomatosis virus. The proto-oncogene myc (c-myc) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Truncation of the first exon, which appears to regulate c-myc expression, is crucial for tumorigenicity. The human c-myc gene is located at 8q24 on the long arm of chromosome 8.Body Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.Gene Dosage: The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Heart: The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.Repressor Proteins: Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.Cell Lineage: The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.Gene Silencing: Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.RNA: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).
Deletion of a region that is a candidate for the difference between the deletion forms of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin and deltabeta-thalassemia affects beta- but not gamma-globin gene expression. (1/44874)
The analysis of a number of cases of beta-globin thalassemia and hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) due to large deletions in the beta-globin locus has led to the identification of several DNA elements that have been implicated in the switch from human fetal gamma- to adult beta-globin gene expression. We have tested this hypothesis for an element that covers the minimal distance between the thalassemia and HPFH deletions and is thought to be responsible for the difference between a deletion HPFH and deltabeta-thalassemia, located 5' of the delta-globin gene. This element has been deleted from a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) containing the complete human beta-globin locus. Analysis of this modified YAC in transgenic mice shows that early embryonic expression is unaffected, but in the fetal liver it is subject to position effects. In addition, the efficiency of transcription of the beta-globin gene is decreased, but the developmental silencing of the gamma-globin genes is unaffected by the deletion. These results show that the deleted element is involved in the activation of the beta-globin gene perhaps through the loss of a structural function required for gene activation by long-range interactions. (+info)Requirement for transcription factor NFAT in interleukin-2 expression. (2/44874)
The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factor is implicated in expression of the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). Binding sites for NFAT are located in the IL-2 promoter. Furthermore, pharmacological studies demonstrate that the drug cyclosporin A inhibits both NFAT activation and IL-2 expression. However, targeted disruption of the NFAT1 and NFAT2 genes in mice does not cause decreased IL-2 secretion. The role of NFAT in IL-2 gene expression is therefore unclear. Here we report the construction of a dominant-negative NFAT mutant (dnNFAT) that selectively inhibits NFAT-mediated gene expression. The inhibitory effect of dnNFAT is mediated by suppression of activation-induced nuclear translocation of NFAT. Expression of dnNFAT in cultured T cells caused inhibition of IL-2 promoter activity and decreased expression of IL-2 protein. Similarly, expression of dnNFAT in transgenic mice also caused decreased IL-2 gene expression. These data demonstrate that NFAT is a critical component of the signaling pathway that regulates IL-2 expression. (+info)p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase can be involved in transforming growth factor beta superfamily signal transduction in Drosophila wing morphogenesis. (3/44874)
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) has been extensively studied as a stress-responsive kinase, but its role in development remains unknown. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has two p38 genes, D-p38a and D-p38b. To elucidate the developmental function of the Drosophila p38's, we used various genetic and pharmacological manipulations to interfere with their functions: expression of a dominant-negative form of D-p38b, expression of antisense D-p38b RNA, reduction of the D-p38 gene dosage, and treatment with the p38 inhibitor SB203580. Expression of a dominant-negative D-p38b in the wing imaginal disc caused a decapentaplegic (dpp)-like phenotype and enhanced the phenotype of a dpp mutant. Dpp is a secretory ligand belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily which triggers various morphogenetic processes through interaction with the receptor Thick veins (Tkv). Inhibition of D-p38b function also caused the suppression of the wing phenotype induced by constitutively active Tkv (TkvCA). Mosaic analysis revealed that D-p38b regulates the Tkv-dependent transcription of the optomotor-blind (omb) gene in non-Dpp-producing cells, indicating that the site of D-p38b action is downstream of Tkv. Furthermore, forced expression of TkvCA induced an increase in the phosphorylated active form(s) of D-p38(s). These results demonstrate that p38, in addition to its role as a transducer of emergency stress signaling, may function to modulate Dpp signaling. (+info)Ganglioneuromas and renal anomalies are induced by activated RET(MEN2B) in transgenic mice. (4/44874)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN2B) is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by the development of medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytomas, musculoskeletal anomalies and mucosal ganglioneuromas. MEN2B is caused by a specific mutation (Met918-->Thr) in the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. Different mutations of RET lead to other conditions including MEN2A, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma and intestinal aganglionosis (Hirschsprung disease). Transgenic mice were created using the dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter to direct expression of RET(MEN2B) in the developing sympathetic and enteric nervous systems and the adrenal medulla. DbetaH-RET(MEN2B) transgenic mice developed benign neuroglial tumors, histologically identical to human ganglioneuromas, in their sympathetic nervous systems and adrenal glands. The enteric nervous system was not affected. The neoplasms in DbetaH-RET(MEN2B) mice were similar to benign neuroglial tumors induced in transgenic mice by activated Ras expression under control of the same promoter. Levels of phosphorylated MAP kinase were not increased in the RET(MEN2B)-induced neurolglial proliferations, suggesting that alternative pathways may play a role in the pathogenesis of these lesions. Transgenic mice with the highest levels of DbetaH-RET(MEN2B) expression, unexpectedly developed renal malformations analogous to those reported with loss of function mutations in the Ret gene. (+info)The five amino acid-deleted isoform of hepatocyte growth factor promotes carcinogenesis in transgenic mice. (5/44874)
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a polypeptide with mitogenic, motogenic, and morphogenic effects on different cell types including hepatocytes. HGF is expressed as two biologically active isotypes resulting from alternative RNA splicing. The roles of each HGF isoform in development, liver regeneration and tumorigenesis have not yet been well characterized. We report the generation and analysis of transgenic mice overexpressing the five amino acid-deleted variant of HGF (dHGF) in the liver by virtue of an albumin expression vector. These ALB-dHGF transgenic mice develop normally, have an enhanced rate of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, and exhibit a threefold higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) beyond 17 months of age. Moreover, overexpression of dHGF dramatically accelerates diethyl-nitrosamine induced HCC tumorigenesis. These tumors arise faster, are significantly larger, more numerous and more invasive than those appearing in non-transgenic littermates. Approximately 90% of female dHGF-transgenic mice had multiple macroscopic HCCs 40 weeks after injection of DEN; whereas the non-transgenic counterparts had only microscopic nodules. Liver tumors and cultured tumor cell lines from dHGF transgenics showed high levels of HGF and c-Met mRNA and protein. Together, these results reveal that in vivo dHGF plays an active role in liver regeneration and HCC tumorigenesis. (+info)A concise promoter region of the heart fatty acid-binding protein gene dictates tissue-appropriate expression. (6/44874)
The heart fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP) is a member of a family of binding proteins with distinct tissue distributions and diverse roles in fatty acid metabolism, trafficking, and signaling. Other members of this family have been shown to possess concise promoter regions that direct appropriate tissue-specific expression. The basis for the specific expression of the HFABP has not been previously evaluated, and the mechanisms governing expression of metabolic genes in the heart are not completely understood. We used transient and permanent transfections in ventricular myocytes, skeletal myocytes, and nonmyocytic cells to map regulatory elements in the HFABP promoter, and audited results in transgenic mice. Appropriate tissue-specific expression in cell culture and in transgenic mice was dictated by 1.2 kb of the 5'-flanking sequence of FABP3, the HFABP gene. Comparison of orthologous murine and human genomic sequences demonstrated multiple regions of near-identity within this promoter region, including a CArG-like element close to the TATA box. Binding and transactivation studies demonstrated that this element can function as an atypical myocyte enhancer-binding factor 2 site. Interactions with adjacent sites are likely to be necessary for fully appropriate, tissue-specific, developmental and metabolic regulation. (+info)Reversal of hyperlipidaemia in apolipoprotein C1 transgenic mice by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of the low-density-lipoprotein receptor, but not by the very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor. (7/44874)
We have shown previously that human apolipoprotein (apo)C1 transgenic mice exhibit hyperlipidaemia, due primarily to an impaired clearance of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles from the circulation. In the absence of at least the low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), it was shown that APOC1 overexpression in transgenic mice inhibited the hepatic uptake of VLDL via the LDLR-related protein. In the present study, we have now examined the effect of apoC1 on the binding of lipoproteins to both the VLDL receptor (VLDLR) and the LDLR. The binding specificity of the VLDLR and LDLR for apoC1-enriched lipoprotein particles was examined in vivo through adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of the VLDLR and the LDLR [giving rise to adenovirus-containing (Ad)-VLDLR and Ad-LDLR respectively] in APOC1 transgenic mice, LDLR-deficient (LDLR-/-) mice and wild-type mice. Remarkably, Ad-VLDLR treatment did not reduce hyperlipidaemia in transgenic mice overexpressing human APOC1, irrespective of both the level of transgenic expression and the presence of the LDLR, whereas Ad-VLDLR treatment did reverse hyperlipidaemia in LDLR-/- and wild-type mice. On the other hand, Ad-LDLR treatment strongly decreased plasma lipid levels in these APOC1 transgenic mice. These results suggest that apoC1 inhibits the clearance of lipoprotein particles via the VLDLR, but not via the LDLR. This hypothesis is corroborated by in vitro binding studies. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the VLDLR (CHO-VLDLR) or LDLR (CHO-LDLR) bound less APOC1 transgenic VLDL than wild-type VLDL. Intriguingly, however, enrichment with apoE enhanced dose-dependently the binding of wild-type VLDL to CHO-VLDLR cells (up to 5-fold), whereas apoE did not enhance the binding of APOC1 transgenic VLDL to these cells. In contrast, for binding to CHO-LDLR cells, both wild-type and APOC1 transgenic VLDL were stimulated upon enrichment with apoE. From these studies, we conclude that apoC1 specifically inhibits the apoE-mediated binding of triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein particles to the VLDLR, whereas apoC1-enriched lipoproteins can still bind to the LDLR. The variability in specificity of these lipoprotein receptors for apoC1-containing lipoprotein particles provides further evidence for a regulatory role of apoC1 in the delivery of lipoprotein constituents to different tissues on which these receptors are located. (+info)Overexpression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase under the control of mouse metallothionein I promoter in transgenic mice: evidence for a striking post-transcriptional regulation of transgene expression by a polyamine analogue. (8/44874)
We recently generated a transgenic mouse line overexpressing spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) gene under its own promoter. The tissue polyamine pools of these animals were profoundly affected and the mice were hairless from early age. We have now generated another transgenic-mouse line overexpressing the SSAT gene under the control of a heavy-metal-inducible mouse metallothionein I (MT) promoter. Even in the absence of heavy metals, changes in the tissue polyamine pools indicated that a marked activation of polyamine catabolism had occurred in the transgenic animals. As with the SSAT transgenic mice generated previously, the mice of the new line (MT-SSAT) suffered permanent hair loss, but this occurred considerably later than in the previous SSAT transgenic animals. Liver was the most affected tissue in the MT-SSAT transgenic animals, revealed by putrescine overaccumulation, significant decrease in spermidine concentration and >90% reduction in the spermine pool. Even though hepatic SSAT mRNA accumulated to massive levels in non-induced transgenic animals, SSAT activity was only moderately elevated. Administration of ZnSO4 further elevated the level of hepatic SSAT message and induced enzyme activity, but not more than 2- to 3-fold. Treatment of the transgenic animals with the polyamine analogue N1,N11-diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) resulted in an immense induction, more than 40000-fold, of enzyme activity in the liver of transgenic animals, and minor changes in the SSAT mRNA level. Liver spermidine and spermine pools were virtually depleted within 1-2 days in response to the treatment with the analogue. The treatment also resulted in a marked mortality (up to 60%) among the transgenic animals which showed ultrastructural changes in the liver, most notably mitochondrial swelling, one of the earliest signs of cell injury. These results indicated that, even without its own promoter, SSAT is powerfully induced by the polyamine analogue through a mechanism that appears to involve a direct translational and/or heterogenous nuclear RNA processing control. It is likewise significant that overexpression of SSAT renders the animals extremely sensitive to polyamine analogues. (+info)
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"Characterization of a cellular hyperplasia in a mutant transgenic mous" by Jenna Roberts
Neuronal overexpression of mutant amyloid precursor protein results in prominent deposition of cerebrovascular amyloid | PNAS
FARA - Clinical data and characterization of the liver conditional mouse model exclude neoplasia as a non-neurological...
Interleukin-6 regulates the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in body weight in a gender-dependent way<...
PoliovirusUnlike normal mice, transgenic poliovirus receptor (TgPVR) mice are susceptible to poliovirus injected intravenously or ... In TgPVR1 mice, the transgene encoding the human PVR was incorporated into mouse chromosome 4. These mice express the highest ... PVR transgenic mouse[edit]. Although humans are the only known natural hosts of poliovirus, monkeys can be experimentally ... The newly minted synthetic virus was injected into PVR transgenic mice, to determine if the synthetic version was able to cause ...
"Mouse Husbandry, Breeding and Development: Pheromone Effects". Transgenic Mouse Facility, University of California.. ... The Lee-Boot effect is a phenomenon concerning the suppression or prolongation of oestrous cycles of mature female mice (and ... Lee, S. van der; Boot, L.M (1956). "Spontaneous Pseudopregnancy in Mice". Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neer. 5 (213).. .mw-parser- ... This effect goes some way to explain why spontaneous pseudopregnancy can occur in mice. The same response is invoked from ...
Peppel K, Poltorak A, Melhado I, Jirik F, Beutler B (November 1993). "Expression of a TNF inhibitor in transgenic mice". ...
Ren, R. B.; F. Costantini; E. J. Gorgacz; J. J. Lee; V. R. Racaniello (1990-10-19). "Transgenic mice expressing a human ... Hughes, Scott A.; Harshwardhan M. Thaker; Vincent R. Racaniello (2003-12-23). "Transgenic Mouse Model for Echovirus Myocarditis ... Mice producing the human CD155 protein were generated and infected with poliovirus. These mice exhibited all symptoms and ... These mice today are used not only to continue to understand poliovirus pathogenesis but as a means to test the safety of ...
Graham M, Shutter JR, Sarmiento U, Sarosi I, Stark KL (Nov 1997). "Overexpression of Agrt leads to obesity in transgenic mice ... AgRP induces obesity by chronic antagonism of the MC4-R. Overexpression of AgRP in transgenic mice (or intracerebroventricular ... AGRP maps to human chromosome 16q22 and Agrp to mouse chromosome 8D1-D2. Agouti-related protein is expressed primarily in the ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". Bäckberg M, Madjid N, Ogren SO, Meister B (Jun 2004). "Down-regulated expression of agouti-related ...
Greten FR, Wagner M, Weber CK, Zechner U, Adler G, Schmid RM (2002). "TGF alpha transgenic mice. A model of pancreatic cancer ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". "Entrez Gene: TGFA transforming growth factor alpha". Ojeda, S. R.; Ma, Y. J.; Rage, F. (September ...
Transgenic mice (e.g. Tg2576) were made which overproduce human APP with the Swedish mutation. As a consequence, the mice can ... The other main effect the discovery of the Swedish mutation had was to provide one transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's ... The Swedish mutation mice are used to study the effects of amyloid plaques and to develop potential treatments for Alzheimer's ... Webster SJ, Bachstetter AD, Nelson PT, Schmitt FA, Van Eldik LJ (2014). "Using mice to model Alzheimer's dementia: an overview ...
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00639-6. Rondi-Reig, L (2001). "Transgenic mice with neuronal overexpression of bcl-2 gene present ... Martinou, JC (1994). "Overexpression of BCL-2 in transgenic mice protects neurons from naturally occurring cell death and ... Gianfranceschi, L (1999). "Behavioral visual acuity of wild type and bcl2 transgenic mouse". Vision Research Journal. 39: 569- ... Behavior of transgenic mice reveals a role for developmental cell death". Brain Research Bulletin. 57: 85-91. ...
Sawicki also generates transgenic mice. Using this technology, she has developed several cancer mouse models useful for her ... Chen, Y; Megosh, LC; Gilmour, SK; Sawicki, JA; O'Brien, TG (2015-09-28). "K6/ODC transgenic mice as a sensitive model for ... "Evidence for expression of the paternal genome in the two-cell mouse embryo". Nature. 294: 450-451. 1981-12-03. doi:10.1038/ ... Sawicki, JA; Rothman, CJ (2015-09-28). "Evidence for stem cells in cultures of mouse prostate epithelial cells". Prostate. 50: ...
in IL-10 transgenic mice. or dosing with IL-10 leads to control of primary tumor growth and decreased metastatic burden. More ... A study in mice has shown that IL-10 is also produced by mast cells, counteracting the inflammatory effect that these cells ... Knockout studies in mice suggested the function of this cytokine as an essential immunoregulator in the intestinal tract. and, ... Over time a more nuanced picture of IL-10's function has emerged as treatment of tumor bearing mice has been shown to inhibit ...
Two successful approaches have been identified: transgenic mice and phage display. As of November 2016, thirteen of the ... Lonberg N, Huszar D (1995). "Human antibodies from transgenic mice". Int. Rev. Immunol. 13 (1): 65-93. doi:10.3109/ ... who market their TRIANNI Mouse platform. Ablexis, LLC - who market their AlivaMab Mouse platform. Phage display can be used to ... human monoclonal antibody therapeutics on the market were derived from transgenic mice technology. Adopting organizations who ...
Transgenic mice: *. Games D, Adams D, Alessandrini R, Barbour R, Berthelette P, Blackwell C, Carr T, Clemens J, Donaldson T, ... and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice". Science. 274 (5284): 99-102. doi:10.1126/science.274.5284.99. PMID 8810256.. ... and motor coordination in female APP23 transgenic mice with the Swedish mutation". Brain Research. 956 (1): 36-44. doi:10.1016/ ... in a cellular model and reverses tau pathology in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease". Alzheimer's & Dementia. 4 (4 ...
Cardiac dysfunction in the HIV-1 transgenic mouse treated with zidovudine. Lab Invest 2000;80:187-97. Lewis W, Simpson JF, ...
"Astrocytosis and axonal proliferation in the hippocampus of S100b transgenic mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (12): 5359 ... Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:".. *^ Wang DD, Bordey A (December 2008). "The astrocyte odyssey". Prog. Neurobiol. 86 (4): 342-67. doi: ... "Mouse Genome Informatics".. *^ Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, ...
Lalonde R, Eyer J, Wunderle V, Strazielle C (May 2003). "Characterization of NFH-LacZ transgenic mice with the SHIRPA primary ... The protocol has been used to test several mutant mice, including dystrophin-deficient mutants, transgenic models of ... Lalonde R, Dumont M, Staufenbiel M, Strazielle C (February 2005). "Neurobehavioral characterization of APP23 transgenic mice ... This protocol became known as the "modified SHIRPA" and has been used to screen for dominant phenotypes in mice. Sanger Mouse ...
... synaptic and behavioral deficits in aged human tau transgenic mice" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (6): 4056-65. ... and cognitive deficits induced by repetitive mild brain injury in a transgenic tauopathy mouse model. [Article]". Journal of ... "Silencing of CDK5 Reduces Neurofibrillary Tangles in Transgenic Alzheimer's Mice". Journal of Neuroscience. 30 (42): 13966- ... "Lithium Treatment Arrests the Development of Neurofibrillary Tangles in Mutant Tau Transgenic Mice with Advanced ...
Koike S, Choji T, Takeshi K, Shinobu A, Iku I, Hiromichi Y (1991). "Transgenic Mice Susceptible to Polio Virus". Proceedings of ... He retrieved a sample of mouse brain infected with polio virus and added it to the remaining test tubes, on the off chance that ... Koprowski's attenuated vaccine was prepared by successive passages through the brains of Swiss albino mice. By the seventh ...
Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Transgenic Mice. Chapter 13 in Human Monoclonal Antibodies: Methods and Protocols Ed. Michael ...
al in HY-TCR transgenic mice. Since HY is a male specific antigen, the developing thymocytes would be expected to undergo ... Furthermore, female mice TNCs were found to contain five times more thymocytes than male mice, and less than 4% of them were ... "Thymic nurse cell multicellular complexes in HY-TCR transgenic mice demonstrate their association with MHC restriction." ... found in their study that one-fourth of the nurse cells isolated from mice were double-positives for K5 and K8, while the rest ...
Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Transgenic Mice. Chapter 13 in Human Monoclonal Antibodies: Methods and Protocols Ed. Michael ... Alirocumab was discovered by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals using its "VelocImmune" mouse, in which many of the genes coding for ... it took only about 19 months from when they first immunized mice with PCSK9 until they filed their IND. Alirocumab was co- ...
For early-onset Huntington's (ages 5-15), both transgenic mice and mouse striatal cell lines show brain specific histone H3 ... are first tested in mouse models of SMA created through a variety of mutations in the mouse SMN1 gene. If the mice show ... Trichostatin A is also a class I and II HDACi that rescues fear learning in a fear conditioning paradigm in transgenic AD mice ... Tested on: mouse (M), only mouse cells (MC), human (H), Drosophila (D), rat (R). Successful treatment: yes (y), yes but with ...
Mice do not have a granulysin homolog, but transgenic mice expressing human granulysin have been engineered. Granulysin has ... Huang LP, Lyu SC, Clayberger C, Krensky AM (January 2007). "Granulysin-Mediated Tumor Rejection in Transgenic Mice". J. Immunol ... 2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ...
Joyce C, Freeman L, Brewer HB, Santamarina-Fojo S (2004). "Study of ABCA1 function in transgenic mice". Arterioscler. Thromb. ... Human data from patients and controls were used to demonstrate the translation of mouse findings in human disease. Mutations in ... Knockout mouse models of AMD treated with agonists that increase ABCA1 in loss of function and gain of function experiments ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". Luciani MF, Denizot F, Savary S, Mattei MG, Chimini G (May 1994). "Cloning of two novel ABC ...
Wolfer, D. P. (2002). "J.N. Crawley: What's wrong with my mouse? Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice". Genes ... What's wrong with my mouse: Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ (2007) 523 ... Behavioral Phenotyping of Transgenic and Knockout Mice". Genes, Brain and Behavior. 7 (7): 831-831. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X. ... especially mice. Early in her career, she developed the dark-light mouse exploration test, and showed that it is a valid test ...
Husain-Krautter, S; Kramer, JM; Li, W; Guo, B; Rothstein, TL (2015). "The osteopontin transgenic mouse". Clinical Immunology. ...
Correlative memory deficits, Abeta elevation, and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice. „Science". 274 (5284), s. 99-102, 10 1996 ... Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein. „Nature". 373 (6514), s. ... Simon A.S.A. James Simon A.S.A. i inni, Iron, Copper, and Zinc Concentration in Aβ Plaques in the APP/PS1 Mouse Model of ... and motor coordination in female APP23 transgenic mice with the Swedish mutation. „Brain Research (journal)". 956 (1), s. 36-44 ...
Transgenic mice generated through exogenous DNA microinjection of an embryo's pronucleus are also considered to be hemizygous ... A transgenic can later be bred to homozygosity and maintained as an inbred line to reduce the need to confirm the genotypes of ...
... and sudden death in ACE2 transgenic mice with downregulated connexins (англ.) // Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology ( ...
Transgenic Mice at Amazon - Low Prices on Transgenic Mice. Ad amazon.co.uk/Transgenic Mice Low Prices on Transgenic Mice. Free ... Inducible transgenic mouse models. - The University of Michigan Inducible transgenic mouse models allow for the activation of ... Inducible Transgenic Mouse Models , SpringerLink Inducible transgenic mouse models allow for the activation of and the lac and ... Tetracycline Inducible Transgenic Mice. Transgenic Mice - Customized Knockout/Knockin Models. Ad Customized Knockout/Knockin ...
nordwest-gamer.de... these transgenic mice tend to have an increased number of reticulocytes in peripheral blood; consistent with some degree of ... we have been able to achieve high-level expression of the human alpha-globin gene in transgenic mice. Expression in fetal liver ... Transgenic fetuses with high-copy numbers of the transgene suffer severe anemia and die before birth. Using a construct with ... Thus, these mice have mild anemia. These results are discussed with relation to the coordinate regulation of alpha- and beta- ...
Alb-uPA Transgenic Mice... The Digitized Atlas of Mouse Liver Lesions. Transgenic mice carrying an albumin promoter linked to ... An aged uPA transgenic mouse with an hepatocellular adenoma. There is evidence of toxic hepatopathy in the adjacent hepatic ... AL-TAg x AL-myc Dual Transgenic * Unique Lesions of Genetically Altered Mice ... A large and a small nodule of regenerating hepatocytes in an Alb-uPA transgenic mouse. ...
Transgenic Mice Advice?... Wolfgang Schechinger hubahopp at gmx.de Sat Dec 11 17:26:32 EST 2004 *Previous message: Transgenic ... Previous message: Transgenic Mice Advice? *Next message: Transgenic Mice Advice? * Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ ...
... Wolfgang Schechinger hubahopp at gmx.de Sat Dec 11 14:34:00 EST 2004 *Previous message: Transgenic ... Previous message: Transgenic Mice Advice? *Next message: Transgenic Mice Advice? * Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ ...
Tg(PrP,ΔGPI) mice were crossed with mice expressing wt PrP to generate Tg mice expressing PrP(ΔGPI) and wt PrPC; these mice ... Prnp0/0 mice and injected them intracerebrally into weanling Tg8015/Prnp0/0 mice or Tg(PrP)4053 mice overexpressing wt mouse ... Prion infectivity from Tg8015/Prnp0/0 mice transmitted not only to Tg4053 mice but also to Tg8015/Prnp0/0 mice. The serial ... 8015/9949 mice. These Tg8015/9949 mice developed CNS dysfunction at 572 d, which was similar to that of Tg8015/Prnp0/0 mice at ...
NASA - Muscle Atrophy of Muscle Sparing in Transgenic Mice... including 10 NASA mice, and 10 CASIS mice. The CASIS mice include 16 week-old C57Bl female mice, 5 wild type and 5 transgenic ... Muscle Atrophy of Muscle Sparing in Transgenic Mice (Rodent Research-1 (CASIS)) - 11.22.16. Overview , Description , ... A total of 10 mice, 5 wild type and 5 transgenic, are sent to the ISS to live in microgravity for 21 days. ... Researchers aim to look at the muscle atrophy and muscle sparing in the transgenic mice. ...
Thymic lymphomas in interleukin 9 transgenic mice.. Renauld JC1, van der Lugt N, Vink A, van Roon M, Godfraind C, Warnier G, ... Transgenic mice overexpressing the interleukin 9 gene were generated to study the biological activity of this cytokine in vivo ... of transgenic mice developed thymic lymphomas at the age of 3-9 months. The tumor cells, which were clonal, with unique T cell ... was much more efficiently transplanted into transgenic than in normal mice. Moreover, the in vitro proliferative activity of ...
Spontaneous generation of anchorless prions in transgenic mice.. Stöhr J1, Watts JC, Legname G, Oehler A, Lemus A, Nguyen HO, ... To model GSS, we generated transgenic mice expressing cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) lacking the glycosylphosphatidyl inositol ... E-P) Neuropathologic analysis of ill Tg8015/Prnp0/0 (E, F, I, J, M, and N) and Tg4053 mice (G, H, K, L, O, and P); ... Remarkably, disease from ill Tg(PrP,ΔGPI) mice transmitted to mice expressing wild-type PrP(C), indicating the spontaneous ...
... G. Chen,1,2 Y. Li,2 J. Tian,1 L. Zhang,1 P. Jean- ... Y. Li, P. Y. J. Charles, C. Nan et al., "Correcting diastolic dysfunction by Ca2+ desensitizing troponin in a transgenic mouse ... J. Du, J. Liu, H. Z. Feng et al., "Impaired relaxation is the main manifestation in transgenic mice expressing a restrictive ... Q. Q. Huang, H. Feng, J. Liu et al., "Troponin T heterogeneity in transgenic mouse ventricular muscle results in cardiomyopathy ...
Transgenic APP[V717I] Mice. Transgenic mice (n = 4) were treated with BL (1 mg/kg) from weaning (age, 3 weeks) for 17 weeks. In ... transgenic mice. In a follow-up study using the APP[V717I]/PS1[A246E] AD transgenic mice, bryostatin significantly reduced the ... transgenic mice. In a more recently developed AD double-transgenic mouse, bryostatin was effective in reducing both brain Aβ40 ... Transgenic mice APP[V717I]/PS1[A246E]: Mortality. (A) Life table analysis of all mice. Both treated (n = 23) and untreated (n ...
Recent Articles | Transgenic Mice | The Scientist Magazine®A transgenic mouse company is paying researchers who mention its animal models in scientific papers. ... Fluorescent calcium sensors in transgenic mice give a real-time readout of neuronal activity. ... Researchers develop mouse lines to help them see whether the maternal or paternal X chromosome is inactivated. ... Scientists make mice strains with multiple mutations in less than a month without using embryonic stem cells. ...
Unlike HuCII- and HuCIII-transgenic mice, VLDL from HuCI transgenic mice bound heparin-Sepharose, a model for cell-surface ... We have generated transgenic mice over-expressing human apolipoprotein CI (apo CI) using the native gene joined to the ... Unlike the human apo CII (HuCII)- and apo CIII (HuCIII)-transgenic mouse models of hypertriglyceridemia, plasma cholesterol was ... transgenic mice showed elevation of plasma triglycerides (mg/dl) compared to controls in both the fasted (211 +/- 81 vs 123 ...
Mice. Transgenic mice expressing the human APOE*3-Leiden gene were generated and bred with C57Bl/6J females as described ... mice received standard mouse chow for 9 months. To label DNA-synthesizing cells, 6 transgenic animals of the 6-month diet group ... Transgenic mice carrying the apolipoprotein E3-Leiden gene exhibit hyperlipoproteinemia. J Biol Chem. 1993;268:10540-10545. ... Atherosclerosis in APOE*3-Leiden Transgenic Mice. From Proliferative to Atheromatous Stage. Esther Lutgens, Mat Daemen, Mark ...
It would be interesting to cross the FE65 single-transgenic mice to conventional APP-transgenic mouse models to see whether ... The work has many caveats: only one line of transgenic mice was examined, the mice express both AICD and Fe65, and the ... The observed behavioral deficits in the AICD-transgenic mice as compared to wild-type mice are small, but the neurodegeneration ... In transgenic mice overexpressing both AICD and Fe65, they find phosphorylation and redistribution of tau in young (four-month- ...
Acute Leukaemia in bcr/abl Transgenic MiceWe have generated mice transgenic for a bcr/abl p190 DNA construct and find that progeny are either moribund with, or die of ... Acute Leukaemia in bcr/abl Transgenic Mice Nature. 1990 Mar 15;344(6263):251-3. doi: 10.1038/344251a0. ...
Definition of transgenic mice - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer InstituteThe foreign DNA is put into the nucleus of a fertilized mouse egg. ... Mice that have had DNA from another source put into their DNA. ... transgenic mice listen (trans-JEH-nik...) Mice that have had ... The new DNA becomes part of every cell and tissue of the mouse. These mice are used in the laboratory to study diseases. ... The foreign DNA is put into the nucleus of a fertilized mouse egg. ...
We have used transgenic mouse technology to establish immortalized hepatoma cell lines stably secreting heterologous proteins, ... Novel cell lines derived from transgenic mice expressing recombinant human proteins. Transgenic hepatoma-derived cell lines ... transgenic mice trans-immortalization hepatocyte α1-antitrypsin factor IX onc gene ... We have used transgenic mouse technology to establish immortalized hepatoma cell lines stably secreting heterologous proteins, ...
... of a single transgeniclacZ transgenic mouse, which served as a control (Fig.5 a), and the double transgenic lacZ-TK mouse (Fig ... Generation of transgenic mice. We generated transgenic mice expressing the herpes TK gene under the control of a human GFAP ... nlacZ transgenic mice. a, Central lobule of cerebellum from nlacZ transgenic mouse (control) treated with GCV at P3. b, Central ... Cerebella of nontransgenic mice were treated with GCV at P1 [a, e, i, m (column 1)], or transgenic mice were treated at either ...
ApoE4 transgenic mice: ApoE4 mice show profound working memory impairments in the absence of Alzheimers-like neuropathology," ... Introducing Human APOE into Aβ Transgenic Mouse Models. Leon M. Tai,1 Katherine L. Youmans,1 Lisa Jungbauer,1,2 Chunjiang Yu,1 ... K. R. Bales, F. Liu, S. Wu et al., "Human APOE isoform-dependent effects on brain β-amyloid levels in PDAPP transgenic mice," ... K. R. Bales, F. Liu, S. Wu et al., "Human APOE isoform-dependent effects on brain β-amyloid levels in PDAPP transgenic mice," ...
NF-κB Promotes Muscle Wasting in Transgenic Mice | Science SignalingCrossing the MIKK mice to MuRF-/- mice showed partial rescue of the muscle-wasting phenotype of the MIKK mice. MISR mice showed ... The MIKK mice exhibited profound muscle loss, and crossing the MIKK mice to the MISR mice reversed this phenotype. Several ... created transgenic mice in which NF-κB was excessively activated [MIKK (muscle-specific expression of IKK, which is the kinase ... NF-κB Promotes Muscle Wasting in Transgenic Mice Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Science ...
Child Receives Transgenic Skin Over Most of His Body. By Ruth Williams , November 8, 2017 ... Boosting levels of a the immunosuppressive protein PD-L1 in blood stem cells halts diabetes in a mouse model of the disease. ... Infectious protein aggregates from the skin of human patients can cause disease in mice. ... tags: transgenic mice x disease/medicine x The Scientist. » transgenic mice and disease/medicine ...
A handful of transgenic mouse strains exist that express various forms of tau, but they either die at a young age or differ ... transgenic mice with the deletion of lysine at position 280 would show early and extensive PHF formation, as this in vitro work ... Neurodegeneration with tau accumulation in a transgenic mouse expressing V337M human tau. J Neurosci. 2002 Jan 1;22(1):133-41. ... Transgenic Mice Accumulate Human Tau in Degenerating Hippocampal Neurons. Quick Links. *Article ...
Control mice indicates female nontransgenic mice; Lp(a) transgenic mice, female Lp(a) transgenic mice; Control gene, right ... transgenic mice were created by the mating of human apo(a) transgenic mice and human apoB transgenic mice.13,26-28⇓⇓⇓ Human apo ... The background of both mice was FVB mice. Lp(a) transgenic mice were created by breeding of both homotransgenic mice and ... transgenic mice. In Lp(a) transgenic mice, serum Lp(a) concentration was much higher in female mice (52.5±6.3 mg/dL, n=10) than ...
Research Sheds Light on Simulating Alzheimers Disease in Transgenic Mice. by Kathy Jones on September 7, 2013 at 9:31 PM ... showed that noradrenergic neurons and fibers in the locus coeruleus are predisposed to degenerative alterations in mice ...
MurineFetalHumanCharacterizationPromoterGained from studying transgenic mouAmyloid PrecursCreated a transgenic mouse modelStrainsTumorMolecularAbstractPathologyModel of Alzheimer's diseaseOverexpressKnockoutSingle transgenic miceInduced plurAlzheimer's DiseaseJournal of NeuroscieGenesMutantDouble-transgenicHomozygous transgenicHumansVitroSusceptibilityFluorescentCarcinomasGenomeHepatoma cell linesReporterDescribeHuman apolipoproteinLocusNormal miceDiseaseEmbryosIsletsMethods and ProtocolsPhosphorylationMutationCellsMicroinjectionHistologicallyWild-typePostnatalInsertional mutagenesisLesionsInducesMimicPathogenesisInvestigatorsGenetically modifiedTissuesNeuronalCellular
- High-level, erythroid-specific expression of the human alpha-globin gene in transgenic mice and the production of human hemoglobin in murine erythrocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
- Expression in fetal liver and blood is copy number dependent and at levels comparable to that of the endogenous mouse alpha-globin genes. (ox.ac.uk)
- Using the dominant control region (DCR) sequences that flank the beta-globin gene locus, we have been able to achieve high-level expression of the human alpha-globin gene in transgenic mice. (ox.ac.uk)
- Using a construct with both the human alpha- and beta-globin genes and the beta-globin DCR, live mice with low-copy numbers were obtained. (ox.ac.uk)
- Both human globin genes are expressed at high levels in adult red cells to give human hemoglobin HbA in amounts equal to or greater than endogenous mouse hemoglobin. (ox.ac.uk)
- Metabolic labeling experiments showed balanced mouse globin synthesis, but imbalanced human globin synthesis, with an alpha/beta biosynthetic ratio of approximately 0.6. (ox.ac.uk)
- Jallat S, Perraud F, Dalemans W, Balland A, Dieterle A, Faure T, Meulien P and Pavirani A (1990a) Characterization of recombinant human Factor IX expressed in transgenic mice and in derived trans-immortalized hepatic cell lines. (springer.com)
- This paper presents the first comprehensive histopathological characterization of transgenic PyV-mT hyperplasias together with classical transplantation experiments designed to test the growth potential of these lesions. (aacrjournals.org)
- Although multistep transgenic models of tumorigenesis and progression are particularly useful in the study of premalignant lesions, characterization of early proliferative lesions is not yet complete. (aacrjournals.org)
- 1993 ) Molecular cloning and characterization of mouse Tie and Tek receptor tyrosine kinase genes and their expression in hematopoietic stem cells. (biologists.org)
- Characterization of intraocular tumors arising in transgenic mice. (arvojournals.org)
- You could add Development of a doxycycline-inducible, CD200 transgenic mouse, and preliminary characterization of altered immunologic functions following doxycycline exposure to a list if you log in . (openlibrary.org)
- Characterization of transgenic mice expressing OvPrP-A136 and OvPrP-V136. (nih.gov)
- Transgenic mice carrying an albumin promoter linked to mouse urokinase type plasminogen (uPA) activator have functionally compromised hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
- Recently, it was reported that one popular line of these mice--mice possessing a BAC transgene with a D(2) dopamine receptor (Drd2) promoter construct coupled to an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter--had abnormal striatal gene expression, physiology, and motor behavior. (broadinstitute.org)
- Transgenic mice were generated via microinjection of a DNA construct containing the human VEGF 165 (hVEGF) gene driven by a truncated mouse rhodopsin promoter. (ovid.com)
- We report the first vascular endothelial cell lineage-specific (including angioblastic precursor cells) 1.2 kb promoter in transgenic mice. (biologists.org)
- Moreover, deletion analysis of this promoter region in transgenic embryos revealed multiple elements that are required for the maximum endothelial cell lineage-specific expression. (biologists.org)
- Furthermore, we have established embryonic stem (ES) cells from the blastocysts of the transgenic mouse that carry the 1.2 kb promoter-LacZ reporter transgene. (biologists.org)
- To study the consequences of sustained exposure to Ex-4, we generated metallothionein promoter-exendin-4 (MT-Exendin) mice that continuously express a proexendin-4 transgene in multiple murine tissues. (diabetesjournals.org)
- To assess the efficacy of continuous Ex-4 delivery for the control of glucose homeostasis, we previously generated and analyzed metallothionein promoter-exendin-4 (MT-Exendin) transgenic mice ( 11 , 12 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- These mice express the lizard proexendin-4 cDNA (including exendin NH 2 -terminal peptide [ENTP] linked to Ex-4) under the control of the mouse metallothionein-I promoter ( Fig. 1 ) ( 11 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- PURPOSE: To characterize intraocular tumors that arise by in situ transformation in the choroid-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in transgenic mice bearing the SV40 oncogene under the control of the mouse tyrosinase promoter. (arvojournals.org)
- METHODS: Transgenic mice were generated that express T-antigen under the control of the murine interstitial retinol binding protein promoter. (arvojournals.org)
- First, we generated transgenic mice expressing Cl-Sensor under the control of the mouse Thy1 mini promoter. (frontiersin.org)
- We also describe a transgenic mouse reporter line for Cre-dependent conditional expression of Cl-Sensor, which was targeted to the Rosa26 locus and by incorporating a strong exogenous promoter induced robust expression upon Cre-mediated recombination. (frontiersin.org)
- To investigate the role of splicing in the regulation of gene expression, we have generated transgenic mice carrying the human histone H4 promoter linked to the bacterial gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), with or without a heterologous intron in the transcription unit. (asm.org)
- Later, a transgenic mouse model expressing human APP with the Swedish mutation (APP23) under the control of the murine Thy1-promoter was reported, showing significant hippocampal CA1 neuron loss (−14%) at the age of 14 to 18 months. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Transgenic mice expressing Rab27a dominant/negative (Rab27a T23N and Rab27a N133I ) and constitutively active (Rab27a Q78L ) mutant proteins under the control of the tyrosinase promoter were generated and characterised as described previously. (bmj.com)
- A widespread increase in SpmS (spermine synthase) activity has been produced in transgenic mice using a construct in which the human SpmS cDNA was placed under the control of a composite CMV-IE (cytomegalovirus immediate early gene) enhancer-chicken β-actin promoter. (biochemj.org)
- We used the human podocin ( NPHS2 ) gene promoter to control expression of the rtTA cassette and bred these mice with a reporter mouse line that contains the cytomegalovirus minimal promoter and tetO promoter elements together with LacZ , encoding β-galactosidase. (asnjournals.org)
- We have introduced the FUS-CHOP transgene into the mouse genome in which the expression of the transgene is successfully driven by the elongation factor 1 (EF1) promoter to all tissues. (csic.es)
- No tumors of other tissues were found in these transgenic mice despite widespread activity of the EF1 promoter. (csic.es)
- An important goal of the research community is to translate information gained from studying transgenic mouse models into useful clinical applications. (aacrjournals.org)
- Transgenic modeling has been pursued on the basis of the amyloid hypothesis and has taken advantage of mutations in the amyloid precursor protein and the presenilins that cause familial forms of Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)
- Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F β -amyloid precursor protein," Nature , vol. 373, no. 6514, pp. 523-527, 1995. (hindawi.com)
- In this study the transgenic mouse TgCRND8, which encodes a mutant form of the amyloid precursor protein 695 with both the Swedish and Indiana mutations and develops extracellular amyloid beta-peptide deposits as early as 2-3 months, was investigated. (biomedsearch.com)
- To investigate the relation between amyloid precursor protein (APP) production, amyloid beta deposition and the type of Abeta in deposits, i.e., human and/or mouse, we performed a histopathological analysis, using mouse and human specific antibodies, of the neocortex and hippocampus in 6, 12 and 19 months old APP/PS1 double and APP and PS1 single transgenic mice. (unboundmedicine.com)
- For example, transgenic mice containing additional copies of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, have been useful in producing the Aß deposition characteristic of AD and DS, but not the cytoskeletal changes that are the hallmarks of these human disorders. (springer.com)
- A team at the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) led by Mar-a Blasco has successfully created a transgenic mouse model that simulates the disease in humans. (news-medical.net)
- Scientists make mice strains with multiple mutations in less than a month without using embryonic stem cells. (the-scientist.com)
- A handful of transgenic mouse strains exist that express various forms of tau, but they either die at a young age or differ markedly from the tau pathology seen in AD. (alzforum.org)
- The peripheral T-cell compartment was larger in the VavP- Bcl2 mice than in Eμ- Bcl2 strains and, notably, CD4 T cells were 5-fold increased over normal. (bloodjournal.org)
- Thus, the use of inbred strains of mice that are hemizygous for the Drd2 BAC transgene provides a reliable tool for studying basal ganglia function. (broadinstitute.org)
- I thought it was important to bring up this older post to share with the scientist solutions community some recent advances in fluorescent protein carrying mouse strains. (scientistsolutions.com)
- Asante EA , Linehan J , Desbruslais M , Joiner S , Gowland I , Wood A , BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD-like prion strains in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. (cdc.gov)
- Setting up breeding programs for transgenic mouse strains require to distinguish homozygous from the heterozygous transgenic animals. (harvard.edu)
- Here, we show that in spite of this elevated tumor incidence and the initial lower survival, K5-mTert mice show an extension of the maximum lifespan from 1.5 to 3 months, depending on the transgenic line, which represents up to a 10% increase in the mean lifespan compared to wild-type littermates. (biomedsearch.com)
- Tumor cell lines were established and characterized for growth and metastatic potential in the eyes of nude mice. (arvojournals.org)
- Radiolabeled transgenic tumor cells preferentially localized in the liver after intravenous injection in normal mice. (arvojournals.org)
- Tumor size statistics in 4 groups of transgenic mice! (protocol-online.org)
- Hi all, I have 4 different groups of transgenic mice (A-D) and want to compare tumor sizes each other (group by group). (protocol-online.org)
- Transgenic mice generated to carry cloned oncogenes and knockout mice lacking tumor suppressing genes have provided good models for human cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- Tumors of mice treated with PBT showed reductions in myeloid cells that suppress immune attack on tumor cells and significant increases in tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Correcting diastolic dysfunction by Ca 2+ desensitizing troponin in a transgenic mouse model of restrictive cardiomyopathy," Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology , vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 402-411, 2010. (hindawi.com)
- Insertional mutagenesis, induced by microinjection of DNA into fertilized ova to produce transgenic animals, provides a molecular tag that marks the site of the mutational event. (jneurosci.org)
- Although numerous molecular insights were gained from the analysis of these transgenic malignant tumors, the early events leading to malignant transformation have not been systematically investigated nor has the biological potential of hyperplastic lesions been documented. (aacrjournals.org)
- To elucidate the molecular basis of this association, we have induced experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) in mice transgenic for HLA-DQ8, DQ6, and DR3, and in DQ8×DQ6 and DQ8×DR3 F1 transgenic mice, by immunization with human acetylcholine receptor (H-AChR) in CFA. (jci.org)
- Phenotypic and molecular analysis of a transgenic insertional allele of the mouse Fused locus. (genetics.org)
- Abstract To explore the compatibility of skeletal and cardiac programs of gene expression, transgenic mice that express a skeletal muscle myogenic regulator, bmyf5, in the heart were analyzed. (ahajournals.org)
- From the technical abstract: "This is the first time that [there has] been a mouse with a monoclonal nose, in which greater than 50 percent of the sensory neurons express a single odorant receptor gene. (scientificamerican.com)
- Pimplikar and colleagues show that transgenic mice overexpressing AICD develop tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and a measurable defect in working memory. (alzforum.org)
- The work has many caveats: only one line of transgenic mice was examined, the mice express both AICD and Fe65, and the expression pattern of the transgenes was not compared to pathology. (alzforum.org)
- In summary, these mice might enable a more detailed observation of how tau pathology develops over time than was possible before (See also related news item ). (alzforum.org)
- to characterize the mice with regard to transgene expression and pathology and to characterize the resulting tumors histologically. (arvojournals.org)
- Insulin receptor and lipid metabolism pathology in ataxin-2 knock-out mice. (genoway.com)
- A metabolomic study of the CRND8 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. (biomedsearch.com)
- Obese mice lacking functional leptin overexpress the MCH message in the fed or fasted state. (jci.org)
- We report here that VavP- Bcl2 transgenic mice, 13 engineered to overexpress Bcl2 in cells of all hematopoietic lineages, are highly predisposed to develop follicular lymphoma. (bloodjournal.org)
- K5-mTert transgenic mice overexpress telomerase in a wide spectrum of tissues. (biomedsearch.com)
- Isoform-specific effects of human apolipoprotein E on brain function revealed in ApoE knockout mice: increased susceptibility of females," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol. 95, no. 18, pp. 10914-10919, 1998. (hindawi.com)
- The transgenic offspring were bred to a mouse incapable of expressing other MHC class II molecules (Abb knockout on B6 background). (taconic.com)
- Examples of behavioral tasks successfully applied to transgenic and knockout mouse models are provided, as well as references to the primary literature and step-by-step methods protocols. (wiley.com)
- Behavioral Phenotyping of Transgenic and Knockout Mice, Second Edition has been written in Dr. Crawley's private capacity, outside of her professional position at the National Institutes of Health. (wiley.com)
- Immunoblot analyses confirmed the inhibition of autophagy in the livers of Atg5 knockout mice. (asm.org)
- Transgenic & Knockout Mice protocols describe step-by-step approaches to producing cell and mice with migration related defects. (cellmigration.org)
- Generation of Rag1-knockout immunodeficient rats and mice using engineered meganucleases. (genoway.com)
- The most common type is the knockout mouse, where the activity of a single (or in some cases multiple) genes are removed. (wikipedia.org)
- A variety of different transgenic AD mouse models have been developed during the last 15 years which can be categorized as either APP single transgenic mice (e.g. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Reprogramming cells within live mice yields a new type of induced pluripotent stem cell. (the-scientist.com)
- Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)
- Transgenic mouse models now exist that mimic a range of Alzheimer's disease-related pathologies. (nih.gov)
- It is unclear what relevance these mice may have for studies of Alzheimer's disease, but it is an interesting model of tau-mediated cell dysfunction in the hippocampus. (alzforum.org)
- Glial fibrillary acidic protein-apolipoprotein E (apoE) transgenic mice: astrocyte-specific expression and differing biological effects of astrocyte- secreted apoE3 and apoE4 lipoproteins," Journal of Neuroscience , vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 3261-3272, 1998. (hindawi.com)
- Human APOE isoform-dependent effects on brain β -amyloid levels in PDAPP transgenic mice," Journal of Neuroscience , vol. 29, no. 21, pp. 6771-6779, 2009. (hindawi.com)
- Increasing the expression of two genes from non-Y chromosomes restores spermatogenesis in male mice that lack Y chromosomes. (the-scientist.com)
- In a proof-of-principle study, genetic deletion of two genes renders male mice infertile by preventing sperm transport through the vas deferens. (the-scientist.com)
- Palmiter RD, Chen HY and Brinster RL (1982) Differential regulation of metallothionein-thymidine kinase fusion genes in transgenic mice and their offspring. (springer.com)
- Furthermore, gene microarray analysis indicated that the MIKK mice had increased expression of genes encoding proteins implicated in protein ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, including the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase MuRF1. (sciencemag.org)
- A recent study published in the Neural Regeneration Research (Vol. 8, No. 24, 2013) showed that noradrenergic neurons and fibers in the locus coeruleus are predisposed to degenerative alterations in mice carrying mutant amyloid-β precursor protein and presenilin-1 genes. (medindia.net)
- The antigen-binding domains of HLA-DRA and HLA-DRB1*0401 (representative of the DR4 supertype) were attached to the membrane-proximal domains of I-Ed alpha and I-Ed beta (H2-E), respectively, by replacing exon 2 of the mouse genes with exon 2 of the human genes. (taconic.com)
- The transgene and several skeletal muscle-specific genes were expressed only in patchy areas of the heart in heterozygous mice. (ahajournals.org)
- Ectopic expression of MyoD in the hearts of transgenic mice activated some muscle-specific skeletal sarcomeric genes and resulted in embryonic lethality with severe cardiac abnormalities in fetuses heterozygous for the transgene. (ahajournals.org)
- For this purpose, we used chimeric double transgenic (Tg) mice of the human renin (hRN) and human angiotensinogen (hANG) genes. (ahajournals.org)
- The new mice were created using genetic engineering techniques that allow researchers to disable specific genes in an animals genome. (bio-medicine.org)
- Genetically modified mice are commonly used for research or as animal models of human diseases, and are also used for research on genes. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch created the first genetically modified animal by inserting a DNA virus into an early-stage mouse embryo and showing that the inserted genes were present in every cell. (wikipedia.org)
- This method creates a transgenic mouse and is used to insert new genetic information into the mouse genome or to over-express endogenous genes. (wikipedia.org)
- Mice are a useful model for genetic manipulation and research, as their tissues and organs are similar to that of a human and they carry virtually all the same genes that operate in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- Transgenic mice expressing mutant forms of Rab27a, a GTPase that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of choroideremia, were generated. (bmj.com)
- To investigate the involvement of Rab27 in degenerative retinal diseases and other diseases where Rab27a might play a role, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing mutant forms of Rab27a. (bmj.com)
- In a more recently developed AD double-transgenic mouse, bryostatin was effective in reducing both brain Aβ40 and Aβ42. (pnas.org)
- On the FVB genetic background, homozygous transgenic animals fed a high-fat diet ate 10% more and were 12% heavier at 13 weeks of age than wild-type animals, and they had higher systemic leptin levels. (jci.org)
- Previous attempts to culture PGCs from mice and humans produced embryonic germ cells that look and act like embryonic stem cells. (rxpgnews.com)
- The panel recommended that diagnostic nomenclature of transgenic lesions in mice be based on similar morphological, immunohistochemical, and biological criteria so that direct comparisons among mouse models and with humans would be possible. (aacrjournals.org)
- What makes these mice particularly interesting, say the researchers, is that they exhibit sex differences in the development of cardiac hypertrophy similar to those in humans. (bio-medicine.org)
- and (3) major hCAR mRNA SVs increase markedly in postnatal livers of hCAR-TG mice, which mimics the ontogeny of CAR mRNA in humans. (ovid.com)
- Therefore, we decided to evaluate the in vitro fertilization rate, which turned out to be impaired in the transgenic group. (uni-muenchen.de)
- The need for additional transforming events, suggested by the low incidence of spontaneous tumors, was further indicated by the high susceptibility of the transgenic animals to injections of low doses of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, a chemical carcinogen with a thymic tropism. (nih.gov)
- Moreover, these Tg mice showed increased susceptibility to the infection with an intracellular pathogen, blood-stage Plasmodium berghei XAT, which is an irradiation-induced attenuated substrain of P. berghei NK65, presumably due to the decreased IFN-γ production. (jimmunol.org)
- Fluorescent calcium sensors in transgenic mice give a real-time readout of neuronal activity. (the-scientist.com)
- Andras Nagy of The Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Ontario, has a Web site which discusses the use of fluorescent constructs in transgenic mice ( http://www.mshri.on.ca/nagy/ ). (scientistsolutions.com)
- The "Mouse Models Expressing Fluorescent Proteins or lacZ" list, available on the JAX® Mice Web site at http://jaxmice.jax.org/html/pricelist/fluorescent.lacz.pdf , describes in further detail models which express fluorescent proteins. (scientistsolutions.com)
- Fluorescent transgenic mice. (sciencephoto.com)
- In some Alb-uPA mice there is complete loss of the transgene, and these mice eventually develop hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas. (nih.gov)
- CONCLUSIONS: In TySV40 transgenic mice, intraocular tumors develop that arise at the choroid-RPE interface, and they display morphologic and ultrastructural features consistent with RPE carcinomas. (arvojournals.org)
- To elucidate pathological roles of the virus in disease, transgenic mice were produced that carry the HTLV-I genome. (sciencemag.org)
- 1. A transgenic mouse, whose genome comprises an indicator gene under the control of a transcriptional regulatory element, wherein said transcriptional regulatory element comprises a MEF2 binding site and said indicator gene is (a) expressed in embryonic cardiac tissue, (b) not expressed in adult cardiac tissue, and (c) expressed in adult cardiac tissue in response to hypertrophic signals. (google.com)
- The HBV Tg05 mouse line, which contains the 1.3-mer HBV genome and productively replicates HBV in the liver ( 21 ), was crossed with the mouse line that contains the floxed Atg5 gene (Atg5 f/f ). (asm.org)
- This study engineered an hCAR-BAC-transgenic (hCAR-TG) mouse model by integrating the 8.5-kbp hCAR gene as well as 73-kbp upstream and 91-kbp downstream human genomic DNA into the genome of CAR-null mice. (ovid.com)
- A genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) is a mouse that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques. (wikipedia.org)
- The first involves pronuclear injection into a single cell of the mouse embryo, where it will randomly integrate into the mouse genome. (wikipedia.org)
- We have used transgenic mouse technology to establish immortalized hepatoma cell lines stably secreting heterologous proteins, such as human α 1 -antitrypsin and human factor IX. (springer.com)
- To develop the model, the investigators will create "transgenic" mice with both human tau, and a "bioluminescent" imaging reporter that is regulated by the formation of tau prions. (dana.org)
- I am going to produce a population of transgenic mice using lentiviral transduction methods, using sperm mediated transgenesis where eGFP will be used as reporter. (scientistsolutions.com)
- In the study, reporter mice were used to track stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
- We describe here how transgenic mice designed to model these diseases have substantially contributed to the identification and validation of many promising new therapies, and conversely how they have quickly and cost effectively eliminated several targets with unrealized expectations. (springer.com)
- In this article, we describe a transgenic neurological mutation, designated wocko (Wo), which disrupts the development of the inner ear. (jneurosci.org)
- In this study we describe the generation of A51 mouse lines, transgenic for the TCR of a CD4 + self-reactive Th2 clone, TXA51. (jimmunol.org)
- Here, we describe a new allele at the Fu locus caused by a transgenic insertional mutation, H epsilon 46. (genetics.org)
- They used transgenic and nontransgenic litter mates - so the article may describe how they sorted the mixed population of eGFP expressing mice. (scientistsolutions.com)
- Here we describe two mouse lines expressing a CFP-YFP-based Cl probe called Cl-Sensor. (frontiersin.org)
- Combined hyperlipidemia in transgenic mice overexpressing human apolipoprotein Cl. (jci.org)
- We have generated transgenic mice over-expressing human apolipoprotein CI (apo CI) using the native gene joined to the downstream 154-bp liver-specific enhancer that we defined for apo E. Human apo CI (HuCI)-transgenic mice showed elevation of plasma triglycerides (mg/dl) compared to controls in both the fasted (211 +/- 81 vs 123 +/- 52, P = 0.0001) and fed (265 +/- 105 vs 146 +/- 68, P (jci.org)
- Spontaneous mutations at the mouse Fused (Fu) locus cause dominant skeletal and neurological defects and recessive lethal embryonic defects including neuroectodermal abnormalities and axial duplications. (genetics.org)
- A genomic probe from the wild-type H epsilon 46 locus detected a transcript that is disrupted by the transgenic insertion, representing a candidate for the wild-type allele of Fused. (genetics.org)
- The corneal lesion observed in T27aT15 mice most closely resembles posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy and might result from the disruption of the equivalent mouse locus. (bmj.com)
- BAFF was also independently identified as TALL-1 ( 24 ), as THANK, which regulated apoptosis, NF-κB and c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase in a human myelocytic cell line ( 25 ), and, more recently, as BlyS, a factor that, when administrated to normal mice, disrupted splenic B and T cell zones and resulted in elevated serum IgM concentrations ( 26 ). (rupress.org)
- Here we document the age-related patterns in learning ability of TGM and normal mice. (chiro.org)
- Learning appeared inferior in both genotypes of very young mice but TGM were confirmed to be superior to normal mice upon maturity. (chiro.org)
- Older TGM, however, showed rapid age-related loss of their exceptional learning, whereas normal mice at 1 year of age showed little change. (chiro.org)
- In Tg(PrP,ΔGPI) mice, disease onset could be accelerated either by inoculation with brain homogenate prepared from spontaneously ill animals or by coexpression of membrane-anchored, full-length PrP C . In contrast, coexpression of N-terminally truncated PrP(Δ23-88) did not affect disease progression. (pnas.org)
- Remarkably, disease from ill Tg(PrP,ΔGPI) mice transmitted to mice expressing wild-type PrP C , indicating the spontaneous generation of prions. (pnas.org)
- Though the requirement of PrP C in disease pathogenesis is known, the function of PrP C in nondiseased tissue remains enigmatic because Prnp 0/0 mice exhibit only subtle or disputed phenotypic deficits, arguing that PrP C is largely dispensable for proper neuronal function ( 3 ). (pnas.org)
- In this study, we examined collateral formation in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) model in Lp(a) transgenic mice. (ahajournals.org)
- Disease resistance in DQ6 transgenic mice was associated with reduced synthesis of anti-AChR IgG, IgG2b, and IgG2c Ab's and reduced IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion by H-AChR- and peptide α320-337-specific lymphocytes. (jci.org)
- A proportion of A51 mice spontaneously develop AIG by 10 wk of age, with a disease characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the gastric mucosa and Th2 differentiation of transgenic T cells in the gastric lymph node. (jimmunol.org)
- In contrast, autoantigen-specific Th2 T cell clones, when transferred to T cell-deficient mice, lead to the development of disease in both insulin-dependent diabetes and EAE models ( 8 , 9 ). (jimmunol.org)
- Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is commonly observed in d3Tx BALB/c mice and resembles the human disease pernicious anemia, in that the effector T cells and autoantibodies recognize the α and β subunits of the gastric parietal cell H/K-ATPase ( 11 , 12 ). (jimmunol.org)
- VavP- Bcl2 mice also had a propensity to develop kidney disease of the autoimmune type. (bloodjournal.org)
- A mouse model that closely models the human disease would, therefore, be of significant benefit. (bloodjournal.org)
- Mice culled at 344 and 468 d had clinical prion disease. (cdc.gov)
- The mouse culled at 720 d had clinical prion disease. (cdc.gov)
- Two mice with clinical prion disease were culled at 558 and 749 d. (cdc.gov)
- All mice had clinical prion disease. (cdc.gov)
- Since their initial generation in the mid 1990s, transgenic mouse models of Alzheimers's disease (AD) have been proven to be valuable model systems which are indispensable for modern AD research. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Effects of Human Alpha-Synuclein A53T-A30P Mutations on SVZ and Local Olfactory Bulb Cell Proliferation in a Transgenic Rat Model of Parkinson Disease. (genoway.com)
- We have extensive experience and a strong track record in the design of mouse models for inflammatory diseases such as hepatitis, nephritis or inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, joint disorders such as arthritis, allergy , and infections such as cholera, hepatitis, leishmaniasis or chlamydial infection. (genoway.com)
- The use of transgenic disease models in biomedicine promises to dramatically accelerate the development of new human diagnostic and therapeutic treatments. (bmj.com)
- This proto-oncogene has been overexpressed in a mouse model of the disease in order to explore the role of MYCN in this tumour. (bmj.com)
- In contrast, Tg mice expressing OvPrP with valine (V) at 136 (OvPrP-V136) infected with the same prions developed disease rapidly, and the converted prion was comprised of an unstable (U), diffusely distributed conformer. (nih.gov)
- Percent (%) affected mice refers to numbers of mice within an inoculated cohort manifesting progressive clinical signs associated with prion disease. (nih.gov)
- To directly investigate the therapeutic potential of DCR3 in preventing this disease, we generated transgenic nonobese diabetic mice, which overexpressed DCR3 in beta cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Genetically modified mice are used extensively in research as models of human disease. (wikipedia.org)
- The disease symptoms and potential drugs or treatments can be tested against these mouse models. (wikipedia.org)
- The implantation of the Btc transgenic mice was delayed, but this was not the reason for the litter size reduction, because the mean number of total embryos either attached or recovered from the uterus of transgenic females was already markedly reduced when compared to the number of embryos present in the uterus of control females. (uni-muenchen.de)
- There were no differences in pancreatic morphology between Tg972 and wild-type mice, however when insulin secretion was evaluated in isolated islets, it was significantly reduced in Tg972 mice islets at any glucose concentration tested. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- The transgenic islets had a higher transplantation success rate and survived for longer than wild-type islets. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Comprehensive and authoritative, Transgenic Mouse: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for both novice and expert researchers who are interested in learning more about this evolving field. (springer.com)
- In transgenic mice overexpressing both AICD and Fe65, they find phosphorylation and redistribution of tau in young (four-month-old) mice. (alzforum.org)
- F. M. Harris, W. J. Brecht, Q. Xu, R. W. Mahley, and Y. Huang, "Increased tau phosphorylation in apolipoprotein E4 transgenic mice is associated with activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. (hindawi.com)
- Impaired relaxation is the main manifestation in transgenic mice expressing a restrictive cardiomyopahty mutation, R193H, in cardiac TnI," American Journal of Physiology , vol. 294, pp. (hindawi.com)
- The mice express the V337M mutation of human tau that causes the tauopathy FTDP-17 in addition to wildtype mouse tau. (alzforum.org)
- Other mice expressing the stronger P301L tau mutation of FTDP-17 die too young to allow analysis over time. (alzforum.org)
- In addition, the direct product of β-secretase cleavage, C99, has toxic or pathogenic effects in cultured cells and in transgenic mice ( 28 , 29 ). (pnas.org)
- MISR mice showed resistance to muscle loss caused by either denervation or injection of Lewis lung carcinoma cells. (sciencemag.org)
- Further provided are methods of using the transgenic animals of the present invention, or cells isolated therefrom, for the detection of compounds having therapeutic activity toward cardiac hypertrophy. (google.com)
- They found that when Trf1 is eliminated, the mice develop exactly the same symptoms as aplastic anaemia sufferers: bone marrow failure with the corresponding pancytopenia (a reduction in the number of red and white blood cells, as well as platelets). (news-medical.net)
- Here, we generated a screening assay to mine inducers of Bdnf transcription in neuronal cells, using primary cultures of cortical cells prepared from a transgenic mouse strain, specifically, Bdnf-Luciferase transgenic ( Bdnf-Luc ) mice. (nature.com)
- T cells from DQ8 transgenic mice responded well to three cytoplasmic peptide sequences of H-AChR (α320-337, α304-322, and α419-437), of which the response to α320-337 was the most intense. (jci.org)
- CD4 + T cells that lead to autoimmune gastritis (AIG) in BALB/c mice are either Th1 or Th2 cells. (jimmunol.org)
- Young VavP- Bcl2 mice had an overabundance of enlarged germinal centers and greatly elevated numbers of cycling B cells that had undergone IgH class switching and V-gene hypermutation. (bloodjournal.org)
- Mice transgenic for BAFF have vastly increased numbers of mature B and effector T cells, and develop autoimmune-like manifestations such as the presence of high levels of rheumatoid factors, circulating immune complexes, anti-DNA autoantibodies, and immunoglobulin deposition in the kidneys. (rupress.org)
- By preserving the alpha 2 and beta 2 domains of mouse MHC class II, interactions with CD4 co-receptors on T cells was preserved. (taconic.com)
- These Tg mice did not show any apparent phenotypic difference from control littermates in lymphoid cells. (jimmunol.org)
- We now report that MT-Exendin mice develop extensive tissue lymphocytic infiltration with increased numbers of CD4 + and CD8a + cells in the liver and/or kidney and increased numbers of B220 + cells present in the pancreas and liver. (diabetesjournals.org)
- For example, cell-based delivery using cells genetically engineered to produce a DPP-4-resistant GLP-1 analog has demonstrated persistent improvements in glucose control after implantation of GLP-1-producing cells into diabetic mice ( 10 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- MOG-specific transgenic T cells are not deleted nor tolerized and are functionally competent. (rupress.org)
- Embryonic stem cells that recombine with the genomic DNA are selected for and they are then injected into the mice blastocysts. (wikipedia.org)
- Before injection into fertilized mouse eggs, the plasmid was digested with Hin dIII and Xho I, and the resultant 2.8-kb fragment of SAP-IL-12 p40 gene was isolated and used for microinjection. (jimmunol.org)
- Mouse eyes were characterised clinically and histologically and ocular hVEGF levels assayed by ELISA. (ovid.com)
- 27 neuroblastomas from hemizygous transgenic mice and 4 tumours from homozygous mice were examined histologically, and Ki67 and MYCN immunocytochemistry performed in 24 tumours. (bmj.com)
- A total of 10 mice, 5 wild type and 5 transgenic, are sent to the ISS to live in microgravity for 21 days. (nasa.gov)
- Neither the MISR nor the MIKK mice exhibited any changes compared with wild-type mice in insulin sensitivity when fed a normal or high-fat diet. (sciencemag.org)
- Successive matings of Btc transgenic males and females mice with wild-type mice revealed a decrease in litter size as compared with litters produced by control matings. (uni-muenchen.de)
- Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle was increased by twofold in Syn4 transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice as assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp analysis, consistent with a twofold increase in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Currently, 3 carcinogenicity packages have been initiated, with 2 preliminary 5/28-day studies in rasH2 wild-type mice already completed. (criver.com)
- The avoidance rate in wild-type mice gradually increased. (ahajournals.org)
- The number of activated microglia in the spinal cord of transgenic mice was significantly higher than that of wild-type mice, suggesting that inflammation might be observed in the spinal cord of transgenic mice. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Here, we found that the hNEDL1-Tg mice exhibited decreased locomotor activity compared with wild-type mice and developed ALS-like symptoms, including motor neuron degeneration, decreased axon, and microglia activation in the lumbar spinal cord and muscle weakness. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Tissue homogenates from doxycycline-treated or untreated bitransgenic mice (BT) were tested for β-galactosidase activity by chemiluminescence and compared with values obtained from wild-type (WT) mice. (asnjournals.org)
- Background activity of kidney lysates from wild-type mice was subtracted from measured activity to yield specific activity. (asnjournals.org)
- FVB, wild type mice. (nih.gov)
- Even basic issues like choosing the correct "wild-type" control mouse to use for comparison are sometimes overlooked. (wikipedia.org)
- Abnormal cardiac inflow patterns during postnatal development in a mouse model of Holt-Oram syndrome," American Journal of Physiology , vol. 289, no. 3, pp. (hindawi.com)
- In a developmental study, transgenic mice were treated with GCV during the first postnatal week, with evaluation at P19. (jneurosci.org)
- One transgenic line expressing low hVEGF levels showed mild clinical changes such as focal fluorescein leakage, microaneurysms, venous tortuosity, capillary non-perfusion and minor neovascularisation, which remained stable up to 3 months postnatal. (ovid.com)
- Using simultaneous whole-cell monitoring of ionic currents and Cl-dependent fluorescence, we determined that the apparent EC 50 for Cl i was 46 mM, indicating that this line is appropriate for measuring neuronal [Cl i ] in postnatal mice. (frontiersin.org)
- Conclusions -This study shows that in APOE*3-Leiden mice, duration of an HFC diet is associated with (1) a craniocaudal progression of lesion development and (2) an increased complexity of atherosclerotic lesions. (ahajournals.org)
- Affected male mice had degenerative testicular lesions, and their sperm was immotile. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Nonpolycystic K14 control male mice bred well, had no testicular lesions, and had appropriate sperm motility. (ingentaconnect.com)
- TXA23, a Th1 cell, induces, on transfer to nu/nu mice, a severe gastritis characterized by a lymphocytic infiltrate and autoantibody production. (jimmunol.org)
- ATXN2-CAG42 sequesters PABPC1 into insolubility and induces FBXW8 in cerebellum of old ataxic knock-in mice. (genoway.com)
- Transgenic mice mimic cardiac hypertrophy. (bio-medicine.org)
- So, we believe that Tg972 mice may represent a useful model to elucidate the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in insulin resistance pathogenesis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- To further understand the role of NEDL1 involved in the pathogenesis of familial ALS, we generated transgenic mice with human NEDL1 cDNA. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- The investigators then would be able to visualize the conversion of normal tau proteins into prions in live mice, and follow their spread through the brain. (dana.org)
- Cancer Center investigators benefit from the cost-effective services of the Transgenic Mouse/ES Cell Shared Resource focusing on the generation, maintenance and long-term storage of germline-altered mice. (vicc.org)
- As a consequence, many investigators are now utilizing the powerful tools of transgenic technology to address some of these questions. (textbookx.com)
- There are two basic technical approaches to produce genetically modified mice. (wikipedia.org)
- Great care should be taken when deciding how to use genetically modified mice in research. (wikipedia.org)
- MT-Exendin mice express proexendin-4 mRNA in multiple tissues and process the proexendin-4 precursor to Ex-4, resulting in detectable circulating levels of bioactive Ex-4 ( 11 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- Glucose utilization and insulin signalling were impaired in all key insulin target tissues in Tg972 mice. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- the results shown are the mean of tissues derived from two mice. (asnjournals.org)
- After 18 months, the mice showed neuronal loss in the hippocampus. (alzforum.org)
- Deleterious effects of neuronal accumulation of glycogen in flies and mice. (genoway.com)
- Bambrick LL, Kruegar BK (2001) Neuronal apoptosis in mouse trisomy 16: mediation by caspases. (springer.com)
- Impaired fertility in transgenic mice overexpressing Betacellulin Peptide growth factors regulate many cellular functions by autocrine, paracrine, juxtacrine or endocrine mechanisms. (uni-muenchen.de)