Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Techniques to alter a gene sequence that result in an inactivated gene, or one in which the expression can be inactivated at a chosen time during development to study the loss of function of a gene.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
The portion of chromosome material that remains condensed and is transcriptionally inactive during INTERPHASE.
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE service for health professionals and consumers. It links extensive information from the National Institutes of Health and other reviewed sources of information on specific diseases and conditions.
Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.
Information intended for potential users of medical and healthcare services. There is an emphasis on self-care and preventive approaches as well as information for community-wide dissemination and use.
Devices that cover the nose and mouth to maintain aseptic conditions or to administer inhaled anesthetics or other gases. (UMDNS, 1999)

Molecular chaperones: small heat shock proteins in the limelight. (1/61166)

Small heat shock proteins have been the Cinderellas of the molecular chaperone world, but now the crystal structure of a small heat shock protein has been solved and mutation of two human homologues implicated in genetic disease. Intermediate filaments appear to be one of the key targets of their chaperone activity.  (+info)

Alzheimer's disease: clues from flies and worms. (2/61166)

Presenilin mutations give rise to familial Alzheimer's disease and result in elevated production of amyloid beta peptide. Recent evidence that presenilins act in developmental signalling pathways may be the key to understanding how senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and apoptosis are all biochemically linked.  (+info)

JNK2 is required for efficient T-cell activation and apoptosis but not for normal lymphocyte development. (3/61166)

BACKGROUND: The Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway has been implicated in cell proliferation and apoptosis, but its function seems to depend on the cell type and inducing signal. In T cells, JNK has been implicated in both antigen-induced activation and apoptosis. RESULTS: We generated mice lacking the JNK2 isozymes. The mutant mice were healthy and fertile but defective in peripheral T-cell activation induced by antibody to the CD3 component of the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex - proliferation and production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were reduced. The proliferation defect was restored by exogenous IL-2. B-cell activation was normal in the absence of JNK2. Activation-induced peripheral T-cell apoptosis was comparable between mutant and wild-type mice, but immature (CD4(+) CD8(+)) thymocytes lacking JNK2 were resistant to apoptosis induced by administration of anti-CD3 antibody in vivo. The lack of JNK2 also resulted in partial resistance of thymocytes to anti-CD3 antibody in vitro, but had little or no effect on apoptosis induced by anti-Fas antibody, dexamethasone or ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation. CONCLUSIONS: JNK2 is essential for efficient activation of peripheral T cells but not B cells. Peripheral T-cell activation is probably required indirectly for induction of thymocyte apoptosis resulting from administration of anti-CD3 antibody in vivo. JNK2 functions in a cell-type-specific and stimulus-dependent manner, being required for apoptosis of immature thymocytes induced by anti-CD3 antibody but not for apoptosis induced by anti-Fas antibody, UVC or dexamethasone. JNK2 is not required for activation-induced cell death of mature T cells.  (+info)

Reduced water permeability and altered ultrastructure in thin descending limb of Henle in aquaporin-1 null mice. (4/61166)

It has been controversial whether high water permeability in the thin descending limb of Henle (TDLH) is required for formation of a concentrated urine by the kidney. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FFEM) of rat TDLH has shown an exceptionally high density of intramembrane particles (IMPs), which were proposed to consist of tetramers of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) water channels. In this study, transepithelial osmotic water permeability (Pf) was measured in isolated perfused segments (0.5-1 mm) of TDLH in wild-type (+/+), AQP1 heterozygous (+/-), and AQP1 null (-/-) mice. Pf was measured at 37 degrees C using a 100 mM bath-to-lumen osmotic gradient of raffinose, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran as the luminal volume marker. Pf was (in cm/s): 0.26 +/- 0.02 ([+/+]; SE, n = 9 tubules), 0.21 +/- 0.01 ([+/-]; n = 12), and 0.031 +/- 0.007 ([-/-]; n = 6) (P < 0.02, [+/+] vs. [+/-]; P < 0.0001, [+/+] vs. [-/-]). FFEM of kidney medulla showed remarkably fewer IMPs in TDLH from (-/-) vs. (+/+) and (+/-) mice. IMP densities were (in microm-2, SD, 5-12 micrographs): 5,880 +/- 238 (+/+); 5,780 +/- 450 (+/-); and 877 +/- 420 (-/-). IMP size distribution analysis revealed mean IMP diameters of 8.4 nm ([+/+] and [+/-]) and 5.2 nm ([-/-]). These results demonstrate that AQP1 is the principal water channel in TDLH and support the view that osmotic equilibration along TDLH by water transport plays a key role in the renal countercurrent concentrating mechanism. The similar Pf and AQP1 expression in TDLH of (+/+) and (+/-) mice was an unexpected finding that probably accounts for the unimpaired urinary concentrating ability in (+/-) mice.  (+info)

A genetic model of substrate deprivation therapy for a glycosphingolipid storage disorder. (5/61166)

Inherited defects in the degradation of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) cause a group of severe diseases known as GSL storage disorders. There are currently no effective treatments for the majority of these disorders. We have explored a new treatment paradigm, substrate deprivation therapy, by constructing a genetic model in mice. Sandhoff's disease mice, which abnormally accumulate GSLs, were bred with mice that were blocked in their synthesis of GSLs. The mice with simultaneous defects in GSL synthesis and degradation no longer accumulated GSLs, had improved neurologic function, and had a much longer life span. However, these mice eventually developed a late-onset neurologic disease because of accumulation of another class of substrate, oligosaccharides. The results support the validity of the substrate deprivation therapy and also highlight some limitations.  (+info)

Interleukin-8 receptor modulates IgE production and B-cell expansion and trafficking in allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation. (6/61166)

We examined the role of the interleukin-8 (IL-8) receptor in a murine model of allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation using mice with a targeted deletion of the murine IL-8 receptor homologue (IL-8r-/-). Wild-type (Wt) and IL-8r-/- mice were systemically immunized to ovalbumin (OVA) and were exposed with either single or multiple challenge of aerosolized phosphate-buffered saline (OVA/PBS) or OVA (OVA/OVA). Analysis of cells recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) revealed a diminished recruitment of neutrophils to the airway lumen after single challenge in IL-8r-/- mice compared with Wt mice, whereas multiply challenged IL-8r-/- mice had increased B cells and fewer neutrophils compared with Wt mice. Both Wt and IL-8r-/- OVA/OVA mice recruited similar numbers of eosinophils to the BAL fluid and exhibited comparable degrees of pulmonary inflammation histologically. Both total and OVA-specific IgE levels were greater in multiply challenged IL-8r-/- OVA/OVA mice than in Wt mice. Both the IL-8r-/- OVA/OVA and OVA/PBS mice were significantly less responsive to methacholine than their respective Wt groups, but both Wt and IL-8r mice showed similar degrees of enhancement after multiple allergen challenge. The data demonstrate that the IL-8r modulates IgE production, airway responsiveness, and the composition of the cells (B cells and neutrophils) recruited to the airway lumen in response to antigen.  (+info)

Lung fluid transport in aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-4 knockout mice. (7/61166)

The mammalian lung expresses water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) in microvascular endothelia and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in airway epithelia. To test whether these water channels facilitate fluid movement between airspace, interstitial, and capillary compartments, we measured passive and active fluid transport in AQP1 and AQP4 knockout mice. Airspace-capillary osmotic water permeability (Pf) was measured in isolated perfused lungs by a pleural surface fluorescence method. Pf was remarkably reduced in AQP1 (-/-) mice (measured in cm/s x 0.001, SE, n = 5-10: 17 +/- 2 [+/+]; 6.6 +/- 0.6 AQP1 [+/-]; 1.7 +/- 0.3 AQP1 [-/-]; 12 +/- 1 AQP4 [-/-]). Microvascular endothelial water permeability, measured by a related pleural surface fluorescence method in which the airspace was filled with inert perfluorocarbon, was reduced more than 10-fold in AQP1 (-/-) vs. (+/+) mice. Hydrostatically induced lung interstitial and alveolar edema was measured by a gravimetric method and by direct measurement of extravascular lung water. Both approaches indicated a more than twofold reduction in lung water accumulation in AQP1 (-/-) vs. (+/+) mice in response to a 5- to 10-cm H2O increase in pulmonary artery pressure for five minutes. Active, near-isosmolar alveolar fluid absorption (Jv) was measured in in situ perfused lungs using 125I-albumin as an airspace fluid volume marker. Jv (measured in percent fluid uptake at 30 min, n = 5) in (+/+) mice was 6.0 +/- 0.6 (37 degrees C), increased to 16 +/- 1 by beta-agonists, and inhibited to less than 2.0 by amiloride, ouabain, or cooling to 23 degrees C. Jv (with isoproterenol) was not affected by aquaporin deletion (18.9 +/- 2.2 [+/+]; 16.4 +/- 1.5 AQP1 [-/-]; 16.3 +/- 1.7 AQP4 [-/-]). These results indicate that osmotically driven water transport across microvessels in adult lung occurs by a transcellular route through AQP1 water channels and that the microvascular endothelium is a significant barrier for airspace-capillary osmotic water transport. AQP1 facilitates hydrostatically driven lung edema but is not required for active near-isosmolar absorption of alveolar fluid.  (+info)

GM-CSF-deficient mice are susceptible to pulmonary group B streptococcal infection. (8/61166)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-targeted mice (GM-/-) cleared group B streptococcus (GBS) from the lungs more slowly than wild-type mice. Expression of GM-CSF in the respiratory epithelium of GM-/- mice improved bacterial clearance to levels greater than that in wild-type GM+/+ mice. Acute aerosolization of GM-CSF to GM+/+ mice significantly enhanced clearance of GBS at 24 hours. GBS infection was associated with increased neutrophilic infiltration in lungs of GM-/- mice, while macrophage infiltrates predominated in wild-type mice, suggesting an abnormality in macrophage clearance of bacteria in the absence of GM-CSF. While phagocytosis of GBS was unaltered, production of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide was markedly deficient in macrophages from GM-/- mice. Lipid peroxidation, assessed by measuring the isoprostane 8-iso-PGF2alpha, was decreased in the lungs of GM-/- mice. GM-CSF plays an important role in GBS clearance in vivo, mediated in part by its role in enhancing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production and bacterial killing by alveolar macrophages.  (+info)

A "knockout" mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been deleted or "knocked out" using molecular biology techniques. This allows researchers to study the function of specific genes and their role in various biological processes, as well as potential associations with human diseases. The mice are generated by introducing targeted DNA modifications into embryonic stem cells, which are then used to create a live animal. Knockout mice have been widely used in biomedical research to investigate gene function, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

"Gene knockout techniques" refer to a group of biomedical research methods used in genetics and molecular biology to study the function of specific genes in an organism. These techniques involve introducing a deliberate, controlled genetic modification that results in the inactivation or "knockout" of a particular gene. This is typically achieved through various methods such as homologous recombination, where a modified version of the gene with inserted mutations is introduced into the organism's genome, replacing the original functional gene. The resulting organism, known as a "knockout mouse" or other model organisms, lacks the function of the targeted gene and can be used to study its role in biological processes, disease development, and potential therapeutic interventions.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Heterochromatin is a type of chromatin (the complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins that make up chromosomes) that is characterized by its tightly packed structure and reduced genetic activity. It is often densely stained with certain dyes due to its high concentration of histone proteins and other chromatin-associated proteins. Heterochromatin can be further divided into two subtypes: constitutive heterochromatin, which is consistently highly condensed and transcriptionally inactive throughout the cell cycle, and facultative heterochromatin, which can switch between a condensed, inactive state and a more relaxed, active state depending on the needs of the cell. Heterochromatin plays important roles in maintaining the stability and integrity of the genome by preventing the transcription of repetitive DNA sequences and protecting against the spread of transposable elements.

MedlinePlus is not a medical term, but rather a consumer health website that provides high-quality, accurate, and reliable health information, written in easy-to-understand language. It is produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the world's largest medical library, and is widely recognized as a trusted source of health information.

MedlinePlus offers information on various health topics, including conditions, diseases, tests, treatments, and wellness. It also provides access to drug information, medical dictionary, and encyclopedia, as well as links to clinical trials, medical news, and patient organizations. The website is available in both English and Spanish and can be accessed for free.

DNA methylation is a process by which methyl groups (-CH3) are added to the cytosine ring of DNA molecules, often at the 5' position of cytospine phosphate-deoxyguanosine (CpG) dinucleotides. This modification is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase enzymes and results in the formation of 5-methylcytosine.

DNA methylation plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression, genomic imprinting, X chromosome inactivation, and suppression of transposable elements. Abnormal DNA methylation patterns have been associated with various diseases, including cancer, where tumor suppressor genes are often silenced by promoter methylation.

In summary, DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic modification that influences gene expression and genome stability, and its dysregulation has important implications for human health and disease.

Consumer health information (CHI) refers to the resources and materials that provide health information and education to the general public, who are not necessarily healthcare professionals. CHI is designed to be understandable and accessible to laypeople, and it covers a wide range of topics related to health and wellness, including:

* Diseases and conditions
* Preventive care and healthy lifestyles
* Medications and treatments
* Medical tests and procedures
* Healthcare services and facilities
* Patient rights and responsibilities

CHI can be found in various formats, such as pamphlets, brochures, websites, videos, podcasts, and social media. It is essential to ensure that CHI is accurate, unbiased, and up-to-date to help consumers make informed decisions about their health and healthcare. The goal of CHI is to empower individuals to take an active role in managing their health and making healthcare choices that are right for them.

In a medical context, masks are typically used as personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne particles and contaminants. They can also help prevent the spread of respiratory droplets from the wearer to others, which is particularly important in clinical settings where patients may have infectious diseases.

There are several types of masks used in medical settings, including:

1. Medical Masks: These are loose-fitting, disposable masks that create a physical barrier between the mouth and nose of the wearer and potential contaminants in the immediate environment. They are commonly used by healthcare professionals during medical procedures to protect themselves and patients from respiratory droplets and aerosols.
2. N95 Respirators: These are tight-fitting masks that can filter out both large droplets and small aerosol particles, including those containing viruses. They offer a higher level of protection than medical masks and are recommended for use in healthcare settings where there is a risk of exposure to airborne contaminants, such as during certain medical procedures or when caring for patients with infectious diseases like tuberculosis or COVID-19.
3. Surgical N95 Respirators: These are a specialized type of N95 respirator designed for use in surgical settings. They have a clear plastic window that allows the wearer's mouth and nose to be visible, which is useful during surgery where clear communication and identification of the wearer's facial features are important.
4. Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPRs): These are motorized masks that use a fan to draw air through a filter, providing a continuous supply of clean air to the wearer. They offer a high level of protection and are often used in healthcare settings where there is a risk of exposure to highly infectious diseases or hazardous substances.

It's important to note that masks should be used in conjunction with other infection prevention measures, such as hand hygiene and social distancing, to provide the best possible protection against respiratory illnesses.

A knockout mouse, or knock-out mouse, is a genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) in which researchers have inactivated, or ... The website for ordering ES cells and mice generated by TIGM Creating Knockout Mice for Targeting Vector from Knockout Mice ... community model organism database for the laboratory mouse Homologous Recombination Method (and Knockout Mouse) Knockout Mice ... Millions of knockout mice are used in experiments each year. There are several thousand different strains of knockout mice. ...
... Knockout Mouse Project (KOMP) Repository North American Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis ( ... The International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) is a scientific endeavour to produce a collection of mouse embryonic stem ... International Mouse Knockout Consortium (2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9-13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018 ... 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337-42. doi: ...
Transgenic mice generated to carry cloned oncogenes and knockout mice lacking tumor suppressing genes have provided good models ... A genetically modified mouse or genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) is a mouse (Mus musculus) that has had its genome ... The most common type is the knockout mouse, where the activity of a single (or in some cases multiple) genes are removed. They ... Genetically modified mice are used extensively in research as models of human disease. Mice are a useful model for genetic ...
"Knockout Mouse Project (KOMP) Repository". KOMP. 2010-08-01. Retrieved 2013-08-01. "EMMA - the European Mouse Mutant Archive". ... IMPReSS was launched in 2011 to help the IMPC achieve its goal of characterizing a knockout mouse strain for every gene and ... Around 30% of all targeted gene knockouts in mice result in embryonic or perinatal death. The effects of these mutations cannot ... Mouse strains generated by the IMPC partners are deposited at the KOMP repository and the European Mutant Mouse Archive. In ...
... knockout mice with more complete defects in the immune system have been constructed (e.g. RAG1 and RAG2 knockout mice). For ... Humans with mutations in FOXN1 also are athymic and immune deficient.) Mice with a targeted deletion in the FOXN1 ("knockout" ... A nude mouse is a laboratory mouse from a strain with a genetic mutation that causes a deteriorated or absent thymus, resulting ... The phenotype (main outward appearance) of the mouse is a lack of body hair, which gives it the "nude" nickname. The nude mouse ...
The two most common types of genetically modified mice are knockout mice and oncomice. Knockout mice are a type of mouse model ... "Knockout Mice". National Human Genome Research Institute. August 27, 2015. Genetically modified mouse#cite note-8 Venken, K. J ... In order to create knockout mice, a transgene with the desired sequence is inserted into an isolated mouse blastocyst using ... Mouse cells were first transformed in 1979, followed by mouse embryos in 1980. Most of the very first transmutations were ...
The technology has also been used to generate mice with genes knocked out. The first recorded knockout mouse was created by ... "Knockout Mice". National Human Genome Research Institute. Hanahan, D.; Wagner, E. F.; Palmiter, R. D. (2007). "The origins of ... The mice appeared normal, but after using radioactive probes he discovered that the virus had integrated itself into the mice ... However the mice did not pass the transgene to their offspring. In 1981 the laboratories of Frank Ruddle, Frank Constantini and ...
"Knockout Mice". Nation Human Genome Research Institute. 2009. Fischer A, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Cavazzana-Calvo M (June 2010). "20 ... Gain of function experiments, the logical counterpart of knockouts. These are sometimes performed in conjunction with knockout ... In a simple knockout a copy of the desired gene has been altered to make it non-functional. Embryonic stem cells incorporate ... As well as inserting genes, the process can be used to remove, or "knock out", genes. The new DNA can be inserted randomly, or ...
Why this is the case, we are not really sure." Oncomouse Knockout mice Transhumanism Hakimi, P.; Yang, J.; Casadesus, G.; ... PEPCK-Cmus mice are genetically modified mice (Mus musculus) which as a result of their modification have up to 100 times the ... Professor Hanson noted that PEPCK-Cmus mice, dubbed "the mighty mice", "are metabolically similar to Lance Armstrong biking up ... They are 10 times more active than ordinary mice in their home cage. They also live longer - up to three years of age - and are ...
... www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Knockout-Mice-Fact-Sheet 10. Lloyd K. C. (2011). A knockout mouse resource for the ... mice bred in the laboratory. Conditional gene knockouts in mice are often used to study human diseases because many genes ... The knockout mouse project. Nature genetics, 36(9), 921-924. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0904-921 9. Knockout Mice Fact Sheet. (n ... 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337-342. doi: ...
Friedel RH, Wurst W, Wefers B, Kühn R (2011). "Generating Conditional Knockout Mice". Transgenic Mouse Methods and Protocols. ... Sakamoto K, Gurumurthy CB, Wagner K (2014), Singh SR, Coppola V (eds.), "Generation of Conditional Knockout Mice", Mouse ... Further, these knockouts can be inducible. In several mouse studies, tamoxifen is used to induce the Cre recombinase. In this ... Hall B, Limaye A, Kulkarni AB (September 2009). "Overview: generation of gene knockout mice". Current Protocols in Cell Biology ...
Studies with knockout mice". Cerebellum. 1 (4): 241-58. doi:10.1080/147342202320883551. PMID 12879963. S2CID 25917565. ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Cates MS, Teodoro ...
... the project uses knockout mice most of which were generated by the International Knockout Mouse Consortium. For each mutant ... Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta ... Karp NA, Melvin D, Mott RF (2012). "Robust and sensitive analysis of mouse knockout phenotypes". PLoS ONE. 7 (12): e52410. ... July 2013). "Genome-wide Generation and Systematic Phenotyping of Knockout Mice Reveals New Roles for Many Genes". Cell. 154 (2 ...
Cells in Cdk2 knockout mice likely undergo fewer divisions, contributing to the reduction in body size. Germ cells also stop ... "Cdk2 knockout mice are viable". Current Biology. 13 (20): 1775-85. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2003.09.024. PMID 14561402. S2CID 14320937 ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Tsai LH, Harlow E, ... When Cdk2 was deleted in mice, the animals remained viable despite a reduction in body size. However, meiotic function of both ...
In comparison with wild-type mice, double knockout mice exhibited different diseases course post brain injury. It indicated ... Knockout mice display cognition problems; there is disruption in memory consolidation as well as disruption between memory ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Jung JS, Bhat RV, ... The method that was used to discover the existence of the transport channels was through knockout experiments. With this ...
... mice (see Knockout mouse). About 95% of EP4(-/-) mice die within 3 days of birth due to the pulmonary congestion and heart ... mice to re-absorb bone when induced to do so and the infusion of PGE2 into mice failed to stimulate bone absorption. ... Mice lacking this receptor or treated with a selective EP4 antagonist proved to be far more susceptible to the development of ... In mice, this is accomplished by turning off the mechanism which maintains the ductus's patency. Continuous activation of EP4 ...
... knockout mice had increased post-natal regeneration of muscle after injury. However, these mice showed no deficits in ... BHLHE41 knockout mice, also known as BHLHE41 -/- or BHLHE41 null, showed no change in their free-running period with respect to ... These effects are not seen in BHLHE41 knockout mice. As such, scholars believe the Dec2-P385R mutation is a dominant negative ... After being exposed to an in vivo model of allergic asthma, BHLHE41 knockout mice show decreased TH2 cytokine production, ...
These mice demonstrate no developmental defects. The knockout STAT2 and double knockout STAT mice in Vesicular stromatitis ... Additionally, the double knockout STAT2 mice are more sensitive to mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV), severe fever thrombocytopenia ... STAT2 knockout mice are unresponsive to type I IFN and extremely vulnerable to viral infection. They indicate the loss of the ... In double knockout STAT2 mice, an increased proliferation of M1, M2, and M1/M2 coexpressing macrophages during influenza- ...
By using this technique to target particular alleles in embryonic stem cells in mice, it is possible to create knockout mice. ... That method has since been developed for other organisms, particularly research animals, like mice. Knockout mice are commonly ... and mice. In mice, gene knockouts are commonly used to study the function of specific genes in development, physiology, and ... Additionally, gene knockouts are not always a good model for human disease as the mouse genome is not identical to the human ...
IP gene knockout mice (i.e. IP(-/-) mice) exhibit increased tendency to thrombosis in response to experimentally-induced ... IP(-/-) mice exhibit little or no writhing responses in an acetic acid-induced pain model. The mouse IP receptor also appears ... may underlie the ability of IP gene knockout in an ApoE(−/−) mouse model to cause an accelerated rate of developing ... IP receptor-deficient mice exhibited increased lung inflammation in a model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis while mice ...
... (October 2001). "Knockout mice and test-tube babies". Nature Medicine. 7 (10): 1079-1080. doi:10.1038/ ...
Crawley, Jacqueline N. (2007-05-11). What's Wrong With My Mouse?: Behavioral Phenotyping of Transgenic and Knockout Mice. John ... doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2012.00864.x. Wahlsten, Douglas (2010-10-22). Mouse Behavioral Testing: How To Use Mice in Behavioral ... Crusio, Wim E. (March 2013). "Mouse behavioral testing. How to use mice in behavioral research - by Douglas Wahlsten". Genes, ... He is known for his laboratory research on the behavior of mice, and for his theoretical writings on a wide range of other ...
Knockout mice have been generated for FANCA. However, both single and double knockout murine models are healthy, viable, and do ... Immunochemical study of mouse tissue indicates that FANCA is present at a higher level in lymphoid tissues, the testis and the ... Cheng NC, van de Vrugt HJ, van der Valk MA, Oostra AB, Krimpenfort P, de Vries Y, Joenje H, Berns A, Arwert F (2000). "Mice ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Entrez Gene: FANCA ...
Wolfer, D. P. (2002). "J.N. Crawley: What's wrong with my mouse? Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice". Genes ... What's wrong with my mouse: Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ (2007) 523 ... She has co-edited 4 books and is the author of What's Wrong With my Mouse? Behavioral Phenotyping of Transgenic and Knockout ... especially mice. Early in her career, she developed the light-dark mouse exploration test, and showed that it is a valid test ...
Per2 knockout mice show arrhythmic locomotor activity. The gene ASB1, associated with eveningness and a tendency to day-napping ... In mice, gene ablation of Rgs16 lengthens the circadian period of behavioural rhythm. By temporally regulating cAMP signalling ... Chronotypes have also been investigated in other species, such as fruit flies and mice. Normal variation in chronotype ... November 2007). "High-fat diet disrupts behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms in mice". Cell Metabolism. 6 (5): 414-21. ...
... knockout mice have been used as an animal model of autism. Mice without the Eif4ebp2 gene exhibited autism-like ... Knockout mice have high levels of Neuroligins. EIF4EBP2 has been shown to interact with EIF4E. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Pause A, Belsham GJ ... and chromosome mapping of mouse and human eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding proteins 1 and 2". Genomics. 38 (3): 353-63. ...
"Delayed wound healing in CXCR2 knockout mice". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 115 (2): 234-244. doi:10.1046/j.1523- ... An initial study in mice showed evidence that CXCL1 decreased the severity of multiple sclerosis and may offer a neuro- ... "Neuroprotection and remyelination after autoimmune demyelination in mice that inducibly overexpress CXCL1". The American ...
... knockout mice show seemingly normal development. "Thus SGK1 is either not a crucial element in the regulation of cell ... can effectively replace SGK1 function in the SGK1 knockout mice". It has been suggested that this kinase plays a critical role ...
... knockout mice die right after birth. The mice showed no developing organs such as lungs, salivary glands, kidney or ... Studies of the mouse homolog suggested that this gene is required for embryonic epidermal morphogenesis including brain ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Emoto H, Tagashira ... "Fgf10 is an oncogene activated by MMTV insertional mutagenesis in mouse mammary tumors and overexpressed in a subset of human ...
Knock-out mice with the targeted inactivation of the expression of alpha-synuclein show impaired spatial learning and working ... In addition, alpha-synuclein knockout mice display a higher level of DSBs, and this problem can be alleviated by transgenic ... Kokhan VS, Afanasyeva MA, Van'kin GI (May 2012). "α-Synuclein knockout mice have cognitive impairments". Behavioural Brain ... "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Genetics Home ...
A conditional knockout mouse line, called Rhoutm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse ... Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. "International Knockout Mouse Consortium". "Mouse Genome Informatics ... Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta ... Dolgin E (June 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262-3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718. ...
A knockout mouse, or knock-out mouse, is a genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) in which researchers have inactivated, or ... The website for ordering ES cells and mice generated by TIGM Creating Knockout Mice for Targeting Vector from Knockout Mice ... community model organism database for the laboratory mouse Homologous Recombination Method (and Knockout Mouse) Knockout Mice ... Millions of knockout mice are used in experiments each year. There are several thousand different strains of knockout mice. ...
... the hearing thresholds and effects of acoustic overexposure on the cochlea were examined in TRPV4 knockout … ... the hearing thresholds and effects of acoustic overexposure on the cochlea were examined in TRPV4 knockout mice. TRPV4 knockout ... Hearing impairment in TRPV4 knockout mice Neurosci Lett. 2005 Jul 15;382(3):304-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.03.035. Epub 2005 ... The auditory threshold shift was significantly larger in the TRPV4 knockout than in the TRPV4+/+ mice 1 week after the acoustic ...
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated NHEJ in mouse embryos will be used to generate founder animals harboring insertion/deletion (indel) or ... Generation of Knockout Mice using Electroporation * Generation of Knock-in Mice Using Single-Stranded Oligodeoxynucleotides ( ... If the guide RNAs were (i) tested in mouse embryos by the core and the core approved their use based on the genotyping results ... If the guide RNAs were not tested in mouse embryos or the investigator conducts their own genotyping, there will be no reduced ...
A knockout mouse, or knock-out mouse, is a genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) in which researchers have inactivated, or ... Millions of knockout mice are used in experiments each year.[3]. Strains Edit A knockout mouse (left) that is a model for ... Creating Knockout Mice for Targeting Vector from Knockout Mice Research(KMR) - A website for ordering embryonic stem cells, ... The Knock Out Mouse Project (KOMP) Repository website - The website for ordering ES cells, vectors, and mice generated by the ...
Knockout mice. 5-HT2c/5-HT2b. 5-HT1a v 5-HT1b. MDMA and 5-HT1a. Suicide and 5-HT1a. 5-HT1a and F11440. 5-HT1a and anxiety. A ... Increased anxiety of mice. lacking the serotonin1A receptor by. Parks CL, Robinson PS, Sibille E, Shenk T, Toth M.. Howard ... We have inactivated the gene encoding the 5-HT1A receptor in mice and found that receptor-deficient animals have an increased ...
... Brain. 2022 Mar 29;145(1):45-63. doi: 10.1093/ ... A variety of (tissue-specific) Ndufs4 knockout mouse models were developed to study the Leigh syndrome pathomechanism and ... and review how the analysis of Ndufs4 knockout mouse models has generated new insights into the MC1ND1/Leigh syndrome ...
The Ptch mutant mice provide the first mouse model, to our knowledge, of ultraviolet and ionizing radiation-induced basal cell ... The mouse basal cell carcinomas and trichoblastoma-like tumors resemble human basal cell carcinomas in their loss of normal ... We report here that Ptch+/- mice develop primordial follicular neoplasms resembling human trichoblastomas, and that exposure to ... Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation enhance the growth of BCCs and trichoblastomas in patched heterozygous knockout mice. * ...
See Taconic Biosciences Constitutive Knock Out mouse, model # Sirt4 ... Mouse. The knockout models are designed to be null alleles. Due to compensatory genetic mechanisms, knockout status cannot be ... For most lines, the mouse ES cells used in generating the model are of the 129S5 strain. Lines are stored primarily as ... A minimum of four (4) mutant mice, heterozygous for the selected mutation on a mixed 129S5;B6 background. ...
See Taconic Biosciences Constitutive Knock Out mouse, model # Usp49 ... Mouse. The knockout models are designed to be null alleles. Due to compensatory genetic mechanisms, knockout status cannot be ... For most lines, the mouse ES cells used in generating the model are of the 129S5 strain. Lines are stored primarily as ... A minimum of four (4) mutant mice, heterozygous for the selected mutation on a mixed 129S5;B6 background. ...
Distension-induced discharges in mouse bladder afferents. A, Wild-type mice (P2X3+/+).B, P2X3 knock-out mice (P2X3 −/−). The ... Data representative of ann = 8 for P2X3-wild type mice (P2X3+/+) and ann = 6 for P2X3-knock-out mice (P2X3 −/−). ... Wild-type control mice (P2X3+/+). Right, P2X3 knock-out mice (P2X3−/−). Agonists (α,β-meATP, 100 μm; ATP, 1 mm; capsaicin, 30 μ ... P2X3 Knock-Out Mice Reveal a Major Sensory Role for Urothelially Released ATP. Mila Vlaskovska, Lubomir Kasakov, Weifang Rong, ...
... and 10-month-old sAnk1 knockout (KO) mice, while additional structural alterations only develop with aging. To verify whether ... and 10-month-old sAnk1 KO mice. The SR Ca2+ content was reduced in sAnk1 KO mice regardless of age. The amplitude of the Ca2+ ... and 10-month-old KO mice compared to WT. These data suggest that the absence of sAnk1 results in an impairment of SR Ca2+ ... muscle fibers indicated that the frequency of sparks was significantly lower in fibers from 4-month-old KO mice compared to WT ...
... a hypothesis that can be tested using genetic knockout mice.. The decrease in hippocampal neuronal number in the L1 knockout ... 1998) L1 knockout mice show dilated ventricles, vermis hypoplasia and impaired exploration patterns. Hum Mol Genet 7:999-1009. ... Toward this end, L1 knockout mice have been generated in two laboratories by homologous recombination (Cohen et al., 1997; ... The enlarged ventricular system in the L1 knockout mice studied here was in agreement with a magnetic resonance imaging study ...
Jessica Fowler and colleagues made a mouse model lacking the immunoglobulin recombination enzyme, RAG-2. Inoculation of RAG-2 ... null mice with multiple myeloma cells causes tumor formation in the bone marrow and osteolytic bone disease, similar to human ...
Reproduction and maternal behavior in insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) knockout mice. Vi Pham, Peta Burns, Anthony L ... Reproduction and maternal behavior in insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) knockout mice. In: Peptides. 2009 ; Vol. 30, No. ... Reproduction and maternal behavior in insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) knockout mice. / Pham, Vi; Burns, Peta; Albiston ... We assessed the reproductive and maternal profile of global IRAP knock out mice. No differences in the reproductive profile ...
... lipids and oxidative stress markers in lungs from ADAM33 knock out mice that were challenged with allergen using proteomics, ... Study of proteins, lipids and oxidative stress markers in lungs from ADAM33 knock out mice that were challenged with allergen ...
California at Riverside as they present about Mechanisms and Biomarkers of Sensory Hypersensitivity in the fmr1 Knockout Mouse. ... Mechanisms and Biomarkers of Sensory Hypersensitivity in the fmr1 Knockout Mouse FRAXA Research Foundation Binder, Devin • ... This is particularly prevalent in the auditory modality with both humans with FXS and the mouse model (fmr1 KO mouse) showing ... Using in vivo single neuron and EEG recordings, we have found that the fmr1 KO (compared to WT) mouse cortical neurons show ...
Altered neuron excitability and synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar granular layer of juvenile prion protein knock-out mice ... "Altered neuron excitability and synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar granular layer of juvenile prion protein knock-out mice ... In this investigation, we considered the effect of PrP gene knock-out (PrP0/0) on cerebellar neural circuits and in particular ... At the third postnatal week, when PrP expression would normally attain mature levels, PrP0/0 mice showed low performance in the ...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Animals, Binding Sites, Copper, Ligands, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Mitochondria, Molecular ... CCS knockout mice establish an alternative source of copper for SOD in ALS. ... CCS knockout mice establish an alternative source of copper for SOD in ALS.. ...
88 Tag Stable Y-LIZ DNA Polymerase-β Knockout Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cell Line from Applied Biological Materials (ABM). Cat ... abm , COX10 Stable Knockout Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line , T6303To generate the COX10 Stable Knockout Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line ... abm , Stable Bcl-x Knockout Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cell Line , T6080The Stable Bcl-x Knockout Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast ... abm , Rieske ISP Stable Knockout Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line , T6304To generate the Rieske ISP Stable Knockout Mouse Fibroblast ...
N1 - Keywords: Animals; Biological Transport; Carbazoles; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glucose; Isoenzymes; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; ... note = Keywords: Animals; Biological Transport; Carbazoles; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glucose; Isoenzymes; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout ... title = Knockout of the predominant conventional PKC isoform, PKCalpha, in mouse skeletal muscle does not affect contraction- ... T1 - Knockout of the predominant conventional PKC isoform, PKCalpha, in mouse skeletal muscle does not affect contraction- ...
Rienecker, KDA, Chavasse, AT, Moorwood, K, Ward, A & Isles, AR 2020, Detailed analysis of paternal knockout Grb10 mice ... Dive into the research topics of Detailed analysis of paternal knockout Grb10 mice suggests effects on stability of social ... Detailed analysis of paternal knockout Grb10 mice suggests effects on stability of social behavior, rather than social ... Detailed analysis of paternal knockout Grb10 mice suggests effects on stability of social behavior, rather than social ...
Nicotine responses in hypersensitive and knockout alpha 4 mice account for tolerance to both hypothermia and locomotor ... Nicotine responses in hypersensitive and knockout alpha 4 mice account for tolerance to both hypothermia and locomotor ... Nicotine responses in hypersensitive and knockout alpha 4 mice account for tolerance to both hypothermia and locomotor ... suppression in wild-type mice. Physiol Genomics. 2007 Nov 14; 31(3):422-8. ...
To this end, respiration of unrestrained adult and neonatal adenosine A1 receptor knockout mice (A(1)R(-/-)) was measured in a ... To this end, respiration of unrestrained adult and neonatal adenosine A1 receptor knockout mice (A(1)R(-/-)) was measured in a ... The in vivo respiratory phenotype of the adenosine A1 receptor knockout mouse ... mice. Under more severe hypoxia (6-10% O-2) A(1)R(+/+) mice showed, after a transient increase of respiration, a decrease of ...
... and the role of pro-BDNF utilising a knockout mouse model. ... Knockout mice Abstract. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF ... Pro-BDNF Knockout Causes Abnormal Motor Behaviours and Early Death in Mice. H Li;LY L;Y Zhang;Y Lim;M Rahman;A Beck;M Al-Hawwas ... In order to elucidate pro-BDNFs explicit role, we established a pro-BDNF knockout (KO) mouse model. This BDNF pro-domain KO ... Pro-BDNF Knockout Causes Abnormal Motor Behaviours and Early Death in Mice ...
Wild-type mice and NPC1L1−/− (NPC1L1 knockout) mice were treated with azoxymethane (AOM)-dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce ... NPC1L1 knockout also reduced lymphadenectasis what may be caused by inflammation. NPC1L1 knockout in mice decreased β-catenin ... NPC1L1 knockout decreased plasma total cholesterol and phospholipid. NPC1L1−/− mice had significant lower intestinal ... NPC1L1−/− mice significantly had fewer tumors than wild-type. The ratio of malignant/tumor in NPC1L1−/− mice was significantly ...
... mutations utilising Ambn knockout-NLS-lacZ Knockin Mice. ... Homozygous Ambn mutant mice expressing an internally truncated ... AMBN Mutations Causing Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta and Ambn knockout-NLS-lacZ Knockin Mice Exhibiting Failed ... AMBN Mutations Causing Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta and Ambn knockout-NLS-lacZ Knockin Mice Exhibiting Failed ... AMBN Mutations Causing Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta and Ambn knockout-NLS-lacZ Knockin Mice Exhibiting Failed ...
Cyagen Knockout Catalog Models repository provides over 10,000 ready-to-use KO mouse strains, 100% pure B6 background, ... Knockout Mice ● Point Mutation Mice ● Large-fragment Knockin Mice (any locus) ● Large-fragment Knockin Mice (ROSA26) ... TurboKnockout® Knockout & Conditional KO Mice ● TurboKnockout® Humanized and Knockin Mice ● ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin ... Regular Transgenic Mice ● Transgenic Mouse Embryos ● PiggyBac Transgenic Mice ● PiggyBac Transgenic Mouse Embryos ● PiggyBac-on ...
New Design Guide For Cre-lox Conditional Knockout Mouse Models. May 11, 2020 ingenious Off ... 6 Facts You May Not Know About Cre-Lox The basics of conditional knockout mice are familiar to any researcher who... ... Control of Your Tissue-Specific Animal Model The Cre-lox system is commonly used to provide tissue-specific gene knockout. In ...
For 40 years families in the New York Metro area have been relying on Knockout Pest Control to keep their home free from pests ... Facts About Mice. If youve ever had mice in your house, you may think you are an expert on them. However, there are plenty of ... Prevent Mice Before It Gets Cold!. Its that time of year again-rodents are on the move and want inside your house! Though mice ... Is It Mice or Rats?. Mice and rats are common in New York homes, apartments, and businesses. Not only do they pose health risks ...
Cyagen Biosciences specializes in generating knockout/transgenic mice, rats and cell line models, as well as virus packaging, ... How does Cyagen house its mice?. Cyagens top priority is to provide high quality mouse and rat models. Our facilities are ... The key difference between transgenic and gene targeted (knockout or knockin) animals is that in knockout and knockin models ... microinjection of mouse or rat embryos, and breeding and genotyping of the resulting animals. For enhancer testing in mouse ...
  • You can quickly query the required genetically engineered global knockout (KO) mouse, conditional knockout (cKO/floxed) mouse and microRNA KO mouse strains by simply entering the gene name. (cyagen.com)
  • 6 Facts You May Not Know About Cre-Lox The basics of conditional knockout mice are familiar to any researcher who. (genetargeting.com)
  • In order to determine the physiological function of GSKIP, in particular its involvement in PKA and GSK3β signalling, a conditional knockout (KO) mouse model had been developed. (fu-berlin.de)
  • To directly assess the role of nNOS in mdz muscle, we generated dystrophin-nNOS double knockout mice by mating nNOS single knockout mice with mdx mice. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The double knockout mice are indistinguishable from the rndx mice in terms of dystrophic muscle morphology and sarcolemma membrane damage. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • For addressing the in vivo role of TRPV5 and calbindin-D 28K in the maintenance of the Ca 2+ balance, single- and double-knockout mice of TRPV5 and calbindin-D 28K (TRPV5 -/- , calbindin-D 28K -/- , and TRPV5 -/- /calbindin-D 28K -/- ) were characterized. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • The phenotype of the L1 mutant mouse indicates that it is a potentially valuable model for the human CRASH syndrome. (jneurosci.org)
  • This BDNF pro-domain KO mouse model showed significant weight loss, impaired righting reflex, abnormal motor behaviours and short lifespan (less than 22 days), mimicking a Huntington's disease (HD)-like phenotype. (ozgene.com)
  • The AGAT-knockout phenotype of calcium handling was fully reversed by dietary creatine supplementation throughout life. (ox.ac.uk)
  • AKR1D1 knockout mice develop a sex-dependent metabolic phenotype. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Akr1d1-/- mice had a sex-specific metabolic phenotype. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A 100 % penetrant phenotype in GSKIP KO mice is the incomplete closure of the palatal shelves. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Here, we explored the role of NPC1L1 in colorectal tumorigenesis in vivo by using transgenic mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • White heterozygous mice can subsequently be crossed to produce mice that are homozygous for the knocked out gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • A minimum of four (4) mutant mice, heterozygous for the selected mutation on a mixed 129S5;B6 background. (taconic.com)
  • T6080The Stable Bcl-x Knockout Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cell Line was generated from embryos of a pregnant mouse heterozygous for. (topsan.org)
  • Heterozygous (Het) mice showed impaired learning and memory capability and depressive-like behaviours, compared with wild type (WT) mice. (ozgene.com)
  • There are several thousand different strains of knockout mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Cyagen Knockout Catalog Models repository provides a searchable listing of over 16k mouse strains in more than 20 research fields, including oncology, cardiology, and neurology. (cyagen.com)
  • These mice strains were fed two Ca 2+ diets (0.02 and 2% wt/wt) to investigate the influence of dietary Ca 2+ content on the Ca 2+ balance. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • Using in vivo single neuron and EEG recordings, we have found that the fmr1 KO (compared to WT) mouse cortical neurons show increased responses to individual sounds even well after sound offset, reduced habituation to ongoing sounds, increased background noise in the gamma frequency band and reduced temporal fidelity. (fraxa.org)
  • Here, to confirm that cPKC activity is required for contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse muscles, contraction-stimulated glucose uptake ex vivo was first evaluated in the presence of three commonly used cPKC inhibitors (calphostin C, G{\'o}-6976, and G{\'o}-6983) in incubated mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. (ku.dk)
  • However, in muscles from PKCalpha knockout (KO) mice, neither contraction- nor phorbol ester-stimulated glucose uptake ex vivo differed compared with the wild type. (ku.dk)
  • In vivo, cardiac-gated, black-blood, and ex vivo magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) images of the aortic root, and histopathology data were obtained from 12 transgenic and wild-type (WT) mice. (mssm.edu)
  • Given the expression of IRAP in areas of the brain associated with oxytocin modulated maternal behavior, we also investigated whether the IRAP global knockout mice had improved maternal responses. (monash.edu)
  • Akr1d1-/- mice were generated on a C57BL/6 background. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here, we used myeloperoxidase knockout B6.129X1-MPO (MPO k/o) mice and showed that oxidation and clearance of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) from the lungs of these animals after pharyngeal aspiration was markedly less effective whereas the inflammatory response was more robust than in wild-type C57Bl/6 mice. (cdc.gov)
  • B6.129X1-MPO (MPO k/o) vs wild-type C57Bl/6 mice (w/t) and induction of mesotheliomas) [8,9]. (cdc.gov)
  • A knockout mouse, or knock-out mouse, is a genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) in which researchers have inactivated, or "knocked out", an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • By causing a specific gene to be inactive in the mouse, and observing any differences from normal behaviour or physiology, researchers can infer its probable function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gene knockout in rats is much harder and has only been possible since 2003. (wikipedia.org)
  • Consequently, observing the characteristics of knockout mice gives researchers information that can be used to better understand how a similar gene may cause or contribute to disease in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many mouse models are named after the gene that has been inactivated. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, the p53 knockout mouse is named after the p53 gene which codes for a protein that normally suppresses the growth of tumours by arresting cell division and/or inducing apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gene to be knocked out is isolated from a mouse gene library. (wikipedia.org)
  • Usually, the new sequence is also given a marker gene, a gene that normal mice don't have and that confers resistance to a certain toxic agent (e.g., neomycin) or that produces an observable change (e.g. colour or fluorescence). (wikipedia.org)
  • A laboratory mouse in which a gene affecting hair growth has been knocked out (left) is shown next to a normal lab mouse. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have inactivated the gene encoding the 5-HT1A receptor in mice and found that receptor-deficient animals have an increased tendency to avoid a novel and fearful environment and to escape a stressful situation, behaviors consistent with an increased anxiety and stress response. (biopsychiatry.com)
  • The mouse basal cell carcinomas and trichoblastoma-like tumors resemble human basal cell carcinomas in their loss of normal hemidesmosomal components, presence of p53 mutations, frequent loss of the normal remaining Ptch allele, and activation of hedgehog target gene transcription. (nature.com)
  • The Ptch mutant mice provide the first mouse model, to our knowledge, of ultraviolet and ionizing radiation-induced basal cell carcinoma-like tumors, and also demonstrate that Ptch inactivation and hedgehog target gene activation are essential for basal cell carcinoma tumorigenesis. (nature.com)
  • P2X 3 -positive staining was completely absent in the subepithelial plexus of the P2X 3 − /− mice, whereas staining for calcitonin gene-related peptide and vanilloid receptor 1 receptors remained. (jneurosci.org)
  • Inducible Control of Your Tissue-Specific Animal Model The Cre-lox system is commonly used to provide tissue-specific gene knockout. (genetargeting.com)
  • The key difference between transgenic and gene targeted (knockout or knockin) animals is that in knockout and knockin models the genomic changes are targeted, meaning a desired DNA sequence is altered at a specific locus in the target genome via homologous recombination, with an engineered segment of DNA replacing a homologous endogenous segment. (cyagen.com)
  • Knockouts (KO) and knockins (KI) are both types of gene targeting, and differ from one another in the functional outcome for the targeted gene. (cyagen.com)
  • Knockouts are changes that result in the inactivation of the targeted gene, such that the locus makes no gene product, or makes only a nonfunctional gene product. (cyagen.com)
  • If the cut site is in the coding region of a gene, this will result in frameshift mutations downstream of the site, generating a knockout. (cyagen.com)
  • Compared to WT mice, KO mice showed a reduced concentration of plasma ketone bodies and decreased mRNA expression of the ketogenic enzyme gene Hmgcs2 in the liver and brain under FD conditions. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • T6303To generate the COX10 Stable Knockout Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line, a primary skin fibroblast culture was established from a knockin mouse. (topsan.org)
  • The Binder laboratory has recently developed multielectrode array (MEA) technology for application to physiological studies of Fragile X syndrome (FXS) mutant mice and to localize the onset of epilepsy after brain trauma (posttraumatic epilepsy). (fraxa.org)
  • To study the mechanisms by which loss of PrP function may underlie changes in vulnerability to epilepsy in disease, we used several acute epilepsy models: we applied a variety of convulsant treatments (zero-magnesium, bicuculline, and pentylenetetrazol) to slices in vitro from PrP knockout (Prnp0/0) and control mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In all three epilepsy models, we found that longer delays and/or higher concentrations of convulsants were necessary to generate spontaneous epileptiform activity in Prnp0/0 mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Knockout and Knockins are usually made using homologous recombination in ES cells, but nuclease-mediated genome editing using TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 can also be used to generate knockouts or small sequence changes. (cyagen.com)
  • To create such knockout animals, labs use the cre-lox system that modulates the genomic DNA through homologous recombination. (pxl.be)
  • Is It Mice or Rats? (linx.com)
  • Mice and rats are common in New York homes, apartments, and businesses. (linx.com)
  • Carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity in rats and mice exposed to chloroform by inhalation. (who.int)
  • The present study explores the possible involvement of a purinergic mechanism in mechanosensory transduction in the bladder using P2X 3 receptor knock-out (P2X 3 − /− ) and wild-type control (P2X 3 +/+ ) mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • We found group-housed Grb10 +/p mice do not show evidence of enhanced social dominance, but cages containing Grb10 +/p and wild-type mice lacked the normal correlation between three different measures of social rank. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Nicotine responses in hypersensitive and knockout alpha 4 mice account for tolerance to both hypothermia and locomotor suppression in wild-type mice. (umassmed.edu)
  • Wild-type mice and NPC1L1 −/− (NPC1L1 knockout) mice were treated with azoxymethane (AOM)-dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis-associated colorectal tumorigenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NPC1L1 −/− mice significantly had fewer tumors than wild-type. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ratio of malignant/tumor in NPC1L1 −/− mice was significantly lower than in wild-type 20 weeks after AOM-DSS treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NPC1L1 was highly expressed in the small intestine of wild-type mice but its expression was undetectable in colorectal mucous membranes or tumors in either group. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NPC1L1 −/− mice had significant lower intestinal inflammation scores and expressed inflammatory markers p-c-Jun, p-ERK and Caspase-1 p20 lower than wild-type. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We studied how the absence of a functional CK system influences calcium handling in isolated cardiomyocytes from AGAT-knockouts and wild-type littermates as well as in AGAT-knockout mice receiving lifelong creatine supplementation via the food. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Using a combination of whole cell patch clamp and fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate that the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) current amplitude and voltage range of activation were significantly lower in AGAT-knockout compared with wild-type littermates. (ox.ac.uk)
  • According to our modeling results, these changes can be reproduced by reducing three parameters in knockout mice when compared with wild-type: LTCC conductance, the exchange constant of Ca2+ transfer between subspace and cytosol, and SERCA activity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Urine analysis indicated that TRPV5 -/- / calbindin-D 28K -/- mice exhibit on both diets hypercalciuria compared with wild-type mice. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • Intestinal Ca 2+ absorption and expression of calbindin-D 9K and TRPV6, as well as serum parameters of the calbindin-D 28K -/- mice, did not differ from those of wild-type mice. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • Sleep, body temperature (BT), locomotor activity, arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded in KO mice and wild-type (WT) controls under ad libitum-fed conditions and 24-hour food deprivation (FD). (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Mossy fiber LTD in Grm2/3 dko mice was indistinguishable from that in wild-type mice at 4 mM Ca2+, but largely absent at 2 mM external Ca2+. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Body and lung weights are unchanged compared to wild type mice. (fu-berlin.de)
  • We have therefore decided to perform a comprehensive study of the substrates of the protease by comparing the 2D electrophoretic profile of myotubes from obtained from calpain-3 knockout and wild type mice. (lu.se)
  • We could identify 16 proteins which differed in knockout and wild type mice. (lu.se)
  • Mouse breeding and re-derivation have so far been the more popular mice model service types but are likely to be replaced by genetically engineered models soon. (prnewswire.com)
  • Genetically engineered mice is expected to be the leading service by 2023. (prnewswire.com)
  • A variety of (tissue-specific) Ndufs4 knockout mouse models were developed to study the Leigh syndrome pathomechanism and intervention testing. (nih.gov)
  • To circumvent embryonic lethality of the conditional GSKIP KO mice, tissue-specific promoters combined with the Cre/loxP-system were used to generate two adult inducible GSKIP KO mouse models. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Moreover, the original study examined tube-test behavior in isolated mice 10 months of age. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Threshold for epileptiform activity is elevated in prion knockout mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We report here that Ptch +/- mice develop primordial follicular neoplasms resembling human trichoblastomas, and that exposure to ultraviolet radiation or ionizing radiation results in an increase in the number and size of these tumors and a shift in their histologic features so that they more closely resemble human basal cell carcinoma. (nature.com)
  • NPC1L1 knockout in mice decreased β-catenin in tumors and regulated TGF-β and p-gp in adjacent colons or tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In mice heterozygousfor both Men1 and Rb1, pancreatic hyperplasiaand tumors of the intermediate pituitary and thyroidoccurred at high frequency. (edu.au)
  • We assessed the reproductive and maternal profile of global IRAP knock out mice. (monash.edu)
  • DNAJB6 is an essential protein and knock-out mice die already in uteri due to failure in keratin turnover and placental development. (lu.se)
  • Other mouse models are named according to their physical characteristics or behaviours. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we review and discuss the role of complex I and NDUFS4 mutations in human mitochondrial disease, and review how the analysis of Ndufs4 knockout mouse models has generated new insights into the MC1ND1/Leigh syndrome pathomechanism and its therapeutic targeting. (nih.gov)
  • The knockout models are designed to be null alleles. (taconic.com)
  • As Cyagen Knockout Catalog Models repository has been growing, it is necessary to manually check whether the strain you need is in the recent resource bank construction plan. (cyagen.com)
  • The powerful database offers you a more convenient experience by streamlining the process of identifying KO mouse models and ordering them for research. (cyagen.com)
  • Cyagen subdivides different mouse models into applied research fields and provides detailed information about the backgrounds and associated applications of the models to help simplify the model selection process. (cyagen.com)
  • Cyagen's top priority is to provide high quality mouse and rat models. (cyagen.com)
  • We offer all the services necessary to create your desired mouse or rat models. (cyagen.com)
  • The global market for mice models is expected to be evaluated at US$1.79 bn by the end of 2023. (prnewswire.com)
  • North America has consistently been a key region in terms of demand for mice models. (prnewswire.com)
  • Meanwhile, the demand for mice models is expected to expand at a CAGR of 11.1% in Asia Pacific , from 2015 to 2023. (prnewswire.com)
  • Inbred mice models have consistently been the more popular mice model types. (prnewswire.com)
  • The ALS Association had recently shown the use of mutated mice models for the study of the disease," states a TMR analyst. (prnewswire.com)
  • New mice models are found to be acceptable in the studies of advanced diseases, a fact which is greatly driving the demand for mice models. (prnewswire.com)
  • The integral nature of the mice model market with the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields has allowed companies from these industries to form alliances that can even revolve around further advancing the mice models types and services in the future. (prnewswire.com)
  • By 2023, North America will generated a revenue of US$785.4 mn in mice models. (prnewswire.com)
  • Knockout mouse models as a resource for the study of rare diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • CNT in biochemical models and in cells yielding the products engineered CNT represent a possible health risk due to their that did not cause pulmonary inflammation in mice [14]. (cdc.gov)
  • In the presented papers in this thesis we investigated the role of CysLT1R in different mouse models of colorectal cancer. (lu.se)
  • Also, a decreased nuclear expression of β-catenin within the epithelial tumor compartment was determined for CysLT1R mutant female mice in both models. (lu.se)
  • In conclusion, the presented mouse models of colorectal cancer further strengthen our previous in vitro findings and highlight the prospect of CysLT1R as an alternative therapeutic approach. (lu.se)
  • 2003]. The absence of STAT5B is associated with diminished post-natal growth, as demonstrated by mouse knockout models [Udy et al. (lu.se)
  • In the motor, somatosensory, and visual cortex, many pyramidal neurons in layer V exhibited undulating apical dendrites that did not reach layer I. The hippocampus of L1 mutant mice was smaller than normal, with fewer pyramidal and granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • Enlarged ventricles and septal abnormalities were also features of the mutant mouse brain. (jneurosci.org)
  • Homozygous Ambn mutant mice expressing an internally truncated AMBN protein deposit only a soft mineral crust on the surface of dentin. (ozgene.com)
  • However, the mechanism of tumor progression in FAP/sporadic colorectal cancer and in colitis-associated colorectal cancer might differ as indicated by reduced tumor expression of COX-2 and reduced serum levels of PGE2 in the female double mutant (CysLT1R−/− ApcMin/+) mice, whereas AOM/DSS-treated female single mutant (CysLT1R−/−) mice demonstrated increased serum levels of PGE2. (lu.se)
  • However, western blot analysis of pregnant mouse serum, failed to detect IRAP, a result which was confirmed by fluorimetric IRAP enzyme assay. (monash.edu)
  • Abnormal morphologic changes were found in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in pro-BDNF KO mice, and western blot confirmed significant cell apoptosis in pro-BDNF KO mice brains. (ozgene.com)
  • In situ detection of hedgehog target genes and immunohistology of Ptch +/- mouse BCC differentiation markers, hemidesmosomal proteins and Bcl2 protein. (nature.com)
  • Results: No AMBN protein was detected using immunohistochemistry in null mice. (ozgene.com)
  • If the guide RNAs were (i) tested in mouse embryos by the core and the core approved their use based on the genotyping results and (ii) the core conducted the founder genotyping, the core can review results, redesign the approach and reagents if needed, and the electroporation can be repeated. (bcm.edu)
  • If the guide RNAs were not tested in mouse embryos or the investigator conducts their own genotyping, there will be no reduced costs for additional work. (bcm.edu)
  • To this end, respiration of unrestrained adult and neonatal adenosine A1 receptor knockout mice (A(1)R(-/-)) was measured in a plethysmographic device. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • In conclusion, these data indicate that the adenosine A(1) receptor is an important molecular component mediating hypoxic depression in adult mice and it appears to stabilize respiration of neonatal mice. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Due to compensatory genetic mechanisms, knockout status cannot be guaranteed and will have to be confirmed by the customer. (taconic.com)
  • These results suggest that PPARα and/or lipid metabolism is involved in the maintenance of wakefulness and locomotor activity during fasting in mice. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Hepatic and pulmonary microsomal benzene metabolism in CYP2E1 knockout mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Ameloblasts in the AmbnlacZ/lacZ mice were unable to initiate appositional growth and started to degenerate and deposit ectopic mineral. (ozgene.com)
  • The information presented in this review is based on a Transparency Market Research report, titled, "Mice Model Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2015 - 2023. (prnewswire.com)
  • In the mouse xenograft model of colon cancer, we were able to observe a reduced tumor growth in response to CysLT1R antagonist treatment. (lu.se)
  • CRISPR/Cas9-mediated NHEJ in mouse embryos will be used to generate founder animals harboring insertion/deletion (indel) or interval deletion knockout alleles. (bcm.edu)
  • Genome editing using TALEN or CRISPR/Cas9 can generate a knockout or knockin in as little as ~2 months, far faster than the typical 8-12 months required for conventional knockouts, because there is no need for ES cell work or chimera production. (cyagen.com)
  • Our results provide the first evidence that NPC1L1 knockout protects against colitis-associated tumorigenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We also investigated the role of CysLT1R in 1) FAP/sporadic colorectal cancer by crossing ApcMin/+ mice with mice lacking CysLT1R expression and in 2) colitis-associated colorectal cancer by employing the AOM/DSS-model on mice lacking CysLT1R expression. (lu.se)
  • This includes free strategy design prior to your purchase, construction of transgenic or targeting vectors (including BAC recombineering), creating and characterizing targeted ES cells, microinjection of mouse or rat embryos, and breeding and genotyping of the resulting animals. (cyagen.com)
  • For enhancer testing in mouse embryos using the LacZ reporter, we also offer LacZ staining of embryos. (cyagen.com)
  • Downregulation of GSK3β Ser9 phosphorylation upon GSKIP KO was observed in mice early in development in whole embryos, E12.5 primary MEFs and also in later stage E18.5 organs, in line with previous observations in cells and validating the KO mouse model. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Embryonic stem cells are isolated from a mouse blastocyst (a very young embryo) and grown in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
  • NPC1L1 knockout decreasing plasma lipid, especially cholesterol, to reduce inflammation and decreasing β-catenin, p-c-Jun and p-ERK may be involved in the mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At 30 weeks of age, male, but not female, Akr1d1-/- mice were more insulin tolerant and had reduced lipid accumulation in the liver and adipose tissue yet had hypertriglyceridemia and increased intramuscular triacylglycerol. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Inhalation exposure of gas-metal arc stainless steel welding fume increased atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. (cdc.gov)
  • However, there has been no detailed study of social dominance in Grb10 +/p mice. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Mice are currently the laboratory animal species most closely related to humans for which the knockout technique can easily be applied. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore the absence of IRAP from the circulation in mice, and other species during pregnancy, is due to the inability of a secretase to cleave placental IRAP to produce a soluble form of the enzyme. (monash.edu)
  • TRPV4 knockout mice at age 8 weeks exhibited normal, but those at 24 weeks revealed significantly higher thresholds by auditory brainstem response. (nih.gov)
  • The auditory threshold shift was significantly larger in the TRPV4 knockout than in the TRPV4+/+ mice 1 week after the acoustic overexposure of 128dB SPL. (nih.gov)
  • This is particularly prevalent in the auditory modality with both humans with FXS and the mouse model ( fmr1 KO mouse) showing behavioral disruptions due to presence of constant and/or unpredictable sounds. (fraxa.org)
  • Over the past 10 years, we have studied the auditory system of the fmr1 KO mice and identified a 'quadruple-hit' model for hypersensitivity. (fraxa.org)
  • For most lines, the mouse ES cells used in generating the model are of the 129S5 strain. (taconic.com)
  • Treatment of mice with inhibitors of MMP-9 reduces the phenotypes of the quadruple hit model. (fraxa.org)
  • In order to elucidate pro-BDNF's explicit role, we established a pro-BDNF knockout (KO) mouse model. (ozgene.com)
  • Characterization and reversal of synaptic defects in the amygdala in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. (colorado.edu)
  • Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis without decreasing hepatosteatosis in a Ldlr(-/-) mouse model of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (colorado.edu)
  • This is only one of the many examples that can show that the recent advancements in mice model types and services have not only added to the strength of existing research processes, but have also expanded the scope of mice model use within other medical research fields. (prnewswire.com)
  • GSKIP-deficient mice die at birth, presumably because they are unable to initiate breathing properly. (fu-berlin.de)
  • We examined both male and female mice to account for sex differences and tested cohorts aged 2, 6 and 10 months to examine any developments related to age. (bath.ac.uk)
  • NS-Pten knockout mice show sex- and age-specific differences in ultrasonic vocalizations. (bvsalud.org)
  • T6304To generate the Rieske ISP Stable Knockout Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line, primary lung fibroblast culture was established from a. (topsan.org)
  • Immunohistochemistry revealed abundant nerve fibers in a suburothelial plexus in the mouse bladder that are immunoreactive to anti-P2X 3 . (jneurosci.org)
  • To identify possible genetic interactions between themechanisms of tumor suppression of menin and pRb, weintercrossed mice with targeted deletions of Men1 andRb1, and compared tumor development in cohorts ofanimals carrying single or dual mutations of these tumorsuppressorgenes. (edu.au)
  • Examples of research in which knockout mice have been useful include studying and modeling different kinds of cancer, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging and Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates Western diet-induced hepatic fibrosis in Ldlr-/- mice by targeting the TGFβ-Smad3 pathway. (colorado.edu)
  • Male Akr1d1-/- mice were not protected against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Accordingly, the volume of SR tubules localized around the myofibrils is strongly reduced in skeletal muscle fibers of 4- and 10-month-old sAnk1 knockout (KO) mice, while additional structural alterations only develop with aging. (mdpi.com)
  • To verify whether the lack of sAnk1 also alters intracellular Ca 2+ handling, cytosolic Ca 2+ levels were analyzed in stimulated skeletal muscle fibers from 4- and 10-month-old sAnk1 KO mice. (mdpi.com)
  • Proteomics revealed the muscle-specific intermediate filament desmin to be at least 50 % downregulated in GSKIP-depleted lungs at E18.5, allowing for a potential connection of mitochondrial aberrations with respiratory failure ultimately causing the perinatal lethality of GSKIP KO mice. (fu-berlin.de)
  • NPC1L1 knockout also reduced lymphadenectasis what may be caused by inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we examined the role of PPARα in sleep/wake regulation using PPARα knockout (KO) mice. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • They are widely used in knockout experiments, especially those investigating genetic questions that relate to human physiology. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first recorded knockout mouse was created by Mario R. Capecchi, Martin Evans, and Oliver Smithies in 1989, for which they were awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have also identified that abnormal sensitivity develops between post-natal day (P)14 - P21 in the mouse due to a mechanism that depends on elevated matrix-metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). (fraxa.org)