Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.
Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).
A strain of non-obese diabetic mice developed in Japan that has been widely studied as a model for T-cell-dependent autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which insulitis is a major histopathologic feature, and in which genetic susceptibility is strongly MHC-linked.
Transplantation between animals of different species.
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.
Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.
Inbred BALB/c mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical to each other, making them useful for scientific research and experiments due to their consistent genetic background and predictable responses to various stimuli or treatments.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.
A serine-threonine protein kinase that, when activated by DNA, phosphorylates several DNA-binding protein substrates including the TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and a variety of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
An interleukin receptor subunit that was originally discovered as a component of the INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR. It was subsequently found to be a component of several other receptors including the INTERLEUKIN 4 RECEPTOR, the INTERLEUKIN 7 RECEPTOR, the INTERLEUKIN-9 RECEPTOR, the INTERLEUKIN-15 RECEPTOR, and the INTERLEUKIN-21 RECEPTOR. Mutations in the gene for the interleukin receptor common gamma chain have been associated with X-LINKED COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES.
The transfer of lymphocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.
Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.
Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.
Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.
Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species.
Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the IMMUNOGLOBULIN CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.
Transfer of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS from BONE MARROW or BLOOD between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms.
A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.
In vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. Human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. A variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness.
The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host.
Recombinases involved in the rearrangement of immunity-related GENES such as IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES and T-CELL RECEPTOR GENES.
Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
Animals or humans raised in the absence of a particular disease-causing virus or other microorganism. Less frequently plants are cultivated pathogen-free.
Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.
Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.
The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen.
An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.
High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Transplantation of STEM CELLS collected from the fetal blood remaining in the UMBILICAL CORD and the PLACENTA after delivery. Included are the HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; and ANTIGENS. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect.
Transference of fetal tissue between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.
Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.
An organism that, as a result of transplantation of donor tissue or cells, consists of two or more cell lines descended from at least two zygotes. This state may result in the induction of donor-specific TRANSPLANTATION TOLERANCE.
Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation.
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the antigen receptors.
Form of adoptive transfer where cells with antitumor activity are transferred to the tumor-bearing host in order to mediate tumor regression. The lymphoid cells commonly used are lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). This is usually considered a form of passive immunotherapy. (From DeVita, et al., Cancer, 1993, pp.305-7, 314)
Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.
The transfer of leukocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.
Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.
In vivo method of screening investigative anticancer drugs and biologic response modifiers for individual cancer patients. Fresh tumor tissue is implanted under the kidney capsule of immunocompetent mice or rats; gross and histological assessments follow several days after tumor treatment in situ.
Forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall.
The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis by gene delivery of soluble p75 tumour necrosis factor receptor. (1/9154)

Collagen type II-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice can be passively transferred to SCID mice with spleen B- and T-lymphocytes. In the present study, we show that infection ex vivo of splenocytes from arthritic DBA/1 mice with a retroviral vector, containing cDNA for the soluble form of human p75 receptor of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-R) before transfer, prevents the development of arthritis, bone erosion and joint inflammation in the SCID recipients. Assessment of IgG subclass levels and studies of synovial histology suggest that down-regulating the effector functions of T helper-type 1 (Th1) cells may, at least in part, explain the inhibition of arthritis in the SCID recipients. In contrast, the transfer of splenocytes infected with mouse TNF-alpha gene construct resulted in exacerbated arthritis and enhancement of IgG2a antibody levels. Intriguingly, infection of splenocytes from arthritic DBA/1 mice with a construct for mouse IL-10 had no modulating effect on the transfer of arthritis. The data suggest that manipulation of the immune system with cytokines, or cytokine inhibitors using gene transfer protocols can be an effective approach to ameliorate arthritis.  (+info)

Probing the function of Bordetella bronchiseptica adenylate cyclase toxin by manipulating host immunity. (2/9154)

We have examined the role of adenylate cyclase-hemolysin (CyaA) by constructing an in-frame deletion in the Bordetella bronchiseptica cyaA structural gene and comparing wild-type and cyaA deletion strains in natural host infection models. Both the wild-type strain RB50 and its adenylate cyclase toxin deletion (DeltacyaA) derivative efficiently establish persistent infections in rabbits, rats, and mice following low-dose inoculation. In contrast, an inoculation protocol that seeds the lower respiratory tract revealed significant differences in bacterial numbers and in polymorphonuclear neutrophil recruitment in the lungs from days 5 to 12 postinoculation. We next explored the effects of disarming specific aspects of the immune system on the relative phenotypes of wild-type and DeltacyaA bacteria. SCID, SCID-beige, or RAG-1(-/-) mice succumbed to lethal systemic infection following high- or low-dose intranasal inoculation with the wild-type strain but not the DeltacyaA mutant. Mice rendered neutropenic by treatment with cyclophosphamide or by knockout mutation in the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor locus were highly susceptible to lethal infection by either wild-type or DeltacyaA strains. These results reveal the significant role played by neutrophils early in B. bronchiseptica infection and by acquired immunity at later time points and suggest that phagocytic cells are a primary in vivo target of the Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin.  (+info)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis is associated with enhanced endothelial cell survival and induction of Bcl-2 expression. (3/9154)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial cell mitogen and permeability factor that is potently angiogenic in vivo. We report here studies that suggest that VEGF potentiates angiogenesis in vivo and prolongs the survival of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) in vitro by inducing expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Growth-factor-enriched and serum-deficient cultures of HDMECs grown on collagen type I gels with VEGF exhibited a 4-fold and a 1.6-fold reduction, respectively, in the proportion of apoptotic cells. Enhanced HDMEC survival was associated with a dose-dependent increase in Bcl-2 expression and a decrease in the expression of the processed forms of the cysteine protease caspase-3. Cultures of HDMECs transduced with and overexpressing Bcl-2 and deprived of growth factors showed enhanced protection from apoptosis and exhibited a twofold increase in cell number and a fourfold increase in the number of capillary-like sprouts. HDMECs overexpressing Bcl-2 when incorporated into polylactic acid sponges and implanted into SCID mice exhibited a sustained fivefold increase in the number of microvessels and a fourfold decrease in the number of apoptotic cells when examined 7 and 14 days later. These results suggest that the angiogenic activity attributed to VEGF may be due in part to its ability to enhance endothelial cell survival by inducing expression of Bcl-2.  (+info)

Suppression of angiogenesis, tumorigenicity, and metastasis by human prostate cancer cells engineered to produce interferon-beta. (4/9154)

We determined whether the IFN-beta gene can be used to suppress angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis of human prostate cancer cells growing in the prostate of nude mice. Highly metastatic PC-3M human prostate cancer cells were engineered to constitutively produce murine IFN-beta subsequent to infection with a retroviral vector containing murine IFN-beta cDNA. Parental (PC-3M-P), control vector-transduced (PC-3M-Neo), and IFN-beta-transduced (PC-3M-IFN-beta) cells were injected into the prostate (orthotopic) or subcutis (ectopic) of nude mice. PC-3M-P and PC-3M-Neo cells produced rapidly growing tumors and regional lymph node metastases, whereas PC-3M-IFN-beta cells did not. PC-3M-IFN-beta cells also suppressed the tumorigenicity of bystander nontransduced prostate cancer cells. PC-3M-IFN-beta cells produced small tumors (3-5 mm in diameter) in nude mice treated with anti-asialo GM1 antibodies and in severe combined immunodeficient/Beige mice. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that PC-3M-IFN-beta tumors were homogeneously infiltrated by macrophages, whereas control tumors contained fewer macrophages at their periphery. Most tumor cells in the control tumors were stained positive by an antibody to proliferative cell nuclear antigen; very few were positively stained by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling. In sharp contrast, PC-3M-IFN-beta tumors contained fewer proliferative cell nuclear antigen-positive cells and many terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling-positive cells. Staining with antibody against CD31 showed that control tumors contained more blood vessels than PC-3M-IFN-beta tumors. PC-3M-IFN-beta cells were more sensitive to lysis mediated by natural killer cells in vitro or to cytostasis mediated by macrophages than control transduced cells. Conditioned medium from PC-3M-IFN-beta cells augmented splenic cell-mediated cytolysis to control tumor cells, which could be neutralized by antibody against IFN-beta. Collectively, the data suggest that the suppression of tumorigenicity and metastasis of PC-3M-IFN-beta cells is due to inhibition of angiogenesis and activation of host effector cells.  (+info)

Induction of lasting complete regression of preformed distinct solid tumors by targeting the tumor vasculature using two new anti-endoglin monoclonal antibodies. (5/9154)

Endoglin (EDG, CD105) is a proliferation-associated antigen on endothelial cells. In this study, two new anti-EDG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) Y4-2F1 (or termed SN6j) and P3-2G8 (SN6k) were generated and used for treating distinct preformed tumors. These mAbs, both IgG1-kappa antibodies, cross-reacted weakly with mouse endothelial cells but defined epitopes different from the epitope defined by a previously reported anti-EDG mAb K4-2C10 (B. K. Seon et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 3: 1031-1044, 1997). SN6j and SN6k reacted strongly with human endothelial cells and vascular endothelium of malignant human tissues but showed no significant reactivity with tumor cells per se. The deglycosylated ricin A chain (dgRA) conjugates of the two mAbs showed a weak but specific cytotoxic activity against murine endothelial cells in vitro. In the therapeutic studies, severe combined immunodeficient mice were inoculated s.c. with MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and left untreated until palpable tumors of distinct size (4-6 mm in diameter) appeared. Mice with the distinct tumors were treated by i.v. administration of individual anti-EDG conjugates, unconjugated mAbs, or a control conjugate. Long-lasting complete regression of the tumors was induced in the majority of tumor-bearing mice (n = 8 for each conjugate) when 40 microg of the individual conjugates were administered three times via the tail vein. It is remarkable that the tumors remained regressed without further therapy for as long as the mice were followed (i.e., 100 days). Control conjugate did not induce regression of the tumors in any of the treated mice, although weak nonspecific effects were observed in some of the mice (n = 8). The effects of unconjugated mAbs were small with the dose used, i.e., 34 microg three times. The anti-EDG conjugates showed antiangiogenic activity in the dorsal air sac assay in mice. The results suggest good potential of these conjugates for the clinical application.  (+info)

Protective effect of vitamin E on ischaemia-reperfusion injury in ovarian grafts. (6/9154)

Ovarian cortical tissue cryopreservation with subsequent autografting is a potential strategy for the preservation of fertility in patients undergoing systemic chemotherapy and pelvic radiotherapy. Non-vascular implants are first subjected to a period of ischaemia before revascularization and are, therefore, vulnerable to ischaemia-reperfusion injury from reactive oxygen species. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury was investigated during the first week after surgery in murine ovarian grafts and human ovarian xenografts in mice with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) by measuring total lipid peroxides and malondialdehyde concentrations with a colorometric assay. The effects of administering an antioxidant, vitamin E, on these concentrations were also tested. Products of lipid peroxidation were higher in non-supplemented murine autografts compared with control ovaries (P < 0.05), and were significantly reduced on day 3 by vitamin E administration (P < 0.05). Similarly, in human xenografts, there was a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation with vitamin E administration. These results correspond to a significantly greater total follicle survival in the murine grafts of the supplemented group (45 versus 72%; P < 0.05). They suggest that antioxidant treatment improves the survival of follicles in ovarian grafts by reducing ischaemia-reperfusion injury.  (+info)

Two neutralizing human anti-RSV antibodies: cloning, expression, and characterization. (7/9154)

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major problem in the newborn and aging populations. Fully human monoclonal antibodies with the ability to neutralize RSV could have a major impact on the immunotherapy of the disease. The generation of human antibodies has been difficult because there exists no general way to activate B cells against an antigen of choice in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human spleen cells from individuals exposed to RSV were used to repopulate SCID mice. Hu-SCID mice were boosted with RSV fusion (F)-protein and subsequently developed B cell tumors. The tumors were removed and cultured and subcloned in vitro, using a feeder layer of CD154-expressing T cells. Two of these tumors produced the antibodies designated RF-1 and RF-2. VL genes were isolated by standard PCR techniques, however, it was necessary to use high-temperature reverse transcriptase to clone the VH genes. RESULTS: RF-1 and RF-2 VH genes were both found to be closely related members of the VH2 family. Vk genes originated from the VK III family. RF-1 and RF-2 recombinant antibodies expressed in CHO cells (cRF-1 and cRF-2) were found to have affinities for RSV F-protein of 0.1 nM and 0.07 nM, respectively, and both were able to neutralize several A and B subtypes of RSV. CONCLUSION: The technique of immortalizing human B lymphocytes, by passage in SCID mice and expression as recombinant antibodies in CHO cells, provides a method by which high-affinity human antibodies can be developed for immunotherapy of viral diseases.  (+info)

Tolerance to antigen-presenting cell-depleted islet allografts is CD4 T cell dependent. (8/9154)

Pretreatment of pancreatic islets in 95% oxygen culture depletes graft-associated APCs and leads to indefinite allograft acceptance in immunocompetent recipients. As such, the APC-depleted allograft represents a model of peripheral alloantigen presentation in the absence of donor-derived costimulation. Over time, a state of donor-specific tolerance develops in which recipients are resistant to donor APC-induced graft rejection. Thus, persistence of the graft is sufficient to induce tolerance independent of other immune interventions. Donor-specific tolerance could be adoptively transferred to immune-deficient SCID recipient mice transplanted with fresh immunogenic islet allografts, indicating that the original recipient was not simply "ignorant" of donor antigens. Interestingly, despite the fact that the original islet allograft presented only MHC class I alloantigens, CD8+ T cells obtained from tolerant animals readily collaborated with naive CD4+ T cells to reject donor-type islet grafts. Conversely, tolerant CD4+ T cells failed to collaborate effectively with naive CD8+ T cells for the rejection of donor-type grafts. In conclusion, the MHC class I+, II- islet allograft paradoxically leads to a change in the donor-reactive CD4 T cell subset and not in the CD8 subset. We hypothesize that the tolerant state is not due to direct class I alloantigen presentation to CD8 T cells but, rather, occurs via the indirect pathway of donor Ag presentation to CD4 T cells in the context of host MHC class II molecules.  (+info)

SCID mice is an acronym for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency mice. These are genetically modified mice that lack a functional immune system due to the mutation or knockout of several key genes required for immunity. This makes them ideal for studying the human immune system, infectious diseases, and cancer, as well as testing new therapies and treatments in a controlled environment without the risk of interference from the mouse's own immune system. SCID mice are often used in xenotransplantation studies, where human cells or tissues are transplanted into the mouse to study their behavior and interactions with the human immune system.

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by deficient or absent immune responses. It results from mutations in different genes involved in the development and function of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, or both, leading to a severe impairment in cell-mediated and humoral immunity.

Infants with SCID are extremely vulnerable to infections, which can be life-threatening. Common symptoms include chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive, recurrent pneumonia, and persistent candidiasis (thrush). If left untreated, it can lead to severe disability or death within the first two years of life. Treatment typically involves bone marrow transplantation or gene therapy to restore immune function.

Inbred NOD (Nonobese Diabetic) mice are a strain of laboratory mice that are genetically predisposed to develop autoimmune diabetes. This strain was originally developed in Japan and has been widely used as an animal model for studying type 1 diabetes and its complications.

NOD mice typically develop diabetes spontaneously at around 12-14 weeks of age, although the onset and severity of the disease can vary between individual mice. The disease is caused by a breakdown in immune tolerance, leading to an autoimmune attack on the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.

Inbred NOD mice are highly valuable for research purposes because they exhibit many of the same genetic and immunological features as human patients with type 1 diabetes. By studying these mice, researchers can gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of the disease and develop new treatments and therapies.

Heterologous transplantation is a type of transplantation where an organ or tissue is transferred from one species to another. This is in contrast to allogeneic transplantation, where the donor and recipient are of the same species, or autologous transplantation, where the donor and recipient are the same individual.

In heterologous transplantation, the immune systems of the donor and recipient are significantly different, which can lead to a strong immune response against the transplanted organ or tissue. This is known as a graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the immune cells in the transplanted tissue attack the recipient's body.

Heterologous transplantation is not commonly performed in clinical medicine due to the high risk of rejection and GVHD. However, it may be used in research settings to study the biology of transplantation and to develop new therapies for transplant rejection.

Immunologic deficiency syndromes refer to a group of disorders characterized by defective functioning of the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility to infections and malignancies. These deficiencies can be primary (genetic or congenital) or secondary (acquired due to environmental factors, medications, or diseases).

Primary immunodeficiency syndromes (PIDS) are caused by inherited genetic mutations that affect the development and function of immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, and phagocytes. Examples include severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and X-linked agammaglobulinemia.

Secondary immunodeficiency syndromes can result from various factors, including:

1. HIV/AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection leads to the depletion of CD4+ T cells, causing profound immune dysfunction and increased vulnerability to opportunistic infections and malignancies.
2. Medications: Certain medications, such as chemotherapy, immunosuppressive drugs, and long-term corticosteroid use, can impair immune function and increase infection risk.
3. Malnutrition: Deficiencies in essential nutrients like protein, vitamins, and minerals can weaken the immune system and make individuals more susceptible to infections.
4. Aging: The immune system naturally declines with age, leading to an increased incidence of infections and poorer vaccine responses in older adults.
5. Other medical conditions: Chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and chronic kidney or liver disease can also compromise the immune system and contribute to immunodeficiency syndromes.

Immunologic deficiency syndromes require appropriate diagnosis and management strategies, which may include antimicrobial therapy, immunoglobulin replacement, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or targeted treatments for the underlying cause.

Neoplasm transplantation is not a recognized or established medical procedure in the field of oncology. The term "neoplasm" refers to an abnormal growth of cells, which can be benign or malignant (cancerous). "Transplantation" typically refers to the surgical transfer of living cells, tissues, or organs from one part of the body to another or between individuals.

The concept of neoplasm transplantation may imply the transfer of cancerous cells or tissues from a donor to a recipient, which is not a standard practice due to ethical considerations and the potential harm it could cause to the recipient. In some rare instances, researchers might use laboratory animals to study the transmission and growth of human cancer cells, but this is done for scientific research purposes only and under strict regulatory guidelines.

In summary, there is no medical definition for 'Neoplasm Transplantation' as it does not represent a standard or ethical medical practice.

BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.

BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.

One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.

BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.

T-lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several different types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

CD4+ helper T-cells assist in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Regulatory T-cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes are important in the immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Dysfunction or depletion of T-cells can lead to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, an overactive T-cell response can contribute to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of the abdomen, next to the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays multiple supporting roles in the body:

1. It fights infection by acting as a filter for the blood. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there.
2. The spleen also helps to control the amount of blood in the body by removing excess red blood cells and storing platelets.
3. It has an important role in immune function, producing antibodies and removing microorganisms and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream.

The spleen can be removed without causing any significant problems, as other organs take over its functions. This is known as a splenectomy and may be necessary if the spleen is damaged or diseased.

B-lymphocytes, also known as B-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system's response to infection. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that help to neutralize or destroy pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

When a B-lymphocyte encounters a pathogen, it becomes activated and begins to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen. These antibodies bind to the pathogen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.

B-lymphocytes also have a role in presenting antigens to T-lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. This helps to stimulate the activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes, which can then go on to destroy infected cells or help to coordinate the overall immune response.

Overall, B-lymphocytes are an essential part of the adaptive immune system, providing long-lasting immunity to previously encountered pathogens and helping to protect against future infections.

DNA-activated protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a type of serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a crucial role in the DNA damage response and repair processes in cells. It is composed of a catalytic subunit, DNA-PKcs, and a regulatory subunit, Ku, which binds to double-stranded DNA breaks and recruits DNA-PKcs to the site of damage.

Once activated by DNA damage, DNA-PK phosphorylates various downstream targets involved in DNA repair, including proteins involved in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). NHEJ is a major pathway for the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks, while HR is a more accurate but slower process that requires a template for repair.

Dysregulation of DNA-PK has been implicated in various human diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders. Inhibitors of DNA-PK are being investigated as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer, particularly in combination with other DNA damage response inhibitors or radiation therapy.

The Interleukin Receptor Common Gamma Subunit (IL-2RG or γc) is a protein that forms part of several interleukin receptors, including those for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. It is a critical component of the immune system, as it helps to transmit signals from these cytokines into the cell, thereby playing a role in the activation, proliferation, and survival of various immune cells, such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.

Mutations in the gene that encodes IL-2RG can lead to a group of disorders known as severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs), which are characterized by profound defects in both cellular and humoral immune responses. One such disorder is X-linked SCID, which primarily affects boys and is caused by mutations in the IL-2RG gene located on the X chromosome. Patients with X-linked SCID lack functional T cells and NK cells, making them highly susceptible to infections and requiring early treatment, often involving bone marrow transplantation.

A lymphocyte transfusion is not a standard medical practice. However, the term "lymphocyte transfusion" generally refers to the infusion of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, from a donor to a recipient. This procedure is rarely performed and primarily used in research or experimental settings, such as in the context of adoptive immunotherapy for cancer treatment.

In adoptive immunotherapy, T lymphocytes (a subtype of lymphocytes) are collected from the patient or a donor, activated, expanded in the laboratory, and then reinfused into the patient to enhance their immune response against cancer cells. This is not a common procedure and should only be performed under the guidance of experienced medical professionals in specialized centers.

It's important to note that lymphocyte transfusions are different from stem cell or bone marrow transplants, which involve the infusion of hematopoietic stem cells to reconstitute the recipient's entire blood and immune system.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are immature, self-renewing cells that give rise to all the mature blood and immune cells in the body. They are capable of both producing more hematopoietic stem cells (self-renewal) and differentiating into early progenitor cells that eventually develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. HSCs are found in the bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and peripheral blood. They have the ability to repair damaged tissues and offer significant therapeutic potential for treating various diseases, including hematological disorders, genetic diseases, and cancer.

CD34 is a type of antigen that is found on the surface of certain cells in the human body. Specifically, CD34 antigens are present on hematopoietic stem cells, which are immature cells that can develop into different types of blood cells. These stem cells are found in the bone marrow and are responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

CD34 antigens are a type of cell surface marker that is used in medical research and clinical settings to identify and isolate hematopoietic stem cells. They are also used in the development of stem cell therapies and transplantation procedures. CD34 antigens can be detected using various laboratory techniques, such as flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry.

It's important to note that while CD34 is a useful marker for identifying hematopoietic stem cells, it is not exclusive to these cells and can also be found on other cell types, such as endothelial cells that line blood vessels. Therefore, additional markers are often used in combination with CD34 to more specifically identify and isolate hematopoietic stem cells.

Fetal blood refers to the blood circulating in a fetus during pregnancy. It is essential for the growth and development of the fetus, as it carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the developing tissues and organs. Fetal blood also removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetal tissues and transports them to the placenta for elimination.

Fetal blood has several unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult blood. For example, fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the primary type of hemoglobin found in fetal blood, whereas adults primarily have adult hemoglobin (HbA). Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which allows it to more efficiently extract oxygen from the maternal blood in the placenta.

Additionally, fetal blood contains a higher proportion of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) and nucleated red blood cells compared to adult blood. These differences reflect the high turnover rate of red blood cells in the developing fetus and the need for rapid growth and development.

Examination of fetal blood can provide important information about the health and well-being of the fetus during pregnancy. For example, fetal blood sampling (also known as cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling) can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, infections, and other conditions that may affect fetal development. However, this procedure carries risks, including preterm labor, infection, and fetal loss, and is typically only performed when there is a significant risk of fetal compromise or when other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive.

Cell transplantation is the process of transferring living cells from one part of the body to another or from one individual to another. In medicine, cell transplantation is often used as a treatment for various diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. The goal of cell transplantation is to replace damaged or dysfunctional cells with healthy ones, thereby restoring normal function to the affected area.

In the context of medical research, cell transplantation may involve the use of stem cells, which are immature cells that have the ability to develop into many different types of specialized cells. Stem cell transplantation has shown promise in the treatment of a variety of conditions, including spinal cord injuries, stroke, and heart disease.

It is important to note that cell transplantation carries certain risks, such as immune rejection and infection. As such, it is typically reserved for cases where other treatments have failed or are unlikely to be effective.

B-lymphocyte gene rearrangement is a fundamental biological process that occurs during the development of B-lymphocytes (also known as B cells), which are a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies to help fight infections. This process involves the rearrangement of genetic material within the B-lymphocyte's immunoglobulin genes, specifically the heavy chain (IgH) and light chain (IgL) genes, to create a diverse repertoire of antibodies with unique specificities.

During B-lymphocyte gene rearrangement, large segments of DNA are cut, deleted, or inverted, and then rejoined to form a functional IgH or IgL gene that encodes an antigen-binding site on the antibody molecule. The process occurs in two main steps:

1. Variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments are rearranged to form the heavy chain gene, which is located on chromosome 14. This results in a vast array of possible combinations, allowing for the generation of a diverse set of antibody molecules.
2. A separate variable (V) and joining (J) gene segment rearrangement occurs to form the light chain gene, which can be either kappa or lambda type, located on chromosomes 2 and 22, respectively.

Once the heavy and light chain genes are successfully rearranged, they are transcribed into mRNA and translated into immunoglobulin proteins, forming a functional antibody molecule. If the initial gene rearrangement fails to produce a functional antibody, additional attempts at rearrangement can occur, involving different combinations of V, D, and J segments or the use of alternative reading frames.

Errors in B-lymphocyte gene rearrangement can lead to various genetic disorders, such as lymphomas and leukemias, due to the production of aberrant antibodies or uncontrolled cell growth.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is a medical procedure where hematopoietic stem cells (immature cells that give rise to all blood cell types) are transplanted into a patient. This procedure is often used to treat various malignant and non-malignant disorders affecting the hematopoietic system, such as leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, aplastic anemia, inherited immune deficiency diseases, and certain genetic metabolic disorders.

The transplantation can be autologous (using the patient's own stem cells), allogeneic (using stem cells from a genetically matched donor, usually a sibling or unrelated volunteer), or syngeneic (using stem cells from an identical twin).

The process involves collecting hematopoietic stem cells, most commonly from the peripheral blood or bone marrow. The collected cells are then infused into the patient after the recipient's own hematopoietic system has been ablated (or destroyed) using high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. This allows the donor's stem cells to engraft, reconstitute, and restore the patient's hematopoietic system.

HSCT is a complex and potentially risky procedure with various complications, including graft-versus-host disease, infections, and organ damage. However, it offers the potential for cure or long-term remission in many patients with otherwise fatal diseases.

The thymus gland is an essential organ of the immune system, located in the upper chest, behind the sternum and surrounding the heart. It's primarily active until puberty and begins to shrink in size and activity thereafter. The main function of the thymus gland is the production and maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells), which are crucial for cell-mediated immunity, helping to protect the body from infection and cancer.

The thymus gland provides a protected environment where immune cells called pre-T cells develop into mature T cells. During this process, they learn to recognize and respond appropriately to foreign substances while remaining tolerant to self-tissues, which is crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases.

Additionally, the thymus gland produces hormones like thymosin that regulate immune cell activities and contribute to the overall immune response.

A xenograft model antitumor assay is a type of preclinical cancer research study that involves transplanting human tumor cells or tissues into an immunodeficient mouse. This model allows researchers to study the effects of various treatments, such as drugs or immune therapies, on human tumors in a living organism.

In this assay, human tumor cells or tissues are implanted into the mouse, typically under the skin or in another organ, where they grow and form a tumor. Once the tumor has established, the mouse is treated with the experimental therapy, and the tumor's growth is monitored over time. The response of the tumor to the treatment is then assessed by measuring changes in tumor size or weight, as well as other parameters such as survival rate and metastasis.

Xenograft model antitumor assays are useful for evaluating the efficacy and safety of new cancer therapies before they are tested in human clinical trials. They provide valuable information on how the tumors respond to treatment, drug pharmacokinetics, and toxicity, which can help researchers optimize dosing regimens and identify potential side effects. However, it is important to note that xenograft models have limitations, such as differences in tumor biology between mice and humans, and may not always predict how well a therapy will work in human patients.

Graft survival, in medical terms, refers to the success of a transplanted tissue or organ in continuing to function and integrate with the recipient's body over time. It is the opposite of graft rejection, which occurs when the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and attacks it, leading to its failure.

Graft survival depends on various factors, including the compatibility between the donor and recipient, the type and location of the graft, the use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection, and the overall health of the recipient. A successful graft survival implies that the transplanted tissue or organ has been accepted by the recipient's body and is functioning properly, providing the necessary physiological support for the recipient's survival and improved quality of life.

VDJ Recombinases are a set of enzymes that play a crucial role in the adaptive immune system, specifically in the diversification of antigen receptors in vertebrates. The name "VDJ" refers to the variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments that undergo recombination to generate a vast array of unique antigen receptor genes.

The VDJ Recombinases are composed of two main enzymatic components: RAG1 and RAG2, which are responsible for initiating the recombination process, and Artemis, which is involved in the cleavage and joining of the gene segments. The recombination process mediated by these enzymes occurs during the development of B and T lymphocytes, allowing for the generation of a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors that can recognize and respond to a wide range of pathogens.

The RAG1 and RAG2 proteins recognize specific DNA sequences called recombination signal sequences (RSSs) that flank the V, D, and J gene segments. They introduce double-stranded breaks at the junctions between these gene segments, creating a hairpin structure at one end of each break. The hairpins are then cleaved by Artemis, and the resulting overhangs are joined together by another set of enzymes to form a functional antigen receptor gene.

Overall, VDJ Recombinases play a critical role in the adaptive immune system's ability to generate diverse and specific responses to pathogens, making them an essential component of vertebrate immunity.

Adoptive transfer is a medical procedure in which immune cells are transferred from a donor to a recipient with the aim of providing immunity or treating a disease, such as cancer. This technique is often used in the field of immunotherapy and involves isolating specific immune cells (like T-cells) from the donor, expanding their numbers in the laboratory, and then infusing them into the patient. The transferred cells are expected to recognize and attack the target cells, such as malignant or infected cells, leading to a therapeutic effect. This process requires careful matching of donor and recipient to minimize the risk of rejection and graft-versus-host disease.

Flow cytometry is a medical and research technique used to measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles, one cell at a time, as they flow in a fluid stream through a beam of light. The properties measured include:

* Cell size (light scatter)
* Cell internal complexity (granularity, also light scatter)
* Presence or absence of specific proteins or other molecules on the cell surface or inside the cell (using fluorescent antibodies or other fluorescent probes)

The technique is widely used in cell counting, cell sorting, protein engineering, biomarker discovery and monitoring disease progression, particularly in hematology, immunology, and cancer research.

"Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF)" is a term used to describe animals or organisms that are raised and maintained in a controlled environment, free from specific pathogens (disease-causing agents) that could interfere with research outcomes or pose a risk to human or animal health. The "specific" part of the term refers to the fact that the exclusion of pathogens is targeted to those that are relevant to the particular organism or research being conducted.

To maintain an SPF status, animals are typically housed in specialized facilities with strict biosecurity measures, such as air filtration systems, quarantine procedures, and rigorous sanitation protocols. They are usually bred and raised in isolation from other animals, and their health status is closely monitored to ensure that they remain free from specific pathogens.

It's important to note that SPF does not necessarily mean "germ-free" or "sterile," as some microorganisms may still be present in the environment or on the animals themselves, even in an SPF facility. Instead, it means that the animals are free from specific pathogens that have been identified and targeted for exclusion.

In summary, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms refer to animals or organisms that are raised and maintained in a controlled environment, free from specific disease-causing agents that are relevant to the research being conducted or human/animal health.

Immunophenotyping is a medical laboratory technique used to identify and classify cells, usually in the context of hematologic (blood) disorders and malignancies (cancers), based on their surface or intracellular expression of various proteins and antigens. This technique utilizes specific antibodies tagged with fluorochromes, which bind to the target antigens on the cell surface or within the cells. The labeled cells are then analyzed using flow cytometry, allowing for the detection and quantification of multiple antigenic markers simultaneously.

Immunophenotyping helps in understanding the distribution of different cell types, their subsets, and activation status, which can be crucial in diagnosing various hematological disorders, immunodeficiencies, and distinguishing between different types of leukemias, lymphomas, and other malignancies. Additionally, it can also be used to monitor the progression of diseases, evaluate the effectiveness of treatments, and detect minimal residual disease (MRD) during follow-up care.

A "mutant strain of mice" in a medical context refers to genetically engineered mice that have specific genetic mutations introduced into their DNA. These mutations can be designed to mimic certain human diseases or conditions, allowing researchers to study the underlying biological mechanisms and test potential therapies in a controlled laboratory setting.

Mutant strains of mice are created through various techniques, including embryonic stem cell manipulation, gene editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9, and radiation-induced mutagenesis. These methods allow scientists to introduce specific genetic changes into the mouse genome, resulting in mice that exhibit altered physiological or behavioral traits.

These strains of mice are widely used in biomedical research because their short lifespan, small size, and high reproductive rate make them an ideal model organism for studying human diseases. Additionally, the mouse genome has been well-characterized, and many genetic tools and resources are available to researchers working with these animals.

Examples of mutant strains of mice include those that carry mutations in genes associated with cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic diseases, and immunological conditions. These mice provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of human diseases and help advance our understanding of potential therapeutic interventions.

Immunocompetence is the condition of having a properly functioning immune system that can effectively respond to the presence of foreign substances, such as pathogens (like bacteria, viruses, and parasites) and other potentially harmful agents. It involves the ability of the immune system to recognize, attack, and eliminate these foreign substances while also maintaining tolerance to self-tissues and promoting tissue repair.

Immunocompetence is essential for overall health and wellbeing, as it helps protect the body from infections and diseases. Factors that can affect immunocompetence include age, genetics, stress, nutrition, sleep, and certain medical conditions or treatments (like chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drugs) that can weaken the immune system.

A chimera, in the context of medicine and biology, is a single organism that is composed of cells with different genetics. This can occur naturally in some situations, such as when fraternal twins do not fully separate in utero and end up sharing some organs or tissues. The term "chimera" can also refer to an organism that contains cells from two different species, which can happen in certain types of genetic research or medical treatments. For example, a patient's cells might be genetically modified in a lab and then introduced into their body to treat a disease; if some of these modified cells mix with the patient's original cells, the result could be a chimera.

It's worth noting that the term "chimera" comes from Greek mythology, where it referred to a fire-breathing monster that was part lion, part goat, and part snake. In modern scientific usage, the term has a specific technical meaning related to genetics and organisms, but it may still evoke images of fantastical creatures for some people.

CD45 is a protein that is found on the surface of many types of white blood cells, including T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. It is also known as leukocyte common antigen because it is present on almost all leukocytes. CD45 is a tyrosine phosphatase that plays a role in regulating the activity of various proteins involved in cell signaling pathways.

As an antigen, CD45 is used as a marker to identify and distinguish different types of white blood cells. It has several isoforms that are generated by alternative splicing of its mRNA, resulting in different molecular weights. The size of the CD45 isoform can be used to distinguish between different subsets of T-cells and B-cells.

CD45 is an important molecule in the immune system, and abnormalities in its expression or function have been implicated in various diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancer.

Monoclonal antibodies are a type of antibody that are identical because they are produced by a single clone of cells. They are laboratory-produced molecules that act like human antibodies in the immune system. They can be designed to attach to specific proteins found on the surface of cancer cells, making them useful for targeting and treating cancer. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used as a therapy for other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing a single type of immune cell, called a B cell, with a tumor cell to create a hybrid cell, or hybridoma. This hybrid cell is then able to replicate indefinitely, producing a large number of identical copies of the original antibody. These antibodies can be further modified and engineered to enhance their ability to bind to specific targets, increase their stability, and improve their effectiveness as therapeutic agents.

Monoclonal antibodies have several mechanisms of action in cancer therapy. They can directly kill cancer cells by binding to them and triggering an immune response. They can also block the signals that promote cancer growth and survival. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies can be used to deliver drugs or radiation directly to cancer cells, increasing the effectiveness of these treatments while minimizing their side effects on healthy tissues.

Monoclonal antibodies have become an important tool in modern medicine, with several approved for use in cancer therapy and other diseases. They are continuing to be studied and developed as a promising approach to treating a wide range of medical conditions.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Cord blood stem cell transplantation is a medical procedure that involves the infusion of stem cells derived from the umbilical cord blood into a patient. These stem cells, specifically hematopoietic stem cells, have the ability to differentiate into various types of blood cells, including red and white blood cells and platelets.

Cord blood stem cell transplantation is often used as a treatment for patients with various malignant and non-malignant disorders, such as leukemia, lymphoma, sickle cell disease, and metabolic disorders. The procedure involves collecting cord blood from the umbilical cord and placenta after the birth of a baby, processing and testing it for compatibility with the recipient's immune system, and then infusing it into the patient through a vein in a process similar to a blood transfusion.

The advantages of using cord blood stem cells include their availability, low risk of transmission of infectious diseases, and reduced risk of graft-versus-host disease compared to other sources of hematopoietic stem cells, such as bone marrow or peripheral blood. However, the number of stem cells in a cord blood unit is generally lower than that found in bone marrow or peripheral blood, which can limit its use in some patients, particularly adults.

Overall, cord blood stem cell transplantation is an important and promising area of regenerative medicine, offering hope for patients with a wide range of disorders.

A cell line that is derived from tumor cells and has been adapted to grow in culture. These cell lines are often used in research to study the characteristics of cancer cells, including their growth patterns, genetic changes, and responses to various treatments. They can be established from many different types of tumors, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Once established, these cell lines can be grown and maintained indefinitely in the laboratory, allowing researchers to conduct experiments and studies that would not be feasible using primary tumor cells. It is important to note that tumor cell lines may not always accurately represent the behavior of the original tumor, as they can undergo genetic changes during their time in culture.

Immunotoxins are biomolecules that combine the specificity of an antibody with the toxicity of a toxin. They are created by chemically linking a monoclonal antibody (that recognizes and binds to a specific cell surface antigen) to a protein toxin (that inhibits protein synthesis in cells). The immunotoxin selectively binds to the target cell, gets internalized, and releases the toxin into the cytosol, leading to cell death. Immunotoxins have been explored as potential therapeutic agents for targeted cancer therapy and treatment of other diseases.

Fetal tissue transplantation is a medical procedure that involves the surgical implantation of tissue from developing fetuses into patients for therapeutic purposes. The tissue used in these procedures typically comes from elective abortions, and can include tissues such as neural cells, liver cells, pancreatic islets, and heart valves.

The rationale behind fetal tissue transplantation is that the developing fetus has a high capacity for cell growth and regeneration, making its tissues an attractive source of cells for transplantation. Additionally, because fetal tissue is often less mature than adult tissue, it may be less likely to trigger an immune response in the recipient, reducing the risk of rejection.

Fetal tissue transplantation has been explored as a potential treatment for a variety of conditions, including Parkinson's disease, diabetes, and heart disease. However, the use of fetal tissue in medical research and therapy remains controversial due to ethical concerns surrounding the sourcing of the tissue.

'Tumor cells, cultured' refers to the process of removing cancerous cells from a tumor and growing them in controlled laboratory conditions. This is typically done by isolating the tumor cells from a patient's tissue sample, then placing them in a nutrient-rich environment that promotes their growth and multiplication.

The resulting cultured tumor cells can be used for various research purposes, including the study of cancer biology, drug development, and toxicity testing. They provide a valuable tool for researchers to better understand the behavior and characteristics of cancer cells outside of the human body, which can lead to the development of more effective cancer treatments.

It is important to note that cultured tumor cells may not always behave exactly the same way as they do in the human body, so findings from cell culture studies must be validated through further research, such as animal models or clinical trials.

CD4-positive T-lymphocytes, also known as CD4+ T cells or helper T cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response. They express the CD4 receptor on their surface and help coordinate the immune system's response to infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria.

CD4+ T cells recognize and bind to specific antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells or macrophages. Once activated, they can differentiate into various subsets of effector cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells, each with distinct functions in the immune response.

CD4+ T cells are particularly important in the immune response to HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which targets and destroys these cells, leading to a weakened immune system and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. The number of CD4+ T cells is often used as a marker of disease progression in HIV infection, with lower counts indicating more advanced disease.

CD (cluster of differentiation) antigens are cell-surface proteins that are expressed on leukocytes (white blood cells) and can be used to identify and distinguish different subsets of these cells. They are important markers in the field of immunology and hematology, and are commonly used to diagnose and monitor various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

CD antigens are designated by numbers, such as CD4, CD8, CD19, etc., which refer to specific proteins found on the surface of different types of leukocytes. For example, CD4 is a protein found on the surface of helper T cells, while CD8 is found on cytotoxic T cells.

CD antigens can be used as targets for immunotherapy, such as monoclonal antibody therapy, in which antibodies are designed to bind to specific CD antigens and trigger an immune response against cancer cells or infected cells. They can also be used as markers to monitor the effectiveness of treatments and to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) after treatment.

It's important to note that not all CD antigens are exclusive to leukocytes, some can be found on other cell types as well, and their expression can vary depending on the activation state or differentiation stage of the cells.

Natural Killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte, which are large granular innate immune cells that play a crucial role in the host's defense against viral infections and malignant transformations. They do not require prior sensitization to target and destroy abnormal cells, such as virus-infected cells or tumor cells. NK cells recognize their targets through an array of germline-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors that detect the alterations in the cell surface molecules of potential targets. Upon activation, NK cells release cytotoxic granules containing perforins and granzymes to induce target cell apoptosis, and they also produce a variety of cytokines and chemokines to modulate immune responses. Overall, natural killer cells serve as a critical component of the innate immune system, providing rapid and effective responses against infected or malignant cells.

A transplantation chimera is a rare medical condition that occurs after an organ or tissue transplant, where the recipient's body accepts and integrates the donor's cells or tissues to such an extent that the two sets of DNA coexist and function together. This phenomenon can lead to the presence of two different genetic profiles in one individual.

In some cases, this may result in the development of donor-derived cells or organs within the recipient's body, which can express the donor's unique genetic traits. Transplantation chimerism is more commonly observed in bone marrow transplants, where the donor's immune cells can repopulate and establish themselves within the recipient's bone marrow and bloodstream.

It is important to note that while transplantation chimerism can be beneficial for the success of the transplant, it may also pose some risks, such as an increased likelihood of developing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's tissues.

CD19 is a type of protein found on the surface of B cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the body's immune response. CD19 is a marker that helps identify and distinguish B cells from other types of cells in the body. It is also a target for immunotherapy in certain diseases, such as B-cell malignancies.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. In the context of CD19, antigens refer to substances that can bind to CD19 and trigger a response from the immune system. This can include proteins, carbohydrates, or other molecules found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or cancer cells.

Therefore, 'antigens, CD19' refers to any substances that can bind to the CD19 protein on B cells and trigger an immune response. These antigens may be used in the development of immunotherapies for the treatment of B-cell malignancies or other diseases.

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found inside certain bones in the body, such as the hips, thighs, and vertebrae. It is responsible for producing blood-forming cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow, which is involved in blood cell production, and yellow marrow, which contains fatty tissue.

Red bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of blood cells. These stem cells continuously divide and mature to produce new blood cells that are released into the circulation. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells help fight infections, and platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Bone marrow also serves as a site for immune cell development and maturation. It contains various types of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which help protect the body against infections and diseases.

Abnormalities in bone marrow function can lead to several medical conditions, including anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and various types of cancer, such as leukemia and multiple myeloma. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are common diagnostic procedures used to evaluate bone marrow health and function.

"T-lymphocyte gene rearrangement" refers to the process that occurs during the development of T-cells (a type of white blood cell) in which the genes that code for their antigen receptors are rearranged to create a unique receptor that can recognize and bind to specific foreign molecules, such as viruses or tumor cells.

The T-cell receptor (TCR) is made up of two chains, alpha and beta, which are composed of variable and constant regions. During gene rearrangement, the variable region genes are rearranged through a process called V(D)J recombination, in which specific segments of DNA are cut and joined together to form a unique combination that encodes for a diverse range of antigen receptors.

This allows T-cells to recognize and respond to a wide variety of foreign molecules, contributing to the adaptive immune response. However, this process can also lead to errors and the generation of T-cells with self-reactive receptors, which can contribute to autoimmune diseases if not properly regulated.

Adoptive immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that involves the removal of immune cells from a patient, followed by their modification and expansion in the laboratory, and then reinfusion back into the patient to help boost their immune system's ability to fight cancer. This approach can be used to enhance the natural ability of T-cells (a type of white blood cell) to recognize and destroy cancer cells.

There are different types of adoptive immunotherapy, including:

1. T-cell transfer therapy: In this approach, T-cells are removed from the patient's tumor or blood, activated and expanded in the laboratory, and then reinfused back into the patient. Some forms of T-cell transfer therapy involve genetically modifying the T-cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that recognize specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells.
2. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy: This type of adoptive immunotherapy involves removing T-cells directly from a patient's tumor, expanding them in the laboratory, and then reinfusing them back into the patient. The expanded T-cells are specifically targeted to recognize and destroy cancer cells.
3. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccine: DCs are specialized immune cells that help activate T-cells. In this approach, DCs are removed from the patient, exposed to tumor antigens in the laboratory, and then reinfused back into the patient to stimulate a stronger immune response against cancer cells.

Adoptive immunotherapy has shown promise in treating certain types of cancer, such as melanoma and leukemia, but more research is needed to determine its safety and efficacy in other types of cancer.

Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by the immune system's B cells in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. These Y-shaped proteins play a crucial role in identifying and neutralizing pathogens and other antigens, thereby protecting the body against infection and disease.

Immunoglobulins are composed of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. The variable regions of these chains form the antigen-binding sites, which recognize and bind to specific epitopes on antigens. Based on their heavy chain type, immunoglobulins are classified into five main isotypes or classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has distinct functions in the immune response, such as providing protection in different body fluids and tissues, mediating hypersensitivity reactions, and aiding in the development of immunological memory.

In medical settings, immunoglobulins can be administered therapeutically to provide passive immunity against certain diseases or to treat immune deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions that may benefit from immunomodulation.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Cell division is the process by which a single eukaryotic cell (a cell with a true nucleus) divides into two identical daughter cells. This complex process involves several stages, including replication of DNA, separation of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. It is a fundamental process for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. The stages of mitosis include prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm.

Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) during the production of gametes (sex cells). Meiosis results in four genetically unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity. The stages of meiosis include meiosis I and meiosis II, which are further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

In summary, cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two daughter cells, either through mitosis or meiosis. This process is critical for growth, development, tissue repair, and sexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.

Leukocyte transfusion, also known as white blood cell (WBC) transfusion, involves the intravenous administration of leukocytes (white blood cells) from a donor to a recipient. This procedure is typically used in patients with severe immunodeficiency or those undergoing bone marrow transplantation, where they are unable to produce sufficient white blood cells to fight off infections.

Leukocyte transfusions can help boost the recipient's immune system and provide them with temporary protection against infections. However, this procedure carries some risks, including febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions, allergic reactions, transmission of infectious diseases, and the potential for transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD). Therefore, leukocyte transfusions are usually reserved for specific clinical situations where the benefits outweigh the risks.

Bone marrow cells are the types of cells found within the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside certain bones in the body. The main function of bone marrow is to produce blood cells. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red bone marrow is where most blood cell production takes place, while yellow bone marrow serves as a fat storage site.

The three main types of bone marrow cells are:

1. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs): These are immature cells that can differentiate into any type of blood cell, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. They have the ability to self-renew, meaning they can divide and create more hematopoietic stem cells.
2. Red blood cell progenitors: These are immature cells that will develop into mature red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
3. Myeloid and lymphoid white blood cell progenitors: These are immature cells that will develop into various types of white blood cells, which play a crucial role in the body's immune system by fighting infections and diseases. Myeloid progenitors give rise to granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and megakaryocytes (which eventually become platelets). Lymphoid progenitors differentiate into B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.

Bone marrow cells are essential for maintaining a healthy blood cell count and immune system function. Abnormalities in bone marrow cells can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, or thrombocytosis, depending on the specific type of blood cell affected. Additionally, bone marrow cells are often used in transplantation procedures to treat patients with certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and lymphoma, or other hematologic disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Subrenal Capsule Assay" is not a widely recognized or established term in medicine or physiology. It appears that this term may be specific to certain research or experimental contexts.

In general, a capsule assay is a type of experimental setup where cells or tissues are encapsulated within a semi-permeable membrane, allowing for the study of cellular behavior and interactions with the external environment while being protected from immune system attack.

The term "subrenal" suggests that it may have something to do with the kidney, specifically below the renal capsule, which is the outermost layer of the kidney. However, without more context or information about the specific research or experimental procedure, it's difficult to provide a precise medical definition for this term.

If you could provide more context or details about where you encountered this term, I may be able to give a more accurate and helpful explanation.

"Intraperitoneal injection" is a medical term that refers to the administration of a substance or medication directly into the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the organs contained within it. This type of injection is typically used in clinical settings for various purposes, such as delivering chemotherapy drugs, anesthetics, or other medications directly to the abdominal organs.

The procedure involves inserting a needle through the abdominal wall and into the peritoneal cavity, taking care to avoid any vital structures such as blood vessels or nerves. Once the needle is properly positioned, the medication can be injected slowly and carefully to ensure even distribution throughout the cavity.

It's important to note that intraperitoneal injections are typically reserved for situations where other routes of administration are not feasible or effective, as they carry a higher risk of complications such as infection, bleeding, or injury to surrounding organs. As with any medical procedure, it should only be performed by trained healthcare professionals under appropriate clinical circumstances.

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a medical procedure in which damaged or destroyed bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow from a donor. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. The main types of BMT are autologous, allogeneic, and umbilical cord blood transplantation.

In autologous BMT, the patient's own bone marrow is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma who have undergone high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy their cancerous bone marrow.

In allogeneic BMT, bone marrow from a genetically matched donor is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with leukemia, lymphoma, or other blood disorders who have failed other treatments.

Umbilical cord blood transplantation involves using stem cells from umbilical cord blood as a source of healthy bone marrow. This type of BMT is often used in children and adults who do not have a matched donor for allogeneic BMT.

The process of BMT typically involves several steps, including harvesting the bone marrow or stem cells from the donor, conditioning the patient's body to receive the new bone marrow or stem cells, transplanting the new bone marrow or stem cells into the patient's body, and monitoring the patient for signs of engraftment and complications.

BMT is a complex and potentially risky procedure that requires careful planning, preparation, and follow-up care. However, it can be a life-saving treatment for many patients with blood disorders or cancer.

Genetically modified mice are the most common genetically engineered animal model. They have been used to study and model ... Fischer A, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Cavazzana-Calvo M (June 2010). "20 years of gene therapy for SCID". Nature Immunology. 11 (6): ... Rudolf Jaenisch created the first GM animal when he inserted foreign DNA into a mouse in 1974. The first company to focus on ... Mouse hybridomas, cells fused together to create monoclonal antibodies, have been adapted through genetic engineering to create ...
Spontaneous Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunodeficient mutant scid mice. Natural history and pathobiology. American ... "Immune responses to Pneumocystis murina are robust in healthy mice but largely absent in CD40 ligand-deficient mice". Journal ... The fungus is transmitted between mice via inhalation or through the shedding of P. murina from one host to another. It serves ... P. murina is particularly notable for its exclusive infection of laboratory mice and its role as an important model for ...
Moreover, SCID mice and Mongolian gerbil can be experimentally infected. The life cycle is basically similar to those of other ...
Myles MH, Livingston RS, Franklin CL (October 2004). "Pathogenicity of Helicobacter rodentium in A/JCr and SCID mice". ... Its type strain is MIT 95-1707 (= ATCC 700285). Its name refers to the species first being isolated from mice. Shen, Z.; Fox, J ... Feng, S.; Ku, K.; Hodzic, E.; Lorenzana, E.; Freet, K.; Barthold, S. W. (2005). "Differential Detection of Five Mouse-Infecting ... nov., a Urease-Negative Helicobacter Species Isolated from Laboratory Mice". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. ...
"bcl-2 antisense therapy chemosensitizes human melanoma in SCID mice". Janssen. February 1, 1998. Retrieved 24 November 2019. " ... "Gallium disrupts bacterial iron metabolism and has therapeutic effects in mice and humans with lung infections". Science ...
SCID chimeric mice.". 28th Cologne workshop on Dope Analysis (Manfred Donike workshop). Vol. 18. pp. 52-61. "World Anti-Doping ...
"Biological half-life of normal and truncated human IgG3 in scid mice". Eur J Immunol. 21 (5): 1319-22. doi:10.1002/eji. ...
The NSG mouse (NOD scid gamma mouse) is a brand of immunodeficient laboratory mice, developed and marketed by Jackson ... 2008). "A new Hu-PBL model for the study of human islet alloreactivity based on NOD-scid mice bearing a targeted mutation in ... Fulop, GM; Phillips, RA (1990). "The Scid Mutation in Mice Causes a General Defect in DNA Repair". Nature. 347 (6292): 479-482 ... NSG branded mice lack mature T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. NSG branded mice are also deficient in multiple ...
"Helicobacter bilis-induced inflammatory bowel disease in scid mice with defined flora". Infection and Immunity. 65 (11): 4858- ... 2000]. H. rappini has also been isolated from the feces of healthy people, dogs, and mice, as well as from patients with ... Like Helicobacter hepaticus, it colonizes the bile, liver, and intestine of mice, and is associated with multifocal chronic ... nov., a novel Helicobacter species isolated from bile, livers, and intestines of aged, inbred mice". Journal of Clinical ...
"High level engraftment of NOD/SCID mice by primitive normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells from patients with chronic myeloid ... "A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice". Nature. 367 (6464): 645-648. Bibcode: ... Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis Marusyk, A; Polyak, K (2010). "Tumor heterogeneity: Causes and consequences". ...
Dick developed an in vivo repopulation assay using the NOD/SCID mouse. This technique of using an immune-deficient mouse to ... "Identification of primitive human hematopoietic cells capable of repopulating NOD/SCID mouse bone marrow: Implications for gene ... "A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice". Nature. 367 (6464): 645-8. Bibcode: ... Dick is also known for his demonstration of a blood stem cell's ability to replenish the blood system of a mouse, his ...
1980 Discovery of the SCID mouse, a mouse strain with no natural immunity, by Melvin Bosma. The SCID mouse is an essential ... 1981 Beatrice Mintz's laboratory is one of the first to introduce a cloned gene into fertilized mouse eggs and prove that it is ... 1979 Beatrice Mintz shows that a fatal genetic anemia of mice can be prevented in utero by injecting normal blood-forming stem ... 1993 Beatrice Mintz produces the first mouse model of human malignant melanoma, in which the disease resembles the human ...
... a small molecule inhibitor of Kv1.3 is effective in the SCID mouse psoriasis--xenograft model". Journal of Autoimmunity. 55: 63 ... "The beneficial effect of blocking Kv1.3 in the psoriasiform SCID mouse model". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 131 (1 ... In a mouse model of diet-induced obesity, ShK-186 counteracted the negative effects of increased caloric intake. It reduced ... In a mouse model of brain radiation, ShK-170 reversed neurological deficits, and protected neurons from radiation-induced brain ...
"Modeling human lymphoid precursor cell gene therapy in the SCID-hu mouse". Blood. 84 (5): 1393-1398. doi:10.1182/blood.V84.5. ...
"Progression of metastatic human prostate cancer to androgen independence in immunodeficient SCID mice". Nature Medicine. 3 (4 ... the lymph node metastasis of a male patient with hormone refractory prostate cancer which was then xenografted into SCID mice ...
Cancer Infectious Diseases Regenerative Medicine Hematology Humanized mouse Nude mouse SCID mouse M. Ito and, et al. (2002). " ... such as nude mouse and NOD/scid mouse. Thus, the mouse can be the best model as a highly efficient recipient of human cells to ... A NOG (NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull) mouse is a new generation of severely immunodeficient mouse, developed by Central Institute for ... "NOD/SCID/γnull mouse: an excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells". Blood. 100 (9): 3175-3182. doi: ...
"Gene therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection in the humanized SCID mouse model". The Israel Medical Association ... After having created a mouse with a human immune system, Touraine used it to test several gene therapies for HIV/AIDS. The ...
Natural analogs of this knockout happen in mice, horses and dogs, also causing SCID. Human SCID usually have other causes, but ... DNA-PKcs deficient mice have a shorter lifespan and show an earlier onset of numerous aging related pathologies than ... DNA-PKcs knockout mice have severe combined immunodeficiency due to their V(D)J recombination defect. ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Sipley JD, ...
"Establishment of a Human Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma in C.B-17 SCID Mice". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 94 (3): 381-384 ...
1985 - Started producing BALB/c mice. 1991 - Became the first commercial provider of the C.B-17 SCID mouse model. 1994 - ... "Mice in microgravity: how rodent research in space accelerates study timelines". outsourcing-pharma.com. Retrieved 9 June 2017 ... They continue to supply NCI with BDF1 mice. 1975 - Began offering the SHR hypertensive rat and the WKY control strain. 1980 - ... 1949 - Robert Phelan began shipping mice from his garage in Canajoharie, NY. 1952 - Taconic Farms is officially founded in ...
KSHV targets multiple leukocyte lineages during long-term productive infection in NOD/SCID mice. Journal of Clinical ...
While HIV normally cannot infect mice, SCID mice have been used to study HIV. Prior to the use of humanized SCID mice, ape ... Some examples include SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice, which are given human fetal thymus and liver cells, hu-SRC-SCID mice, which are ... NOD/SCID IL2Rγ mice have also been used to study human melanoma. SCID mice can serve many functions in research, particularly ... This failure to create antibodies prevents most SCID mice from rejecting non-self tissues. Some SCID mice are shown to reject ...
S1P has protected ovarian tissue xenografts in SCID mouse models from radiation induced atresia. In animal models these ... Fukuda, Yu; Kihara, Akio; Igarashi, Yasuyuki (12 September 2003). "Distribution of sphingosine kinase activity in mouse tissues ... September 2002). "Sphingosine 1-phosphate preserves fertility in irradiated female mice without propagating genomic damage in ... September 2006). "Sphingosine-1 phosphate prevents monocyte/endothelial interactions in type 1 diabetic NOD mice through ...
"DNA repair kinetics in SCID mice Sertoli cells and DNA-PKcs-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts". Chromosoma. 126 (2): 287- ... However, in mice there is no increase in mutation in the brain with aging. Mice defective in a gene (Pms2) that ordinarily ... One or two months after inducing DNA double-strand breaks in the livers of young mice, the mice showed multiple symptoms of ... mutant mice defective in Ku70, or Ku80, or double mutant mice deficient in both Ku70 and Ku80 exhibit early aging. The mean ...
"Potent activity of the HIV-1 maturation inhibitor bevirimat in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice". PLOS ONE. 2 (11): e1251. Bibcode: ...
"DNA repair kinetics in SCID mice Sertoli cells and DNA-PKcs-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts". Chromosoma. 126 (2): 287- ... Tian M, Jones DA, Smith M, Shinkura R, Alt FW (2004). "Deficiency in the nuclease activity of xeroderma pigmentosum G in mice ... Bonsignore LA, Tooley JG, Van Hoose PM, Wang E, Cheng A, Cole MP, Schaner Tooley CE (2015). "NRMT1 knockout mice exhibit ... Hasty P, Campisi J, Hoeijmakers J, van Steeg H, Vijg J (February 2003). "Aging and genome maintenance: lessons from the mouse ...
All NHEJ mutant mice show a SCID phenotype, sensitivity to ionizing radiation, and neuronal apoptosis. A system was developed ... NHEJ efficiency could be compared across tissues of the same mouse and in mice of different age. Efficiency was higher in the ... SCID) due to defective V(D)J recombination. Loss-of-function mutations in Artemis also cause SCID, but these patients do not ... Many NHEJ genes have been knocked out in mice. Deletion of XRCC4 or LIG4 causes embryonic lethality in mice, indicating that ...
Myeloma cells overexpressing Sulf1 and 2 were subcutaneously injected in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Enhanced ... deficient mice, BMP deficient mice and hypermorphic Fgfr1 and 3 mice. This provides evidence that Sulf1 and 2 is linked to HS ... Sulf null mice and other model systems implicated Sulfs in other developmental and disease systems. For example, studies ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Entrez Gene: SULF1 ...
"Development of an orthotopic SCID mouse-human tumor xenograft model displaying the multidrug-resistant phenotype". Cancer ... WEINSTEIN, R (1972). "Effects of continuous inhalation of dichloromethane in the mouse: Morphologic and functional observations ...
... administration of the antibody prolonged survival of SCID mice implanted with JOK-1 cells. Apoptosis induction appears to be ... In a mouse model of multiple myeloma, tumor metastasis to bone was decreased in CD47-deficient mice compared with wild type ... CD47 knockout mice show reduced recruitment of blood T cells as well as neutrophils and monocytes in areas of inflammation. ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Entrez Gene: CD47 ...
SCID) mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells from normal syngeneic mice. Our experiments demonstrate that the donor bone ... Lectin histochemistry reveals the appearance of M-cells in Peyers patches of SCID mice after syngeneic normal bone marrow ... Use of the lectins Anguilla anguilla (AAA) and Ulex europaeus I (UEA-I) as positive markers of mouse Peyers patch M-cells ... marrow cells in the host scid mice repopulate to form single (primary) follicles and aggregates of lymphoid nodules, the ...
Overexpression of IL-8 in the cornea induces ulcer formation in the SCID mouse ... Overexpression of IL-8 in the cornea induces ulcer formation in the SCID mouse ... Methods: The corneal surface of severe combined immunodeficiency mice was infected by the adenovirus vector encoding human IL-8 ...
Here, we examine the induction of oxazolone-mediated features of atopic dermatitis (AD) in NOD-scid IL2R \(γ^{null}\) mice ... The mice developed the same symptoms as immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Histological alterations induced by oxazolone were ... Here, we examine the induction of oxazolone-mediated features of atopic dermatitis (AD) in NOD-scid IL2R \(γ^{null}\) mice ... Here, we examine the induction of oxazolone-mediated features of atopic dermatitis (AD) in NOD-scid IL2R \(γ^{null}\) mice ...
Enhanced development of functional human NK cells in NOD-scid-IL2rgnull mice expressing human IL15. FASEB J. 2022 09; 36(9): ... Enhanced development of functional human NK cells in NOD-scid-IL2rgnull mice expressing human IL15. ... Enhanced development of functional human NK cells in NOD-scid-IL2rgnull mice expressing human IL15. ...
SCID-hu mice were constructed with fetal liver and fetal thymus obtaine ... Long-term human hematopoiesis in the SCID-hu mouse. Anti-SCID mouse reactivity shapes the human CD4+ T cell repertoire in hu- ... Human hematopoietic cells and thymic epithelial cells induce tolerance via different mechanisms in the SCID-hu mouse thymus. B ... Thymocytes of SCID-hu mice transplanted with liver and thymus of two different donors (FLDA/FTDB animals) were nonresponsive to ...
... the most extensively used mouse strain for developing NB xenograft models are SCID mice (9-12), SCID/beige mice (13, 14) and ... NOD/SCID/gamma(c)(null) mouse: an excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells. Blood 100: 3175-3182, 2002. ... Indeed, NSG mice have been shown to be better recipients than NOD/SCID, nude or other immunodeficient mouse strains for ... SCID/beige (14), and NSG mice (32). In the present study, the induction of tumor growth in NSG mice was observed after s.c. ...
This is the first description of huPLN transplantation into SCID mice, and of the functional effects of SDF-1 regarding the ... Stromal cell derived factor-1 (CXCL12) induces cell migration into lymph nodes transplanted into SCID MICE. An investigation of ... Stromal cell derived factor-1 (CXCL12) induces cell migration into lymph nodes transplanted into SCID MICE. An investigation of ... are transplanted into SCID mice. We have shown that huPLN transplants are viable and are vascularised by the murine circulation ...
Skin reconstitution in SCID mice. / Kishi, Kazuo; Kubota, Yoshiaki; Katsube, Kenichi et al. In: Japanese Journal of Plastic and ... Skin reconstitution in SCID mice. Kazuo Kishi, Yoshiaki Kubota, Kenichi Katsube, Hiroko Satoh, Yusuke Shimizu, Nobuaki Imanishi ... Skin reconstitution in SCID mice. In: Japanese Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2005 ; Vol. 48, No. 9. pp. 979- ... Skin reconstitution in SCID mice. Japanese Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2005 Sept;48(9):979-984. ...
B-Fcgr4 KO mice(CB-17 SCID). Home In vivo Animal and Cell Models Immunodeficient (B-NDG) Mice B-Fcgr4 KO mice(CB-17 SCID) ...
In the present study, after infusion of irradiated SCID mice with pre-cultured human fetal bone marrow cells (BM-SCID-hu mice ... In the present study, after infusion of irradiated SCID mice with pre-cultured human fetal bone marrow cells (BM-SCID-hu mice ... In the present study, after infusion of irradiated SCID mice with pre-cultured human fetal bone marrow cells (BM-SCID-hu mice ... In the present study, after infusion of irradiated SCID mice with pre-cultured human fetal bone marrow cells (BM-SCID-hu mice ...
Mice, SCID * Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / drug therapy* * Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / immunology ... cytotoxic activity of SAR408701 was assessed in CEACAM5-expressing tumor cell lines and using patient-derived xenograft mouse ...
Soballe PW, Montane KT, Satyamoorthy K, Nesbit M, Herlyn M. Carcinogenesis in human skin grafted to SCID mice. Cancer Research ... Soballe, PW, Montane, KT, Satyamoorthy, K, Nesbit, M & Herlyn, M 1996, Carcinogenesis in human skin grafted to SCID mice, ... Dive into the research topics of Carcinogenesis in human skin grafted to SCID mice. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ... Carcinogenesis in human skin grafted to SCID mice. / Soballe, Peter W.; Montane, Kathleen T.; Satyamoorthy, Kapaettu et al. In ...
Stable GFP-expressing GSC#1 was grafted into the striatum of NOD-SCID mice. Twelve weeks after grafting, the mice were treated ... NOD-SCID mice (male; 4-6 week old; Charles River, Italy) were implanted intracranially with 2 × 105 GFP-expressing GSC#1 ... e Proliferation of tumor cells was significantly reduced both in TMZ-treated mice and mice treated with combined TMZ plus QN ... Conversely, both TMZ-treated mice and mice treated with combined TMZ plus QN harbored smaller tumors with remarkable reduction ...
Genetically modified mice are the most common genetically engineered animal model. They have been used to study and model ... Fischer A, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Cavazzana-Calvo M (June 2010). "20 years of gene therapy for SCID". Nature Immunology. 11 (6): ... Rudolf Jaenisch created the first GM animal when he inserted foreign DNA into a mouse in 1974. The first company to focus on ... Mouse hybridomas, cells fused together to create monoclonal antibodies, have been adapted through genetic engineering to create ...
Mice; Mice, Inbred NOD; Mice, SCID; Mice, Transgenic; Mutation; Phenotype. Allergy and Immunology. Endocrinology, Diabetes, and ... A new Hu-PBL model for the study of human islet alloreactivity based on NOD-scid mice bearing a targeted mutation in the IL-2 ... Immunodeficient NOD-scid mice bearing a targeted mutation in the IL2 receptor common gamma chain (Il2rgamma(null)) readily ... Here we analyzed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for their ability to engraft NOD-scid Il2rgamma(null) mice and ...
... engrafted NOD/SCID mice infused with allo-reactive NK cells. September 16, 2021. mycareerpeer0 commentsCasein Kinase 1 ... This was later successfully translated into an model using acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-engrafted NOD/SCID mice infused with ... This was later successfully translated into an model using acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-engrafted NOD/SCID mice infused with ... This was later successfully translated into an model using acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-engrafted NOD/SCID mice infused with ...
Validation of uPA/SCID mouse with humanized liver as a human liver model: protein quantification of transporters, cytochromes ... Validation of uPA/SCID mouse with humanized liver as a human liver model: protein quantification of transporters, cytochromes ... PhoenixBio, PXB-mouse, PXB-cells and Corporate Mark are registered trademarks of PhoenixBio. ...
... and transferred into immunodeficient SCID mice. Germ-free (GF) SCID mice or SCID mice monoassociated with Enterococcus faecalis ... SCID mice were colonized by a defined cocktail of specific pathogen-free (SPF) bacteria. Mice were evaluated 8-12 weeks after ... SCID) mice restored with the CD45 RB(high) subset of CD4+T cells isolated from the spleen of normal BALB/c mice. METHODS: A CD4 ... T-cell subpopulation to SCID mice severe colitis was present in conventional animals and in mice colonized with a cocktail of ...
SCID) mice by spleen cells from diseased DBA/1 mice. The development of arthritis in SCID animals can be prevented by infection ... Mice, Mice, Inbred DBA, Mice, SCID, Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Recombinant Proteins, Retroviridae, Simplexvirus, Spleen ... mice by spleen cells from diseased DBA/1 mice. The development of arthritis in SCID animals can be prevented by infection ex ... Inhibition of transfer of collagen-induced arthritis into SCID mice by ex vivo infection of spleen cells with retroviruses ...
Next, we established chimeric mice by transplanting C57BL/6 mouse-derived bone marrow cells into NOG mice (Mo-NOG mice). A ... Next, we established chimeric mice by transplanting C57BL/6 mouse-derived bone marrow cells into NOG mice (Mo-NOG mice). A ... Next, we established chimeric mice by transplanting C57BL/6 mouse-derived bone marrow cells into NOG mice (Mo-NOG mice). A ... Next, we established chimeric mice by transplanting C57BL/6 mouse-derived bone marrow cells into NOG mice (Mo-NOG mice). A ...
SCID mice with skin injury. 1 × 106. Whartons jelly. Injection into the skin or Sabapathy et al. [89]. 2014. PLoS One. ... CB17 SCID mice transplanted with MDA 231 human breast carcinoma cells. 0.5 × 106 or1 × 106 or 3 × 106. Whartons jelly. ... CB17 SCID mice with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. 3 × 105. Whartons jelly. Intravenous injection. Matsuzuka et al. [92]. 2010 ... CB17 SCID mice transplanted with MDA 231 human breast carcinoma cells. 5 × 105. Whartons jelly. Intravenous injection. Ayuzawa ...
深入研究「The effect of gelatin-chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronic acid skin substitute on wound healing in SCID mice」主題。共同形成了獨特的指紋。 ... The effect of gelatin-chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronic acid skin substitute on wound healing in SCID mice. / Wang, Tzu Wei; Sun, ... The effect of gelatin-chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronic acid skin substitute on wound healing in SCID mice. Biomaterials. 2006 11月 ... The effect of gelatin-chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronic acid skin substitute on wound healing in SCID mice. 於: Biomaterials. 2006 ...
Human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis in SCID mice.﻽. Persidsky Y, Limoges J, McComb R, Bock P, Baldwin T, Tyor W, Patil A ... Survival and Motor Phenotypes in FVB C9-500 ALS/FTD BAC Transgenic Mice Reproduced by Multiple Labs.﻽. Nguyen L, Laboissonniere ... Complement-dependent synapse loss and microgliosis in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.﻽. Hammond JW, Bellizzi MJ, Ware C, ... Loss of neuronal integrity during progressive HIV-1 infection of humanized mice.﻽. Dash PK, Gorantla S, Gendelman HE, Knibbe J ...
huRBC-reconstituted immunodeficient mice received infectious challenge with attenuated P. falciparum C9 parasite mutants (C9-M ... huRBC-reconstituted immunodeficient mice received infectious challenge with attenuated P. falciparum C9 parasite mutants (C9-M ... C9-M and NF54 parasites grew and developed in the huRBC-reconstituted humanized NSG mice. Further, the presence of mutant ... Our results suggest an evasion mechanism that may have been employed by the parasite to survive the mouses residual non- ...
Humanized mouse models can sustain DENV replication and show some signs of disease, but further development is needed to ... Classically, immunocompetent mice infected with DENV do not manifest disease or else develop paralysis when inoculated ... In contrast, certain immunodeficient mouse models infected with mouse-adapted DENV strains show signs of severe disease similar ... including K562-engrafted SCID mice [67], Huh7-engrafted SCID mice [68] or HepG2-engrafted SCID mice [69], DENV infects mainly ...
PDXs SCID mice. 100, 800 mg/kg. -. ↓ Tumor growth. (73). ↓ Ki-67. ... A549 ×enograft male nude mice. 250 mg/d. -. ↓ Tumor growth. (78). De Bruycker et al (2019). A549 ×enograft female nude mice. ... Nu/J nude mice. ↓ Tumor growth. Wang et al (2021). ... Elgendy et al (92) treated mice undergoing a 24-h feeding/ ... In a nude mouse tumor transplantation model of lung cancer, WZB was indicated to inhibit tumor growth by inhibiting GLUT1 and ...
Finally, studies have been conducted by using the SCID-hu mouse model, an immunodeficient mouse with an immune system that has ... Infection of the SCID-hu mouse by HIV-1. Science 1988;242:1684-6. *McCune JM, Namikawa R, Shih CC, Rabin L, Kaneshima H. 3- ... Four weeks after zidovudine was stopped, HIV DNA was detected by PCR in all 17 mice. In comparison, all of 40 mice not ... deoxythymidine suppresses HIV infection in SCID-hu mouse. Science 1990 (in press).. POINT OF CONTACT FOR THIS DOCUMENT:. To ...
Opposite effects of linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid on human prostatic cancer in SCID mice. Anticancer Res 1998;18: ... Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the growth of human breast adenocarcinoma cells in SCID mice. Anticancer Res 1997;17(2A): ... Liao, C. H., Shaw, H. M., and Chao, P. M. Impairment of glucose metabolism in mice induced by dietary oxidized frying oil is ... Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse. Am J Physiol 1998;275:R667-72. View ...
... derived from different donors and test their therapeutic variations in mouse liver fibrosis model. MethodsThe HUCMSCs derived ... The SCID mice were subcutaneously injected HUCMSCs to monitor the tumor formation during a 4-month observation period. Human ... In terms of tumorigenicity, male SCID mice received subcutaneous injection of hUCMSCs, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as ... The mice were treated by CCl4 to induce liver fibrosis. We isolated splenocytes from control and liver fibrosis (LF) model mice ...
  • c ) Reconstitution of SCID mice with intraperitoneal PBMCs depleted of Vδ2 T cells resulted in higher bacterial loads in the peritoneal lavages of these mice 5 days after intraperitoneal inoculation of M. morganii (3 × 10 7 CFUs). (jci.org)
  • Here, we examine the induction of oxazolone-mediated features of atopic dermatitis (AD) in NOD-scid IL2R \(γ^{null}\) mice engrafted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Here we analyzed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for their ability to engraft NOD-scid Il2rgamma(null) mice and established engraftment kinetics, optimal cell dose, and the influence of injection route. (umassmed.edu)
  • Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from SCID and non-SCID pigs. (usda.gov)
  • To do this, they injected sub-lethally irradiated NSG mice with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). (jax.org)
  • The development of a humanized SCID pig through xenotransplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) would be a further demonstration of the value of such a large animal SCID model. (usda.gov)
  • This is the first description of huPLN transplantation into SCID mice, and of the functional effects of SDF-1 regarding the migration of human cells into huPLN in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cells used for transplantation were obtained from fetal C57b1 mice on embryonic day 17, and suspended enzymatically. (elsevierpure.com)
  • NOD-scid Il2rgamma(null) mice rendered hyperglycemic by streptozotocin treatment return to normoglycemia following transplantation with human islets. (umassmed.edu)
  • Critically, we have also confirmed neural lineage specificity upon sorted hNSC transplantation into the immunodeficient NOD-scid mouse brain. (ca.gov)
  • Human equivalent of the mouse Nude/SCID phenotype: long-term evaluation of immunologic reconstitution after bone marrow transplantation. (lu.se)
  • Therefore, the recently described NOD/SCID/interleukin-2 receptor γ ( Il2rg ) null (NSG) mice have been shown to be one of the most immunodeficient mouse hosts to date since these mice are deficient in both T and B lymphocytes, do not have any NK cells, and display impaired dendritic cell functions ( 22 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Indeed, NSG mice have been shown to be better recipients than NOD/SCID, nude or other immunodeficient mouse strains for developing and studying various xenograft models of human cancer, such as melanoma ( 20 , 26 , 27 ), leukemia ( 28 ), pancreatic ( 29 ), cervical ( 30 ) and breast cancer ( 31 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Recently, an immunodeficient mouse ( 16 ) was reconstituted with uninfected and infected huRBCs. (frontiersin.org)
  • In contrast, certain immunodeficient mouse models infected with mouse-adapted DENV strains show signs of severe disease similar to the 'vascular-leak' syndrome seen in severe dengue in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • CRL created a triple-immunodeficient mouse by CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the Prkdc and IL2r-gamma loci. (genengnews.com)
  • In order to develop a relevant xenogenic animal model of neuroblastoma (NB), we compared the tumorigenicity and metastatic potential of SK-N-SH and SK-N-DZ NB cell lines in nude mice and NOD/SCID Il2rg null (NSG) mice. (iiarjournals.org)
  • In cell cultures and in "humanized" NOD.Cg- Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG, 005557 ) mice, they interfered with the immune system's ability to recruit the synovium-attacking T cells. (jax.org)
  • Humanized NOD.Cg- Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ ( 005557 ) mice were particularly critical to the success of this study. (jax.org)
  • Chlamydia muridarum infection causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia in NOD.Cg- Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • During the initial development of the HuCD34-NCG mouse, peripheral blood samples were collected at various timepoints, along with periodic tissue sampling, to verify engraftment and sustainability. (genengnews.com)
  • Although engraftment of irradiated C.B-17 scid/scid (SCID) mice with human progenitor cells occurred after infusion with human pediatric bone marrow cells, significant engraftment of the mouse bone marrow with human cells was dependent upon continuous treatment with exogenous human cytokines. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Furthermore, despite cytokine treatment, only minimal peripheral engraftment of these mice with human cells was observed. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Since engraftment occurs in the absence of exogenous cytokine treatment, the BM- SCID-hu mouse model described should provide a useful in vivo system for studying factors important in the maturation of human myeloid and lymphoid cells in the bone marrow and the behavior of the mature human cells after dissemination into the peripheral lymphoid tissue. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Even at low PBMC input, NOD-scid Il2rgamma(null) mice reproducibly support high human PBMC engraftment that plateaus within 3-4 weeks. (umassmed.edu)
  • In contrast to previous stocks of immunodeficient mice, we observed low intra- and inter-donor variability of engraftment. (umassmed.edu)
  • these mice carry the SIRP-alpha gene similar to humans that allows the engraftment of donor cells. (genengnews.com)
  • HuCD34-NCG mice sustain humanization through day 236 post engraftment. (genengnews.com)
  • A surrogate human hematopoietic lineage can be established in NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγ null (NOG) mice by transplanting human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (Hu-NOG mice). (elsevierpure.com)
  • A surrogate human hematopoietic lineage can be established in NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull (NOG) mice by transplanting human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (Hu-NOG mice). (elsevierpure.com)
  • However, all these mouse strains display residual immune functions, in particular, natural killer (NK) cells that can inhibit tumor formation and metastatic spread of cancer cells ( 20 , 21 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Introduction of several mouse strains with genetic immune deficiencies has greatly benefited the development of a small laboratory animal model ( 7 - 15 ) to study the asexual blood stage infection of P. falciparum . (frontiersin.org)
  • Xenotransplantation success with HSCs into non-obese diabetic (NOD)-derived SCID mice is dependent on the ability of NOD mouse signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPA) to bind human CD47, inducing higher phagocytic tolerance than other mouse strains. (usda.gov)
  • Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)
  • NSG mice injected intravenously showed a profile of distant metastatis that was not observed in nude mice. (iiarjournals.org)
  • To date, the most extensively used mouse strain for developing NB xenograft models are SCID mice ( 9 - 12 ), SCID/beige mice ( 13 , 14 ) and nude mice ( 5 , 15 - 19 ) that are all T-cell deficient hosts. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Another report described the intravenous ( i.v. ) injection of NB cell lines into NSG, SCID-beige, and nude mice, and demonstrated that the use of NSG mice was advantageous in therapeutic and survival studies ( 35 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Recently, NSG mice have been used in an NB xenograft model for studying tumor-infiltrating human lymphocytes in subcutaneous ( s.c. ) tumors of NB cells embedded in Matrigel® ( 32 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • However, the metastatic potential of free NB cells injected into NSG mice needs to be investigated further in order to validate the use of these mice as a relevant xenograft model of human NB and as a preclinical model for the development of new therapeutic strategies. (iiarjournals.org)
  • To investigate the role of SDF-1 in recirculation and homing in vivo we have developed a model in which human peripheral lymph nodes (huPLN) are transplanted into SCID mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To directly examine a multistage carcinogenesis model and the role of UV light in human tissues, we grafted human skin unto mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. (manipal.edu)
  • VZV-MSP was shown to have attributes consistent with increased virulence in isolated from a child with leukemia who contracted chicken- the SCID-hu mouse model (2). (cdc.gov)
  • This was later successfully translated into an model using acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-engrafted NOD/SCID mice infused with allo-reactive Rabbit Polyclonal to RPS6KB2 NK cells. (mycareerpeer.com)
  • We used the model of chronic inflammation that develops spontaneously in the colon of conventional severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice restored with the CD45 RB(high) subset of CD4+T cells isolated from the spleen of normal BALB/c mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Only SFB bacteria together with a defined SPF mixture were effective in triggering intestinal inflammation in the model of IBD in reconstituted SCID mice, while no colitis was detected in GF mice or in mice colonized either with SPF microflora or monoassociated only with SFB or colonized by Bacteroides distasonis + SFB or Fusobacterium mortiferum + SFB. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To compare the heterogeneities of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) derived from different donors and test their therapeutic variations in mouse liver fibrosis model. (researchsquare.com)
  • In addition, three HUCMSC lines applied to mice liver fibrosis model had different therapeutic outcomes, in line with individual immune regulation capability. (researchsquare.com)
  • pointed out that additional genetic alterations were involved in lymphoma development in an Emu mouse model ectopically expressing Myc and Bcl2 . (haematologica.org)
  • CRL offers scientists access to an exploratory trial program to determine if a Charles River Hu-Mouse model, including the new HuCD34-NCG mouse, meets research requirements. (genengnews.com)
  • We show here, using a chimeric severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse (hu-SCID) model, that human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells mediate resistance to extracellular gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Morganella morganii) bacteria, as assessed by survival, body weight, bacterial loads, and histopathology. (jci.org)
  • Background Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) pigs are an emerging animal model being developed for biomedical and regenerative medicine research. (usda.gov)
  • In the in vivo SCID mouse xeno-transplant model, RAD markedly delayed growth or induced regression of established PTLD-related B-cell tumors. (upenn.edu)
  • In a humanized mouse non-small cell lung carcinoma model, TSR-033 boosted the antitumor efficacy of PD-1 monotherapy, with a concomitant increase in immune activation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • that is histopathological y very simi- T cel s, B cel s, natural kil er cel s, LMP1 of EBV can transform ro- lar to that caused by hepatitis B vi- macrophages, and dendritic cells, dent fibroblasts and is expressed rus (HBV) in humans, but it does so and this humanized mouse model in most of the human cancers as- through a different mechanism. (who.int)
  • To study the role of thymic education on the development of the human T cell repertoire, SCID-hu mice were constructed with fetal liver and fetal thymus obtained from the same or two different donors. (rupress.org)
  • We co-transplanted fetal epidermal cells and dermal or loose fascial mesenchymal cells onto a skin defect in SCID mice to evaluate the regenerative activity of their skin. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In the present study, after infusion of irradiated SCID mice with pre-cultured human fetal bone marrow cells (BM-SCID-hu mice), their bone marrow became significantly engrafted with human precursor cells and their peripheral lymphoid compartment became populated with human B cells and monocytes independently of the administration of extraneous human cytokines. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Our experiments demonstrate that the donor bone marrow cells in the host scid mice repopulate to form single (primary) follicles and aggregates of lymphoid nodules, the Peyer's patches. (nih.gov)
  • Responses to the toxic effects of benzene were greater in lymphoid cells than in myeloid cells in Mo-NOG and Hu-NOG mice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Immunodeficient NOD-scid mice bearing a targeted mutation in the IL2 receptor common gamma chain (Il2rgamma(null)) readily engraft with human stem cells. (umassmed.edu)
  • SCID pigs can successfully engraft human induced pluripotent stem cells and cancer cell lines. (usda.gov)
  • Next, we established chimeric mice by transplanting C57BL/6 mouse-derived bone marrow cells into NOG mice (Mo-NOG mice). (elsevierpure.com)
  • A human blood chimeric mouse could serve to harmonize in vitro P. falciparum cultivation and in vivo studies carried out in rodent animal models. (frontiersin.org)
  • Depletion of Vδ2 T cells exacerbated bacterial infection ( a - c ), whereas live bacterial product augmented the antibacterial effects of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells ( d - g ). ( a ) All SCID-beige mice infected with a lethal dose of E. coli (1 × 10 7 CFUs, administered intraperitoneally) were dead within 2 days, whereas all mice reconstituted with human PBMCs survived this lethal infection. (jci.org)
  • in contrast, only one of ten mice receiving mock-depleted PBMCs died. (jci.org)
  • g ) SCID mice reconstituted intraperitoneally with IBA-pretreated PBMCs (IBA) had lower numbers of bacterial CFUs than those receiving medium-pretreated PBMCs (Medium) 5 days after intravenous infection with 3 × 10 7 CFUs of M. morganii . (jci.org)
  • Porcine monocytes were isolated from PBMCs and were subjected to phagocytosis assays with pig, human, and mouse red blood cell (RBC) targets. (usda.gov)
  • These findings suggested that Hu-NOG mice may be a powerful in vivo tool for assessing hematotoxicity in humans, while accounting for interspecies differences. (elsevierpure.com)
  • however, systemic suppression which has been demonstrated in mice has not been seen in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • One exception is hu- humanized SCID mice, the use of al oncogenic viruses that are strictly man T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 surrogate hosts has not proven very species-specific, causing cancer in (HTLV-1): in addition to its ability to useful for defining tumour site con- humans only. (who.int)
  • In this combined immunodeficiency (SCID) cancer is low in these species (as it chapter, some aspects of this issue mice, in which the human target is in humans), which renders cancer are discussed. (who.int)
  • For instance, mice are able to reconstitute most lymphomas in monkeys and humans woodchuck hepatitis virus induces major components of the human provides strong support for a direct hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) haematolymphoid system including oncogenic role of EBV in vivo. (who.int)
  • Germ-free (GF) SCID mice or SCID mice monoassociated with Enterococcus faecalis, SFB (segmented filamentous bacteria), Fusobacterium mortiferum, Bacteroides distasonis, and in combination Fusobacterium mortiferum + SFB or Bacteroides distasonis + SFB were used as recipients. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Human hematopoietic cells and thymic epithelial cells induce tolerance via different mechanisms in the SCID-hu mouse thymus. (rupress.org)
  • Stromal cell derived factor-1 (CXCL12) induces cell migration into lymph nodes transplanted into SCID MICE. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this regard, xenograft mouse models represent an attractive strategy. (iiarjournals.org)
  • The cytotoxic activity of SAR408701 was assessed in CEACAM5-expressing tumor cell lines and using patient-derived xenograft mouse models of CEACAM5-positive tumors. (nih.gov)
  • Examination of the bone marrow of the BM-SCID-hu mice for human cytokine mRNA gene expression demonstrated human leukemia inhibitory factor mRNA and interleukin 7 mRNA in nine of nine BM-SCID-hu mice and macrophage-colony-stimulating factor mRNA in seven of eight BM-SCID-hu mice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Thymocytes of SCID-hu mice transplanted with liver and thymus of two different donors (FLDA/FTDB animals) were nonresponsive to Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cell lines (B-LCL) established from both the FLDA and FTDB, but proliferated vigorously when stimulated with third-party allogeneic B-LCL. (rupress.org)
  • Subcutaneous injection of cell lines induced tumor formation only in NSG mice and was accompanied by metastasis to the liver, adrenal glands, skull and bone marrow. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Then the HUCMSCs with distinct immunomodulatory effects were tested for treating liver fibrosis in mice and then therapeutic effects were observed. (researchsquare.com)
  • The HUCMSCs derived different donors have individual heterogeneity, which potentially lead to distinct therapeutic outcomes in mouse liver fibrosis, indicating we could make use of the donor-variation of MSCs to screen out guaranteed general indicators of MSCs for specific diseases in further stem cell therapy. (researchsquare.com)
  • To examine whether T- and B-lymphocytes in Peyer's patches have an influence on M-cell generation, we studied the development of Peyer's patches and M-cells in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells from normal syngeneic mice. (nih.gov)
  • Use of the lectins Anguilla anguilla (AAA) and Ulex europaeus I (UEA-I) as positive markers of mouse Peyer's patch M-cells revealed that M-cells develop in the dome epithelium overlying the single primary follicles and Peyer's patches of reconstituted scid mice. (nih.gov)
  • Enhanced development of functional human NK cells in NOD-scid-IL2rgnull mice expressing human IL15. (umassmed.edu)
  • These results clearly demonstrate the higher tumorigenic and metastatic potential of NB cells in NSG mice. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Immunodeficient mice that cannot reject xenotransplanted cells have been shown to be the best living recipient for developing xenograft models of human cancer ( 6 - 8 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Segmented filamentous bacteria in a defined bacterial cocktail induce intestinal inflammation in SCID mice reconstituted with CD45RBhigh CD4+ T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • METHODS: A CD4+CD45RB(high) subpopulation of T cells was purified from the spleen of conventional BALB/c mice by magnetic separation (MACS) and transferred into immunodeficient SCID mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Inhibition of transfer of collagen-induced arthritis into SCID mice by ex vivo infection of spleen cells with retroviruses expressing soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Collagen-induced arthritis can be transferred into severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice by spleen cells from diseased DBA/1 mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A comparison of the degree of benzene-induced hematotoxicity in donor-derived hematopoietic lineage cells within Mo-NOG mice indicated that the toxic response of Hu-NOG mice reflected interspecies differences in susceptibilities to benzene. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Controlled reactive professional phagocytic leukocytes in immunodeficient mice allowed for sizeable human blood chimerism and injected huRBCs acted as bona fide host cells for P. falciparum . (frontiersin.org)
  • This NSG mouse, depleted with γ-chain of the IL-2 receptor, has been shown to better tolerate a variety of human transplanted cells ( 17 - 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The reduction in the residual innate immune effectors (mainly cells of monocytes and macrophages lineage) and co-administration of huRBCs supplied with decomplemented human serum through an intravenous route led to the development of a reproducible humanized mouse. (frontiersin.org)
  • Design and Methods Growth in culture, colony formation and oncogenicity in vivo were assessed in mouse primary B cells exogenously expressing various combinations of Bcl2 , Myc and Ccnd1 . (haematologica.org)
  • Conclusions Bcl2 , Myc and Ccnd1 or Bcl2 , Myc and CCND3 synergistically transformed mouse primary B cells into aggressive malignant cells. (haematologica.org)
  • Humanized NCG mice have severely impaired murine T and B cells or innate immunity provided by macrophages and NK cells. (genengnews.com)
  • Intravenous treatment of infected, reconstituted hu-SCID mice with pamidronate, a human Vγ2Vδ2 T cell-specific aminobisphosphonate antigen, markedly increased the in vivo antibacterial effect of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. (jci.org)
  • Cells from immune-deficient pigs were mixed with cells from mice, pigs, or people to determine if pig cells destroyed human cells. (usda.gov)
  • CD133-enriched Xeno-Free human embryonic-derived neural stem cells expand rapidly in culture and do not form teratomas in immunodeficient mice. (ca.gov)
  • Common methods for the generation of human embryonic-derived neural stem cells (hNSCs) result in cells with potentially compromised safety profiles due to maintenance of cells in conditions containing non-human proteins (e.g. in bovine serum or on mouse fibroblast feeders). (ca.gov)
  • To prove that this was the case the team injected immune cells from rheumatoid patients' joints into the skins of mice genetically programmed to lack an immune system of their own. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • A broadly used technique for humanizing mice, termed Hu-HSC, involves the transfer of HSCs isolated from a variety of sources. (genengnews.com)
  • In this study, we applied bi-layer gelatin-chondrointin-6-sulfate-hyaluronic acid (gelatin-C6S-HA) biomatrices onto the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice to evaluate its effect on promoting wound healing. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • The rSE was then grafted to the dorsum of SCID mice to evaluate its biocompatibility by histologic and immunohistochemistry analysis. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Therefore, humanized mice capable of harboring the human malaria infection are urgently needed to understand the parasite biology. (frontiersin.org)
  • Decreased resistance in Vδ2 T cell-depleted hu-SCID mice correlated with decreased serum IFN-γ titers. (jci.org)
  • The mice developed the same symptoms as immunocompetent BALB/c mice. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • In a recent webinar Jenny Rowe, PhD, Scientist III at Charles River Laboratories (CRL), overviews the advantages of using humanized mice and details characterization data on the novel HuCD34-NCG strain. (genengnews.com)
  • 7 That multiple genes are involved in human lymphoma formation has also been suggested by experimental mouse models. (haematologica.org)
  • Collectively, our data suggest that huRBCs reconstituted NSG mice infected with attenuated P . falciparum is a valuable tool to explore the role of C9 mutation in the growth and survival of parasite mutants and their response to the host's immune responses. (frontiersin.org)
  • The drug completely eradicated or prevented tumor establishment in a subset of the treated mice at the doses matching the ones required to prevent graft rejection. (upenn.edu)
  • huRBC-reconstituted immunodeficient mice received infectious challenge with attenuated P. falciparum C9 parasite mutants (C9-M), complemented (C9-C), and wild type (NF54) progenitors to study the role of immune effectors in the clearance of the parasite from mouse circulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Humanized mouse models can sustain DENV replication and show some signs of disease, but further development is needed to validate the immune response. (mdpi.com)
  • In vivo models of human immunity in human tumor-bearing mice are frequently used to study mechanisms of targeted immunotherapies, safety, and efficacy. (genengnews.com)
  • These data suggest that humanized NOD-scid Il2rgamma(null) mice may represent an important surrogate for investigating in vivo mechanisms of human islet allograft rejection. (umassmed.edu)
  • This improved immunodeficient profile has established NSG mice as the new 'gold standard' for human haematopoietic stem cell ( 23 - 25 ) and cancer research. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Mice were evaluated 8-12 weeks after the cell transfer for clinical and morphological signs of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (ox.ac.uk)
  • RESULTS: After the transfer of the CD4+CD45RB(high) T-cell subpopulation to SCID mice severe colitis was present in conventional animals and in mice colonized with a cocktail of SPF microflora plus SFB. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Altered intestinal barrier in the terminal ileum of mice with severe colitis was documented by immunohistology using antibodies to ZO-1 (zona occludens). (ox.ac.uk)
  • For 90 days the team were able to detect the antibodies in the blood of these so-called SCID (Severe Combined Immuno-Deficiency) mice. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Here, we show that catalytically active BoNT/A is transported to the facial nucleus (FN) after injection into the nasolabial musculature of rats and mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • The mice Animal models mimicking human diseases have been used extensively to study the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and the efficacy of potential therapeutics. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The contributions of various mouse models of severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID) to current knowledge regarding human SCID were described and discussed. (cdc.gov)
  • Transgenic mouse models pro- fection. (who.int)
  • The ic mice had developed lymphoma. (who.int)
  • Anti-PD1 (Pembrolizumab [Keytruda] or CD279, BioXCell) monotherapy significantly inhibited RKO and A549 tumor growth whereas anti-CTLA-4 (CD152, BioXCell) dosing, but not combined blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1, increased intratumoral CD8 + T lymphocytes in A549 tumor-bearing mice. (genengnews.com)
  • Additionally, phagocytosis assays were performed and we found that porcine monocytes phagocytose human and porcine RBCs at significantly lower levels than mouse RBCs. (usda.gov)