A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.
A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS.
A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.
Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms.
Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2.
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
Compounds containing dibenzo-1,4-thiazine. Some of them are neuroactive.
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.
Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.
Therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light.
'Purines' is a term used in medical biochemistry to refer to naturally occurring heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds, which include adenine and guanine (components of nucleotides and nucleic acids), and are formed in the body from purine bases through various metabolic processes.
A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.
Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS.
An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.
A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.
Condition of low SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE that develops secondary to other conditions such as ANAPHYLAXIS; SEPSIS; SURGICAL SHOCK; and SEPTIC SHOCK. Vasoplegia that develops during or post surgery (e.g., CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS) is called postoperative vasoplegic syndrome or vasoplegic syndrome.
The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.
Compounds based on reduced IMIDAZOLES containing a single double bond.
An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.
An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.
A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.
Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.
An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6)
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Three-independent-compartment chamber to study in vitro commissural synapses. (1/863)

We describe a novel chamber in which the two intact neonatal rat hippocampi and the commissural fibers are placed in three independent compartments separated by latex membranes and perfused selectively with different solutions. A set of control tests showed that the compartments are well isolated: 1) methylene blue or eosin applied to one compartment did not diffuse to other compartments when verified via the microscope, and spectrophotometry revealed that <1/10.000th of the dye diffuses to other compartments; 2) tetrodotoxin (1 microM) applied to the commissural compartment blocked the synaptic responses evoked contralaterally without affecting those evoked on the ipsilateral side. This chamber enables a wide range of experiments that cannot be performed in conventional chambers, e.g., to study the maturation and plasticity of the commissural connections, bilateral synchronization of the rhythmic activities in the limbic system, commissural propagation of the epileptiform activities, etc.  (+info)

The influence of NO synthase inhibitor and free oxygen radicals scavenger--methylene blue--on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. (2/863)

The excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) and the subsequent increase of local oxidative stress is suggested as one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. It was reported that the administration of NO synthase inhibitors partially attenuated the development of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and reduced hyperglycaemia. Here we have studied the influence of methylene blue, which combines the properties of NO synthase inhibitor with antioxidant effects. The experiments were performed on male rats divided into four groups: control, diabetic (single dose of 70 mg of streptozotocin/kg i.p.), methylene blue (50 mg/kg in the food) and diabetic simultaneously fed with methylene blue. After 45 days the experiments were discontinued by decapitation. Serum glycaemia, glycated haemoglobin and oxidative stress parameters (plasma malondialdehyde concentration and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity) were significantly higher in the diabetic group. Simultaneous methylene blue administration partially reduced glycaemia and glycated haemoglobin, but did not decrease oxidative stress. We conclude that NO synthase inhibitor methylene blue partially attenuates the development of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male rats, but does not reduce the development of oxidative stress in the diabetic group.  (+info)

Detection of small numbers of immature cells in the blood of healthy subjects. (3/863)

AIMS: To determine the frequency of immature haemopoietic cells in the peripheral blood of healthy persons. METHODS: Cytocentrifuge preparations were made using mononuclear leucocytes separated by a Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient. The slides were stained by May-Grunwald-Giemsa. The combination with immunoperoxidase technique allowed immunotyping of uncommon blood cells. RESULTS: Blast cells expressing the progenitor cell marker CD34 represented 0.11 (0.06) per cent (mean (SD)) of the total mononuclear leucocyte count; these were the haemopoietic progenitor cells in the peripheral blood. Dark blue cells expressing CD38, CD45, HLA-DR, CD4, CD11a, CD29, CD49d, CD50, and CD54 represented 0.30 (0.21) per cent of the mononuclear leucocytes; most of these cells did not express T, B, NK, myelomonocytic, progenitor cell, proliferation, activation, blood dendritic cell, or follicular dendritic cell markers. These were dendritic cell precursors in the peripheral blood. Very small numbers of cells expressing CD83 were found. Blast-like cells expressing CD45, HLA-DR, CD11a, and CD50 represented 0.15 (0.10) per cent of the mononuclear leucocytes; morphology and immunotyping supported the conclusion that these cells were poorly differentiated monocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Morphological investigation of mononuclear leucocytes in peripheral blood of healthy persons can be used to detect small numbers of blasts, dark blue cells, and blast-like cells. The immunoperoxidase technique can then be used for immunotyping of these cells. This simple method may be helpful in diagnosing haematological disorders.  (+info)

Endothelium-derived relaxing, contracting and hyperpolarizing factors of mesenteric arteries of hypertensive and normotensive rats. (4/863)

Differences in the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation and hyperpolarization of the mesenteric arteries of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were studied. Relaxation was impaired in preparations from SHRSP and tendency to reverse the relaxation was observed at high concentrations of ACh in these preparations. Relaxation was partly blocked by NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG, 100 microM) and, in the presence of L-NOARG, tendency to reverse the relaxation was observed in response to higher concentrations of ACh, even in preparations from WKY. The relaxation remaining in the presence of L-NOARG was also smaller in preparations from SHRSP. The tendency to reverse the relaxation observed at higher concentrations of ACh in preparations from SHRSP or WKY in the presence of L-NOARG were abolished by indomethacin (10 microM). Elevating the K+ concentration of the incubation medium decreased relaxation in the presence of both indomethacin and L-NOARG. Relaxation in the presence of L-NOARG and indomethacin was reduced by the application of both apamin (5 microM) and charybdotoxin (0.1 microM). This suggests that the relaxation induced by ACh is brought about by both endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF, nitric oxide (NO)) and hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), which activates Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels. Electrophysiological measurement revealed that ACh induced endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle of both preparations in the presence of L-NOARG and indomethacin; the hyperpolarization being smaller in the preparation from SHRSP than that from WKY. These results suggest that the release of both NO and EDHF is reduced in preparations from SHRSP. In addition, indomethacin-sensitive endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF) is released from both preparations; the release being increased in preparations from SHRSP.  (+info)

Possible novel mechanism for bitter taste mediated through cGMP. (5/863)

Taste is the least understood among sensory systems, and bitter taste mechanisms pose a special challenge because they are elicited by a large variety of compounds. We studied bitter taste signal transduction with the quench-flow method and monitored the rapid kinetics of the second messenger guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) production and degradation in mouse taste tissue. In response to the bitter stimulants, caffeine and theophylline but not strychnine or denatonium cGMP levels demonstrated a rapid and transient increase that peaked at 50 ms and gradually declined throughout the following 4.5 s. The theophylline- and caffeine-induced effect was rapid, transient, concentration dependent and gustatory tissue-specific. The effect could be partially suppressed in the presence of the soluble guanylyl cyclase (GC) inhibitor 10 microM ODQ and 30 microM methylene blue but not 50 microM LY 83583 and boosted by nitric oxide donors 25 microM NOR-3 or 100 microM sodium nitroprusside. The proposed mechanism for this novel cGMP-mediated bitter taste signal transduction is cGMP production partially by the soluble GC and caffeine-induced inhibition of one or several phosphodiesterases.  (+info)

Inhibition and stimulation of long-chain fatty acid oxidation by chloroacetaldehyde and methylene blue in rats. (6/863)

The effects of chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) and methylene blue, both alone and together, on mitochondrial metabolism, hepatic glutathione content, and bile flow were investigated in rats. Oxidation of [1-14C]palmitic acid, [1-14C]octanoic acid, and [1,4-14C]succinic acid allowed for the differentiation between carnitine-dependent long-chain fatty acid metabolism, medium chain fatty acid oxidation, and citric acid cycle activity, respectively. CAA, a metabolite of the anticancer drug ifosfamide, which may be responsible for ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, inhibited palmitic acid metabolism but not octanoic or succinic acid oxidation, depleted hepatic glutathione, and stimulated bile flow. Methylene blue, which is clinically used to either prevent or reverse ifosfamide-associated encephalopathy, markedly stimulated palmitic acid oxidation either in the presence or absence of CAA, but did not affect the oxidation of octanoic and succinic acid or hepatic glutathione. Taken together, this study demonstrates that CAA inhibits palmitic acid metabolism. Methylene blue stimulates long-chain fatty acid oxidation, most likely by facilitating the translocation of fatty acids into mitochondria, and compensates for the CAA effect in vivo.  (+info)

Perineuronal nets of proteoglycans in the adult mouse brain, with special reference to their reactions to Gomori's ammoniacal silver and Ehrlich's methylene blue. (7/863)

As our previous studies have indicated, many subsets of neurons in the vertebrate brain possess a sulfated proteoglycan surface coat which reacts to cationic iron colloid and aldehyde fuchsin. The present study demonstrated that this surface coat is supravitally stained with Ehrlich's methylene blue, and doubly with this blue and aldehyde fuchsin, a finding suggesting its being identical to Cajal's superficial reticulum (red superficial) and to Golgi's reticular coating (revetement reticulare). The perineuronal surface coat was further stained with Gomori's ammoniacal silver, and doubly with this silver and cationic iron colloid. These neurons with such a proteoglycan surface coat usually expressed cell surface glycoproteins which were labeled with lectin Wisteria floribunda agglutinin. Hyaluronidase digestion did not interfere with this lectin labeling of the glycoproteins, methylene blue and Gomori's ammoniacal silver staining of the surface coat, while it erased the cationic iron colloid and aldehyde fuchsin staining of the surface coat. These findings suggest that the perineuronal proteoglycan surface coat is associated with some additional molecules which are resistant to hyaluronidase digestion and stainable with methylene blue and Gomori's ammoniacal silver. The possibility is suggested that these molecules might represent "ligand proteoglycans" connecting the perineuronal proteoglycans and cell surface glycoproteins.  (+info)

Antinociceptive mechanism of Gosha-jinki-gan in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals: role of nitric oxide in the periphery. (8/863)

Using streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and rats, we evaluated the antinociceptive mechanism of Gosha-jinki-gan. The antinociceptive effect of Gosha-jinki-gan (0.3 g/kg, p.o.) in diabetic mice, as determined by the tail-pressure test, was inhibited by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 2, 5 mg/kg, i.p.). When L-NAME (10 microg) or methylene blue (500 microg) was topically administered to the intraplantar area of the hind paw, the region used for the paw-pressure test, the antinociceptive activity of Gosha-jinki-gan (0.3 g/kg, p.o.) in diabetic rats was decreased. These results suggested that the antinociceptive effect of Gosha-jinki-gan partly resulted from the peripheral action of increasingly produced nitric oxide.  (+info)

Methylene Blue is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C16H18ClN3S. It is primarily used as a medication, but can also be used as a dye or as a chemical reagent. As a medication, it is used in the treatment of methemoglobinemia (a condition where an abnormal amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood), as well as in some forms of poisoning and infections. It works by acting as a reducing agent, converting methemoglobin back to hemoglobin, which is the form of the protein that is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood. Methylene Blue has also been used off-label for other conditions, such as vasculitis and Alzheimer's disease, although its effectiveness for these uses is not well established.

It is important to note that Methylene Blue should be used with caution, as it can cause serious side effects in some people, particularly those with kidney or liver problems, or those who are taking certain medications. It is also important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when using this medication, as improper use can lead to toxicity.

Methylene chloride, also known as dichloromethane, is an organic compound with the formula CH2Cl2. It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a mild sweet aroma. In terms of medical definitions, methylene chloride is not typically included due to its primarily industrial uses. However, it is important to note that exposure to high levels of methylene chloride can cause harmful health effects, including irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract; headaches; dizziness; and, at very high concentrations, unconsciousness and death. Chronic exposure to methylene chloride has been linked to liver toxicity, and it is considered a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

Methemoglobinemia is a medical condition characterized by an increased level of methemoglobin in the blood. Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that cannot effectively transport oxygen throughout the body due to the iron atom within its structure being oxidized from the ferrous (Fe2+) state to the ferric (Fe3+) state.

Under normal circumstances, methemoglobin levels are kept below 1% of total hemoglobin. However, when these levels rise above 10%, it can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, headache, fatigue, and cyanosis (a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes). Severe methemoglobinemia, with levels exceeding 50%, can result in life-threatening complications, including seizures, coma, and even death.

Methemoglobinemia can be congenital or acquired. Congenital methemoglobinemia is caused by genetic defects affecting the enzymes responsible for reducing methemoglobin back to its functional form, hemoglobin. Acquired methemoglobinemia can result from exposure to certain medications, chemicals, or toxins that oxidize hemoglobin and increase methemoglobin levels. Treatment typically involves administering methylene blue, a reducing agent that helps convert methemoglobin back to functional hemoglobin. In severe cases or when methylene blue is contraindicated, alternative treatments such as exchange transfusions or hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be considered.

Coloring agents, also known as food dyes or color additives, are substances that are added to foods, medications, and cosmetics to improve their appearance by giving them a specific color. These agents can be made from both synthetic and natural sources. They must be approved by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before they can be used in products intended for human consumption.

Coloring agents are used for various reasons, including:

* To replace color lost during food processing or preparation
* To make foods more visually appealing
* To help consumers easily identify certain types of food
* To indicate the flavor of a product (e.g., fruit-flavored candies)

It's important to note that while coloring agents can enhance the appearance of products, they do not affect their taste or nutritional value. Some people may have allergic reactions to certain coloring agents, so it's essential to check product labels if you have any known allergies. Additionally, excessive consumption of some synthetic coloring agents has been linked to health concerns, so moderation is key.

Tolonium Chloride, also known as Toluidine Blue O, is a basic thiazine metachromatic dye that is used in medical and research settings. It is often used as a diagnostic agent in procedures such as the Toluidine Blue Test for identifying cancerous or precancerous cells in the cervix, oral mucosa, and other tissues. The dye selectively binds to acidic components in the extracellular matrix of neoplastic cells, making them more visible under a microscope. It is also used in research to study cell membrane permeability and lysosomal function. Please note that the use of Tolonium Chloride should be under medical supervision and professional guidance.

Photosensitizing agents are substances that, when exposed to light, particularly ultraviolet or visible light, can cause chemical reactions leading to the production of reactive oxygen species. These reactive oxygen species can interact with biological tissues, leading to damage and a variety of phototoxic or photoallergic adverse effects.

Photosensitizing agents are used in various medical fields, including dermatology and oncology. In dermatology, they are often used in the treatment of conditions such as psoriasis and eczema, where a photosensitizer is applied to the skin and then activated with light to reduce inflammation and slow the growth of skin cells.

In oncology, photosensitizing agents are used in photodynamic therapy (PDT), a type of cancer treatment that involves administering a photosensitizer, allowing it to accumulate in cancer cells, and then exposing the area to light. The light activates the photosensitizer, which produces reactive oxygen species that damage the cancer cells, leading to their death.

Examples of photosensitizing agents include porphyrins, chlorophyll derivatives, and certain antibiotics such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the potential for photosensitivity when prescribing these medications and to inform patients of the risks associated with exposure to light.

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a important second messenger molecule that plays a crucial role in various biological processes within the human body. It is synthesized from guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by the enzyme guanylyl cyclase.

Cyclic GMP is involved in regulating diverse physiological functions, such as smooth muscle relaxation, cardiovascular function, and neurotransmission. It also plays a role in modulating immune responses and cellular growth and differentiation.

In the medical field, changes in cGMP levels or dysregulation of cGMP-dependent pathways have been implicated in various disease states, including pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, erectile dysfunction, and glaucoma. Therefore, pharmacological agents that target cGMP signaling are being developed as potential therapeutic options for these conditions.

Guanylate cyclase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which acts as a second messenger in various cellular signaling pathways. There are two main types of guanylate cyclases: soluble and membrane-bound. Soluble guanylate cyclase is activated by nitric oxide, while membrane-bound guanylate cyclase can be activated by natriuretic peptides. The increased levels of cGMP produced by guanylate cyclase can lead to a variety of cellular responses, including smooth muscle relaxation, neurotransmitter release, and regulation of ion channels. Dysregulation of guanylate cyclase activity has been implicated in several diseases, such as hypertension, heart failure, and cancer.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule made up of one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom. In the body, it is a crucial signaling molecule involved in various physiological processes such as vasodilation, immune response, neurotransmission, and inhibition of platelet aggregation. It is produced naturally by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) from the amino acid L-arginine. Inhaled nitric oxide is used medically to treat pulmonary hypertension in newborns and adults, as it helps to relax and widen blood vessels, improving oxygenation and blood flow.

Phenothiazines are a class of heterocyclic organic compounds that contain a phenothiazine nucleus, which consists of a pair of benzene rings fused to a thiazine ring. They have been widely used in medicine as antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of various mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Phenothiazines work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps to reduce the symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. They also have sedative and antiemetic (anti-nausea) effects. However, they can cause a range of side effects including extrapyramidal symptoms (involuntary muscle movements), tardive dyskinesia (irreversible movement disorder), and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (a rare but potentially fatal reaction to antipsychotic drugs).

Examples of phenothiazine drugs include chlorpromazine, thioridazine, and promethazine. While they have been largely replaced by newer atypical antipsychotics, phenothiazines are still used in some cases due to their lower cost and effectiveness in treating certain symptoms.

Muscle relaxation, in a medical context, refers to the process of reducing tension and promoting relaxation in the skeletal muscles. This can be achieved through various techniques, including progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), where individuals consciously tense and then release specific muscle groups in a systematic manner.

PMR has been shown to help reduce anxiety, stress, and muscle tightness, and improve overall well-being. It is often used as a complementary therapy in conjunction with other treatments for conditions such as chronic pain, headaches, and insomnia.

Additionally, muscle relaxation can also be facilitated through pharmacological interventions, such as the use of muscle relaxant medications. These drugs work by inhibiting the transmission of signals between nerves and muscles, leading to a reduction in muscle tone and spasticity. They are commonly used to treat conditions such as multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injuries.

Indigo Carmine is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that is sometimes used in medical settings. Indigo Carmine is a type of dye that is often used as a marker in various medical tests and procedures. It can be used during surgeries to help identify structures or tissues within the body, such as the urinary tract or the gastrointestinal tract.

Indigo Carmine is also sometimes used as a diagnostic aid in urological procedures, such as cystoscopy, to help visualize the flow of urine and detect any abnormalities in the urinary tract. The dye is usually introduced into the body through a catheter or other medical device, and it is excreted in the urine, turning it blue or green.

It's important to note that Indigo Carmine should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as improper use can lead to adverse effects.

Photochemotherapy is a medical treatment that combines the use of drugs and light to treat various skin conditions. The most common type of photochemotherapy is PUVA (Psoralen + UVA), where the patient takes a photosensitizing medication called psoralen, followed by exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) light.

The psoralen makes the skin more sensitive to the UVA light, which helps to reduce inflammation and suppress the overactive immune response that contributes to many skin conditions. This therapy is often used to treat severe cases of psoriasis, eczema, and mycosis fungoides (a type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma). It's important to note that photochemotherapy can increase the risk of skin cancer and cataracts, so it should only be administered under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Purinones" is not a recognized term in medical terminology. It seems there might be a spelling mistake or a misunderstanding of the term. If you meant "purines," I can provide a definition for that. Purines are heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds that form the basis of several important biomolecules, such as nucleotides and their derivatives found in DNA and RNA. If you had something different in mind, please provide clarification so I can give you an accurate and helpful response.

nitroprusside (ni-troe-rus-ide)

A rapid-acting vasodilator used in the management of severe hypertension, acute heart failure, and to reduce afterload in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It is a potent arterial and venous dilator that decreases preload and afterload, thereby reducing myocardial oxygen demand. Nitroprusside is metabolized to cyanide, which must be monitored closely during therapy to prevent toxicity.

Pharmacologic class: Peripheral vasodilators

Therapeutic class: Antihypertensives, Vasodilators

Medical Categories: Cardiovascular Drugs, Hypertension Agents

An antidote is a substance that can counteract the effects of a poison or toxin. It works by neutralizing, reducing, or eliminating the harmful effects of the toxic substance. Antidotes can be administered in various forms such as medications, vaccines, or treatments. They are often used in emergency situations to save lives and prevent serious complications from poisoning.

The effectiveness of an antidote depends on several factors, including the type and amount of toxin involved, the timing of administration, and the individual's response to treatment. In some cases, multiple antidotes may be required to treat a single poisoning incident. It is important to note that not all poisons have specific antidotes, and in such cases, supportive care and symptomatic treatment may be necessary.

Examples of common antidotes include:

* Naloxone for opioid overdose
* Activated charcoal for certain types of poisoning
* Digoxin-specific antibodies for digoxin toxicity
* Fomepizole for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning
* Dimercaprol for heavy metal poisoning.

Arginine is an α-amino acid that is classified as a semi-essential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual. The adult human body can normally synthesize sufficient amounts of arginine to meet its needs, but there are certain circumstances, such as periods of rapid growth or injury, where the dietary intake of arginine may become necessary.

The chemical formula for arginine is C6H14N4O2. It has a molecular weight of 174.20 g/mol and a pKa value of 12.48. Arginine is a basic amino acid, which means that it contains a side chain with a positive charge at physiological pH levels. The side chain of arginine is composed of a guanidino group, which is a functional group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to three methyl groups.

In the body, arginine plays several important roles. It is a precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide, a molecule that helps regulate blood flow and immune function. Arginine is also involved in the detoxification of ammonia, a waste product produced by the breakdown of proteins. Additionally, arginine can be converted into other amino acids, such as ornithine and citrulline, which are involved in various metabolic processes.

Foods that are good sources of arginine include meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, nuts, seeds, and legumes. Arginine supplements are available and may be used for a variety of purposes, such as improving exercise performance, enhancing wound healing, and boosting immune function. However, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking arginine supplements, as they can interact with certain medications and have potential side effects.

Trypan Blue is not a medical condition or disease, but rather a medical stain that is used in various medical and laboratory procedures. Here's the medical definition of Trypan Blue:

Trypan Blue is a sterile, non-toxic dye that is commonly used in medical and research settings for staining and visualizing cells and tissues. It has an affinity for staining dead or damaged cells, making it useful for counting viable cells in a sample, as well as identifying and removing damaged cells during certain surgical procedures.

In ophthalmology, Trypan Blue is used as a surgical aid during cataract surgery to stain the lens capsule, providing better visibility and improving the outcome of the procedure. It may also be used in other types of surgeries to help identify and remove damaged or necrotic tissue.

In research settings, Trypan Blue is often used to distinguish live cells from dead cells in cell culture experiments, as well as for staining various tissues and structures during histological examination.

Vasoplegia is a medical condition characterized by profound, persistent, and often diffuse vasodilation of the systemic arterial circulation. This results in a significant decrease in systemic vascular resistance and can lead to severe hypotension that is unresponsive to fluid resuscitation and requires the use of vasopressors to maintain adequate blood pressure. Vasoplegia is often seen in critically ill patients, such as those undergoing cardiac surgery or experiencing septic shock. It can also be associated with other conditions like anaphylaxis, liver transplantation, and neuroinflammation.

Dental leakage, also known as "microleakage" in dental terminology, refers to the seepage or penetration of fluids, bacteria, or other substances between the walls of a dental restoration (such as a filling, crown, or bridge) and the prepared tooth structure. This occurs due to the presence of microscopic gaps or spaces at the interface of the restoration and the tooth.

Dental leakage can lead to several problems, including:

1. Recurrent decay: The seepage of fluids, bacteria, and sugars from the oral environment can cause secondary tooth decay around the margins of the restoration.
2. Sensitivity: Microleakage may result in temperature sensitivity or pain when consuming hot or cold foods and beverages due to fluid movement within the gap.
3. Discoloration: Over time, dental leakage might lead to staining of the tooth structure around the restoration, resulting in an unaesthetic appearance.
4. Failed restorations: Persistent dental leakage can weaken the bond between the restoration and the tooth, increasing the risk of restoration failure and the need for replacement.

To prevent dental leakage, dentists employ various techniques during restoration placement, such as using appropriate adhesives, following meticulous preparation protocols, and ensuring a tight seal around the margins of the restoration. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential to monitor the condition of existing restorations and address any issues before they become more severe.

Imidazolines are a class of compounds with a heterocyclic ring containing two nitrogen atoms, one of which is part of an imidazole ring. In the context of medicine and pharmacology, imidazolines are commonly used as decongestants, vasoconstrictors, and as ingredients in some over-the-counter and prescription medications for the treatment of conditions such as allergic rhinitis, nasal congestion, and redness of the eyes.

Imidazoline compounds work by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors, which leads to vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow in the affected area. This can help to relieve symptoms such as nasal congestion and red, swollen eyes. However, it is important to note that imidazoline compounds can also have systemic effects when absorbed into the bloodstream, and may cause side effects such as dizziness, dry mouth, and sedation.

Some examples of imidazoline compounds used in medicine include tetrahydrozoline, oxymetazoline, and naphazoline. These compounds are available in various forms, including nasal sprays, eye drops, and oral medications. It is important to follow the instructions for use carefully and to talk to a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about using imidazoline-containing products.

Evans Blue is not a medical condition or diagnosis, but rather a dye that is used in medical research and tests. It is a dark blue dye that binds to albumin (a type of protein) in the bloodstream. This complex is too large to pass through the walls of capillaries, so it remains in the blood vessels and does not enter the surrounding tissues. As a result, Evans Blue can be used as a marker to visualize or measure the volume of the circulatory system.

In research settings, Evans Blue is sometimes used in studies involving the brain and nervous system. For example, it may be injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord) to help researchers see the distribution of this fluid in the brain. It can also be used to study blood-brain barrier function, as changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier can allow Evans Blue to leak into the brain tissue.

It is important to note that Evans Blue should only be used under the supervision of a trained medical professional, as it can be harmful if ingested or inhaled.

Singlet oxygen, also known as excited oxygen or oxygen triplet state, is a variant of molecular oxygen (O2) with unusual chemical and physical properties. In its ground state, molecular oxygen consists of two atoms with parallel spins, forming a triplet state. However, singlet oxygen has both atoms in a spin-paired configuration, which makes it more reactive than the ground state oxygen.

In biomedical terms, singlet oxygen is often generated during normal cellular metabolism or under pathological conditions such as inflammation and oxidative stress. It can react with various biological molecules, including lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to damage and dysfunction of cells and tissues. Therefore, singlet oxygen has been implicated in the development and progression of several diseases, such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.

It is worth noting that singlet oxygen can also be used in medical applications, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), where it is generated by light-activated drugs to selectively destroy cancer cells or bacteria.

Agar is a substance derived from red algae, specifically from the genera Gelidium and Gracilaria. It is commonly used in microbiology as a solidifying agent for culture media. Agar forms a gel at relatively low temperatures (around 40-45°C) and remains stable at higher temperatures (up to 100°C), making it ideal for preparing various types of culture media.

In addition to its use in microbiology, agar is also used in other scientific research, food industry, and even in some artistic applications due to its unique gelling properties. It is important to note that although agar is often used in the preparation of food, it is not typically consumed as a standalone ingredient by humans or animals.

Dysuria is a medical term that describes painful or difficult urination. This symptom can be caused by various conditions, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), bladder infections, kidney stones, enlarged prostate, and certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Dysuria can also occur as a side effect of certain medications or medical procedures.

The pain or discomfort associated with dysuria can range from a burning sensation to a sharp stabbing pain, and it may occur during urination, immediately after urination, or throughout the day. Other symptoms that may accompany dysuria include frequent urination, urgency to urinate, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, blood in the urine, and lower abdominal or back pain.

If you are experiencing dysuria, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment. In many cases, dysuria can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other interventions.

Nitro-L-arginine or Nitroarginine is not a medical term per se, but it is a chemical compound that is sometimes used in medical research and experiments. It is a salt of nitric acid and L-arginine, an amino acid that is important for the functioning of the body.

Nitroarginine is known to inhibit the production of nitric oxide, a molecule that plays a role in various physiological processes such as blood flow regulation, immune response, and neurotransmission. As a result, nitroarginine has been used in research to study the effects of reduced nitric oxide levels on different systems in the body.

It's worth noting that nitroarginine is not approved for use as a medication in humans, and its use is generally limited to laboratory settings.

Enzyme inhibitors are substances that bind to an enzyme and decrease its activity, preventing it from catalyzing a chemical reaction in the body. They can work by several mechanisms, including blocking the active site where the substrate binds, or binding to another site on the enzyme to change its shape and prevent substrate binding. Enzyme inhibitors are often used as drugs to treat various medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, and bacterial infections. They can also be found naturally in some foods and plants, and can be used in research to understand enzyme function and regulation.

However dead cells are unable to reduce the oxidized methylene blue and the cells are stained blue. Methylene blue can ... oxygen oxidizes methylene blue, and the solution turns blue. The dextrose will gradually reduce the methylene blue to its ... Methylene blue can reduce the half life of methemoglobin from hours to minutes. At high doses, however, methylene blue actually ... Adsorption of methylene blue is very similar to adsorption of pesticides from water, this quality makes methylene blue serve as ...
... is toxic. Skin contact or inhalation should be avoided. Methylene blue Vennerstrom, Jonathan L.; Makler, ... New methylene blue (also NMB)[clarify] is an organic compound of the thiazine class of heterocycles. It is used as a stain and ... It is closely related to methylene blue, an older stain in wide use. ...
... (EMB, also known as "Levine's formulation") is a selective stain for Gram-negative bacteria. EMB contains ... It is a blend of two stains, eosin and methylene blue in the ratio of 6:1. EMB is a differential microbiological medium, which ... "Eosin-Methylene Blue Agar Plates Protocol". September 29, 2007. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Uses of EMB ... Levine, M (1918). "Differentiation of B. coli and B. aerogenes on a simplified eosin-methylene blue agar". J Infect Dis. 23: 43 ...
... is a heterocyclic aromatic chemical compound similar to methylene blue. It is used as a dye. It functions as a ... methylene green (at stainsfile) v t e (Articles without EBI source, Articles without KEGG source, Articles with changed ... Senior W (November 1969). "Staining of animal tissues with the dye base of methylene green in benzene to facilitate ...
Methylene blue • Metralindole • Minaprine • Moclobemide • Pirlindole • Sercloremine • Tetrindole • Toloxatone • Tyrima MAO-B ...
There is no existing effective treatment, including methylene blue (MB) and ascorbic acid used in treating acquired ... Patnaik, Sibabratta; Natarajan, Manivachagan Muthappa; James, Ebor Jacob; Ebenezer, Kala (2014). "Methylene blue unresponsive ... methylene blue will not be effective in the presence of hemoglobin M". Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 55 (6): 391-392. doi: ...
... leucomethylene blue is immediately re-oxidized to methylene blue and the blue color of the solution persists. However, when the ... as the alkaline dextrose solution reduces the methylene blue to colorless leuco-methylene blue. Shaking the flask causes oxygen ... However, shaking the bottle oxidizes methylene blue back into its blue form. With further shaking, this color-change cycle can ... Upon standing, it spontaneously turns from blue to colorless due to reduction of methylene blue by the alkaline glucose ...
"New methylene blue - Biology-Online Dictionary". www.biology-online.org. 7 October 2019. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from ... employ the use of a supravital dye such as new methylene blue to stain the red cells containing reticulin prior to counting. ...
After incubation, methylene blue is added. If anti-Toxo antibodies are present in the serum, the antibody-antigen complex ... trophozoites with intact membrane are stained and appear blue under microscope (negative result). The dilution of the test ...
A methylene blue active substances assay, or MBAS assay, is a colorimetric analysis test method that uses methylene blue to ... one adds to it chloroform and a solution of methylene blue et al. Methylene blue is a cationic dye. The biphasic solution is ... If an anionic surfactant is present, then the cationic methylene blue and the anionic surfactant forms an ion pair, which is ... An anionic surfactant detected by the color reaction is called a methylene blue active substance (MBAS). After first acidifying ...
The redox reporter is often methylene blue. Upon target binding, the aptamer changes structure by folding, bringing the redox ...
Typical photosensitizers include tetraphenylporphyrin and methylene blue. The resulting singlet oxygen is an aggressive oxidant ...
... such as the dye methylene blue. Methylene blue adsorption is reported in g/100g (range 11-28 g/100g). Some carbons are ... "Adsorption of methylene blue onto activated carbon". www.nepjol.info. Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2016, 12(1)169- ...
Methylene blue by increasing NAD+/NADH ratio. Metformin activates both PRKA and SIRT1. Although neither resveratrol or SRT1720 ... Shin SY, Kim TH, Wu H, Choi YH, Kim SG (March 2014). "SIRT1 activation by methylene blue, a repurposed drug, leads to AMPK- ...
organic redox systems such as methylene blue. In these systems, a proton participates in the redox reaction. Therefore, ... In solution, it changes from light blue to red at an electrode potential of 0.97 V. Chemical analysis pH indicator ...
This is then treated with methylene blue. Bowers, Joseph S. "Toluidines". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. ...
... methylene blue and azure A etc.), which are metachromatic due to switching from monomeric to stacked aggregates, Alcian blue is ... of which the Alcian blue 8G (also called Ingrain blue 1, and C.I. 74240, formerly called Alcian blue 8GX from the name of a ... Solid Alcian blue is a combustible powder and should never be handled close to heat or a naked flame. Heating Alcian blue ... "Alcian Blue". The I.C.I. Journal: 59-60. March 1948. GB 586340 GB 587636 Steedman H. F. (1950). "Alcian blue 8GS: a new stain ...
"Jane Allison "Methylene Blue" (Horus Music Limited 2017)". americana-uk.com. 2017. Jane Stanness at IMDb Jane Allison website ( ... In 2017, she wrote and performed all tracks on her second album named "Methylene Blue". "How Aberystwyth inspired multi- ...
Methylene blue has historically been used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning, but is not a preferred therapy due to its ... Hanzlik, PJ (4 February 1933). "Methylene blue as an antidote for cyanide poisoning". JAMA. 100 (5): 357. doi:10.1001/jama. ... Methods of detection include colorimetric assays such as the Prussian blue test, the pyridine-barbiturate assay, also known as ...
Eosin methylene blue is differential for lactose fermentation. Granada medium is selective and differential for Streptococcus ... Examples of selective media: Eosin methylene blue contains dyes that are toxic for Gram-positive bacteria. It is the selective ... or methylene blue) added to the medium to visibly indicate the defining characteristics of a microorganism. These media are ...
It can also be combined with methylene blue. For the prevention of relapse in P. vivax and P. ovale 0.15 mg/kg should be given ... "Efficacy and safety of primaquine and methylene blue for prevention of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Mali: a phase 2, ...
Meyer O, Schlegel HG (1980). "Carbon monoxide:methylene blue oxidoreductase from Pseudomonas carboxydovorans". Journal of ...
The Casuarina bark was reported to able to remove methylene blue. Even the Casuarina seed was also found to be useful in dye ... "Adsorption of methylene blue by casuarina equisetifolia bark". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) " ... methylene blue, malachite green and methyl violet 2b. Similarly the Casuarina dried cone was also reported to be able to remove ... "Application of Casuarina equisetifolia needle for the removal of methylene blue and malachite green dyes from aqueous solution ...
Severe methemoglobinemia may be treated with methylene blue. Early in the AIDS crisis, widespread use of poppers among AIDS ... Modarai, B; Kapadia, YK; Kerins, M; Terris, J (May 2002). "Methylene blue: a treatment for severe methaemoglobinaemia secondary ... Amsterdam Special and Blue Boy. All these, if not before, are now fully Pentyl nitrite based, confusing some consumers with ...
Meyer O, Schlegel HG (1980). "Carbon monoxide:methylene blue oxidoreductase from Pseudomonas carboxydovorans". J. Bacteriol. ... methylene blue oxidoreductase, CO dehydrogenase, and carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase. Meyer O, Jacobitz S, Kruger B (1986). " ...
There is some evidence to support the use of methylene blue in the treatment of this condition. One case series reports a rate ... "BestBets: Is Methylene Blue of benefit in treating adult patients who develop vasoplegic syndrome during Cardiac Surgery". ... "Methylene blue and vasoplegia: who, when, and how?". Mini Rev Med Chem. 8 (5): 472-90. doi:10.2174/138955708784223477. PMID ...
Treatment is generally with oxygen therapy and methylene blue. Other treatments may include vitamin C, exchange transfusion, ... Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, shortness of breath, nausea, poor muscle coordination, and blue-colored skin ( ... there is a chance the offspring will have blue-hued skin.[citation needed] Another cause of congenital methemoglobinemia is ... or topical anesthetics containing benzocaine or prilocaine resulting in blue baby syndrome. Nitrates used in agricultural ...
April 2016). "Methylene blue alleviates nuclear and mitochondrial abnormalities in progeria". Aging Cell. 15 (2): 279-290. doi: ...
This may include intravenous methylene blue and ascorbic acid. The methylene blue allows the methaemoglobin to be converted to ... a symptom of naphthalene poisoning and is used when methylene blue is not available, or in conjunction with methylene blue in ... symptoms of haemolytic anaemia are presented and treated normally through the use of methylene blue and regular blood ...
Methylene blue may turn it blue to bluish-green. Phenolphthalein, a stimulant laxative previously found in Ex-Lax, can produce ...
However dead cells are unable to reduce the oxidized methylene blue and the cells are stained blue. Methylene blue can ... oxygen oxidizes methylene blue, and the solution turns blue. The dextrose will gradually reduce the methylene blue to its ... Methylene blue can reduce the half life of methemoglobin from hours to minutes. At high doses, however, methylene blue actually ... Adsorption of methylene blue is very similar to adsorption of pesticides from water, this quality makes methylene blue serve as ...
The methylene blue test is a test to determine the type or to treat methemoglobinemia, a blood disorder. ... The methylene blue test is a test to determine the type or to treat methemoglobinemia, a blood disorder. ... The methylene blue test is a test to determine the type or to treat methemoglobinemia, a blood disorder. ... A dark green powder called methylene blue goes through the tube into your vein. The provider looks at how the powder turns a ...
... N Engl J Med. 1995 May 4;332(18):1239-40. doi: 10.1056/ ...
Methylene Blue reference guide for safe and effective use from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (AHFS DI). ... Methylene blue drug interactions (more detail). Methylene Blue Pharmacokinetics. Absorption. Bioavailability. Well absorbed ... Detailed Methylene blue dosage information Cautions for Methylene Blue. Contraindications. * Known hypersensitivity to ... On exposure to air, urine turns green or blue due to presence of oxidation product methylene azure (methylene blue sulfone). ...
METHYLENE BLUE (UNII: T42P99266K) (METHYLENE BLUE CATION - UNII:ZMZ79891ZH) METHYLENE BLUE. 10.8 mg. ... Patients should be advised that the urine and/or stools may become blue to blue-green as a result of the excretion of methylene ... METHYLENE BLUE. [61-73-4] 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino) phenothiazin-5-ium chloride; C.I. Basic Blue 9; methylthioninium chloride; ... Methylene blue inhibits a range of CYP isozymes in vitro, including 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4/5. This interaction ...
To solve the double problems of methylene blue (MB) pollution in water and waste of straw resources, rape straw biochar (RSB600 ... Methylene blue (MB), an azo organic dye with excellent resistance to acids and bases, has a complex structure that is stable in ... Preparation and Modification of Rape Straw Biochar and Its Adsorption Characteristics for Methylene Blue in Water by Jiao Chen ... Liu, X.J.; Li, M.F.; Singh, S.K. Manganese-modified lignin biochar as adsorbent for removal of methylene blue. J. Mater. Res. ...
Methylene Blue/chemistry. Methylene Blue/chemistry. Comparisons of porous and adsorption properties of carbons activated by ...
... fast and low-cost process for simultaneous removal of Methylene Blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB), regarded to be toxic and even ... Highly efficient simultaneous ultrasonic-assisted adsorption of methylene blue and rhodamine B onto metal organic framework MIL ... Highly efficient simultaneous ultrasonic-assisted adsorption of methylene blue and rhodamine B onto metal organic framework MIL ... fast and low-cost process for simultaneous removal of Methylene Blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB), regarded to be toxic and even ...
Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto chemically (Na2CO3) treated ripe betel nut fibre (TRBNF) was studied using batch adsorption ... In this study, ripe betel nut fibre treated with Na2CO3 was used as an adsorbent for the adsorption of Methylene Blue dye. For ... Methylene Blue is a commercial cationic dye with chemical formulaC16H18ClN3Sand Molar weight = 0319.9 g·mol−1). The functional ... Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto chemically (Na2CO3) treated ripe betel nut fibre (TRBNF) was studied using batch adsorption ...
Methylene Blue x 2 , Antioxidant Brain Booster, 1% .5mg MB per drop ... Methylene Blue, Distilled WaterSealed in amber glass bottle591 drops per bottle .5 mg of blue per drop.1 Bottle can last 1 year ... Methylene Blue x 2 , Antioxidant Brain Booster, 1% .5mg MB per drop For Sale When you click on links to various merchants on ... Research shows that Methylene Blue is recognized as apotentantioxidant that has antimalarial, antidepressant and ...
The prepared hydrogel had a good adsorption effect on methylene blue; the adsorption of methylene blue by the hydrogel was ... Preparation of Peanut Shell Cellulose Double-Network Hydrogel and Its Adsorption Capacity for Methylene Blue. Yalin Li1,*, Lei ... 2023). Preparation of Peanut Shell Cellulose Double-Network Hydrogel and Its Adsorption Capacity for Methylene Blue. Journal of ... The adsorption isotherm analysis of methylene blue on hydrogel showed that the adsorption process was consistent with Langmuir ...
Methylene Blue Functionalized Poly(amido amine) Dendrimers as Wiring for Bioanalytical Applications. Research output: ...
The effect of natural organic matter humic acid, on the degradation of methylene blue using PMS was investigated. The results ... This paper demonstrates an oxidation method to remove methylene blue in water. ... humic acid competes with methylene blue for PMS; II: humic acid activates PMS to produce sulfate radicals; III: Cl-1 competes ... with methylene blue for sulfate radicals). This study is expected to provide valuable information to improve in situ ...
Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue showed that at pH 11, using 200 W visible light bulb and in 120 min; 93% methylene ... Aluminum-Doped Cobalt Ferrite as an Efficient Photocatalyst for the Abatement of Methylene Blue. Water , 12 (8) , Article 2285 ... The present study is aimed to access the photodegradation efficiency of methylene blue dye using CoFe_{2}O_{4} and Co_{0.1}Al_{ ... aluminum-doped cobalt ferrite; sol-gel synthesis; methylene blue; photocatalytic degradation. UCL classification:. UCL. UCL , ...
Methylene blue dye is an economical alternative for sulphur colloid having identification rate similar to the isotope. However ... Abstract P2-01-31: Sentinel node mapping with fluorescein and comparison with methylene blue and technitium sulphur colloid in ... Sentinel node mapping with fluorescein and comparison with methylene blue and technitium sulphur colloid in early breast cancer ... Methylene blue / Sodium Fluorescein). Patients underwent complete axillary dissection after identification of sentinel node for ...
MoS2/Cu/TiO2 nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and effect on photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue in water ... Lastly, the photocatalytic activity of the samples was assessed by means of the photodegradation of methylene blue under ... characterization and effect on photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue in water under visible light. Water Sci Technol ...
Methylene blue (MB) has a similar mode of action as chloroquine (CQ) and has moreover been shown to selectively inhibit the ... From: Methylene blue for malaria in Africa: results from a dose-finding study in combination with chloroquine ...
... patent blue (PB), sulfan blue, sulphane blue, patent blue violet, patent pure blue, and methylene blue dye (MBD) have been ... Methylene blue dye as an alternative to isosulfan blue dye for sentinel lymph node localization. Breast J 7: 181-183, 2001. ... Methylene blue dye as an alternative to isosulfan blue dye for sentinel lymph node localization. Ann Surg Oncol 10: 242-247, ... Sentinel lymph node mapping of breast cancer: a case-control study of methylene blue tracer compared to isosulfan blue. Am Surg ...
Biodecolorization of Methylene Blue by Using Bacillus subtilis Immobilized into SA-PVA-Bentonite Matrix in Mineral Salt Medium ... methylene blue molecular docking photocatalyst silica silver nanoparticles synthesis transesterification Indones. J. Chem. ...
Methylene blue. Methylene blue is a dye that combines with cellular elements. Once it is exposed to light, the dye becomes ... The effect of methylene blue photoinactivation and methylene blue removal on the quality of fresh-frozen plasma. Transfusion. ... Methylene blue also gives a tinge to the treated units; recipients who receive a lot of such treated blood products may develop ... 49] Fryk et al reported that methylene blue and light illumination at 630 nm for pathogen inactivation resulted in at least a ...
... and what are Methylene Blue uses? It is estimated that up to 30% of medicines on the market are used off-label. Sildenafil was ... What is Methylene Blue?. Methylene Blue is a 120-year-old medication that can affect the body in many positive ways. It was ... Is Methylene Blue toxic to humans?. A major risk factor of Methylene Blue is overdosing. It primarily helps at low doses, but ... Where to get good quality Methylene Blue?. Right now, you cannot get Methylene Blue from a traditional retail pharmacy like CVS ...
Soon after Methylene Blue was synthesized as a textile dye in the late 1 ... and improves mood and memory Methylene Blue (methylthioninium chloride) is a synthetic compound used as a nootropic to increase ... BY David Tomen Leave a Comment Methylene Blue boosts mitochondrial energy, is anti-aging, ... How does Methylene Blue feel? Methylene Blue as a nootropic will likely feel different than any other supplement youve ever ...
Methylene blue. Methylene blue is a dye that combines with cellular elements. Once it is exposed to light, the dye becomes ... The effect of methylene blue photoinactivation and methylene blue removal on the quality of fresh-frozen plasma. Transfusion. ... Methylene blue also gives a tinge to the treated units; recipients who receive a lot of such treated blood products may develop ... 49] Fryk et al reported that methylene blue and light illumination at 630 nm for pathogen inactivation resulted in at least a ...
Optimization Study of Preparation Eucalyptus Trees Activated Carbon for Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solution ...
A mild antiseptic used for fungus infections and useful as a long duration treatment for disease. Key Features: Used as a preventive cure against fungus on eggs Very commonly used as a treatment for post travel stress, gill damage and disease Remove activated carbon from filter during treatment and replace with new car
Methylene Blue. In Continous Production Since 2012.. Our methylene blue is an analytical calibration grade. That means it has ... methylene blue.. Disclaimer: Methylene Blue is not a nutritional supplement, and if we disclose usage guidelines for ... We can not label this product as pharmaceutical grade because the FDA has only approved one brand of IV methylene blue to ...
When mixed with whole blood, the RNA and DNA stain deep blue ... "New Methylene Blue - N \/ 4 oz \/ 120 mL","public_title":"N \/ ... "New Methylene Blue - Y \/ 4 oz \/ 120 mL","public_title":"Y \/ 4 oz \/ 120 mL","options":["Y","4 oz \/ 120 mL"],"price":28920," ... "New Methylene Blue - N \/ 8 oz \/ 250 mL","public_title":"N \/ 8 oz \/ 250 mL","options":["N","8 oz \/ 250 mL"],"price":4168," ... "New Methylene Blue - N \/ 1 oz \/ 30 mL","public_title":"N \/ 1 oz \/ 30 mL","options":["N","1 oz \/ 30 mL"],"price":2359," ...
Home Κατάστημα Laboratory Equipment Chemical Reagents Indicators Blue methylene phenic 100ml (kuhne solution) ... Blue methylene phenic 100ml (kuhne solution) €9,68. €12,00. με ΦΠΑ ...
  • The effect of natural organic matter humic acid, on the degradation of methylene blue using PMS was investigated. (deepdyve.com)
  • Purpose: The aim of this prospective study was to analyze the safety of methylene blue dye (MBD) and compare its efficacy with that of isotopic mapping for sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification in breast cancer. (iiarjournals.org)
  • In this blog post, we will explore the fascinating benefits of methylene blue and shed light on its potential applications in promoting health and well-being. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • This paper demonstrates an oxidation method to remove methylene blue in water. (deepdyve.com)
  • Another effective way to remove methylene blue from your floor is by using rubbing alcohol. (familyhint.com)
  • To solve the double problems of methylene blue (MB) pollution in water and waste of straw resources, rape straw biochar (RSB 600 ) was made by thermal decomposition of discarded rape residues at 600 °C, and modified RSB600(M-RSB 600 ) was prepared after treatment with NaOH for MB adsorption. (mdpi.com)
  • the adsorption of methylene blue by the hydrogel was 1.259 mg/g at 25°C when the initial concentration of methylene blue was 5 mg/L. The adsorption kinetics of the hydrogel fit the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, pseudo-second-order kinetic model, Eovich model and particle diffusion model. (techscience.com)
  • The adsorption isotherm analysis of methylene blue on hydrogel showed that the adsorption process was consistent with Langmuir and Freundlich models. (techscience.com)
  • The correlation coefficient of the Freundlich isotherm model was higher, indicating that the adsorption of methylene blue on hydrogel was mainly chemisorption. (techscience.com)
  • Removal of methylene blue from colored effluents by adsorption on montmorillonite clay. (ac.ir)
  • Integration of Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradationof Methylene Blue Using TiO2Supported on Granular ActivatedCarbon. (ac.ir)
  • Kinetics and thermodynamics of methylene blue adsorption on Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder. (ac.ir)
  • Hamid, P., Mostafa, L. and Marzieh, K . (2017).Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using water treatment sludge modified with sodium alginate as a low cost adsorbent. (ac.ir)
  • Methylene blue is employed as a medication for the treatment of methemoglobinemia, which can arise from ingestion of certain pharmaceuticals, toxins, or broad beans in those susceptible. (wikipedia.org)
  • The methylene blue test is a test to determine the type or to treat methemoglobinemia , a blood disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Methylene Blue has since been used to treat dementia, in cancer chemotherapy, malaria, methemoglobinemia, urinary tract infections, cyanide and carbon monoxide poisoning. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Methylene blue has several medical applications, such as treating the blood disorder methemoglobinemia and counteracting the poisonous effects of potassium cyanide. (chemicals.co.uk)
  • Methylene blue and oxygen therapy is used to treat methemoglobinemia. (chemicals.co.uk)
  • In addition, specific antidotes are methylene blue for methemoglobinemia and thiosulfate/sodium nitrite for cyanide (CN) poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • Methylthioninium chloride, commonly called methylene blue, is a salt used as a dye and as a medication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methylene Blue (methylthioninium chloride) is a synthetic compound used as a nootropic to increase memory, mood and longevity. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Methylene Blue (methylthioninium chloride) was first synthesized in 1876 by German chemist Heinrich Caro at BASF as an aniline-based dye for cotton staining. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Methylene blue is known by many different names, most commonly methylthioninium chloride, but also Urelene blue, Provayblue, and Proveblue. (chemicals.co.uk)
  • It was also found that the crystallinity increases at an annealing temperature of 800 °C. The application of these nanoparticles for methylene blue's photocatalytic degradation was explored and also the optimization of several parameters involving dye's concentration, amount of catalyst and pH of the solution was done. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Photocatalytic degradation ofmethylene blue over ferric tungstate). (ac.ir)
  • Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) is used in the examination of clinical specimens for the selective isolation and presumptive identification of gram-negative bacilli. (thomassci.com)
  • The present study is aimed to access the photodegradation efficiency of methylene blue dye using CoFe_{2}O_{4} and Co_{0.1}Al_{0.03}Fe_{0.17}O_{0.4} nanoparticles. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Modeling of competitive ultrasonic assisted removal of the dyes - Methylene blue and Safranin-O using Fe3O4 nanoparticles.Chem. (ac.ir)
  • Potential Antimicrobial Properties: Research has shown that methylene blue exhibits antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Methylene blue's wide range of potential benefits, including enhanced cognitive function, antioxidant effects, improved mitochondrial function, mood stabilization, potential antimicrobial properties, and its role in photodynamic therapy, make it a compound with immense therapeutic potential. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • In addition to all of this, Methylene Blue also has antimicrobial properties that can help to reduce the growth and spread of harmful bacteria on the skin. (vasseurskincare.com)
  • Methylene Blue is a potent antioxidant. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • From its antioxidant properties to its potential in treating various conditions, methylene blue holds promise as a versatile therapeutic agent. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects: As a powerful antioxidant, methylene blue has the ability to neutralize harmful free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Methylene Blue is a powerful antioxidant that has been proven to have several benefits when applied topically to the skin. (vasseurskincare.com)
  • it means that Methylene Blue first increases energy production, which may lead to oxidative stress but also prevents the latter from occurring by acting as a potent antioxidant. (vitalorganico.ie)
  • Methylene blue's ability to modulate these neurotransmitters may offer benefits for individuals dealing with mood disorders. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Research shows that Methylene Blue is recognized as apotentantioxidant that has antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties. (scienceagogo.com)
  • As a nootropic , Methylene Blue is used to enhance mitochondrial function, increase cerebral blood flow , and acts as an antidepressant. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Mood Stabilization and Antidepressant Effects: Some studies have suggested that methylene blue may have mood-stabilizing properties and potential antidepressant effects. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • By reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, methylene blue may help combat the effects of aging, support cardiovascular health, and promote overall well-being. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Methylene Blue effectively prevents and protects against superficial fungal infections of fishes, and also protects newly laid fish eggs from fungal or bacterial infections. (baybridgeaquarium.com)
  • Methylene Blue is effective against superficial fungal infections of fish. (killickcoast.com)
  • Various sludge adsorbent / TiO2 ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 w/w) were prepared, and characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and BET. The prepared composites were applied successfully for photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye from a solution. (ac.ir)
  • Removal of methylene blue from water using zeolites prepared from Egyptian kaolins collected from different sources. (ac.ir)
  • The present study evaluated the efficiency of chemical adjuncts in methylene blue dye (MB) removal after PDT. (bvsalud.org)
  • Luo, Kun 2018-05-08 00:00:00 Abstract Methylene blue dye has been widely used in many industries and usually released in natural water sources, which become a health thereat to human-beings and microbes. (deepdyve.com)
  • It confers a blue color to both nuclei and cytoplasm, and makes the nuclei more visible. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitochondrial Function and Energy Production: Methylene blue has been found to enhance mitochondrial function, the cellular powerhouses responsible for energy production. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • By optimizing mitochondrial activity, methylene blue may contribute to increased energy levels, improved exercise performance, and enhanced vitality. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Viability risk assessments of contamination and guide attempts at was evaluated by using both motility and methylene dye environmental decontamination ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The purpose and formulation of methylene blue should be considered, as the dosage can vary based on its intended use. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Objective To evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy in the inactivation of Candida albicans planktonic cells, using methylene blue, 150 mg/mL, as a photosensitizer. (bvsalud.org)
  • Photodynamic Therapy: Methylene blue has also found applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT), a treatment approach that utilizes light-activated compounds to target and destroy cancer cells or certain skin conditions. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Effect of chemical substances in removing methylene blue after photodynamic therapy in root canal treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, MBD, widely used in different diagnostic and therapeutic procedures (such as surgery of nipple discharge, Fallopian tube patency evaluation, chromoendoscopy), was only exceptionally associated with potentially life-threatening adverse events and caused fewer changes in oxygen saturation compared with other blue dyes ( 24 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • As with any therapeutic agent, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before considering the use of methylene blue, particularly for specific medical conditions or in conjunction with other medications. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • As a dye, methylene blue is very useful in the laboratory as an indicator of chemical change and as a biological stain for bacterial cells that are examined under the microscope. (chemicals.co.uk)
  • Methylene blue stain is a common problem. (familyhint.com)
  • Quensel's stain may be substituted for buffered methylene blue. (cdc.gov)
  • Viable larvae remained motile and this devastating disease is rare, lack of effective treatment remained unstained (Figure 1), whereas nonviable larvae and the widespread distribution of raccoons in close absorbed the methylene blue stain (Figure 2) ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Different blue dyes, isosulfan blue dye (IBD), patent blue (PB), sulfan blue, sulphane blue, patent blue violet, patent pure blue, and methylene blue dye (MBD) have been evaluated for the SLN procedure. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Because MBD has been shown in numerous other studies to be equally effective in SLN identification in comparison with other blue dyes ( 10 , 16 , 18 - 26 ), it was proposed as an alternative technique for the SLN procedure. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Iodine is then measured colorimetrically when a blue color forms from the production of a starch-iodine complex. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, methylene blue accelerates the hardening of bone cement, increasing the speed at which bone cement can be effectively applied. (wikipedia.org)
  • dead link] Since its reduction potential is similar to that of oxygen and can be reduced by components of the electron transport chain, large doses of methylene blue are sometimes used as an antidote to potassium cyanide poisoning, a method first successfully tested in 1933 by Dr. Matilda Moldenhauer Brooks in San Francisco, although first demonstrated by Bo Sahlin of Lund University, in 1926. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methylene Blue functions as an alternative electron carrier in the electron transport chain in mitochondria. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Methods Aliquots of 100 (μg/mL of the fungal suspension in a 106 cells/mL concentration were seeded in microtiter plates with 96 wells, where the same volume of methylene blue was deposited, remaining for 5 min pre-irradiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Methylene blue (MB) was the first synthetic antimalarial to be discovered and was used during the late 19th and early 20th centuries against all types of malaria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, methylene blue can generate reactive oxygen species that selectively destroy abnormal cells while sparing healthy ones. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Treat with high concentrations of humidified oxygen en route to the hospital. (medscape.com)
  • A dark green powder called methylene blue goes through the tube into your vein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Methylene blue stains can be found on your flooring if you have any of these products around the house. (familyhint.com)
  • If you have methylene blue stains on your flooring, there are a few ways you can remove them. (familyhint.com)
  • Removing methylene blue stains from floors is not difficult if you know what to do. (familyhint.com)
  • You can also try removing methylene blue stains from hardwood floors by using an ammonia solution or vinegar solution (white distilled vinegar). (familyhint.com)
  • To get rid of methylene blue stains on your floor, use a mixture of chlorine bleach and water in a spray bottle. (familyhint.com)
  • Lemon juice will remove most stains from carpets and upholstery, including methylene blue stains. (familyhint.com)
  • Soon after Methylene Blue was synthesized as a textile dye in the late 1800's, it became the first synthetic drug to be used in humans. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Methylene Blue is not a nutritional supplement, and if we disclose usage guidelines for application in humans or animals, the FDA would reclassify our product as a drug and force us to take it off the market. (healthnatura.com)
  • Methylene Blue has been used by humans for over 100 years and in low dosages, it hasn't shown any significant side effects. (vitalorganico.ie)
  • In this study we have investigated the effectiveness and safety of fluorescein in sentinel node biopsy in a cross-sectional analytical study compared to Methylene Blue and Technitium Sulphar colloid. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Our methylene blue is an analytical calibration grade. (healthnatura.com)
  • When methylene blue is "polychromed" (oxidized in solution or "ripened" by fungal metabolism, as originally noted in the thesis of Dr. D. L. Romanowsky in the 1890s), it gets serially demethylated and forms all the tri-, di-, mono- and non-methyl intermediates, which are Azure B, Azure A, Azure C, and thionine, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methylene Blue is safe for use with fish eggs and fry for the prevention of fungal infections. (killickcoast.com)
  • Methylene blue, a synthetic compound with a long history of medicinal use, has been gaining attention in recent years for its diverse range of potential health benefits. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Patients received either a placebo, a half-dose of delayed-release methylene blue dye tablet or a full dose. (endodc.com)
  • The patients who received the full dose of delayed-release methylene blue had nine percent more adenomas detected because the dye identified small, flat polyps that typically would have been missed. (endodc.com)
  • Methylene Blue is currently being studied as potential therapy for mild cognitive impairment , Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • MB treatment was associated with mild urogenital and gastrointestinal symptoms as well as blue coloration of urine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Blue dye is commonly used during colonoscopy, but it is sprayed into the colon during the exam to highlight specific areas. (endodc.com)
  • Methylene blue, when injected intravenously as an antidote, is itself first reduced to leucomethylene blue, which then reduces the heme group from methemoglobin to hemoglobin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methylene blue can reduce the half life of methemoglobin from hours to minutes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Normally, methylene blue quickly lowers the level of methemoglobin in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Methylene blue is typically given by injection into a vein. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] In surgeries such as sentinel lymph node dissections, methylene blue can be used to visually trace the lymphatic drainage of tested tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the early 20th century, psychiatrists were using Methylene Blue in the experimental treatment of schizophrenia. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • In 1891, German physician and Noble Prize recipient Paul Ehrlich pioneered the use of Methylene Blue for the treatment of malaria. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • The sunlight mediated photocatalytic treatment of Methylene Blue (MB) dye was studied using Prepared ZnO. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
  • All these parameters were deeply studied for pond water, Methylene Blue solution (polluted water) and treated water which was obtained after photocatalytic treatment. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
  • After photocatlytic treatment a comparison of quality parameters of water, polluted water (contaminated by methylene blue) and treated water has been done. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
  • Methylene blue is primarily used as a dye, but its dye properties also allow it to be useful in several other applications, such as in medicine, and in chemistry as a chemical indicator for various types of chemical reactions or properties. (chemicals.co.uk)
  • Methylene blue is used in endoscopic polypectomy as an adjunct to saline or epinephrine, and is used for injection into the submucosa around the polyp to be removed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rinse thoroughly under running water until no trace of blue remains in the wash basin or tub.1. (familyhint.com)
  • Methylene Blue inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase activity which increases levels of catecholamines and acetylcholine . (compasslaboratory.com)
  • Methylene blue is a derivative of phenothiazine, but is prepared by the oxidation of dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine in the presence of sodium thiosulfphte . (chemicals.co.uk)
  • Control experiments were performed without illumination and in the absence of methylene blue, and another in the presence of methylene blue without illumination and with illumination, replacing the photosensitizer by saline. (bvsalud.org)
  • Methods: This trial was conducted at two centers : Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai and All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi in India.We examined 86 patients of early breast cancer with no palpable axillary nodes undergoing SLNB with three tracers (Sulphur colloid /Methylene blue / Sodium Fluorescein). (aacrjournals.org)
  • This led to a myriad of scientists rushing to research what else Methylene Blue could be used for. (elderguru.com)
  • And the amount of recent research being conducted on Methylene Blue is exponential. (elderguru.com)
  • Here we'll dive into over 140 years of research on how Methylene Blue helps your brain. (compasslaboratory.com)
  • A recent study found that oral tablets with methylene blue dye could boost adenoma detection rate (ADR) as much as nine percent. (endodc.com)
  • Perhaps the most surprising benefit of Methylene Blue is its ability to boost collagen production. (vasseurskincare.com)