Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.
Metals that constitute group 1(formerly group Ia) of the periodic table. They are the most strongly electropositive of the metals. Note that HYDROGEN is not considered an alkali metal even though it falls under the group 1 heading in the periodic table.
A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.
A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.
A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.
Metals that constitute the group 2 (formerly group IIa) of the periodic table.
A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)
Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.
A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.
A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.
A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.19, symbol Pb. (Dorland, 28th)
Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.
A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.
Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.
A group of elements that include SCANDIUM; YTTRIUM; and the LANTHANOID SERIES ELEMENTS. Historically, the rare earth metals got their name from the fact that they were never found in their pure elemental form, but as an oxide. In addition they were very difficult to purify. They are not truly rare and comprise about 25% of the metals in the earth's crust.
An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.
Neutral or negatively charged ligands bonded to metal cations or neutral atoms. The number of ligand atoms to which the metal center is directly bonded is the metal cation's coordination number, and this number is always greater than the regular valence or oxidation number of the metal. A coordination complex can be negative, neutral, or positively charged.
The fusion of ceramics (porcelain) to an alloy of two or more metals for use in restorative and prosthodontic dentistry. Examples of metal alloys employed include cobalt-chromium, gold-palladium, gold-platinum-palladium, and nickel-based alloys.
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Proteins that have one or more tightly bound metal ions forming part of their structure. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Spectrophotometric techniques by which the absorption or emmision spectra of radiation from atoms are produced and analyzed.
Metals with low specific gravity, typically smaller than 5, characterized by a single valence (1, 2, or 3), a simple spectrum, strong electromotive force (positive), and colorless compounds. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions for use in restorative or prosthetic dentistry.
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
Specific alloys not less than 85% chromium and nickel or cobalt, with traces of either nickel or cobalt, molybdenum, and other substances. They are used in partial dentures, orthopedic implants, etc.
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
Welding is not typically considered a medical term, but rather refers to a process in manufacturing and construction involving the joining of metal components through heat or pressure, which isn't directly related to medicine or healthcare.
Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The science, art, or technology dealing with processes involved in the separation of metals from their ores, the technique of making or compounding the alloys, the techniques of working or heat-treating metals, and the mining of metals. It includes industrial metallurgy as well as metallurgical techniques employed in the preparation and working of metals used in dentistry, with special reference to orthodontic and prosthodontic appliances. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p494)
A group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.
A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.
Stainless steel. A steel containing Ni, Cr, or both. It does not tarnish on exposure and is used in corrosive environments. (Grant & Hack's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts; atomic number, 22; atomic weight, 47.90; symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The spectrometric analysis of fluorescent X-RAYS, i.e. X-rays emitted after bombarding matter with high energy particles such as PROTONS; ELECTRONS; or higher energy X-rays. Identification of ELEMENTS by this technique is based on the specific type of X-rays that are emitted which are characteristic of the specific elements in the material being analyzed. The characteristic X-rays are distinguished and/or quantified by either wavelength dispersive or energy dispersive methods.
A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.
The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Alloys that contain a high percentage of gold. They are used in restorative or prosthetic dentistry.
Phenanthrolines are a class of heterocyclic compounds containing two aromatic hydrocarbon rings fused with a third ring consisting of nitrogen atoms, which have been used in the development of various pharmaceutical and chemical research applications, including as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agents, enzyme inhibitors, and chelators.
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Contamination of the air, bodies of water, or land with substances that are harmful to human health and the environment.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.
Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations.
The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.
Tungsten. A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.
An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.
Conditions associated with damage or dysfunction of the nervous system caused by exposure to heavy metals, which may cause a variety of central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous system injuries.
Substances or energies, for example heat or light, which when introduced into the air, water, or land threaten life or health of individuals or ECOSYSTEMS.
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.
Inorganic compounds that contain zinc as an integral part of the molecule.
Inorganic chemicals that contain manganese as an integral part of the molecule.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Uranium. A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.
A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71.
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
The gradual destruction of a metal or alloy due to oxidation or action of a chemical agent. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.
Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides.
A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain divalent iron.
Elements of the lanthanoid series including atomic number 57 (LANTHANUM) through atomic number 71 (LUTETIUM).
A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that is grown in rock gardens. T. arvense is grown for its large, round ornamental seed pods. The common name of pennycress usually refers to this genus but may also refer to the genus Microthlaspi.
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.
Adverse effect upon bodies of water (LAKES; RIVERS; seas; groundwater etc.) caused by CHEMICAL WATER POLLUTANTS.
The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.
Mercury poisoning, also known as hydrargyria, is a type of metal toxicity caused by exposure to excessive levels of mercury, leading to harmful effects on the nervous system, kidneys, and other organs, often resulting from improper handling or ingestion of mercury-containing substances.
A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A class of nonmetals such as arsenic that have some of the chemical properties of a metal.
Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae".
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Inorganic or organic compounds containing trivalent iron.
Beryllium. An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.
The protein components of enzyme complexes (HOLOENZYMES). An apoenzyme is the holoenzyme minus any cofactors (ENZYME COFACTORS) or prosthetic groups required for the enzymatic function.
Terbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.
Ytterbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.
Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Proteins that specifically bind to IRON.
'Mining' in medical terminology is not a commonly used term, but it can refer to the process of extracting or excavating minerals or other resources from the earth, which can have health impacts such as respiratory diseases and hearing loss among workers in the mining industry.
Materials that have a limited and usually variable electrical conductivity. They are particularly useful for the production of solid-state electronic devices.
Rhodium. A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Ethylenediamines are organic compounds containing two amine groups linked by a two-carbon chain, widely used in the manufacture of industrial and pharmaceutical products, including chelating agents and polymerization catalysts, but not typically used as a medication on their own.
Compounds containing the -SH radical.
A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.

Identification and characterization of a recombinant metallothionein protein from a marine alga, Fucus vesiculosus. (1/4151)

A cDNA library was constructed from macroalgae adapted to prolonged elevated environmental copper levels. To investigate the possible existence of a metallothionein (MT) gene, the library was screened with degenerate probes designed using plant MT cysteine-rich motifs. A gene was identified (1229 bp) with a putative open reading frame (204 bp) encoding a 67-amino-acid protein exhibiting several characteristic features of MT proteins, including 16 cysteine residues (24%) and only one aromatic residue. Although the protein sequence showed high identity with plant and invertebrate MTs, it contained a unique 'linker' region (14 amino acid residues) between the two putative metal-binding domains which contained no cysteine residues. This extended linker is larger than the tripeptide found in archetypal vertebrate MTs, but does not conform either with the 40-amino-acid linkers commonly found in plant MT sequences. An S-peptide Fucus MT fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited a relative molecular mass of approximately 14 kDa. The recombinant fusion bound seven Cd ions, of which 50% were dissociated at pH 4.1. Under anaerobic conditions, the Cd ions were displaced by Cu(I), which associated with the protein at a ratio of 13:1. Laboratory exposure of F. vesiculosus to elevated copper resulted in induction of the MT gene. Thus this paper describes, for the first time, an MT gene identified from macroalgae which is induced by copper exposure and whose encoded protein product binds cadmium and copper.  (+info)

Interactions of membrane potential and cations in regulation of ciliary activity in Paramecium. (2/4151)

Ciliary activity in Paramecium was investigated in different external solutions using techniques of voltage clamp and high frequency cinematography. An increase in the external concentration of K, Ca or Mg ions decreased the resting potential. It had no effect on ciliary activity. When the membrane potential was fixed, an increase in external Ca or Mg and, to a lesser extent, an increase in K concentration, raised the frequency of normal beating or decreased the frequency of reversed beating of the cilia. Similar effects resulted from membrane hyperpolarization with constant ionic conditions. Increase in concentration of Ca, but not of Mg or K, enhanced hyperpolarization-induced augmentation of ciliary frequency. Increase in Ca concentration also specifically augmented the delayed increase in inward current during rapid hyperpolarizing clamp. The results support the view that [Ca]i regulates the frequency and direction of ciliary beating. It is suggested that the insensitivity of the ciliary motor system to elevations of the external concentrations of ions results from compensation of their effects on [Ca]i. Depolarization itself appears to increase [Ca]i while elevation of the external ion concentrations at a fixed membrane potential appears to decrease [Ca]i.  (+info)

Purification and properties of a low-molecular-weight, high-alkaline pectate lyase from an alkaliphilic strain of Bacillus. (3/4151)

A low-molecular-weight, high-alkaline pectate lyase (pectate transeliminase, EC 4.2.2.2) was found in an alkaline culture of Bacillus sp. strain KSM-P15, purified to homogeneity, and crystallized. The enzyme had a relative molecular weight of approximately 20,300 as measured by sedimentation equilibrium, with a sedimentation coefficient (s20,w0) of 1.73 S. It was a basic protein with an isoelectric point of pH 10.3, and the alpha-helical content was only 6.6%. In the presence of Ca2+ ions, the enzyme degraded polygalacturonic acid in a random manner to yield 4,5-unsaturated oligo-galacturonides and had its optimal activity around pH 10.5 and 50-55 degrees C. It also had a protopectinase-like activity on cotton fibers. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the intact protein (28 amino acids) and its two lysyl endopeptidase-cleaved peptide fragments (8 and 12 amino acids) had very low sequence similarity with pectate lyases reported to date. These results strongly suggest that the pectate lyase of Bacillus sp. strain KSM-P15 may be a novel enzyme and belongs in a new family.  (+info)

Purification and characterization of Aspergillus ficuum endoinulinase. (4/4151)

Endoinulinase from Aspergillus ficuum, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of inulin via an endo-cleavage mode, was purified by chromatography from Novozym 230 as a starting commercial enzyme mixture on CM-Sephadex and DEAE-Sepharose, and by preparative electrophoresis under native conditions. The enzyme was estimated to be pure on the basis of its I/S ratio, whose value was infinite in our assay conditions. Two forms separated by using this method. SDS gel electrophoresis showed the two purified forms to respectively exhibit molecular weights of 64,000 +/- 500 and 66,000 +/- 1,000. The results of deglycosylation indicated that the two forms were originally the same protein but with different sugar contents. A molecular weight of 54,800 +/- 1,500 was found by gel filtration of the native enzyme, indicating the native functional protein to be a monomer. The enzyme showed nearly absolute substrate specificity towards inulin and inulooligosaccharides, and acted via an endo-attack to produce mainly inulotriose during the late stage of the reaction. The apparent Km and Vmax values for inulin hydrolysis were 8.1 +/- 1.0 mM and 773 +/- 60 U/mg, respectively. The internal peptides of the enzyme showed sequence homology to the endoinulinase of Penicillium purpurogenum.  (+info)

Analysis of 118 second-generation metal-on-metal retrieved hip implants. (5/4151)

Osteolysis is due to particulate wear debris and is responsible for the long-term failure of total hip replacements. It has stimulated the development of alternative joint surfaces such as metal-on-metal or ceramic-on-ceramic implants. Since 1988 the second-generation metal-on-metal implant Metasul has been used in over 60 000 hips. Analysis of 118 retrieved specimens of the head or cup showed rates of wear of approximately 25 microm for the whole articulation per year in the first year, decreasing to about 5 microm per year after the third. Metal surfaces have a 'self-polishing' capacity. Scratches are worn out by further joint movement. Volumetric wear was decreased some 60-fold compared with that of metal-on-polyethylene implants, suggesting that second-generation metal-on-metal prostheses may considerably reduce osteolysis.  (+info)

Adaptation of bulk constitutive equations to insoluble monolayer collapse at the air-water interface. (6/4151)

A constitutive equation based on stress-strain models of bulk solids was adapted to relate the surface pressure, compression rate, and temperature of an insoluble monolayer of monodendrons during collapse at the air-water interface. A power law relation between compression rate and surface pressure and an Arrhenius temperature dependence of the steady-state creep rate were observed in data from compression rate and creep experiments in the collapse region. These relations were combined into a single constitutive equation to calculate the temperature dependence of the collapse pressure with a maximum error of 5 percent for temperatures ranging from 10 degrees to 25 degrees C.  (+info)

SAG, a novel zinc RING finger protein that protects cells from apoptosis induced by redox agents. (7/4151)

SAG (sensitive to apoptosis gene) was cloned as an inducible gene by 1,10-phenanthroline (OP), a redox-sensitive compound and an apoptosis inducer. SAG encodes a novel zinc RING finger protein that consists of 113 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 12.6 kDa. SAG is highly conserved during evolution, with identities of 70% between human and Caenorhabditis elegans sequences and 55% between human and yeast sequences. In human tissues, SAG is ubiquitously expressed at high levels in skeletal muscles, heart, and testis. SAG is localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of cells, and its gene was mapped to chromosome 3q22-24. Bacterially expressed and purified human SAG binds to zinc and copper metal ions and prevents lipid peroxidation induced by copper or a free radical generator. When overexpressed in several human cell lines, SAG protects cells from apoptosis induced by redox agents (the metal chelator OP and zinc or copper metal ions). Mechanistically, SAG appears to inhibit and/or delay metal ion-induced cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Thus, SAG is a cellular protective molecule that appears to act as an antioxidant to inhibit apoptosis induced by metal ions and reactive oxygen species.  (+info)

Amyloid beta peptides do not form peptide-derived free radicals spontaneously, but can enhance metal-catalyzed oxidation of hydroxylamines to nitroxides. (8/4151)

Amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Free radical generation by Abeta peptides was suggested to be a key mechanism of their neurotoxicity. Reports that neurotoxic free radicals derived from Abeta-(1-40) and Abeta-(25-35) peptides react with the spin trap N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) to form a PBN/.Abeta peptide radical adduct with a specific triplet ESR signal assert that the peptide itself was the source of free radicals. We now report that three Abeta peptides, Abeta-(1-40), Abeta-(25-35), and Abeta-(40-1), do not yield radical adducts with PBN from the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF). In contrast to OMRF PBN, incubation of Sigma PBN in phosphate buffer without Abeta peptides produced a three-line ESR spectrum. It was shown that this nitroxide is di-tert-butylnitroxide and is formed in the Sigma PBN solution as a result of transition metal-catalyzed auto-oxidation of the respective hydroxylamine present as an impurity in the Sigma PBN. Under some conditions, incubation of PBN from Sigma with Abeta-(1-40) or Abeta-(25-35) can stimulate the formation of di-tert-butylnitroxide. It was shown that Abeta peptides enhanced oxidation of cyclic hydroxylamine 1-hydroxy-4-oxo-2,2,6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMPONE-H), which was strongly inhibited by the treatment of phosphate buffer with Chelex-100. It was shown that ferric and cupric ions are effective oxidants of TEMPONE-H. The data obtained allow us to conclude that under some conditions toxic Abeta peptides Abeta-(1-40) and Abeta-(25-35) enhance metal-catalyzed oxidation of hydroxylamine derivatives, but do not spontaneously form peptide-derived free radicals.  (+info)

In the context of medicine, there is no specific medical definition for 'metals.' However, certain metals have significant roles in biological systems and are thus studied in physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Some metals are essential to life, serving as cofactors for enzymatic reactions, while others are toxic and can cause harm at certain levels.

Examples of essential metals include:

1. Iron (Fe): It is a crucial component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and various enzymes involved in energy production, DNA synthesis, and electron transport.
2. Zinc (Zn): This metal is vital for immune function, wound healing, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. It acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes.
3. Copper (Cu): Copper is essential for energy production, iron metabolism, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue formation. It serves as a cofactor for several enzymes.
4. Magnesium (Mg): Magnesium plays a crucial role in many biochemical reactions, including nerve and muscle function, protein synthesis, and blood pressure regulation.
5. Manganese (Mn): This metal is necessary for bone development, protein metabolism, and antioxidant defense. It acts as a cofactor for several enzymes.
6. Molybdenum (Mo): Molybdenum is essential for the function of certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs.
7. Cobalt (Co): Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12, which plays a vital role in DNA synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and nerve function.

Examples of toxic metals include:

1. Lead (Pb): Exposure to lead can cause neurological damage, anemia, kidney dysfunction, and developmental issues.
2. Mercury (Hg): Mercury is highly toxic and can cause neurological problems, kidney damage, and developmental issues.
3. Arsenic (As): Arsenic exposure can lead to skin lesions, cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
4. Cadmium (Cd): Cadmium is toxic and can cause kidney damage, bone demineralization, and lung irritation.
5. Chromium (Cr): Excessive exposure to chromium can lead to skin ulcers, respiratory issues, and kidney and liver damage.

Zinc is an essential mineral that is vital for the functioning of over 300 enzymes and involved in various biological processes in the human body, including protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, immune function, wound healing, and cell division. It is a component of many proteins and participates in the maintenance of structural integrity and functionality of proteins. Zinc also plays a crucial role in maintaining the sense of taste and smell.

The recommended daily intake of zinc varies depending on age, sex, and life stage. Good dietary sources of zinc include red meat, poultry, seafood, beans, nuts, dairy products, and fortified cereals. Zinc deficiency can lead to various health problems, including impaired immune function, growth retardation, and developmental delays in children. On the other hand, excessive intake of zinc can also have adverse effects on health, such as nausea, vomiting, and impaired immune function.

Metals and alkalis are two types of chemical species with different properties and behaviors. Here are the definitions for each:

1. Metals: In general, metals are elements that are shiny, solid (with some exceptions like mercury), good conductors of heat and electricity, and malleable (can be beaten into thin sheets) and ductile (can be drawn into wires). They tend to lose electrons easily and form positively charged ions called cations. Many metals are also reactive, meaning they can react with other elements or compounds to form new substances. Examples of metals include iron, copper, silver, gold, aluminum, and sodium.

2. Alkalis: Alkalis are basic compounds that have a pH greater than 7. They can neutralize acids and form salts. Alkalis can be soluble in water or insoluble, and they tend to react with acids to produce water and a salt. Examples of alkalis include sodium hydroxide (lye), potassium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide.

It's worth noting that not all metals are alkalis, and not all alkalis are metals. Some metals, like aluminum and zinc, can react with strong bases to form alkali solutions, but they are not themselves alkalis. Similarly, some non-metallic elements, like hydrogen and carbon, can form basic compounds, but they are not considered alkalis either.

Cobalt is a chemical element with the symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is a hard, silver-white, lustrous, and brittle metal that is found naturally only in chemically combined form, except for small amounts found in meteorites. Cobalt is used primarily in the production of magnetic, wear-resistant, and high-strength alloys, as well as in the manufacture of batteries, magnets, and pigments.

In a medical context, cobalt is sometimes used in the form of cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope, for cancer treatment through radiation therapy. Cobalt-60 emits gamma rays that can be directed at tumors to destroy cancer cells. Additionally, small amounts of cobalt are present in some vitamin B12 supplements and fortified foods, as cobalt is an essential component of vitamin B12. However, exposure to high levels of cobalt can be harmful and may cause health effects such as allergic reactions, lung damage, heart problems, and neurological issues.

Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: *cuprum*) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Copper is found as a free element in nature, and it is also a constituent of many minerals such as chalcopyrite and bornite.

In the human body, copper is an essential trace element that plays a role in various physiological processes, including iron metabolism, energy production, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue synthesis. Copper is found in a variety of foods, such as shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and organ meats. The recommended daily intake of copper for adults is 900 micrograms (mcg) per day.

Copper deficiency can lead to anemia, neutropenia, impaired immune function, and abnormal bone development. Copper toxicity, on the other hand, can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, liver damage and neurological symptoms. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced copper intake through diet and supplements if necessary.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nickel" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. Nickel is a hard, silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. It is one of four elements that are ferromagnetic and is used as a common component in various alloys due to its properties such as resistance to corrosion and heat.

However, in a medical context, nickel may refer to:

* Nickel allergy: A type of allergic contact dermatitis caused by an immune system response to the presence of nickel in jewelry, clothing fasteners, or other items that come into contact with the skin. Symptoms can include redness, itching, and rash at the site of exposure.
* Nickel carbonyl: A highly toxic chemical compound (Ni(CO)4) that can cause respiratory and neurological problems if inhaled. It is produced during some industrial processes involving nickel and carbon monoxide and poses a health risk to workers if proper safety measures are not taken.

If you have any concerns about exposure to nickel or symptoms related to nickel allergy, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

Alkaline earth metals are a group of elements in the periodic table that include beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). These metals are called "alkaline earth" because they form alkaline solutions when reacted with water, and they comprise the second group of elements in the periodic table's s-block.

These metals share several common properties:

1. They have two electrons in their outermost energy level, which makes them highly reactive and willing to lose those electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.
2. They are all shiny, silvery-white, and solid at room temperature.
3. They have relatively low densities and melting points compared to transition metals.
4. They form oxides and hydroxides that are basic in nature, hence the term "alkaline."
5. They readily react with halogens, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen to form various compounds.

In a medical context, alkaline earth metals don't typically have a direct role in human physiology or pathology. However, some of their salts are used in medical applications, such as:

1. Calcium salts (e.g., calcium carbonate) are commonly used as dietary supplements and antacids to treat or prevent calcium deficiency and acid reflux.
2. Magnesium salts (e.g., magnesium sulfate) have various medical uses, including treating eclampsia, hypomagnesemia, and constipation.
3. Barium salts are used in radiology as a contrast agent for gastrointestinal imaging studies.

It is worth noting that exposure to excessive amounts of these metals can be harmful. For instance, overexposure to beryllium can lead to chronic beryllium disease, while calcium and magnesium in large quantities may cause hypercalcemia or hypermagnesemia, respectively, which can have detrimental health effects.

Manganese is not a medical condition, but it's an essential trace element that is vital for human health. Here is the medical definition of Manganese:

Manganese (Mn) is a trace mineral that is present in tiny amounts in the body. It is found mainly in bones, the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Manganese helps the body form connective tissue, bones, blood clotting factors, and sex hormones. It also plays a role in fat and carbohydrate metabolism, calcium absorption, and blood sugar regulation. Manganese is also necessary for normal brain and nerve function.

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for manganese is 2.3 mg per day for adult men and 1.8 mg per day for adult women. Good food sources of manganese include nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, and tea.

In some cases, exposure to high levels of manganese can cause neurological symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease, a condition known as manganism. However, this is rare and usually occurs in people who are occupationally exposed to manganese dust or fumes, such as welders.

Divalent cations are ions that carry a positive charge of +2. They are called divalent because they have two positive charges. Common examples of divalent cations include calcium (Ca²+), magnesium (Mg²+), and iron (Fe²+). These ions play important roles in various biological processes, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and bone metabolism. They can also interact with certain drugs and affect their absorption, distribution, and elimination in the body.

Chromium is an essential trace element that is necessary for human health. It is a key component of the glucose tolerance factor, which helps to enhance the function of insulin in regulating blood sugar levels. Chromium can be found in various foods such as meat, fish, whole grains, and some fruits and vegetables. However, it is also available in dietary supplements for those who may not get adequate amounts through their diet.

The recommended daily intake of chromium varies depending on age and gender. For adults, the adequate intake (AI) is 20-35 micrograms per day for women and 35-50 micrograms per day for men. Chromium deficiency is rare but can lead to impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

It's important to note that while chromium supplements are marketed as a way to improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control, there is limited evidence to support these claims. Moreover, excessive intake of chromium can have adverse effects on health, including liver and kidney damage, stomach irritation, and hypoglycemia. Therefore, it's recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplements containing chromium.

In the context of medicine, iron is an essential micromineral and key component of various proteins and enzymes. It plays a crucial role in oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and energy production within the body. Iron exists in two main forms: heme and non-heme. Heme iron is derived from hemoglobin and myoglobin in animal products, while non-heme iron comes from plant sources and supplements.

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron varies depending on age, sex, and life stage:

* For men aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 8 mg/day
* For women aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 18 mg/day
* During pregnancy, the RDA increases to 27 mg/day
* During lactation, the RDA for breastfeeding mothers is 9 mg/day

Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Excessive iron intake may result in iron overload, causing damage to organs such as the liver and heart. Balanced iron levels are essential for maintaining optimal health.

In the context of medicine, "lead" most commonly refers to lead exposure or lead poisoning. Lead is a heavy metal that can be harmful to the human body, even at low levels. It can enter the body through contaminated air, water, food, or soil, and it can also be absorbed through the skin.

Lead poisoning occurs when lead builds up in the body over time, causing damage to the brain, nervous system, red blood cells, and kidneys. Symptoms of lead poisoning may include abdominal pain, constipation, fatigue, headache, irritability, memory problems, and in severe cases, seizures, coma, or even death.

Lead exposure is particularly dangerous for children, as their developing bodies are more sensitive to the harmful effects of lead. Even low levels of lead exposure can cause learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and developmental delays in children. Therefore, it's important to minimize lead exposure and seek medical attention if lead poisoning is suspected.

Chelating agents are substances that can bind and form stable complexes with certain metal ions, preventing them from participating in chemical reactions. In medicine, chelating agents are used to remove toxic or excessive amounts of metal ions from the body. For example, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a commonly used chelating agent that can bind with heavy metals such as lead and mercury, helping to eliminate them from the body and reduce their toxic effects. Other chelating agents include dimercaprol (BAL), penicillamine, and deferoxamine. These agents are used to treat metal poisoning, including lead poisoning, iron overload, and copper toxicity.

In the context of medicine, Mercury does not have a specific medical definition. However, it may refer to:

1. A heavy, silvery-white metal that is liquid at room temperature. It has been used in various medical and dental applications, such as therapeutic remedies (now largely discontinued) and dental amalgam fillings. Its use in dental fillings has become controversial due to concerns about its potential toxicity.
2. In microbiology, Mercury is the name of a bacterial genus that includes the pathogenic species Mercury deserti and Mercury avium. These bacteria can cause infections in humans and animals.

It's important to note that when referring to the planet or the use of mercury in astrology, these are not related to medical definitions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soil pollutants" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Soil pollution refers to the presence or accumulation of hazardous substances, chemicals, or other pollutants in soil that can have negative effects on plant life, human health, and the environment.

However, if you're asking about potential health effects of exposure to soil pollutants, it could include a variety of symptoms or diseases, depending on the specific pollutant. For example, exposure to lead-contaminated soil can lead to developmental delays in children, while exposure to certain pesticides or industrial chemicals can cause neurological problems, respiratory issues, and even cancer.

If you have more specific information about a particular substance or context, I may be able to provide a more precise answer.

Rare earth metals, also known as rare earth elements, are a group of 17 metallic elements found in the periodic table. They include:

1. Lanthanum (La)
2. Cerium (Ce)
3. Praseodymium (Pr)
4. Neodymium (Nd)
5. Promethium (Pm)
6. Samarium (Sm)
7. Europium (Eu)
8. Gadolinium (Gd)
9. Terbium (Tb)
10. Dysprosium (Dy)
11. Holmium (Ho)
12. Erbium (Er)
13. Thulium (Tm)
14. Ytterbium (Yb)
15. Lutetium (Lu)
1

An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net electric charge. Cations are positively charged ions, which have lost electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions, which have gained electrons. Ions can play a significant role in various physiological processes within the human body, including enzyme function, nerve impulse transmission, and maintenance of acid-base balance. They also contribute to the formation of salts and buffer systems that help regulate fluid composition and pH levels in different bodily fluids.

Coordination complexes are chemical compounds in which a central metal atom or ion is bonded to one or more ligands (molecules or ions that donate a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond) through a coordination number, which refers to the number of individual bonds formed between the metal and the ligands.

The structure and properties of coordination complexes are determined by the type of metal ion, the nature and number of ligands, and the geometry of the coordination sphere around the metal ion. These complexes have important applications in various fields such as catalysis, bioinorganic chemistry, materials science, and medicinal chemistry.

The formation of coordination complexes can be described by the following reaction:

M + nL ↔ MLn

Where M is the metal ion, L is the ligand, and n is the number of ligands bonded to the metal ion. The double arrow indicates that the reaction can proceed in both directions, with the equilibrium favoring either the formation or dissociation of the complex depending on various factors such as temperature, pressure, and concentration.

The study of coordination complexes is an important area of inorganic chemistry, and it involves understanding the electronic structure, bonding, and reactivity of these compounds. The use of crystal field theory and molecular orbital theory provides a framework for describing the behavior of coordination complexes and predicting their properties.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Metal Ceramic Alloys" is not a recognized medical term. It is, however, a term used in the field of materials science and engineering. Metal ceramic alloys, also known as cermets, are materials that combine properties of both metals and ceramics. They are typically composed of a metal or alloy matrix with embedded ceramic particles.

In the context of medical devices or dental restorations, the term you might be looking for is "porcelain-fused-to-metal" (PFM). PFM restorations are a type of dental crown or bridge that combines a metal substructure with a ceramic outer layer. The metal provides strength and durability, while the ceramic layer mimics the appearance of natural teeth.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or definitions, please don't hesitate to ask!

Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various biological processes in the human body. It is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. Magnesium also contributes to the structural development of bones and teeth.

In medical terms, magnesium deficiency can lead to several health issues, such as muscle cramps, weakness, heart arrhythmias, and seizures. On the other hand, excessive magnesium levels can cause symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, and muscle weakness. Magnesium supplements or magnesium-rich foods are often recommended to maintain optimal magnesium levels in the body.

Some common dietary sources of magnesium include leafy green vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, and dairy products. Magnesium is also available in various forms as a dietary supplement, including magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate, magnesium chloride, and magnesium glycinate.

In the context of medical and biological sciences, a "binding site" refers to a specific location on a protein, molecule, or cell where another molecule can attach or bind. This binding interaction can lead to various functional changes in the original protein or molecule. The other molecule that binds to the binding site is often referred to as a ligand, which can be a small molecule, ion, or even another protein.

The binding between a ligand and its target binding site can be specific and selective, meaning that only certain ligands can bind to particular binding sites with high affinity. This specificity plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, or drug action.

In the case of drug development, understanding the location and properties of binding sites on target proteins is essential for designing drugs that can selectively bind to these sites and modulate protein function. This knowledge can help create more effective and safer therapeutic options for various diseases.

Metalloproteins are proteins that contain one or more metal ions as a cofactor, which is required for their biological activity. These metal ions play crucial roles in the catalytic function, structural stability, and electron transfer processes of metalloproteins. The types of metals involved can include iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, or manganese, among others. Examples of metalloproteins are hemoglobin (contains heme-bound iron), cytochrome c (contains heme-bound iron and functions in electron transfer), and carbonic anhydrase (contains zinc and catalyzes the conversion between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate).

Atomic spectrophotometry is a type of analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific atoms or ions in a sample by measuring the intensity of light absorbed or emitted at wavelengths characteristic of those atoms or ions. This technique involves the use of an atomic spectrometer, which uses a source of energy (such as a flame, plasma, or electrode) to excite the atoms or ions in the sample, causing them to emit light at specific wavelengths. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of the element of interest.

Atomic spectrophotometry can be further divided into two main categories: atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES). In AAS, the sample is atomized in a flame or graphite furnace and the light from a lamp that emits light at the same wavelength as one of the elements in the sample is passed through the atoms. The amount of light absorbed by the atoms is then measured and used to determine the concentration of the element. In AES, the sample is atomized and excited to emit its own light, which is then measured and analyzed to determine the concentration of the element.

Atomic spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, forensic science, and industrial quality control for the determination of trace elements in a variety of sample types including liquids, solids, and gases.

I'm not aware of a medical definition for "Metals, Light." It seems that this term could be a combination of two unrelated concepts: metals and light. Metals are typically heavy, solid elements with unique chemical properties, while light usually refers to electromagnetic radiation that can have different wavelengths and frequencies.

If you meant to ask about "Metal Implants and their Effect on Medical Imaging," I could provide some information on that topic:

In medical imaging, metal implants can affect the quality of images produced by various techniques such as X-ray, CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), and ultrasound. Here's a brief overview of how metals interact with these imaging modalities:

1. X-ray and CT: Metallic implants can create artifacts in the images due to their high density, which can attenuate (absorb or scatter) the X-rays more than surrounding tissues. This results in brighter or darker regions around the metal implant, making it difficult to visualize nearby anatomical structures clearly.
2. MRI: Metallic implants may cause significant image distortions and safety concerns due to their magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic field of the MRI scanner can interact with the metal, leading to localized heating, movement, or even malfunction of the implant. Some ferromagnetic metals (e.g., iron, nickel, cobalt) are contraindicated in MRI due to these risks.
3. Ultrasound: Metallic implants generally do not interfere with ultrasound imaging as much as other modalities since ultrasound relies on sound waves rather than radiation or magnetic fields. However, the presence of metal can cause some reverberation artifacts and make it challenging to visualize nearby structures clearly.

It is essential for healthcare providers to be aware of any metal implants when ordering medical imaging exams to ensure appropriate image interpretation and patient safety.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Dental alloys are materials made by combining two or more metals to be used in dental restorations, such as crowns, bridges, fillings, and orthodontic appliances. These alloys can be classified into three main categories based on their composition:

1. Precious Alloys: Predominantly composed of precious metals like gold, platinum, palladium, and silver. They are highly corrosion-resistant, biocompatible, and durable, making them suitable for long-term use in dental restorations. Common examples include high noble (gold) alloys and noble alloys.
2. Base Metal Alloys: Contain primarily non-precious metals like nickel, chromium, cobalt, and beryllium. They are more affordable than precious alloys but may cause allergic reactions or sensitivities in some patients. Common examples include nickel-chromium alloys and cobalt-chromium alloys.
3. Castable Glass Ionomer Alloys: A combination of glass ionomer cement (GIC) powder and metal liquid, which can be cast into various dental restorations. They have the advantage of being both strong and adhesive to tooth structure but may not be as durable as other alloy types.

Each type of dental alloy has its unique properties and applications, depending on the specific clinical situation and patient needs. Dental professionals consider factors like cost, biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and esthetics when selecting an appropriate alloy for a dental restoration.

Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.

Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.

Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.

Chromium alloys are materials made by combining chromium with other metals, such as nickel, cobalt, or iron. The addition of chromium to these alloys enhances their properties, making them resistant to corrosion and high temperatures. These alloys have a wide range of applications in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and medical devices.

Chromium alloys can be classified into two main categories: stainless steels and superalloys. Stainless steels are alloys that contain at least 10.5% chromium by weight, which forms a passive oxide layer on the surface of the material, protecting it from corrosion. Superalloys, on the other hand, are high-performance alloys designed to operate in extreme environments, such as jet engines and gas turbines. They contain significant amounts of chromium, along with other elements like nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum.

Chromium alloys have several medical applications due to their excellent properties. For instance, they are used in surgical instruments, dental implants, and orthopedic devices because of their resistance to corrosion and biocompatibility. Additionally, some chromium alloys exhibit superelasticity, a property that allows them to return to their original shape after being deformed, making them suitable for use in stents and other medical devices that require flexibility and durability.

Molecular models are three-dimensional representations of molecular structures that are used in the field of molecular biology and chemistry to visualize and understand the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds within a molecule. These models can be physical or computer-generated and allow researchers to study the shape, size, and behavior of molecules, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions with other molecules.

Physical molecular models are often made up of balls (representing atoms) connected by rods or sticks (representing bonds). These models can be constructed manually using materials such as plastic or wooden balls and rods, or they can be created using 3D printing technology.

Computer-generated molecular models, on the other hand, are created using specialized software that allows researchers to visualize and manipulate molecular structures in three dimensions. These models can be used to simulate molecular interactions, predict molecular behavior, and design new drugs or chemicals with specific properties. Overall, molecular models play a critical role in advancing our understanding of molecular structures and their functions.

I must apologize, but "welding" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. Welding is a process that is commonly used in manufacturing and construction to join two pieces of metal together by melting them and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten metal (the weld puddle) that cools to become a strong joint.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.

A cation is a type of ion, which is a charged particle, that has a positive charge. In chemistry and biology, cations are formed when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons during chemical reactions. The removal of electrons results in the atom having more protons than electrons, giving it a net positive charge.

Cations are important in many biological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and enzyme function. For example, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) are all essential cations that play critical roles in various physiological functions.

In medical contexts, cations can also be relevant in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions. For instance, abnormal levels of certain cations, such as potassium or calcium, can indicate specific diseases or disorders. Additionally, medications used to treat various conditions may work by altering cation concentrations or activity within the body.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "metallurgy" is not a term that has a medical definition. Metallurgy is a branch of materials science that deals with the properties, physical and chemical behavior, and production of metals. It involves studying the techniques and processes used to isolate, alloy, and fabricate various types of metal products. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

Trace elements are essential minerals that the body needs in very small or tiny amounts, usually less than 100 milligrams per day, for various biological processes. These include elements like iron, zinc, copper, manganese, fluoride, selenium, and iodine. They are vital for maintaining good health and proper functioning of the human body, but they are required in such minute quantities that even a slight excess or deficiency can lead to significant health issues.

Catalysis is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst, which remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. A catalyst lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, thereby allowing the reaction to proceed more quickly and efficiently. This can be particularly important in biological systems, where enzymes act as catalysts to speed up metabolic reactions that are essential for life.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Edetic acid, also known as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), is not a medical term per se, but a chemical compound with various applications in medicine. EDTA is a synthetic amino acid that acts as a chelating agent, which means it can bind to metallic ions and form stable complexes.

In medicine, EDTA is primarily used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning, such as lead or mercury toxicity. It works by binding to the toxic metal ions in the body, forming a stable compound that can be excreted through urine. This helps reduce the levels of harmful metals in the body and alleviate their toxic effects.

EDTA is also used in some diagnostic tests, such as the determination of calcium levels in blood. Additionally, it has been explored as a potential therapy for conditions like atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, although its efficacy in these areas remains controversial and unproven.

It is important to note that EDTA should only be administered under medical supervision due to its potential side effects and the need for careful monitoring of its use.

The chemical element aluminum (or aluminium in British English) is a silvery-white, soft, non-magnetic, ductile metal. The atomic number of aluminum is 13 and its symbol on the periodic table is Al. It is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust and is found in a variety of minerals such as bauxite.

Aluminum is resistant to corrosion due to the formation of a thin layer of aluminum oxide on its surface that protects it from further oxidation. It is lightweight, has good thermal and electrical conductivity, and can be easily formed and machined. These properties make aluminum a widely used metal in various industries such as construction, packaging, transportation, and electronics.

In the medical field, aluminum is used in some medications and medical devices. For example, aluminum hydroxide is commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and treat heartburn, while aluminum salts are used as adjuvants in vaccines to enhance the immune response. However, excessive exposure to aluminum can be harmful and has been linked to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, although the exact relationship between aluminum and these conditions is not fully understood.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Stainless Steel" is not a medical term. It is a type of steel that contains at least 10.5% chromium content by mass, and usually contains nickel as well. The chromium forms a passive film that protects the metal from corrosion and staining. Stainless steel is widely used in various industries including medicine, for example, in medical equipment and surgical instruments due to its resistance to rust and corrosion.

Arsenic is a naturally occurring semi-metal element that can be found in the earth's crust. It has the symbol "As" and atomic number 33 on the periodic table. Arsenic can exist in several forms, including inorganic and organic compounds. In its pure form, arsenic is a steel-gray, shiny solid that is brittle and easily pulverized.

Arsenic is well known for its toxicity to living organisms, including humans. Exposure to high levels of arsenic can cause various health problems, such as skin lesions, neurological damage, and an increased risk of cancer. Arsenic can enter the body through contaminated food, water, or air, and it can also be absorbed through the skin.

In medicine, arsenic has been used historically in the treatment of various diseases, including syphilis and parasitic infections. However, its use as a therapeutic agent is limited due to its toxicity. Today, arsenic trioxide is still used as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a type of blood cancer. The drug works by inducing differentiation and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in APL cells, which contain a specific genetic abnormality. However, its use is closely monitored due to the potential for severe side effects and toxicity.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

Titanium is not a medical term, but rather a chemical element (symbol Ti, atomic number 22) that is widely used in the medical field due to its unique properties. Medically, it is often referred to as a biocompatible material used in various medical applications such as:

1. Orthopedic implants: Titanium and its alloys are used for making joint replacements (hips, knees, shoulders), bone plates, screws, and rods due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility.
2. Dental implants: Titanium is also commonly used in dental applications like implants, crowns, and bridges because of its ability to osseointegrate, or fuse directly with bone tissue, providing a stable foundation for replacement teeth.
3. Cardiovascular devices: Titanium alloys are used in the construction of heart valves, pacemakers, and other cardiovascular implants due to their non-magnetic properties, which prevent interference with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
4. Medical instruments: Due to its resistance to corrosion and high strength, titanium is used in the manufacturing of various medical instruments such as surgical tools, needles, and catheters.

In summary, Titanium is a chemical element with unique properties that make it an ideal material for various medical applications, including orthopedic and dental implants, cardiovascular devices, and medical instruments.

'Alloys' is not a medical term. It is a term used in materials science and engineering to describe a mixture or solid solution composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal. The components are typically present in significant amounts (>1% by weight). The properties of alloys, such as their strength, durability, and corrosion resistance, often differ from those of the constituent elements.

While not directly related to medicine, some alloys do have medical applications. For example, certain alloys are used in orthopedic implants, dental restorations, and other medical devices due to their desirable properties such as biocompatibility, strength, and resistance to corrosion.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

Organometallic compounds are a type of chemical compound that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. This means that the metal is directly attached to carbon atom(s) from an organic molecule. These compounds can be synthesized through various methods, and they have found widespread use in industrial and medicinal applications, including catalysis, polymerization, and pharmaceuticals.

It's worth noting that while organometallic compounds contain metal-carbon bonds, not all compounds with metal-carbon bonds are considered organometallic. For example, in classical inorganic chemistry, simple salts of metal carbonyls (M(CO)n) are not typically classified as organometallic, but rather as metal carbonyl complexes. The distinction between these classes of compounds can sometimes be subtle and is a matter of ongoing debate among chemists.

X-ray emission spectrometry is a technique used to analyze the elements present in a sample by measuring the characteristic X-rays that are emitted when the sample is bombarded with high-energy X-rays or charged particles. The sample is excited to emit X-rays, which have specific energies (wavelengths) that correspond to the energy levels of the electrons in the atoms of the elements present in the sample. These X-ray emissions are then detected and analyzed using a spectrometer, which separates and measures the intensity of the different X-ray energies. The resulting spectrum provides information about the identity and quantity of the elements present in the sample. This technique is widely used in materials analysis, particularly for the identification and quantification of heavy metals and other elements in a variety of samples, including geological, biological, and industrial materials.

Gallium is not a medical term, but it's a chemical element with the symbol Ga and atomic number 31. It is a soft, silvery-blue metal that melts at a temperature just above room temperature. In medicine, gallium compounds such as gallium nitrate and gallium citrate are used as radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic purposes in nuclear medicine imaging studies, particularly in the detection of inflammation, infection, and some types of cancer.

For example, Gallium-67 is a radioactive isotope that can be injected into the body to produce images of various diseases such as abscesses, osteomyelitis (bone infection), and tumors using a gamma camera. The way gallium distributes in the body can provide valuable information about the presence and extent of disease.

Therefore, while gallium is not a medical term itself, it has important medical applications as a diagnostic tool in nuclear medicine.

X-ray crystallography is a technique used in structural biology to determine the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice. In this method, a beam of X-rays is directed at a crystal and diffracts, or spreads out, into a pattern of spots called reflections. The intensity and angle of each reflection are measured and used to create an electron density map, which reveals the position and type of atoms in the crystal. This information can be used to determine the molecular structure of a compound, including its shape, size, and chemical bonds. X-ray crystallography is a powerful tool for understanding the structure and function of biological macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.

Gold alloys are not strictly a medical term, but they are often used in medical applications, particularly in the field of dentistry. Therefore, I will provide both a general definition and a dental-specific definition for clarity.

A gold alloy is a mixture of different metals, where gold is the primary component. The other metals are added to modify the properties of gold, such as its hardness, melting point, or color. These alloys can contain varying amounts of gold, ranging from 30% to 75%, depending on their intended use.

In dentistry, gold alloys refer to a specific type of alloy used for dental restorations like crowns, inlays, and onlays. These alloys typically contain between 60% and 90% gold, along with other metals such as silver, copper, and sometimes palladium or zinc. The high gold content ensures excellent biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and durability, making these alloys a popular choice for dental applications. Additionally, their malleability allows for precise shaping and adjustment during the fabrication process.

Phenanthrolines are a class of compounds that contain a phenanthrene core with two amine groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms. They are known for their ability to form complexes with metal ions and have been widely used in the field of medicinal chemistry as building blocks for pharmaceuticals, particularly in the development of antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and quinine. Additionally, phenanthrolines have also been explored for their potential use in cancer therapy due to their ability to interfere with DNA replication and transcription. However, it's important to note that specific medical uses and applications of phenanthrolines will depend on the particular compound and its properties.

Protein binding, in the context of medical and biological sciences, refers to the interaction between a protein and another molecule (known as the ligand) that results in a stable complex. This process is often reversible and can be influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration of the involved molecules.

In clinical chemistry, protein binding is particularly important when it comes to drugs, as many of them bind to proteins (especially albumin) in the bloodstream. The degree of protein binding can affect a drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which in turn influence its therapeutic effectiveness and potential side effects.

Protein-bound drugs may be less available for interaction with their target tissues, as only the unbound or "free" fraction of the drug is active. Therefore, understanding protein binding can help optimize dosing regimens and minimize adverse reactions.

Environmental pollution is the introduction or presence of harmful substances, energies, or objects in the environment that can cause adverse effects on living organisms and ecosystems. These pollutants can be in the form of chemical, physical, or biological agents that contaminate air, water, soil, or noise levels, exceeding safe limits established by environmental regulations.

Examples of environmental pollution include:

1. Air pollution: The presence of harmful substances such as particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air that can cause respiratory and other health problems.
2. Water pollution: Contamination of water sources with chemicals, heavy metals, pathogens, or other pollutants that can harm aquatic life and make the water unsafe for human consumption or recreational use.
3. Soil pollution: The presence of harmful substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial waste in soil that can reduce soil fertility, contaminate crops, and pose a risk to human health.
4. Noise pollution: Excessive noise levels from transportation, industrial activities, or other sources that can cause stress, sleep disturbances, and hearing loss in humans and animals.
5. Light pollution: The excessive use of artificial light that can disrupt ecosystems, affect human circadian rhythms, and contribute to energy waste.

Environmental pollution is a significant global health issue that requires urgent attention and action from governments, industries, and individuals to reduce pollutant emissions, promote sustainable practices, and protect the environment for future generations.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

I'm sorry for the confusion, but "Palladium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. It's used in various applications, including jewelry, dental work, electronics, and chemical reactions. If you have any medical terms you would like me to define, please let me know!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "industrial waste" is not a term that has a medical definition. Industrial waste is a term used to describe waste produced by industrial activities, such as manufacturing, mining, and construction. It can include a wide variety of materials, including chemicals, metals, soil, and water. Proper management and disposal of industrial waste are important for protecting the environment and public health. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terminology, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

I'm happy to help! However, I must clarify that "materials testing" is not a medical term per se. It is a term used in various fields, including engineering and materials science, to describe the process of subjecting materials to different tests to evaluate their properties and performance under various conditions.

In the context of medical devices or implants, materials testing may refer to the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of materials used in their construction. These tests can include assessments of strength, durability, biocompatibility, and other factors that are critical to ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical devices.

Medical device manufacturers must comply with regulatory standards for materials testing to ensure that their products meet specific requirements for performance, safety, and quality. These standards may vary depending on the type of device, its intended use, and the country or region in which it will be marketed and sold.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but 'Tungsten' is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol W and atomic number 74. Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth, and it has many industrial uses due to its hardness, high density, and high melting point.

In the context of medicine or healthcare, tungsten may be encountered in certain medical devices, such as X-ray tubes and electrodes, where its properties are utilized for their durability and heat resistance. However, it is not a term that would typically have a formal medical definition.

Protein conformation refers to the specific three-dimensional shape that a protein molecule assumes due to the spatial arrangement of its constituent amino acid residues and their associated chemical groups. This complex structure is determined by several factors, including covalent bonds (disulfide bridges), hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonds, which help stabilize the protein's unique conformation.

Protein conformations can be broadly classified into two categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. The primary structure represents the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure arises from local interactions between adjacent amino acid residues, leading to the formation of recurring motifs such as α-helices and β-sheets. Tertiary structure refers to the overall three-dimensional folding pattern of a single polypeptide chain, while quaternary structure describes the spatial arrangement of multiple folded polypeptide chains (subunits) that interact to form a functional protein complex.

Understanding protein conformation is crucial for elucidating protein function, as the specific three-dimensional shape of a protein directly influences its ability to interact with other molecules, such as ligands, nucleic acids, or other proteins. Any alterations in protein conformation due to genetic mutations, environmental factors, or chemical modifications can lead to loss of function, misfolding, aggregation, and disease states like neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy, also known as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy, is a technique used to investigate materials with unpaired electrons. It is based on the principle of absorption of energy by the unpaired electrons when they are exposed to an external magnetic field and microwave radiation.

In this technique, a sample is placed in a magnetic field and microwave radiation is applied. The unpaired electrons in the sample absorb energy and change their spin state when the energy of the microwaves matches the energy difference between the spin states. This absorption of energy is recorded as a function of the magnetic field strength, producing an ESR spectrum.

ESR spectroscopy can provide information about the number, type, and behavior of unpaired electrons in a sample, as well as the local environment around the electron. It is widely used in physics, chemistry, and biology to study materials such as free radicals, transition metal ions, and defects in solids.

Histidine is an essential amino acid, meaning it cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources. Its chemical formula is C6H9N3O2. Histidine plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including:

1. Protein synthesis: As an essential amino acid, histidine is required for the production of proteins, which are vital components of various tissues and organs in the body.

2. Hemoglobin synthesis: Histidine is a key component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. The imidazole side chain of histidine acts as a proton acceptor/donor, facilitating the release and uptake of oxygen by hemoglobin.

3. Acid-base balance: Histidine is involved in maintaining acid-base homeostasis through its role in the biosynthesis of histamine, which is a critical mediator of inflammatory responses and allergies. The decarboxylation of histidine results in the formation of histamine, which can increase vascular permeability and modulate immune responses.

4. Metal ion binding: Histidine has a high affinity for metal ions such as zinc, copper, and iron. This property allows histidine to participate in various enzymatic reactions and maintain the structural integrity of proteins.

5. Antioxidant defense: Histidine-containing dipeptides, like carnosine and anserine, have been shown to exhibit antioxidant properties by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chelating metal ions. These compounds may contribute to the protection of proteins and DNA from oxidative damage.

Dietary sources of histidine include meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, and wheat germ. Histidine deficiency is rare but can lead to growth retardation, anemia, and impaired immune function.

Heavy metal poisoning of the nervous system refers to a medical condition that results from excessive exposure to harmful levels of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, or cadmium. These metals can accumulate in body tissues, including the brain and nerves, leading to neurological symptoms.

The symptoms of heavy metal poisoning of the nervous system may include:

* Peripheral neuropathy (numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet)
* Weakness or paralysis in the limbs
* Tremors or shaking
* Memory loss or difficulty concentrating
* Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
* Headaches or dizziness
* Vision or hearing problems

The diagnosis of heavy metal poisoning typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests to measure the levels of heavy metals in the blood, urine, or tissues. Treatment may include removing the source of exposure, chelation therapy (using medications to remove heavy metals from the body), and supportive care to manage symptoms.

Environmental pollutants are defined as any substances or energy (such as noise, heat, or light) that are present in the environment and can cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damage the natural ecosystems. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, agriculture, and household activities. They can be in the form of gases, liquids, solids, or radioactive materials, and can contaminate air, water, and soil. Examples include heavy metals, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, and greenhouse gases.

It is important to note that the impact of environmental pollutants on human health and the environment can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) and it depends on the type, concentration, duration and frequency of exposure. Some common effects of environmental pollutants include respiratory problems, cancer, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and developmental delays in children.

It is important to monitor, control and reduce the emissions of these pollutants through regulations, technology advancements, and sustainable practices to protect human health and the environment.

Substrate specificity in the context of medical biochemistry and enzymology refers to the ability of an enzyme to selectively bind and catalyze a chemical reaction with a particular substrate (or a group of similar substrates) while discriminating against other molecules that are not substrates. This specificity arises from the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme, which has evolved to match the shape, charge distribution, and functional groups of its physiological substrate(s).

Substrate specificity is a fundamental property of enzymes that enables them to carry out highly selective chemical transformations in the complex cellular environment. The active site of an enzyme, where the catalysis takes place, has a unique conformation that complements the shape and charge distribution of its substrate(s). This ensures efficient recognition, binding, and conversion of the substrate into the desired product while minimizing unwanted side reactions with other molecules.

Substrate specificity can be categorized as:

1. Absolute specificity: An enzyme that can only act on a single substrate or a very narrow group of structurally related substrates, showing no activity towards any other molecule.
2. Group specificity: An enzyme that prefers to act on a particular functional group or class of compounds but can still accommodate minor structural variations within the substrate.
3. Broad or promiscuous specificity: An enzyme that can act on a wide range of structurally diverse substrates, albeit with varying catalytic efficiencies.

Understanding substrate specificity is crucial for elucidating enzymatic mechanisms, designing drugs that target specific enzymes or pathways, and developing biotechnological applications that rely on the controlled manipulation of enzyme activities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Vanadium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. Vanadium is not a biological or medical concept in itself, but it can be found in some living organisms in small amounts as a trace element.

However, vanadium compounds have been studied in the context of potential medicinal uses, such as insulin mimetic properties and possible effects on diabetes management. But these are still in the research stage and not yet established medical facts or practices. Therefore, I would be happy to provide more information about vanadium from a chemical or materials science perspective, but it is not typically considered within the realm of medical definitions.

Zinc compounds refer to chemical substances that contain the metal zinc in its ionic form, Zn2+. These compounds are formed when zinc combines with other elements or groups of elements called ligands, which can be inorganic (such as chloride, sulfate, or hydroxide ions) or organic (like amino acids or organic acids).

Zinc is an essential micronutrient for human health and plays a vital role in various biological processes, including enzyme function, immune response, wound healing, protein synthesis, and DNA replication. Zinc compounds have been widely used in healthcare settings due to their therapeutic properties. Some common examples of zinc compounds include:

1. Zinc oxide (ZnO): A white powder commonly found in topical ointments, creams, and sunscreens for its protective and soothing effects on the skin. It is also used as a dietary supplement to treat zinc deficiency.
2. Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4): Often employed as a dietary supplement or topical treatment for various conditions like acne, wounds, and eye irritations. It can also be used to prevent and treat zinc deficiency.
3. Zinc gluconate (Zn(C6H11O7)2): A popular form of zinc in dietary supplements and lozenges for treating the common cold and preventing zinc deficiency.
4. Zinc picolinate (Zn(pic)2): Another form of zinc used in dietary supplements, believed to have better absorption than some other zinc compounds.
5. Polaplex/Polysaccharide-iron complex with zinc (Zn-PCI): A combination of zinc and iron often found in multivitamin and mineral supplements for addressing potential deficiencies in both elements.

While zinc compounds are generally considered safe when used appropriately, excessive intake can lead to adverse effects such as gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, and impaired copper absorption. It is essential to follow recommended dosages and consult a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.

Manganese compounds refer to substances that contain manganese (Mn) combined with other elements. Manganese is a trace element that is essential for human health, playing a role in various physiological processes such as bone formation, enzyme function, and antioxidant defense. However, excessive exposure to manganese compounds can be harmful and may lead to neurological disorders.

Manganese can form compounds with various elements, including oxygen, chlorine, sulfur, and carbon. Some common examples of manganese compounds include:

* Manganese dioxide (MnO2): a black or brownish-black powder used in dry cell batteries, ceramics, and pigments.
* Manganese sulfate (MnSO4): a white or grayish-white crystalline solid used as a fertilizer and in animal feed supplements.
* Manganese chloride (MnCl2): a colorless or white solid used as a dehydrating agent, in electroplating, and as a source of manganese ions in chemical reactions.
* Manganese carbonate (MnCO3): a white or grayish-white powder used in the production of dry cell batteries, ceramics, and pigments.

It is important to note that while manganese compounds are essential for human health in small amounts, exposure to high levels of these substances can be toxic and may cause neurological symptoms similar to those seen in Parkinson's disease. Therefore, it is important to handle manganese compounds with care and follow appropriate safety precautions when working with them.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uranium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol "U" and atomic number 92. Uranium is a dense, silvery-gray metal that is hard and brittle at room temperature. It's primarily used as a fuel in nuclear power plants and in the manufacture of weapons.

While uranium does not have direct medical applications, it does pose potential health risks due to its radioactivity. Exposure to high levels of radiation from uranium can lead to acute radiation sickness, anemia, and an increased risk of cancer. However, under normal circumstances, the general public is not exposed to significant amounts of uranium, so it's not a common health concern.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tin" does not have a medical definition. Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. It is a malleable, ductile, silvery-white post-transition metal. It is found in nature mainly as tin oxides and is obtained from the mineral cassiterite through mining and processing.

Tin has no known biological role in humans, animals, or plants, and it is not considered an essential nutrient. Small amounts of tin can be found in some foods and drinking water, but these levels are generally low and not considered harmful. High levels of tin can be toxic to the human body, causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

If you have any questions about a medical condition or treatment, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional for accurate information and guidance.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.

During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.

There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.

Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.

Corrosion is a process of deterioration or damage to a material, usually a metal, caused by chemical reactions with its environment. In the medical context, corrosion may refer to the breakdown and destruction of living tissue due to exposure to harsh substances or environmental conditions. This can occur in various parts of the body, such as the skin, mouth, or gastrointestinal tract, and can be caused by factors like acid reflux, infection, or exposure to chemicals.

In the case of medical devices made of metal, corrosion can also refer to the degradation of the device due to chemical reactions with bodily fluids or tissues. This can compromise the function and safety of the device, potentially leading to complications or failure. Therefore, understanding and preventing corrosion is an important consideration in the design and use of medical devices made of metal.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. Gold is typically a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79. It is a dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions.

However, if you are referring to "Gold" in the context of medical terminology, it may refer to:

1. Gold salts: These are a group of compounds that contain gold and are used in medicine for their anti-inflammatory properties. They have been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, although they have largely been replaced by newer drugs with fewer side effects.
2. Gold implants: In some cases, a small amount of gold may be surgically implanted into the eye to treat conditions such as age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy. The gold helps to hold the retina in place and can improve vision in some patients.
3. Gold thread embedment: This is an alternative therapy used in traditional Chinese medicine, where gold threads are embedded into the skin or acupuncture points for therapeutic purposes. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support its effectiveness.

I hope this information helps! If you have any further questions, please let me know.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "oxides" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Oxides are a class of chemical compounds that contain at least one oxygen atom and one other element. They can be formed through the process of oxidation, which involves the combination of oxygen with another substance.

In a broader sense, you might encounter the term "oxide" in a medical context when discussing various materials or substances used in medical devices, treatments, or research. For instance, titanium dioxide is a common ingredient in medical-grade sunscreens due to its ability to block and scatter UV light. However, it's important to note that the term "oxides" itself doesn't have a direct connection to medicine or human health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "steel" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe an alloy made primarily of iron and carbon. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

A chemical model is a simplified representation or description of a chemical system, based on the laws of chemistry and physics. It is used to explain and predict the behavior of chemicals and chemical reactions. Chemical models can take many forms, including mathematical equations, diagrams, and computer simulations. They are often used in research, education, and industry to understand complex chemical processes and develop new products and technologies.

For example, a chemical model might be used to describe the way that atoms and molecules interact in a particular reaction, or to predict the properties of a new material. Chemical models can also be used to study the behavior of chemicals at the molecular level, such as how they bind to each other or how they are affected by changes in temperature or pressure.

It is important to note that chemical models are simplifications of reality and may not always accurately represent every aspect of a chemical system. They should be used with caution and validated against experimental data whenever possible.

Ferrous compounds are inorganic substances that contain iron (Fe) in its +2 oxidation state. The term "ferrous" is derived from the Latin word "ferrum," which means iron. Ferrous compounds are often used in medicine, particularly in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia due to their ability to provide bioavailable iron to the body.

Examples of ferrous compounds include ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous fumarate. These compounds are commonly found in dietary supplements and multivitamins. Ferrous sulfate is one of the most commonly used forms of iron supplementation, as it has a high iron content and is relatively inexpensive.

It's important to note that ferrous compounds can be toxic in large doses, so they should be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Overdose can lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and potentially fatal consequences if left untreated.

The Lanthanoid series, also known as the lanthanides, refers to the 15 metallic chemical elements in the periodic table that make up row 6 of the f-block. These elements include lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu).

These elements are characterized by having similar properties, including being soft, silvery-white, highly reactive, and divalent or trivalent in their chemical behavior. They have incompletely filled f orbitals, which results in unique magnetic and optical properties that make them useful in various applications, such as magnets, batteries, and phosphors.

The lanthanoid series elements are often extracted from minerals such as monazite and bastnasite, and their production involves complex chemical processes to separate them from each other. Due to their similar properties, this separation can be challenging and requires significant expertise and resources.

"Thlaspi" is a genus of plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). It includes several species commonly known as pennycress. However, I couldn't find a specific medical definition for "Thlaspi" as it is primarily used in botany and not in medical terminology. If you have any further context or specific use of "Thlaspi" in the medical field, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

Temperature, in a medical context, is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. It is usually measured using a thermometer and reported in degrees Celsius (°C), degrees Fahrenheit (°F), or kelvin (K). In the human body, normal core temperature ranges from about 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) when measured rectally, and can vary slightly depending on factors such as time of day, physical activity, and menstrual cycle. Elevated body temperature is a common sign of infection or inflammation, while abnormally low body temperature can indicate hypothermia or other medical conditions.

A catalytic RNA, often referred to as a ribozyme, is a type of RNA molecule that has the ability to act as an enzyme and catalyze chemical reactions. These RNA molecules contain specific sequences and structures that allow them to bind to other molecules and accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

Ribozymes play important roles in various biological processes, such as RNA splicing, translation regulation, and gene expression. One of the most well-known ribozymes is the self-splicing intron found in certain RNA molecules, which can excise itself from the host RNA and then ligase the flanking exons together.

The discovery of catalytic RNAs challenged the central dogma of molecular biology, which held that proteins were solely responsible for carrying out biological catalysis. The finding that RNA could also function as an enzyme opened up new avenues of research and expanded our understanding of the complexity and versatility of biological systems.

Chemical water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater) with harmful chemicals or substances that negatively impact water quality and pose a threat to human health, aquatic life, and the environment. These chemical pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural activities, waste disposal, oil spills, and chemical accidents. Examples of chemical pollutants include heavy metals (such as mercury, lead, and cadmium), pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other hazardous substances. These chemicals can have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on living organisms and can disrupt ecosystems, leading to decreased biodiversity and impaired ecological functions.

A catalytic domain is a portion or region within a protein that contains the active site, where the chemical reactions necessary for the protein's function are carried out. This domain is responsible for the catalysis of biological reactions, hence the name "catalytic domain." The catalytic domain is often composed of specific amino acid residues that come together to form the active site, creating a unique three-dimensional structure that enables the protein to perform its specific function.

In enzymes, for example, the catalytic domain contains the residues that bind and convert substrates into products through chemical reactions. In receptors, the catalytic domain may be involved in signal transduction or other regulatory functions. Understanding the structure and function of catalytic domains is crucial to understanding the mechanisms of protein function and can provide valuable insights for drug design and therapeutic interventions.

Mercury poisoning, also known as hydrargyria or mercurialism, is a type of metal poisoning caused by exposure to mercury or its compounds. It can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. Symptoms may vary but can include sensory impairment (vision, hearing, speech), disturbed sensation and a lack of coordination. The type of symptoms can vary greatly, depending on the type and amount of mercury and the form in which it was taken. Long-term exposure to mercury can lead to serious neurological and kidney problems. It is usually diagnosed through tests that measure the amount of mercury in the body, such as blood or urine tests. Treatment generally involves eliminating the source of mercury exposure, supportive care, and, in some cases, chelation therapy which helps to remove mercury from the body.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Molybdenum" is not a medical term. It is an element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42 on the periodic table. Molybdenum is used in various industries, including medicine, for example in the production of surgical instruments and some prosthetics due to its strength and resistance to corrosion. However, it is not a term used to describe a medical condition or bodily process. If you have any questions related to elements and their uses in medicine, I'd be happy to help with those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "metalloids" is not a term used in medical definitions. Metalloids are elements that lie along the dividing line between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table. They include boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and astatine. These elements have properties of both metals and nonmetals, which gives them unique chemical behaviors. If you have any medical terminology that you would like me to define, I'd be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Platinum" is not a medical term. Platinum is a chemical element with the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal.

However, in the field of oncology, platinum-based compounds are used as chemotherapeutic drugs. These include:

1. Cisplatin: This is a platinum-containing drug that is used to treat various types of cancers such as testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, and others. It works by forming crosslinks with the DNA of cancer cells, which disrupts their function and leads to cell death.

2. Carboplatin: This is another platinum-based chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancers such as ovarian cancer, lung cancer, and others. It is less toxic than cisplatin but has similar mechanisms of action.

3. Oxaliplatin: This is a third platinum-based chemotherapy drug that is used to treat colon cancer and rectal cancer. Like the other two drugs, it forms crosslinks with DNA and disrupts cell function leading to cell death.

These drugs are not made of pure platinum but contain platinum compounds that have been synthesized for medical use.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Ferric compounds are inorganic compounds that contain the iron(III) cation, Fe3+. Iron(III) is a transition metal and can form stable compounds with various anions. Ferric compounds are often colored due to the d-d transitions of the iron ion. Examples of ferric compounds include ferric chloride (FeCl3), ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3), and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). Ferric compounds have a variety of uses, including as catalysts, in dye production, and in medical applications.

Beryllium is a chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a steel-gray, hard, brittle alkaline earth metal that is difficult to fabricate because of its high reactivity and toxicity. Beryllium is primarily used as a hardening agent in alloys, such as beryllium copper, and as a moderator and reflector in nuclear reactors due to its ability to efficiently slow down neutrons.

In the medical field, beryllium is most well-known for its potential to cause a chronic allergic lung disease called berylliosis. This condition can occur after prolonged exposure to beryllium-containing dusts or fumes, and can lead to symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and fatigue. In severe cases, it can cause scarring and thickening of the lung tissue, leading to respiratory failure.

Healthcare professionals should take appropriate precautions when handling beryllium-containing materials, including using protective equipment and following proper disposal procedures to minimize exposure.

An apoenzyme is the protein component of an enzyme that is responsible for its catalytic activity. It combines with a cofactor, which can be either an organic or inorganic non-protein molecule, to form the active enzyme. The cofactor can be a metal ion or a small organic molecule called a coenzyme.

The term "apoenzyme" is used to describe the protein portion of an enzyme after it has lost its cofactor. When the apoenzyme combines with the cofactor, the active holoenzyme is formed, which is capable of carrying out the specific biochemical reaction for which the enzyme is responsible.

In some cases, the loss of a cofactor can result in the complete loss of enzymatic activity, while in other cases, the apoenzyme may retain some residual activity. The relationship between an apoenzyme and its cofactor is specific, meaning that each cofactor typically only binds to and activates one particular type of apoenzyme.

Terbium is not a medical term, but a chemical element. It is a rare earth element with the symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is soft, silvery-white, and has a metallic shine. Terbium is not used in medicine to treat or diagnose diseases directly. However, it does have some applications in medical technology such as in doping materials for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines and in the creation of high-intensity gas discharge lamps that are used in medical lighting.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ytterbium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol "Yb" and atomic number 70. Ytterbium is a rare earth metal that is silvery white, soft, malleable, and has many uses in scientific research, particularly in the field of laser technology.

If you have any medical questions or terms you would like me to define, please let me know!

Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet (UV-Vis) is a type of spectrophotometry that measures how much ultraviolet (UV) and visible light is absorbed or transmitted by a sample. It uses a device called a spectrophotometer to measure the intensity of light at different wavelengths as it passes through a sample. The resulting data can be used to determine the concentration of specific components within the sample, identify unknown substances, or evaluate the physical and chemical properties of materials.

UV-Vis spectroscopy is widely used in various fields such as chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, and environmental science. It can detect a wide range of substances including organic compounds, metal ions, proteins, nucleic acids, and dyes. The technique is non-destructive, meaning that the sample remains unchanged after the measurement.

In UV-Vis spectroscopy, the sample is placed in a cuvette or other container, and light from a source is directed through it. The light then passes through a monochromator, which separates it into its component wavelengths. The monochromatic light is then directed through the sample, and the intensity of the transmitted or absorbed light is measured by a detector.

The resulting absorption spectrum can provide information about the concentration and identity of the components in the sample. For example, if a compound has a known absorption maximum at a specific wavelength, its concentration can be determined by measuring the absorbance at that wavelength and comparing it to a standard curve.

Overall, UV-Vis spectrophotometry is a versatile and powerful analytical technique for quantitative and qualitative analysis of various samples in different fields.

Iron-binding proteins, also known as transferrins, are a type of protein responsible for the transport and storage of iron in the body. They play a crucial role in maintaining iron homeostasis by binding free iron ions and preventing them from participating in harmful chemical reactions that can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause cellular damage.

Transferrin is the primary iron-binding protein found in blood plasma, while lactoferrin is found in various exocrine secretions such as milk, tears, and saliva. Both transferrin and lactoferrin have a similar structure, consisting of two lobes that can bind one ferric ion (Fe3+) each. When iron is bound to these proteins, they are called holo-transferrin or holo-lactoferrin; when they are unbound, they are referred to as apo-transferrin or apo-lactoferrin.

Iron-binding proteins have a high affinity for iron and can regulate the amount of free iron available in the body. They help prevent iron overload, which can lead to oxidative stress and cellular damage, as well as iron deficiency, which can result in anemia and other health problems.

In summary, iron-binding proteins are essential for maintaining iron homeostasis by transporting and storing iron ions, preventing them from causing harm to the body's cells.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "mining" is not a term that has a widely accepted medical definition. It is most commonly associated with the extraction of minerals from the earth in the field of geology and mining engineering. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "semiconductors" is a term from the field of materials science and electronics rather than medicine. Semiconductors are materials, often silicon-based, that have properties between conductors and insulators. They are used in various electronic devices due to their unique property of controlling the flow of electrical current. If you have any medical questions, I'd be happy to help with those instead!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rhodium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal. It is found in small quantities in platinum or nickel ores along with some other rare metals.

It's primarily used in industrial applications, such as being a key component in catalytic converters in automobiles, which helps to reduce harmful emissions. It's also used in jewelry, electronics, and scientific instruments due to its properties of resistance to corrosion and heat.

If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to explain, please let me know!

Ethylenediamines are organic compounds that contain two amine groups (-NH2) separated by two methylene bridges (-CH2-). The general formula for ethylenediamines is C2H8N2. They can act as a chelating agent, forming stable complexes with many metal ions. Ethylenediamines are used in various industrial and pharmaceutical applications, including the manufacture of resins, textile dyes, and as a solvent for cellulose acetate. In medicine, they can be used as a vasodilator and in the treatment of urinary tract infections.

Sulfhydryl compounds, also known as thiol compounds, are organic compounds that contain a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-SH). This functional group is also called a sulfhydryl group. Sulfhydryl compounds can be found in various biological systems and play important roles in maintaining the structure and function of proteins, enzymes, and other biomolecules. They can also act as antioxidants and help protect cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Examples of sulfhydryl compounds include cysteine, glutathione, and coenzyme A.

Clioquinol is an antimicrobial drug that contains a combination of clioquinal and hydrocortisone acetate. It is used topically to treat various skin infections and inflammatory conditions. Clioquinol has antibacterial and antifungal properties, while hydrocortisone acetate is a corticosteroid that reduces inflammation and suppresses the immune response.

Clioquinol was first synthesized in the 1930s and was widely used as an antidiarrheal medication until it was banned in many countries due to its association with a neurological disorder called subacute myelooptic neuropathy (SMON). However, topical clioquinol is still available in some countries for the treatment of skin conditions.

It's important to note that topical clioquinol should be used with caution and under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can cause skin irritation and sensitization in some individuals. Additionally, prolonged or excessive use of corticosteroids like hydrocortisone acetate can lead to thinning of the skin, increased susceptibility to infection, and other adverse effects.

Metal alloys used in building include bronze (mainly copper and tin); brass (copper and zinc); monel metal and nickel silver, ... the alloying of tin with other metals such as copper to form bronze, and the coating of tin on harder metals, such as tinplated ... Monel metal is an alloy of approximately two-thirds nickel and one-third copper. It is similar to platinum in color. Monel ... Zinc-coated metals were first patented in 1837, separately by M. Sorel in France and H. W. Crawford in England. The methods ...
"VDM Metals introduces new metal dusting resistant alloy at Achema". VDM Metals. 2022-08-09. Retrieved 2022-08-09. (Articles ... "Locations". www.vdm-metals.com. 2022-08-09. Retrieved 2022-08-09. "Company". www.vdm-metals.com. 2022-08-09. Retrieved 2022-08- ... "VDM Metals develops new high-temperature material for turbochargers". www.vdm-metals.com. 2022-08-09. Retrieved 2022-08-09. " ... "VDM Metals restructures its organization". VDM Metals. 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2022-08-09. "Fields of application". www.vdm- ...
... include commonly aluminium, titanium, tantalum, and niobium. Other metals may also be considered as valve metals, ... In electrochemistry, a valve metal is a metal which passes current in only one direction. Usually, in an electrolytic cell, it ... US patent 7248462, "Method of anodizing valve metal derived anode bodies and electrolyte therefore" v t e (Electrochemistry, ... Metallurgical processes, Metals, All stub articles, Electrochemistry stubs). ...
Rare metal or Rare Metals may refer to: Avalon Rare Metals, a Canadian mineral extraction company GPS, V1: Rare Metals, an ... any metal of very high value Rare-earth element, any naturally occurring metallic element Rare Metals, Arizona, an ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Rare Metals. If an internal link led you here, you may wish ... unincorporated community in the United States Precious metal (disambiguation) ...
Achieving this goal necessitates the use of base metal alloys. Some metals like manganese have occasionally been used in coins ... However, there are many more, even for coins made from intrinsically precious metals. Precious metals are always used in ... Comprehensive list of metals and their alloys which have been used at various times, in coins for all types of purposes. (in ... The coinage metals comprise, at a minimum, those metallic chemical elements which have historically been used as components in ...
... is a widely used term in the metal industry that generally refers to metals which are a by-product of smelting a ... Electronic metals (e.g. gallium and germanium) Power metals (e.g. molybdenum and zirconium) Structural metals (e.g. chromium ... strategic-metal.typepad.com/strategic-metal-report/2010/04/defining-minor-strategic-metals.html#more Lifton, J. (November 15, ... Minor metals do not have a real exchange, and are not traded on the London Metal Exchange (LME). Two characteristics are ...
... is abstracted and indexed in the following services: Cambridge Scientific Abstracts Chemical Abstracts Current ... Synthetic Metals is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering electronic polymers and electronic molecular materials. ... 1999). "Optical Properties of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes" (PDF). Synthetic Metals. 103 (1-3): 2555-2558. doi:10.1016/S0379- ... Synthetic Metals. 13 (1-3): 193-205. doi:10.1016/0379-6779(86)90070-6. H. Kataura; et al. ( ...
... may mean: Titanium, chemical element, atomic number 22 Titanium alloy, metallic material used most notably in ... aircraft production Titanium Metals Corporation This set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with the ...
... was founded in 1976 by Forest Brown to provide metal miniatures to the burgeoning fantasy role-playing game ... Martian Metals rapidly became one of the premier miniatures companies in the RPG industry, winning several awards. A major fire ... Martial Metals was a company that produced miniature figures in the 1970s and 1980s for science-fiction tabletop games. ... Martian Metals won two industry awards for their miniatures: At the 1979 Origins Award, the OGRE series won the H.G. Wells ...
... Inc. is a Canadian metals distribution and processing company. It is one of North America's largest metal ... "Russel Metals: Secrets to being a global leader". The Globe and Mail. 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2018-02-16. "Russel Metals buys U.S ... Russel Metals primarily operates metal distribution and service centres for customers in the oil and gas, manufacturing, and ... "Russel Metals cuts 500 jobs, reduces executive wages". CTV News Toronto. 2009-02-23. Retrieved 2018-02-16. "Russel Metals to ...
... Corporation (PMC) is best known for having managed the Richmond Shipyards in Richmond, California, owned by ... The name was changed to Permanente Metals Corp. on 8 November 1941. In February 1942 the Todd Corporation acquired Kaiser ... Permanente Metals was henceforth the Kaiser Aluminum & Chemicals Corporation. Kaiser Industries Corporation, Oakland, ... The Permanente Metals Corporation, Incendiary Bombs, and the Costs of Industrial Overexpansion during World War II" (PDF). ...
... is a Canadian mining company with gold and uranium operations in Namibia, particularly the Norasa uranium project ... "Forsys Metals third-quarter loss increases five per cent to $971,000". The Canadian Press. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 12 ... In November 2008 George Arthur Forrest attempted to buy Forsys Metals through a subsidiary of his Forrest Group, offering CDN$ ... "Company History". Forsys Metals. Retrieved 15 November 2011. Liezel Hill (17 November 2008). "George Forrest International ...
... Limited is an Australian resources exploration and mining company. Founded in 2001, Centrex Metals was listed on ... In 2019 it described the project as "drill-ready". Company History Centrex Metals Centrex Metals Limited: Admission to Official ... Aussie SSP shores up shaky supply chain Farm Weekly 23 September 2017 Ardmore Centrex Metals Oxley Centrex Metals Goulburn ... Centrex Metals acquired the Oxley potassium project, 125 kilometres (78 miles) south-east of the port of Geraldton, Western ...
... Corporation, known as IMI Imperial Metals Inc. until 2002, is a Canadian metals and mining company. Engaging in ... "Imperial Metals Reports 2016 Production". juniorminingnetwork.com. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-17. "Imperial Metals, ... "Imperial Metals, Red Chris Web Overview". 2015-02-03. Archived from the original on 2015-02-04. Retrieved 2015-02-04. Hume,Mark ... "Imperial Metals Company Profile (III), Bloomberg". Bloomberg News. 2015-02-03. " ...
... light metals, and heavy metals. Light metals had densities of 0.860-5.0 g/cm3; heavy metals 5.308-22.000. The term later became ... The earliest known metals-common metals such as iron, copper, and tin, and precious metals such as silver, gold, and platinum- ... The counterparts to the heavy metals, the light metals, are alluded to by The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society as ... a few heavy metals, such as zinc, mercury, and lead, have some of the characteristics of lighter metals; and lighter metals ...
... was a metal recycling company based in the Springburn area of Glasgow, Scotland. MC Metals was founded by Jim ... MC Metals Rail issue 171 1 April 1992 pages 26-29 MC Metals Rail issue 172 15 April 1992 pages 34-36 "D8098". Great Central ... Despite being a metal recycling company, this facility played a role in helping some locomotives, primarily diesel locomotives ...
... (French: FO Metaux), is a trade union representing metalworkers in France, and those in related trades such as ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Articles containing French-language text, Metal trade ...
to QX Metals Corp. in February 2019. The Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. was created following the merger of the Alternative ... QX Metals Corp. (previously known as Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. and previously Alternative Earth Resources Inc.) is a ...
"Metals - Edition collector: Feist: Amazon.fr: Musique". Amazon.fr. Retrieved 2011-10-15. Metals at AllMusic Metals at ... "Feist - Metals". Retrieved 2011-10-15. "Metals - Feist". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2011-10-15. "Feist - Metals". αcharts. ... For recording Metals, Feist went to Big Sur with the lyrics almost completed and set up an ad hoc recording studio. Metals was ... "Metals - Feist". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-10-10. Murray, Noel (2011-10-04). "Feist: Metals". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2011-10- ...
"Pacific Metals Co Ltd (5541.T)". Reuters. Retrieved 15 September 2015. "Pacific Metals Co Ltd". Corporate Information. 11 ... In 2015, a comparison of Pacific Metals with three other Asian metal producers yielded evidence of a stable production model ... Pacific Metals Co Ltd. is a Japanese company. It is listed on the Nikkei 225. The company manufactures and sells ferronickel ... Through its four subsidiaries and seven associate companies, Pacific Metals engages in the complete production cycle from ...
The bank was founded in 1990 by metal processing enterprises. Since 2001, Metals Banka has strengthened its position on the ... Metals banka was included in the BELEX15 index on December 12, 2006 on the Belgrade Stock Exchange. In July 2009, the Vojvodina ... "METALS-BANKA" BECOMES THE DEVELOPMENT BANK OF VOJVODINA , News , Razvojna Banka Vojvodine". www.rbv.rs. Retrieved 2022-06-28. " ... "Metals-banka becomes the Development Bank of Vojvodina". www.rbv.rs. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2012. "Razvojna banka ...
Bauccio, Michael; American Society for Metals (1993). "Refractory metals". ASM metals reference book. ASM International. pp. ... Refractory metals are a class of metals that are extraordinarily resistant to heat and wear. The expression is mostly used in ... It is found in low concentrations with many other metals, in the ores of other refractory metals, platinum or copper ores. It ... Application of these metals requires a protective atmosphere or coating. The refractory metal alloys of molybdenum, niobium, ...
Metals is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering related scientific research and technology ...
... is a term used to describe a set of metals that are utilized in clean energy applications and can help achieve net ... "Green metals". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2023-09-30. "How to avoid a green-metals crunch". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. ... These metals include copper, nickel, zinc, cobalt, neodymium, graphite, lithium, manganese, and molybdenum. Copper is used in ... Saefong, Myra P. "EVs and Cleaner Energy Are Giving a Boost to Copper and Other 'Green' Metals". barrons. Retrieved 2023-09-30 ...
From 2009 to 2016 Tasman Metals owned the mining rights to, and explored for, rare earth elements in the Norra Kärr area in the ... Tasman Metals, "a Canadian company for jurisdictional and thereby regulatory purposes," is a Vancouver-based mining company ... Until the mid-2010s Tasman Metals had the Kallak south licence in northern Sweden after which it sold it to Beowulf Mining. ... Prinsloo, Loni (12 July 2010). "Beowulf to buy Tasman Metals' Iron of Sweden unit". Mining Weekly. Retrieved 14 October 2021. " ...
... Inc. (Silvercorp) is a Canadian-based, China-focused precious metals company engaged in the acquisition, ... The company is publicly traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange in Canada and the NYSE in the U.S. Silvercorp Metals operates four ... Silvercorp Metals' other material property, the Gaocheng project in Guangdong Province, owned through a 95% Chinese subsidiary ... acquired 12% of SIlvercorp Metals over a period of a week. Shehzad inc. manages the equities and investing on behalf of ...
... Limited (often referred to as Fortescue Metals Group, FMG, or simply Fortescue) is an Australian iron ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fortescue Metals Group. Fortescue Metals Group Fortescue Future Industries website ( ... "FORTESCUE METALS GROUP AND ANDREW FORREST SUCCEED IN HIGH COURT APPEAL AGAINST ASIC". Corrs. 3 October 2012. Archived from the ... "ASIC v Fortescue Metals Group Ltd and Forrest". Carter Newell. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Hargovan, Assoc ...
... Group Holding Co Ltd Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Holding Co. Ltd. Subscribes to $4.9 Million ... Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Holding Co.,Ltd Archived 2008-09-07 at the Wayback Machine Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Co ... Tongling Non-ferrous Metals (Group) Co., Ltd Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Holding Company Limited Archived 2009-01-31 at ... The subsidiary and listed company of Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Holdings Company Limited, Tongling Nonferrous Metals ...
Class A metals are metals that form hard acids. Hard acids are acids with relatively ionic bonds. These metals, such as iron, ... Class B metals are metals that form soft acids. Soft acids are acids with relatively covalent bonds. These metals, such as lead ... The IUPAC Gold Book provides a more general definition of a class (a) metal ion as "A metal ion that combines preferentially ... the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006-) "class (b) metal ion". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01095 v t e (Metals, ...
... Corp. is a Canadian multinational precious metals streaming company. It produces over 26 million ounces ... "Wheaton Precious Metals Corp. - Company - Management & Directors". www.wheatonpm.com. Retrieved 12 February 2021. "TMX Money". ... "Wheaton Precious Metals Corp. Sales Preparation". Retrieved October 6, 2017. "Silver Wheaton 2012 Annual Report" (PDF). 2013-03 ... Originally named Silver Wheaton, the company changed its name to Wheaton Precious Metals on May 10, 2017. In 2016, the company ...
Latest stories about Metals Market on Business Insider ... BI PRIME: Industrial metals like copper and zinc are the clear ... The precious metal has been on a rollercoaster ride since hitting an all-time high of more than $2,000 an ounce in early August ... The global hub for metal markets has halted nickel trading until March 11 after prices topped $100,000 per ton The exchange was ... Nickel plunges 5% and London Metal Exchange halts trading once again as chaos continues The fall in nickel suggests a dramatic ...
Metal alloys used in building include bronze (mainly copper and tin); brass (copper and zinc); monel metal and nickel silver, ... the alloying of tin with other metals such as copper to form bronze, and the coating of tin on harder metals, such as tinplated ... Monel metal is an alloy of approximately two-thirds nickel and one-third copper. It is similar to platinum in color. Monel ... Zinc-coated metals were first patented in 1837, separately by M. Sorel in France and H. W. Crawford in England. The methods ...
Are these metals a key bottleneck? We identify metal-specific demand shocks, estimate supply elasticities and pin down the ... Metal prices would reach historical peaks for an unprecedented, sustained period in a net-zero emissions scenario. The total ... Metals are a potentially important input into integrated assessments models of climate change. ... value of metals production would rise more than four-fold for the period 2021 to 2040, rivaling the total value of crude oil ...
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Augusta Precious Metals is one of the top gold and silver IRA companies in the precious metals IRA industry. They have a ... Augusta Precious Metals is one of the top gold and silver IRA companies... ... Augusta Precious Metals Services Augusta offers a variety of precious metals IRA options, all of which are designed to help ... Precious Metals Storage If you decide to invest with Augusta, you wont have to worry about storing precious metals under the ...
Metal detection is the most commonly-used technology for finding metallic threats concealed on people. Hand-held metal ... The first metal detector type addressed was the hand-worn metal detectors. The second was the hand-held metal detectors. Walk- ... Hand-held metal detectors (HHMDs) are the most commonly-used type of metal detector. They are inexpensive and come in variety ... Walk-Through Metal Detectors. Walk-through metal detectors (WTMDs) can be found at almost every security checkpoint in the ...
Public Comments on Metals and Controls Corp. Documents. How to Submit Comments. Comments on Metals and Controls Corp. Documents ... Advisory Board Work Group on Metals and Controls Corp.. This Work Group is responsible for a review of the Metals and Controls ... Advisory Board and NIOSH Discussions on Metals and Controls Corp.. The Metals and Controls Corp. discussion papers listed below ... SC&A Draft: Metals and Controls Corp. Exposure Pathway Evaluation [735 KB (34 pages)]. Contract No. 75D30119C04183. Document No ...
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Metals, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal. ... Submit to Metals Review for Metals Journal Menu. ► ▼ Journal ... This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Metals: Metallurgy and Metal Technology). ... This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Metals: Metallurgy and Metal Technology). ... Metals, Volume 10, Issue 4 (April 2020) - 131 articles Cover Story (view full-size image): The crystallization process at the ...
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The metal of the futureThe fact that aluminum is the metal of the future should come as no surprise. After all, this ... Where metal comes fromAlcoa and Nucor are important metal producers. But there's another aspect to this space: mining. ... Metals and mining stocks have been out of favor recently, but that just makes them stocks worth watching. For investors willing ... Greedy when others are fearfulThere's no question that metals and mining stocks have been weak, but that's when value ...
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Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Production and Processing 4,350. 7.37. $ 23.19. $ 48,240. Geographic profile for Metal- ... National estimates for Metal-Refining Furnace Operators and Tenders. Industry profile for Metal-Refining Furnace Operators and ... Geographic profile for Metal-Refining Furnace Operators and Tenders. National estimates for Metal-Refining Furnace Operators ... Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Production and Processing 4,350. 7.37. $ 23.19. $ 48,240. Foundries 2,830. 2.66. $ 20.20. $ ...
Graedel and his colleagues have been assessing the amount of unmined metals, metals in current use, and metals disposed of as ... Future Of Metals Developing sustainable supplies of metals will rely on smart product design and more efficient recycling by ... For some metals it could mean eventually running out of sources to mine and moving toward full dependence on recycled metals. ... Although metal sulfides and manganese nodules might not be economical for recovering metals right now, nor may it ever be ...
Two attorneys explain why a strong sales contract is a necessity in the metals industry. ... However, the end-user now claims the metal in your most recent shipment is defective and is demanding their money back, and ... Imagine for 10 years, you have sold your metal goods to a customer with nothing more than calls and handshakes. Your customer, ... your customer and the end-users have been very happy with your service and the quality of your metal. ...
This statistic represents Chinas production of important metals as a percentage of the worlds production in 2010, by ... Metal mining industry in South Korea. Precious metals worldwide. Chemical industry in South Korea. Refinery industry in South ... 2011). Chinas production of selected metals as a share of global production in 2010. Statista. Statista Inc.. Accessed: ... China share of global metal production 2010 Published by Statista Research Department, Oct 30, 2011 ...
Money Metals Exchange specializes in precious metals investing, gold Individual Retirement Account (IRA), silver IRA, platinum ... About Money Metal Exchange. Money Metal Exchange is a platform where customers can buy and sell gold and silver online for a ... Money Metals Exchange has definitely made it convenient for people to invest in precious metals. The smooth and seamless buying ... Money Metals Exchange offers precious metal bullion coins (e.g. gold coins, silver coins, gold American Eagle, Silver Eagles, ...
Find the latest in modern metal music at Last.fm. ... nu metal. Modern metal, like Modern rock, is an Umbrella term, ... Genres considered part of Modern metal include melodic death metal, metalcore, cyber metal, djent and sometimes progressive ... Genres considered part of Modern metal include melodic death metal, metalcore, cyber metal, djent and sometimes progressive ... Genres considered part of Modern metal include melodic death metal, metalcore, cyber metal, djent and sometimes progressive ...
Metal Magic - pierwszy studyjny album heavymetalowego zespołu Pantera wydany w 1983 roku. Producentem Metal Magic i kolejnych ... Muzycy Pantery „odcinają się" od glam-metalowych początków swojej twórczości, dlatego Metal Magic i trzy kolejne albumy zespołu ... Źródło: „https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal_Magic&oldid=49716017" ...
Learn about VMware Cloud on Equinix Metal, a solution that lets your organization extend multi-cloud to distributed metro ... Bare-Metal-as-a-Service VMware Cloud on Equinix Metal Extend multi-cloud to distributed metro locations because data locality ... VMware Cloud IaaS combined with Equinix Metal-as-a-Service accessible from Equinix Metal global locations. ... Customers will be able to purchase the VMware Cloud edition from VMware and the Equinix Metal Hosts from Equinix. VMware Cloud ...
Get free shipping on qualified Metal Stock products or Buy Online Pick Up in Store today in the Hardware Department. ... All Metal Stock can be shipped to you at home.. What material options are available in Metal Stock?. Steel, Aluminum and ... Whats the best-rated product in Metal Stock?. The best-rated product in Metal Stock is the 1-1/4 in. x 96 in. Aluminum Angle ... Whats the price range for Metal Stock?. The average price for Metal Stock ranges from $10 to $150.. ...
... non-modified screenshots taken by players for Metal Mutant ...
A scrap metal recycling facility accepts scrap metal from the public, industry, and scrap metal dealers. ... What is a scrap metal recycling facility, and what do they do? ... Scrap Metal Recycling On this page. *What is a scrap metal ... What is a scrap metal recycling facility, and what do they do? Back to top A scrap metal recycling facility accepts scrap metal ... Scrap metal recycling often uses furnaces to melt the scrap metal. Melting not only burns off non-metal substances but also ...
Connect with Death Metal collectors across the globe and complete your collection. ... Discover the most collected and trending Death Metal music. ... Death Metal Style Overview * Death Metal Overview * Death Metal ... Death Metal Music Description. A form of extreme metal that usually uses low pitched growling vocals with thickly distorted ... Most Sold Death Metal Releases This Month. Explore More Trending Death Metal Music ...
... : July-29-2020. By: Chintan Karnani, Insignia Consultants ... metals and commodities reflect the views of the individual analyst, In no event shall Insignia Consultants or its employees ...
LBMA is the global authority for the precious metals market through its Good Delivery Lists and the standards it sets for ... Precious Metals Forecast Survey 2023. Welcome to the 2023 LBMA Annual Precious Metals Forecast Survey, which this year is more ... Global Precious Metals Code. The standards and best practice expected from market participants in the global over-the-counter ... LBMA is the global authority for the precious metals market through its Good Delivery Lists and the standards it sets for ...
The current price per unit of weight and currency will be displayed on the right. The Current Value for the amount entered is shown. Optionally enter number amounts for Purchase Price and/or Future Value per unit of weight chosen. The Current and Future Gain/Loss will be calculated. Totals for Gold and Silver holdings including the ratio percent of gold versus silver will be calculated. The spot price of Gold per Troy Ounce and the date and time of the price is shown below the calculator. If your browser is configured to accept Cookies you will see a button at the bottom of the Holdings Calculator. Pressing the button will place a cookie on your machine containing the information you entered into the Holdings Calculator. When you return to goldprice.org the cookie will be retrieved from your machine and the values placed into the calculator. A range of other useful gold and silver calculators can be found on our Calculators page Gold Price Calculators ...
Bacteria: Radioactive elements replace essential rare earth metals. Date:. May 11, 2023. Source:. Ludwig-Maximilians- ... "Bacteria: Radioactive elements replace essential rare earth metals." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2023. ... 2023, May 11). Bacteria: Radioactive elements replace essential rare earth metals. ScienceDaily. Retrieved September 30, 2023 ... "Bacteria: Radioactive elements replace essential rare earth metals." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 11 May 2023. ,www.sciencedaily ...
2.7.10.1 metals.inc. Colors: P_Brass1. Dark brown bronze. P_Brass2. Somewhat lighter brown than Brass4. Old penny, in soft ...
  • It's likely because they recently read articles and posts about a staff report from the US House of Representatives which showed that "commercial baby foods are tainted with significant levels of toxic heavy metals, including arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury. (keepkidshealthy.com)
  • Commercial baby foods really are "tainted with significant levels of toxic heavy metals, including arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury? (keepkidshealthy.com)
  • Lead, mercury, and cadmium are prime examples of such "toxic metals. (medscape.com)
  • This review focuses on cadmium (Cd) because of the significant importance of this metal and because of its global presence in many food materials. (lu.se)
  • A review of the health effects of heavy metal transfer from tobacco via smoke to the lungs indicates that habitual smokers of counterfeits may be risking additional harm from high levels of cadmium and possibly other metals. (who.int)
  • China's copper consumption is lagging behind historical norms, pushing down profits among metal smelters, Bloomberg reported. (businessinsider.com)
  • Tin is too soft to be used by itself for architectural purposes so it generally falls into two categories: the alloying of tin with other metals such as copper to form bronze, and the coating of tin on harder metals, such as tinplated iron or steel. (wikipedia.org)
  • The energy transition requires substantial amounts of metals such as copper, nickel, cobalt and lithium. (imf.org)
  • A trustworthy resource for precious metal investors, this retail online bullion dealer deals in copper, palladium, rhodium, and platinum, apart from gold and silver. (livemint.com)
  • This global impetus is a further fillip for "green" metals such as copper, palladium and platinum. (institutionalinvestor.com)
  • For copper, the world's most important industrial metal, the rebound has been largely driven by cyclical factors. (institutionalinvestor.com)
  • But copper is not the only metal that is a likely beneficiary of the ambition for a greener future. (institutionalinvestor.com)
  • These processes are energy intensive and high-cost and require high-grade (rich in copper and precious metals) feeds. (nature.com)
  • The jacket called 'Full Metal Jacket' is designed out of seven miles of copper thread, well-known for its virus-killing properties. (who.int)
  • VANCOUVER, British Columbia, May 29, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- NINE MILE METALS LTD. ( CSE: NINE, OTCQB: VMSXF, FSE: KQ9 ) (the " Company " or " Nine Mile ") announces that it has updated the terms of its flow-through ("FT") private placement. (yahoo.com)
  • Welcome to the 2023 LBMA Annual Precious Metals Forecast Survey, which this year is more interactive. (lbma.org.uk)
  • The problem is that the rice, vegetables, and fruits that they use to make baby food are actually tainted with arsenic and other heavy metals! (keepkidshealthy.com)
  • One heavy metal in particular, inorganic arsenic, was repeatedly found to be present at 28-93% higher levels than estimated. (keepkidshealthy.com)
  • And understand that many of the studies on exposure to heavy metals and risks for children were not necessarily specific to baby foods, but were often on general environmental exposure. (keepkidshealthy.com)
  • Prolonged exposure to metal polish fumes can cause serious, long-term health problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • With the possible exceptions of acute iron toxicity from intentional or unintentional ingestion and suspected lead toxicity , emergency physicians will rarely be alerted to the possibility of metal exposure. (medscape.com)
  • Yet, if unrecognized or inappropriately treated, heavy metal exposure can result in significant morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • Specific clinical manifestations vary according to the metal in question, the total dose absorbed, and whether the exposure was acute or chronic. (medscape.com)
  • Exposure to metals may occur through the diet, from medications, from the environment, or in the course of work or play. (medscape.com)
  • Where heavy metal toxicity is suspected, time taken to perform a thorough dietary, occupational, and recreational history is time well spent, since identification and removal of the source of exposure is frequently the only therapy required. (medscape.com)
  • A full dietary and lifestyle history may reveal hidden sources of metal exposure. (medscape.com)
  • Exposure to heavy metals and other toxins can result in tubulointerstitial disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The extensive use in modern times of metallic alloys is related to the availability and success at the beginning of the 20th century of several different alloys made of the noble metals. (medscape.com)
  • LP103 - Design for Additive Manufacturing with Metals Case Studies Package has been added to your cart. (asme.org)
  • Steel , Aluminum and Stainless Steel are materials options available in Metal Stock. (homedepot.com)
  • This simple 2-part filler is reinforced with aluminum - great for use on fiberglass, metal, aluminum and even wood or masonry. (3m.com)
  • Demand for metals is falling rapidly, and the prices of commodities, such as iron ore, steel, and nickel, have fallen approximately 50% since January 2014. (bcg.com)
  • Common ferrous metals include alloy steel, cast iron, wrought iron, and structural steel (also known as carbon steel). (ccohs.ca)
  • Due to the high carbon content in ferrous metals, they are more susceptible to rust when exposed to moisture, except wrought iron and stainless steel. (ccohs.ca)
  • That realization is inspiring some scientists and economists to develop forward-thinking approaches to achieving sustainable cycles of metal use-that is, a continuous supply loop of a metal that runs from starting material to product to end-of-life recycling and back to starting material, with minor additions of virgin metal as needed to balance any inevitable processing losses. (acs.org)
  • Maintaining these perpetual metal supplies will require smarter product design that "allows us to continue to achieve the high performance of materials that we desire but ensures efficient metal recycling," he adds. (acs.org)
  • What is a scrap metal recycling facility, and what do they do? (ccohs.ca)
  • A scrap metal recycling facility accepts scrap metal from the public, industry, and scrap metal dealers. (ccohs.ca)
  • Scrap metal recycling facilities purchase, sort, and process all types of scrap metal. (ccohs.ca)
  • The scrap metal recycling industry has developed specifications and grading systems to make sure the consistent quality of materials. (ccohs.ca)
  • What happens during the scrap metal recycling process? (ccohs.ca)
  • Recycling metals involves a multi-step process that begins with the loading and unloading of scrap metal, separating, breaking and cutting, compacting and shredding, melting, and applying chemical processes to recycle the metals. (ccohs.ca)
  • Scrap metal recycling often uses furnaces to melt the scrap metal. (ccohs.ca)
  • The recovery of precious metals from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) is an effective recycling process. (nature.com)
  • The precious metal has been on a rollercoaster ride since hitting an all-time high of more than $2,000 an ounce in early August. (businessinsider.com)
  • He is also an Ethics.net member and has been helping retirees with precious metal investments for more than 20 years. (villagevoice.com)
  • One of the leading bullion dealers online, Money Metals Exchange, with an A+ rating, is the trusted choice of thousands of precious metal investors in the United States. (livemint.com)
  • The total value of metals production would rise more than four-fold for the period 2021 to 2040, rivaling the total value of crude oil production. (imf.org)
  • Why do some parents think that baby foods are tainted with dangerous levels of toxic metals? (keepkidshealthy.com)
  • Health effects of toxic metals : a bibliography of the work done in India, literature from 1934 through 1980 / compiled by R. R. Khan, S. N. Agarwal, Usha Nigam. (who.int)
  • These waste PCBs can be a rich secondary source of valuable metals. (nature.com)
  • Pyrometallurgical processes require heating the waste EEE at high temperatures to recover valuable metals. (nature.com)
  • In a cupboard in Katarina Norén's office is a small plastic box of ash - a worthless and often dangerous waste product from refuse incineration, but from which valuable metals could be extracted using a new method developed with the help of MAX-lab in Lund. (lu.se)
  • it could be used as a filler material or as fertiliser in forestry, while large amounts of valuable metals could also be extracted from a previously unusable material. (lu.se)
  • Augusta Precious Metals specializes in assisting Americans to transfer their 401(k) funds into precious metals like gold and silver. (villagevoice.com)
  • Most recently, the term heavy metal has been used as a general term for those metals and semimetals with potential human or environmental toxicity. (medscape.com)
  • Regardless of how one chooses to define the category, heavy metal toxicity is an uncommon diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • The toxicity of heavy metals depends on a number of factors. (medscape.com)
  • The toxicity of radioactive metals like polonium, which was discovered by Marie Curie but only recently brought to public attention after the 2006 murder of Russian dissident Alexander Litvinenko, relates more to their ability to emit particles than to their ability to bind cell proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Persons intentionally taking colloidal metals for their purported health benefits may ultimately develop toxicity. (medscape.com)
  • Metal toxicity may complicate some forms of drug abuse. (medscape.com)
  • Reproductive and developmental toxicity of metals : proceedings of a joint meeting organized by the Division of Toxicology, University of Rochester, and the Scientific Committee on the Toxicology of Metals of the Permanent Commission and the International Association on Occupational Health and cosponsored by the World Health Organization, held May 24-27, 1982, in Rochester, New York / edited by Thomas W. Clarkson, Gunnar F. Nordberg and Polly R. Sager. (who.int)
  • A significant flux of heavy metals, among other toxins, reaches the lungs through smoking. (who.int)
  • Trace metals have been associated with adverse health effects in occupational studies or laboratory studies, but have not been monitored in general population groups. (cdc.gov)
  • Environmental speciation and monitoring needs for trace metal-containing substances from energy-related processes : proceedings of the DoE/NBS Workshop held at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD, May 18-20, 1981 / editors, Frederick E. Brinckman and Richard H. Fish. (who.int)
  • Compared with pyrometallurgical processes, hydrometallurgical processes offer a relatively low capital cost, reduced environmental impact and high metal recoveries. (nature.com)
  • Hydrometallurgical processes involve the dissolution of metals in alkaline or acid medium. (nature.com)
  • Yet, other metals are essential to human biochemical processes. (medscape.com)
  • A 2019 study found that metal braces, in comparison with clear aligners, were more effective in treating teeth rotation, retention after brace removal, and certain types of malocclusions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • On August 1, 2019, FDA received a secret slide presentation from Hain, the maker of Earth's Best Organic baby food, which revealed that finished baby food products contain even higher levels of toxic heavy metals than estimates based on individual ingredient test results. (keepkidshealthy.com)
  • Nine Mile Metals Ltd. is a Canadian public mineral exploration company focused on VMS (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag and Au) exploration in the world-famous Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada. (yahoo.com)
  • Atlantic Canada Metals Inc is a company that operates in the Mining & Metals industry. (zoominfo.com)
  • Melting metals and other materials emits fumes, vapours, smoke, and other by-products of combustion. (ccohs.ca)
  • The expression of metal-binding proteins or peptides in microorganisms and plants in order to enhance heavy metal accumulation and/or tolerance has great potential. (lu.se)
  • The platinum group metals (PGM) - palladium, platinum and rhodium - are integral to reducing emissions from cars powered by gasoline or diesel. (institutionalinvestor.com)
  • We identify metal-specific demand shocks, estimate supply elasticities and pin down the price impact of the energy transition in a structural scenario analysis. (imf.org)
  • That question has popped up in magazine articles and in the blogosphere in response to predictions by several scientists-taken out of context-that some metals running up against high demand and low supply could go the way of the dinosaurs. (acs.org)
  • Graedel and his colleagues' analyses of the supply and demand of metals has led them to an understanding that if current consumer trends continue, the supply of some metals will soon become strongly limited unless action is taken. (acs.org)
  • Metals have limits in the same way that crude oil and clean water do," observes Yale University's Thomas E. Graedel , an industrial ecologist who has been exploring natural resource limits for many years. (acs.org)
  • The newly released 'Precious Metals Integrity - Responsible Sourcing' explains and encapsulates how the LBMA achieves its mission ensuring the highest levels of integrity, quality and transparency. (lbma.org.uk)
  • Other types of metal detectors deployed in security applications include hand-worn metal detectors, that are donned similarly to gloves or strapped to the palm, and ground search devices, similar in operation to treasure-seeking metal detectors but designed specifically to find items related to threat objects. (nist.gov)
  • Hand-worn metal detectors typically do not have the detection sensitivity of HHMDs but, because they are worn, do not constrain the officer's use of both hands during a search operation and often help direct a more detailed palpatory search. (nist.gov)
  • The ground search metal detectors are often used at crime scenes to find various items of forensic interest and in correctional institutions where inmates are hiding or burying threat items and contraband in bedding, the yard, and other locations. (nist.gov)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Metals. (who.int)
  • Metal detection is the most commonly-used technology for finding metallic threats concealed on people. (nist.gov)
  • Metals are agents that consist of metallic poisons. (cdc.gov)
  • Some metals may cause skin irritation, or there may be another substance on the metal that may result in adverse health effects. (ccohs.ca)
  • The Standards Classification for Non-Ferrous Scrap Metals - U.S. National Association of Secondary Materials Industries, Inc. (ccohs.ca)
  • Zinc-coated metals were first patented in 1837, separately by M. Sorel in France and H. W. Crawford in England. (wikipedia.org)
  • Decorative architectural elements were frequently cast in zinc, since it molded readily, was inexpensive compared to stone, and could be painted to imitate more expensive metals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metals and Controls Corp. (cdc.gov)
  • Also known as: M & C, Texas Instruments, M&C Nuclear, Metals and Controls Nuclear Corp. (cdc.gov)
  • There is one open/active SEC petition from Metals and Controls Corp.( Petition 236 ). (cdc.gov)
  • All Atomic Weapons Employees who worked at Metals and Controls Corp. in Attleboro, MA, from January 1, 1952 to December 31, 1967, for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this employment, or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees included in the SEC. (cdc.gov)
  • They are more malleable (can be hammered into thin sheets) than ferrous metals and are more resistant to rust and corrosion. (ccohs.ca)
  • Trabecular Metal around the proximal part of the stem for biological ingrowth. (fda.gov)
  • Toxicology and biological monitoring of metals in humans : including feasibility and need / Bonnie L. Carson, Harry V. Ellis, Joy L. McCann. (who.int)
  • It means we need to develop sustainable in-use stocks of metals," Graedel says. (acs.org)
  • They also can prepare, package, and sell various grades of ferrous and non-ferrous scrap metal. (ccohs.ca)
  • What are the different kinds of scrap metal? (ccohs.ca)
  • Generally, scrap metal is divided into ferrous (contains iron) and non-ferrous metals. (ccohs.ca)
  • Scrap metal is transported to the facility to be sorted and processed. (ccohs.ca)
  • Scrap metal can be separated by light and heavy vehicles, stationary or mobile cranes, conveyors, and other large equipment. (ccohs.ca)
  • In addition, scrap metal may have sharp or abrasive edges which may cut or puncture the worker. (ccohs.ca)
  • Breaking the size of the scrap metal into smaller, more manageable pieces usually involves manual labour or the use of a cutting torch. (ccohs.ca)
  • Mechanical and hydraulic shears may also be used to cut scrap metal. (ccohs.ca)
  • Balers use hydraulic systems to compress scrap metal. (ccohs.ca)
  • This process will increase the purity of the scrap metal for resale. (ccohs.ca)
  • Take, for example, the case of "revert"-scrap metal from the manufacturing process that can be remelted and sent back into production. (bcg.com)
  • METAL GEAR RISING: REVENGEANCE takes the renowned METAL GEAR franchise into exciting new territory by focusing on delivering an all-new action experience unlike anything that has come before. (xbox.com)
  • For better and for worse Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance is a game as crazy and nonsensical as its title, but because of that strong core, it's one that just about makes the cut. (metacritic.com)
  • For a series known for having some of the most memorable villains and boss fights in video game history, Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance has some of the most pathetic, bland villains I've seen. (metacritic.com)
  • Lead was one of the first to be made into sheet metal for architectural purposes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eating foods high in sugar may lead to plaque buildup around the metal brackets. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Children are exposed to heavy metals from many sources, including parents who smoke, lead in paint and water, and mercury in seafood, etc. (keepkidshealthy.com)
  • Metals may be contaminants in dietary supplements, or they may leach into food and drink stores in metal containers such as lead decanters. (medscape.com)
  • Most Metal Gear games were designed by Hideo Kojima and developed by Konami . (mobygames.com)
  • The news broke via a pamphlet for Studio Kojima, the Konami-owned development house headed up by Metal Gear series creator Hideo Kojima. (gamespot.com)
  • This statistic represents China's production of important metals as a percentage of the world's production in 2010, by commodity. (statista.com)
  • This attests to their outstanding reputation and why Money Metals Exchange has received consistent A+ ratings and customer reviews from the Better Business Bureau (BBB). (livemint.com)
  • Augusta Precious Metals is one of the top gold and silver IRA companies in the precious metals IRA industry. (villagevoice.com)
  • What industry does Atlantic Canada Metals belong to? (zoominfo.com)
  • A third challenge, while not unique to the metals industry, is product proliferation. (bcg.com)
  • Genres considered part of Modern metal include melodic death metal , metalcore , cyber metal , djent and sometimes progressive metal . (last.fm)
  • získavajú ohlas nové štýly ako nu metal (majúci prvky funku a hip hopu ) a metalcore (zlievajú sa v ňom extrémny metal a hardcore punk ). (wikipedia.org)
  • Note, ceramic or metal femoral heads are used on composite hip stems because composites have relatively poor wear properties. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusion: Ceramic crowns metal free, are presented as an excellent alternative restoration since the clinical protocol is followed correctly. (bvsalud.org)
  • At the end of the day, Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance's greatest accomplishment is that that it assures the world that Platinum's bag of tricks is deeper than anyone thought. (metacritic.com)
  • Metals are a potentially important input into integrated assessments models of climate change. (imf.org)
  • Here we compare the heavy metal concentrations in tobacco from a sample of 47 counterfeit products, representative of the substantial market for these products in the U.K., with their genuine equivalents and find significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals in the counterfeits. (who.int)
  • Metals can't really become extinct because their atoms are immutable, at least under most conditions. (acs.org)
  • Metal detectors work by generating an alternating magnetic field that may interact with objects that are near this magnetic field. (nist.gov)
  • If the object is electrically conductive or magnetically permeable, the magnetic field of the metal detector will interact with the object. (nist.gov)
  • A metal detector should not be confused with a magnetometer, which is a device to measure the strength of a magnetic field. (nist.gov)
  • Most ferrous metals are magnetic. (ccohs.ca)
  • Non-ferrous metals are not magnetic. (ccohs.ca)
  • 4. Many bands take in some elements of funk and rap and mix it with heavy metal music (early Slipknot, Limp Bizkit, Korn, etc. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Theres Metal, Heavy metal, and Death Metal, and now we have Nu-metal(probably some other types too). (urbandictionary.com)
  • A 1980s styled blonde Heavy Metal Girl in profile. (openclipart.org)
  • Podľa servera Allmusic.com, „zo všetkých nespočetných foriem rock and rollu , heavy metal je najextrémnejší, či už z hľadiska hlasitosti, mužnosti alebo teatrálnosti . (wikipedia.org)
  • Už od svojich počiatkov mal heavy metal veľkú základňu fanúšikov , ktorí sú známi ako metalisti či metláci . (wikipedia.org)
  • Jon Pareles, kritik New York Times , píše: „v spletitom svete populárnej hudby je heavy metal hlavnou odnožou hard rocku-menej synkopickou, menej bluesovou, väčšmi naklonenou showmenstvu a hrubej sile. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some debate exists as to exactly what constitutes a "heavy metal" and which elements should properly be classified as such. (medscape.com)
  • However, persons who worked with sheet metal were called tinsmiths, so the term could have sprung from this title. (wikipedia.org)
  • Urinary metals were measured in a one third subsample of persons 6 years and older. (cdc.gov)
  • The threat objects and/or contraband that metal detectors are intended to find varies greatly amongst different agencies, different locations, and over time. (nist.gov)
  • Inventory management varies widely among metals companies . (bcg.com)
  • The use of metal free crowns responds positively to this aesthetic concern. (bvsalud.org)
  • Voted as the "Best Gold E-Commerce Company," Money Metals Exchange is for savvy and self-reliant investors who desire a trustworthy resource for gold and silver bullion. (livemint.com)
  • Naturally, element 115 ends up in the main group V of the Periodic Table of the Elements, just below bismuth with its 83 protons, This would imply element 115 representing a rather volatile metal. (lu.se)
  • Operate or tend furnaces, such as gas, oil, coal, electric-arc or electric induction, open-hearth, or oxygen furnaces, to melt and refine metal before casting or to produce specified types of steel. (bls.gov)
  • Katarina Noren is part of a project that analyses ash to find out the atomic structure of metals in it. (lu.se)
  • Analyses showed that it was possible to extract up to 90 per cent of the metals in the ash. (lu.se)
  • The platform believes in educating its customers on the metal markets and sound money public policy through newsletters, articles, blogs, podcasts, social media, emails, and more. (livemint.com)
  • I want to get the latest chemistry news from C&EN in my inbox every week. (acs.org)
  • another is ductility, which refers to the ability to draw out metal in the shape of wire and is an important property in allowing the manufacture of intramedullary rods, screws, and long stems. (medscape.com)
  • Melting not only burns off non-metal substances but also separates the different metal components. (ccohs.ca)
  • Even ' real metal ' bands like Megadeth and Dream Theater bring lots of emotion into their songs (Megadeth - Trust, or Dream Theater - The Glass Prison ), but are they hated for that? (urbandictionary.com)
  • thrash metal priniesli do hlavného prúdu kapely typu Metallica a Megadeth , zatiaľ čo ostatné štýly ako death metal a black metal zostali aj naďalej záležitosťou umeleckého podzemia . (wikipedia.org)
  • This capability comprises a Cartesian robotic system for positioning the test object and delivering it to the metal detector, materials that emulate the electrical conductivity of human tissue over the operating frequency range of metal detectors (nominally between 100 Hz and 10 MHz), test artifacts, and data analysis software. (nist.gov)
  • The materials in braces are usually strong, and metal braces are highly durable . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In addition, as metal braces use darker materials, they are less likely to become discolored. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • And some metals companies hold more than a month's supply of commodity raw materials as "safety" stock to cover unexpected shortfalls. (bcg.com)
  • While many industries carry the bulk of their inventory as either raw materials or finished goods, some metals manufacturers have as much as 50% of their inventory at any given time in the form of WIP. (bcg.com)
  • VMware Cloud IaaS combined with Equinix Metal-as-a-Service accessible from Equinix Metal global locations. (vmware.com)
  • LBMA is the global authority for the precious metals market through its Good Delivery Lists and the standards it sets for Responsible Sourcing. (lbma.org.uk)