A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.
An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.
A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.
A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.
Proteins that have one or more tightly bound metal ions forming part of their structure. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Unstable isotopes of zinc that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Zn atoms with atomic weights 60-63, 65, 69, 71, and 72 are radioactive zinc isotopes.
A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Inorganic compounds that contain zinc as an integral part of the molecule.
A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)
Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
A naturally occurring metabolite of HISTIDINE that has antioxidant properties.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.
Acquired or inborn metabolic diseases that produce brain dysfunction or damage. These include primary (i.e., disorders intrinsic to the brain) and secondary (i.e., extracranial) metabolic conditions that adversely affect cerebral function.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Peptides composed of two amino acid units.
An autosomal recessive disorder due to defective absorption of NEUTRAL AMINO ACIDS by both the intestine and the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The abnormal urinary loss of TRYPTOPHAN, a precursor of NIACIN, leads to a NICOTINAMIDE deficiency, PELLAGRA-like light-sensitive rash, CEREBELLAR ATAXIA, emotional instability, and aminoaciduria. Mutations involve the neurotransmitter transporter gene SLC6A19.

Downregulation of metallothionein-IIA expression occurs at immortalization. (1/1809)

Metallothioneins (MTs) may modulate a variety of cellular processes by regulating the activity of zinc-binding proteins. These proteins have been implicated in cell growth regulation, and their expression is abnormal in some tumors. In particular, MT-IIA is expressed 27-fold less in human colorectal tumors and tumor cell lines compared with normal tissue (Zhang et al., 1997). Here we demonstrate that MT-IIA downregulation occurs when human cells become immortal, a key event in tumorigenesis. After immortalization MT-IIA expression remains inducible but the basal activity of the MT-IIA promoter is decreased. MT-IIA downregulation at immortalization is one of the most common immortalization-related changes identified to date, suggesting that MT-IIA has a role in this process.  (+info)

Overexpression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase under the control of mouse metallothionein I promoter in transgenic mice: evidence for a striking post-transcriptional regulation of transgene expression by a polyamine analogue. (2/1809)

We recently generated a transgenic mouse line overexpressing spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) gene under its own promoter. The tissue polyamine pools of these animals were profoundly affected and the mice were hairless from early age. We have now generated another transgenic-mouse line overexpressing the SSAT gene under the control of a heavy-metal-inducible mouse metallothionein I (MT) promoter. Even in the absence of heavy metals, changes in the tissue polyamine pools indicated that a marked activation of polyamine catabolism had occurred in the transgenic animals. As with the SSAT transgenic mice generated previously, the mice of the new line (MT-SSAT) suffered permanent hair loss, but this occurred considerably later than in the previous SSAT transgenic animals. Liver was the most affected tissue in the MT-SSAT transgenic animals, revealed by putrescine overaccumulation, significant decrease in spermidine concentration and >90% reduction in the spermine pool. Even though hepatic SSAT mRNA accumulated to massive levels in non-induced transgenic animals, SSAT activity was only moderately elevated. Administration of ZnSO4 further elevated the level of hepatic SSAT message and induced enzyme activity, but not more than 2- to 3-fold. Treatment of the transgenic animals with the polyamine analogue N1,N11-diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) resulted in an immense induction, more than 40000-fold, of enzyme activity in the liver of transgenic animals, and minor changes in the SSAT mRNA level. Liver spermidine and spermine pools were virtually depleted within 1-2 days in response to the treatment with the analogue. The treatment also resulted in a marked mortality (up to 60%) among the transgenic animals which showed ultrastructural changes in the liver, most notably mitochondrial swelling, one of the earliest signs of cell injury. These results indicated that, even without its own promoter, SSAT is powerfully induced by the polyamine analogue through a mechanism that appears to involve a direct translational and/or heterogenous nuclear RNA processing control. It is likewise significant that overexpression of SSAT renders the animals extremely sensitive to polyamine analogues.  (+info)

Identification and characterization of a recombinant metallothionein protein from a marine alga, Fucus vesiculosus. (3/1809)

A cDNA library was constructed from macroalgae adapted to prolonged elevated environmental copper levels. To investigate the possible existence of a metallothionein (MT) gene, the library was screened with degenerate probes designed using plant MT cysteine-rich motifs. A gene was identified (1229 bp) with a putative open reading frame (204 bp) encoding a 67-amino-acid protein exhibiting several characteristic features of MT proteins, including 16 cysteine residues (24%) and only one aromatic residue. Although the protein sequence showed high identity with plant and invertebrate MTs, it contained a unique 'linker' region (14 amino acid residues) between the two putative metal-binding domains which contained no cysteine residues. This extended linker is larger than the tripeptide found in archetypal vertebrate MTs, but does not conform either with the 40-amino-acid linkers commonly found in plant MT sequences. An S-peptide Fucus MT fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited a relative molecular mass of approximately 14 kDa. The recombinant fusion bound seven Cd ions, of which 50% were dissociated at pH 4.1. Under anaerobic conditions, the Cd ions were displaced by Cu(I), which associated with the protein at a ratio of 13:1. Laboratory exposure of F. vesiculosus to elevated copper resulted in induction of the MT gene. Thus this paper describes, for the first time, an MT gene identified from macroalgae which is induced by copper exposure and whose encoded protein product binds cadmium and copper.  (+info)

Metallothionein-null mice absorb less Zn from an egg-white diet, but a similar amount from solutions, although with altered intertissue Zn distribution. (4/1809)

The influence of metallothionein (MT) on Zn transfer into non-gut tissues was investigated in MT-null (MT-/-) and normal (MT+/+) mice 4 h after oral gavage of aqueous 65ZnSO4solution at doses of 154, 385, 770 and 1540 nmol Zn per mouse. Zn transfer was not significantly different between MT+/+ and MT-/- mice and was directly proportional to the oral dose (slope = 0.127, r = 0.991; 0. 146, r = 0.994, respectively). Blood 65Zn and plasma Zn concentrations increased progressively in MT-/- mice at doses >154 nmol Zn, reaching levels of 2.4% of oral dose and 60 micromol/L, respectively, at the 1540 nmol Zn dose. The corresponding values for MT+/+ mice were approximately half, 1.0% and 29 micromol/L. Intergenotypic differences were found in tissue distribution of 65Zn within the body; MT-/- mice had higher 65Zn levels in muscle, skin, heart and brain, whereas MT+/+ mice retained progressively more Zn in the liver, in conjunction with a linear increase in hepatic MT up to the highest Zn dose. MT induction in the small intestine reached its maximum at an oral dose of 385 nmol Zn and did not differ at higher doses. Absorption of a 770 nmol 65Zn dose from a solid egg-white diet was only one fourth (MT+/+) and one eighth (MT-/-) of the Zn absorption from the same dose of 65Zn in aqueous solution. MT+/+ mice had greater (P < 0.05) Zn absorption from the egg-white diet than did MT-/- mice, indicating that gut MT confers an absorptive advantage, but only when Zn is incorporated into solid food.  (+info)

Overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) in human heavy metal-selected tumor cells. (5/1809)

Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance to cytotoxic heavy metals remain largely to be characterized in mammalian cells. To this end, we have analyzed a metal-resistant variant of the human lung cancer GLC4 cell line that we have selected by a step-wise procedure in potassium antimony tartrate. Antimony-selected cells, termed GLC4/Sb30 cells, poorly accumulated antimony through an enhanced cellular efflux of metal, thus suggesting up-regulation of a membrane export system in these cells. Indeed, GLC4/Sb30 cells were found to display a functional overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP1, a drug export pump, as demonstrated by Western blotting, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and calcein accumulation assays. Moreover, MK571, a potent inhibitor of MRP1 activity, was found to markedly down-modulate resistance of GLC4/Sb30 cells to antimony and to decrease cellular export of the metal. Taken together, our data support the conclusion that overexpression of functional MRP1 likely represents one major mechanism by which human cells can escape the cytotoxic effects of heavy metals.  (+info)

Inhibition of doxorubicin toxicity in cultured neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes with elevated metallothionein levels. (6/1809)

Controversial results have been reported regarding whether metallothionein (MT) functions in doxorubicin (DOX) detoxification in the heart. To determine unequivocally the role of MT in cardiac protection against the toxicity of DOX, ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from 1- to 3-day neonatal transgenic mice with high levels of cardiac MT and from nontransgenic control animals were applied. On the 6th day of culturing, MT concentrations in the transgenic cardiomyocytes were about 2-fold higher than those in the nontransgenic cells. DOX was added directly into the cultures. Compared with nontransgenic controls, transgenic cardiomyocytes displayed a significant (p <.05) resistance to DOX cytotoxicity, as measured by morphological alterations, cell viability, and lactate dehydrogenase leakage from the cells. This cytoprotective effect of MT correlated with its inhibition of DOX-induced lipid peroxidation. These observations demonstrate unequivocally that elevation of MT concentrations in the cardiomyocytes of 2-fold higher than normal provides efficient protection against DOX toxicity.  (+info)

Selenium redox biochemistry of zinc-sulfur coordination sites in proteins and enzymes. (7/1809)

Selenium has been increasingly recognized as an essential element in biology and medicine. Its biochemistry resembles that of sulfur, yet differs from it by virtue of both redox potentials and stabilities of its oxidation states. Selenium can substitute for the more ubiquitous sulfur of cysteine and as such plays an important role in more than a dozen selenoproteins. We have chosen to examine zinc-sulfur centers as possible targets of selenium redox biochemistry. Selenium compounds release zinc from zinc/thiolate-coordination environments, thereby affecting the cellular thiol redox state and the distribution of zinc and likely of other metal ions. Aromatic selenium compounds are excellent spectroscopic probes of the otherwise relatively unstable functional selenium groups. Zinc-coordinated thiolates, e.g., metallothionein (MT), and uncoordinated thiolates, e.g., glutathione, react with benzeneseleninic acid (oxidation state +2), benzeneselenenyl chloride (oxidation state 0) and selenocystamine (oxidation state -1). Benzeneseleninic acid and benzeneselenenyl chloride react very rapidly with MT and titrate substoichiometrically and with a 1:1 stoichiometry, respectively. Selenium compounds also catalyze the release of zinc from MT in peroxidation and thiol/disulfide-interchange reactions. The selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase catalytically oxidizes MT and releases zinc in the presence of t-butyl hydroperoxide, suggesting that this type of redox chemistry may be employed in biology for the control of metal metabolism. Moreover, selenium compounds are likely targets for zinc/thiolate coordination centers in vivo, because the reactions are only partially suppressed by excess glutathione. This specificity and the potential to undergo catalytic reactions at low concentrations suggests that zinc release is a significant aspect of the therapeutic antioxidant actions of selenium compounds in antiinflammatory and anticarcinogenic agents.  (+info)

Inhibitory sites in enzymes: zinc removal and reactivation by thionein. (8/1809)

Thionein (T) has not been isolated previously from biological material. However, it is generated transiently in situ by removal of zinc from metallothionein under oxidoreductive conditions, particularly in the presence of selenium compounds. T very rapidly activates a group of enzymes in which zinc is bound at an inhibitory site. The reaction is selective, as is apparent from the fact that T does not remove zinc from the catalytic sites of zinc metalloenzymes. T instantaneously reverses the zinc inhibition with a stoichiometry commensurate with its known capacity to bind seven zinc atoms in the form of clusters in metallothionein. The zinc inhibition is much more pronounced than was previously reported, with dissociation constants in the low nanomolar range. Thus, T is an effective, endogenous chelating agent, suggesting the existence of a hitherto unknown and unrecognized biological regulatory system. T removes the metal from an inhibitory zinc-specific enzymatic site with a resultant marked increase of activity. The potential significance of this system is supported by the demonstration of its operations in enzymes involved in glycolysis and signal transduction.  (+info)

Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of small, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins found in the cells of many organisms, including humans. They play important roles in various biological processes such as:

1. Metal homeostasis and detoxification: MTs can bind to various heavy metals like zinc, copper, cadmium, and mercury with high affinity. This binding helps regulate the concentration of these metals within cells and protects against metal toxicity.
2. Oxidative stress protection: Due to their high cysteine content, MTs act as antioxidants by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, thus protecting cells from oxidative damage.
3. Immune response regulation: MTs are involved in the modulation of immune cell function and inflammatory responses. They can influence the activation and proliferation of immune cells, as well as the production of cytokines and chemokines.
4. Development and differentiation: MTs have been implicated in cell growth, differentiation, and embryonic development, particularly in tissues with high rates of metal turnover, such as the liver and kidneys.
5. Neuroprotection: In the brain, MTs play a role in protecting neurons from oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and heavy metal toxicity. They have been implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

There are four main isoforms of metallothioneins (MT-1, MT-2, MT-3, and MT-4) in humans, each with distinct tissue expression patterns and functions.

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that is a byproduct of the mining and smelting of zinc, lead, and copper. It has no taste or smell and can be found in small amounts in air, water, and soil. Cadmium can also be found in some foods, such as kidneys, liver, and shellfish.

Exposure to cadmium can cause a range of health effects, including kidney damage, lung disease, fragile bones, and cancer. Cadmium is classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP).

Occupational exposure to cadmium can occur in industries that produce or use cadmium, such as battery manufacturing, metal plating, and pigment production. Workers in these industries may be exposed to cadmium through inhalation of cadmium-containing dusts or fumes, or through skin contact with cadmium-containing materials.

The general population can also be exposed to cadmium through the environment, such as by eating contaminated food or breathing secondhand smoke. Smoking is a major source of cadmium exposure for smokers and those exposed to secondhand smoke.

Prevention measures include reducing occupational exposure to cadmium, controlling emissions from industrial sources, and reducing the use of cadmium in consumer products. Regular monitoring of air, water, and soil for cadmium levels can also help identify potential sources of exposure and prevent health effects.

Zinc is an essential mineral that is vital for the functioning of over 300 enzymes and involved in various biological processes in the human body, including protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, immune function, wound healing, and cell division. It is a component of many proteins and participates in the maintenance of structural integrity and functionality of proteins. Zinc also plays a crucial role in maintaining the sense of taste and smell.

The recommended daily intake of zinc varies depending on age, sex, and life stage. Good dietary sources of zinc include red meat, poultry, seafood, beans, nuts, dairy products, and fortified cereals. Zinc deficiency can lead to various health problems, including impaired immune function, growth retardation, and developmental delays in children. On the other hand, excessive intake of zinc can also have adverse effects on health, such as nausea, vomiting, and impaired immune function.

Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: *cuprum*) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Copper is found as a free element in nature, and it is also a constituent of many minerals such as chalcopyrite and bornite.

In the human body, copper is an essential trace element that plays a role in various physiological processes, including iron metabolism, energy production, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue synthesis. Copper is found in a variety of foods, such as shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and organ meats. The recommended daily intake of copper for adults is 900 micrograms (mcg) per day.

Copper deficiency can lead to anemia, neutropenia, impaired immune function, and abnormal bone development. Copper toxicity, on the other hand, can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, liver damage and neurological symptoms. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced copper intake through diet and supplements if necessary.

Metalloproteins are proteins that contain one or more metal ions as a cofactor, which is required for their biological activity. These metal ions play crucial roles in the catalytic function, structural stability, and electron transfer processes of metalloproteins. The types of metals involved can include iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, or manganese, among others. Examples of metalloproteins are hemoglobin (contains heme-bound iron), cytochrome c (contains heme-bound iron and functions in electron transfer), and carbonic anhydrase (contains zinc and catalyzes the conversion between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate).

Zinc radioisotopes are unstable isotopes or variants of the element zinc that undergo radioactive decay, emitting radiation in the process. These isotopes have a different number of neutrons than the stable isotope of zinc (zinc-64), which contributes to their instability and tendency to decay.

Examples of zinc radioisotopes include zinc-65, zinc-70, and zinc-72. These isotopes are often used in medical research and diagnostic procedures due to their ability to emit gamma rays or positrons, which can be detected using specialized equipment.

Zinc radioisotopes may be used as tracers to study the metabolism and distribution of zinc in the body, or as therapeutic agents to deliver targeted radiation therapy to cancer cells. However, it is important to note that the use of radioisotopes carries potential risks, including exposure to ionizing radiation and the potential for damage to healthy tissues.

Cadmium chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CdCl2. It is a white crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and has a bitter, metallic taste. Cadmium chloride is a toxic compound that can cause serious health effects, including kidney damage, respiratory problems, and bone degeneration. It is classified as a hazardous substance and should be handled with care.

Cadmium chloride is used in various industrial applications, such as electroplating, soldering, and as a stabilizer in plastics. It is also used in some research settings as a reagent in chemical reactions.

It's important to note that exposure to cadmium chloride should be avoided, and appropriate safety measures should be taken when handling this compound. This includes wearing protective clothing, such as gloves and lab coats, and working in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood. In case of accidental ingestion or inhalation, seek medical attention immediately.

Zinc compounds refer to chemical substances that contain the metal zinc in its ionic form, Zn2+. These compounds are formed when zinc combines with other elements or groups of elements called ligands, which can be inorganic (such as chloride, sulfate, or hydroxide ions) or organic (like amino acids or organic acids).

Zinc is an essential micronutrient for human health and plays a vital role in various biological processes, including enzyme function, immune response, wound healing, protein synthesis, and DNA replication. Zinc compounds have been widely used in healthcare settings due to their therapeutic properties. Some common examples of zinc compounds include:

1. Zinc oxide (ZnO): A white powder commonly found in topical ointments, creams, and sunscreens for its protective and soothing effects on the skin. It is also used as a dietary supplement to treat zinc deficiency.
2. Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4): Often employed as a dietary supplement or topical treatment for various conditions like acne, wounds, and eye irritations. It can also be used to prevent and treat zinc deficiency.
3. Zinc gluconate (Zn(C6H11O7)2): A popular form of zinc in dietary supplements and lozenges for treating the common cold and preventing zinc deficiency.
4. Zinc picolinate (Zn(pic)2): Another form of zinc used in dietary supplements, believed to have better absorption than some other zinc compounds.
5. Polaplex/Polysaccharide-iron complex with zinc (Zn-PCI): A combination of zinc and iron often found in multivitamin and mineral supplements for addressing potential deficiencies in both elements.

While zinc compounds are generally considered safe when used appropriately, excessive intake can lead to adverse effects such as gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, and impaired copper absorption. It is essential to follow recommended dosages and consult a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.

Zinc sulfate is not a medical condition, but a chemical compound. It is often used in medical and health contexts as a dietary supplement or for the treatment of certain medical conditions.

Medical Definition:
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) is an inorganic salt of zinc with sulfuric acid, available in several hydrated forms. It is a white or colorless crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. In medical applications, it is used as a dietary supplement to prevent and treat zinc deficiency, and for the treatment of certain conditions such as Wilson's disease, which involves copper overload, and acrodermatitis enteropathica, a rare inherited disorder of zinc metabolism. Zinc sulfate may also be used topically in ointments or eye drops to aid wound healing and treat various eye conditions.

In the context of medicine, there is no specific medical definition for 'metals.' However, certain metals have significant roles in biological systems and are thus studied in physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Some metals are essential to life, serving as cofactors for enzymatic reactions, while others are toxic and can cause harm at certain levels.

Examples of essential metals include:

1. Iron (Fe): It is a crucial component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and various enzymes involved in energy production, DNA synthesis, and electron transport.
2. Zinc (Zn): This metal is vital for immune function, wound healing, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. It acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes.
3. Copper (Cu): Copper is essential for energy production, iron metabolism, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue formation. It serves as a cofactor for several enzymes.
4. Magnesium (Mg): Magnesium plays a crucial role in many biochemical reactions, including nerve and muscle function, protein synthesis, and blood pressure regulation.
5. Manganese (Mn): This metal is necessary for bone development, protein metabolism, and antioxidant defense. It acts as a cofactor for several enzymes.
6. Molybdenum (Mo): Molybdenum is essential for the function of certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs.
7. Cobalt (Co): Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12, which plays a vital role in DNA synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and nerve function.

Examples of toxic metals include:

1. Lead (Pb): Exposure to lead can cause neurological damage, anemia, kidney dysfunction, and developmental issues.
2. Mercury (Hg): Mercury is highly toxic and can cause neurological problems, kidney damage, and developmental issues.
3. Arsenic (As): Arsenic exposure can lead to skin lesions, cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
4. Cadmium (Cd): Cadmium is toxic and can cause kidney damage, bone demineralization, and lung irritation.
5. Chromium (Cr): Excessive exposure to chromium can lead to skin ulcers, respiratory issues, and kidney and liver damage.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring antioxidant compound that is found in various foods such as mushrooms, some types of beans, and certain grains. It is also produced by some bacteria that live in the human body. Ergothioneine has been shown to have potential health benefits due to its antioxidant properties, which help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Some studies suggest that ergothioneine may have neuroprotective effects and could play a role in preventing neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of this compound.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Heavy metals are a group of elements with a specific gravity at least five times greater than that of water. They include metals such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb). These metals are considered toxic when they accumulate in the body beyond certain levels, interfering with various biological processes and causing damage to cells, tissues, and organs.

Heavy metal exposure can occur through various sources, including occupational exposure, contaminated food, water, or air, and improper disposal of electronic waste. Chronic exposure to heavy metals has been linked to several health issues, such as neurological disorders, kidney damage, developmental problems, and cancer. Monitoring and controlling exposure to these elements is essential for maintaining good health and preventing potential adverse effects.

Cadmium poisoning is a condition that results from the exposure to cadmium, a toxic heavy metal. This can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. Cadmium is found in some industrial workplaces, such as battery manufacturing, metal smelting, and phosphate fertilizer production. It can also be found in contaminated food, water, and cigarette smoke.

Acute cadmium poisoning is rare but can cause severe symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle cramps. Chronic exposure to cadmium can lead to a range of health problems, including kidney damage, bone disease, lung damage, and anemia. It has also been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer.

The treatment for cadmium poisoning typically involves removing the source of exposure, providing supportive care, and in some cases, chelation therapy to remove cadmium from the body. Prevention measures include reducing exposure to cadmium in the workplace, avoiding contaminated food and water, and not smoking.

Metabolic brain diseases refer to a group of conditions that are caused by disruptions in the body's metabolic processes, which affect the brain. These disorders can be inherited or acquired and can result from problems with the way the body produces, breaks down, or uses energy and nutrients.

Examples of metabolic brain diseases include:

1. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies: These are a group of genetic disorders that affect the mitochondria, which are the energy-producing structures in cells. When the mitochondria don't function properly, it can lead to muscle weakness, neurological problems, and developmental delays.
2. Leukodystrophies: These are a group of genetic disorders that affect the white matter of the brain, which is made up of nerve fibers covered in myelin, a fatty substance that insulates the fibers and helps them transmit signals. When the myelin breaks down or is not produced properly, it can lead to cognitive decline, motor problems, and other neurological symptoms.
3. Lysosomal storage disorders: These are genetic disorders that affect the lysosomes, which are structures in cells that break down waste products and recycle cellular materials. When the lysosomes don't function properly, it can lead to the accumulation of waste products in cells, including brain cells, causing damage and neurological symptoms.
4. Maple syrup urine disease: This is a genetic disorder that affects the way the body breaks down certain amino acids, leading to a buildup of toxic levels of these substances in the blood and urine. If left untreated, it can cause brain damage, developmental delays, and other neurological problems.
5. Homocystinuria: This is a genetic disorder that affects the way the body processes an amino acid called methionine, leading to a buildup of homocysteine in the blood. High levels of homocysteine can cause damage to the blood vessels and lead to neurological problems, including seizures, developmental delays, and cognitive decline.

Treatment for metabolic brain diseases may involve dietary changes, supplements, medications, or other therapies aimed at managing symptoms and preventing further damage to the brain. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may be recommended as a treatment option.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

A dipeptide is a type of molecule that is formed by the condensation of two amino acids. In this process, the carboxyl group (-COOH) of one amino acid combines with the amino group (-NH2) of another amino acid, releasing a water molecule and forming a peptide bond.

The resulting molecule contains two amino acids joined together by a single peptide bond, which is a type of covalent bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another. Dipeptides are relatively simple molecules compared to larger polypeptides or proteins, which can contain hundreds or even thousands of amino acids linked together by multiple peptide bonds.

Dipeptides have a variety of biological functions in the body, including serving as building blocks for larger proteins and playing important roles in various physiological processes. Some dipeptides also have potential therapeutic uses, such as in the treatment of hypertension or muscle wasting disorders.

Hartnup disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of amino acid transport, characterized by the excretion of large amounts of neutral amino acids in the urine and pellagra-like symptoms. It is caused by mutations in the SLC6A19 gene, which encodes for the B0AT1 protein, a neutral amino acid transporter in the brush border of the small intestine and kidney proximal tubule. The disease affects the absorption and reabsorption of neutral amino acids, leading to their deficiency in the body. Symptoms can include skin rashes, cerebellar ataxia, psychiatric symptoms, and episodic neurological symptoms that respond to treatment with nicotinamide (a form of vitamin B3). The diagnosis is confirmed by detecting increased excretion of neutral amino acids in the urine. Treatment typically involves dietary supplementation with affected amino acids and nicotinamide.

Metallothioneins are rich in thiols, causing them to bind a number of trace metals. Metallothionein is one of the few ... Singh VK, Hanson J (June 2006). "Assessment of metallothionein and antibodies to metallothionein in normal and autistic ... but metallothioneins also protect against metal toxicity and oxidative stress. Metallothionein has been documented to bind a ... Metallothionein also carries zinc ions (signals) from one part of the cell to another. When zinc enters a cell, it can be ...
"Entrez Gene: MT1G metallothionein 1G". West AK, Stallings R, Hildebrand CE, et al. (1991). "Human metallothionein genes: ... 1987). "Structure and Expression of the Human Metallothionein Genes". Metallothionein II. Experientia Supplementum. Vol. 52. pp ... Metallothionein-1G is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT1G gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125144 - ... Karin M, Eddy RL, Henry WM, Haley LL, Byers MG, Shows TB (Oct 1984). "Human metallothionein genes are clustered on chromosome ...
"Entrez Gene: MT1A metallothionein 1A". Thirumoorthy N, Manisenthil Kumar KT, Shyam Sundar A, et al. (2007). "Metallothionein: ... Minami T, Kubo K, Ichida S (2003). "Determination of metallothionein-1/metallothionein-2 ratios in the mouse liver and pancreas ... Metallothionein-1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT1A gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000205362 - ... 2000). "Metallothionein isoform 1 and 2 gene expression in the human prostate: downregulation of MT-1X in advanced prostate ...
Metallothionein-2 is a metallothionein protein that in humans is encoded by the MT2A gene. The single-nucleotide polymorphism ... "Entrez Gene: MT2A metallothionein 2A". Sekovanić A, Jurasović J, Piasek M (2020). "Metallothionein 2A gene polymorphisms in ... Karin M, Richards RI (Dec 1982). "Human metallothionein genes--primary structure of the metallothionein-II gene and a related ... 1992). "Comparison of the solution conformations of human [Zn7]-metallothionein-2 and [Cd7]-metallothionein-2 using nuclear ...
... is a member of the metallothionein family of proteins. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000087250 - Ensembl ... Metallothionein-3 (also known as Growth Inhibitory Factor) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT3 gene. It is a 68- ... "Brain-specific metallothionein-3 has higher metal-binding capacity than ubiquitous metallothioneins and binds metals ... You HJ, Oh DH, Choi CY, Lee DG, Hahm KS, Moon AR, Jeong HG (Oct 2002). "Protective effect of metallothionein-III on DNA damage ...
Excess copper (as well as other heavy metal ions like zinc or cadmium) may be bound by metallothionein and sequestered within ... Zinc produces a mucosal block by inducing metallothionein, which binds copper in mucosal cells until they slough off and are ... Cousins, RJ (1985). "Absorption, transport, and hepatic metabolism of copper and zinc: special reference to metallothionein and ... Kaegi, Jeremias H. R.; Schaeffer, Andreas (1988). "Biochemistry of metallothionein". Biochemistry. 27 (23): 8509-15. doi: ...
Hamer, D.H.: Metallothionein. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 55: 913‑951, 1986. Furst P.; Hu S.; Hackett R.; Hamer D.H. (1988). "Copper ... At NIH, Hamerʻs lab initially focused on the metallothionein gene system. They elucidated the mechanism of induction of yeast ... metallothionein by copper ions, one of the first eukaryotic gene regulatory systems to be understood at the molecular level and ...
Funk AE, Day FA, Brady FO (1987). "Displacement of zinc and copper from copper-induced metallothionein by cadmium and by ... Maret W (May 2003). "Cellular zinc and redox states converge in the metallothionein/thionein pair". The Journal of Nutrition. ... Theocharis SE, Margeli AP, Koutselinis A (2003). "Metallothionein: a multifunctional protein from toxicity to cancer". Int J ... For example, zinc regulates the expression of metallothionein, which has multiple functions, such as intracellular zinc ...
"Entrez Gene: MT1F metallothionein 1F". West AK, Stallings R, Hildebrand CE, et al. (1991). "Human metallothionein genes: ... 1987). "Structure and expression of the human metallothionein genes". Metallothionein II. Experientia Supplementum. Vol. 52. pp ... "Structure and expression of the human metallothionein-IG gene Differential promoter activity of two linked metallothionein-I ... Metallothionein-1F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT1F gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000198417 - ...
Metallothionein-1H is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT1H gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000205358 - ... "Entrez Gene: MT1H metallothionein 1H". Soumillion A, Van Damme J, De Ley M (1992). "Cloning and specific polymerised-chain- ... West AK, Stallings R, Hildebrand CE, Chiu R, Karin M, Richards RI (Mar 1991). "Human metallothionein genes: structure of the ... Vandeghinste N, Proost P, De Ley M (2000). "Metallothionein isoform gene expression in zinc-treated human peripheral blood ...
"Entrez Gene: MT1E metallothionein 1E". West AK, Stallings R, Hildebrand CE, et al. (1991). "Human metallothionein genes: ... Metallothionein-1E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT1E gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000169715 - ... 2003). "Metallothionein isoform 1 and 2 gene expression in a human urothelial cell line (UROtsa) exposed to CdCl2 and NaAsO2". ... 2003). "Activation of metallothioneins and alpha-crystallin/sHSPs in human lens epithelial cells by specific metals and the ...
Metallothionein-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT1B gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000169688 - ... "Entrez Gene: MT1B metallothionein 1B". Lederer CW, Torrisi A, Pantelidou M, et al. (2007). "Pathways and genes differentially ... 1991). "Human metallothionein genes: structure of the functional locus at 16q13". Genomics. 8 (3): 513-8. doi:10.1016/0888-7543 ... Karin M, Eddy RL, Henry WM, Haley LL, Byers MG, Shows TB (Oct 1984). "Human metallothionein genes are clustered on chromosome ...
Metallothionein 1X, also known as MT1X, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the gene. Metallothionein GRCh38: Ensembl ... "Human metallothionein gene MT1L mRNA is present in several human tissues but is unlikely to produce a metallothionein protein ... "Entrez Gene: MT1X metallothionein 1X". West AK, Stallings R, Hildebrand CE, Chiu R, Karin M, Richards RI (November 1990). " ... 2000). "Metallothionein isoform 1 and 2 gene expression in the human prostate: downregulation of MT-1X in advanced prostate ...
Metallothionein-1M is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT1M gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000205364 - ... "Entrez Gene: MT1M metallothionein 1M". Lederer CW, Torrisi A, Pantelidou M, et al. (2007). "Pathways and genes differentially ... West AK, Stallings R, Hildebrand CE, Chiu R, Karin M, Richards RI (Mar 1991). "Human metallothionein genes: structure of the ... 2000). "Metallothioneins in human kidneys and associated tumors". Nephron. 83 (4): 331-40. doi:10.1159/000045425. PMID 10575295 ...
267: 573-582 Dallinger R., Berger B., Hunziker P.E., Kägi J.H.R. (1997) Metallothionein in snail Cd and Cu metabolism. In: ... 4:97-109 Dallinger R., Egg M., Köck G., Hofer R. (1997) The role of metallothionein in cadmium accumulation of Arctic Char ( ... Dallinger was also involved in the elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of a metallothionein with three Cadmium- ... 85: 135-145 Gruber C., Stürzenbaum S., Gehrig P., Sack R., Hunziker P., Berger B., Dallinger R. (2000) (Cd)-Metallothionein ...
Metallothionein maintains copper levels in yeast. The copper fist domain is similar in structure to metallothionein itself, and ... These proteins activate the transcription of the metallothionein gene in response to copper. ...
Freisinger EF, Vasac M (2013). "Cadmium in Metallothioneins". In Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel RK (eds.). Cadmium: From Toxicity to ...
Vasken Aposhian, H.; Bruce, D. C. (1991). "Binding of Polonium-210 to Liver Metallothionein". Radiation Research. 126 (3): 379- ...
Isolation of Metallothionein from Cadmium-contaminated Isopods. Richard Greco, Donald Clarke, Grace Vernon, & Ruth Witkus. 1991 ...
Metallothioneins and related chelators. Sigel, Astrid., Sigel, Helmut., Sigel, Roland K. O. Cambridge: Royal Society of ... Maret, Wolfgang (2008-05-01). "Metallothionein redox biology in the cytoprotective and cytotoxic functions of zinc". ...
Chemical Mimicking of Metallothioneins". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (16): 6403-6410. doi:10.1021/ja200792m. ... renders the reaction catalytic in copper and uses only one equivalent of boronic acid by mimicking the metallothionein (MT) ...
Goyer, R.A.; Haust, M.D.; Cherian, M.G. (1992). "Cellular localization of metallothionein in human term placenta". Placenta. 13 ...
"Developing pineapple fruit has a small transcriptome dominated by metallothionein". Journal of Experimental Botany. 56 (409): ...
Zinc may be held in metallothionein reserves within microorganisms or in the intestines or liver of animals. Metallothionein in ... and is stored and transferred in metallothioneins. It is the second most abundant trace metal in humans after iron and it is ... excess zinc particularly impairs copper absorption because metallothionein absorbs both metals. The human dopamine transporter ...
... and metallothionein act as a redox pair, and much of the antioxidant functions of attributed to metallothionein are ... The binding of heavy metal ions to both thionein and metallothionein is due to their high cysteine content. Wolfgang m (2003 ... Palacios O, Atrian S, Capdevila, M (2011). "Zn- and Cu-thioneins: a functional classification for metallothioneins?". Journal ... Thionein is a cysteine-rich coenzyme associated with metallothioneins. ...
... may be held in metallothionein reserves within microorganisms or in the intestines or liver of animals. Metallothionein in ... Aydemir, T. B.; Blanchard, R. K.; Cousins, R. J. (2006). "Zinc supplementation of young men alters metallothionein, zinc ... and is stored and transferred in metallothioneins. It is the second most abundant trace metal in humans after iron and it is ... excess zinc particularly impairs copper absorption because metallothionein absorbs both metals. The human dopamine transporter ...
Mocchegiani E, Muzzioli M, Cipriano C, Giacconi R (1998). "Zinc, T-cell pathways, aging: role of metallothioneins". Mechanisms ...
"Pentavalent vanadium induces hepatic metallothionein through interleukin-6-dependent and -independent mechanisms". Toxicology. ...
Her dissertation was titled Control of hepatic metallothionein synthesis by zinc and cadmium. She was a postdoctoral researcher ... Squibb, Katherine Sprague (1977). Control of hepatic metallothionein synthesis by zinc and cadmium (Ph.D. thesis). Rutgers ...
"Pentavalent vanadium induces hepatic metallothionein through interleukin-6-dependent and -independent mechanisms". Toxicology. ...
Metallothioneins are rich in thiols, causing them to bind a number of trace metals. Metallothionein is one of the few ... Singh VK, Hanson J (June 2006). "Assessment of metallothionein and antibodies to metallothionein in normal and autistic ... but metallothioneins also protect against metal toxicity and oxidative stress. Metallothionein has been documented to bind a ... Metallothionein also carries zinc ions (signals) from one part of the cell to another. When zinc enters a cell, it can be ...
Timeline for Protein Metallothionein from g.46.1.1: Metallothionein: *Protein Metallothionein from g.46.1.1: Metallothionein ... Protein Metallothionein from g.46.1.1: Metallothionein appears in SCOPe 2.04. *Protein Metallothionein from g.46.1.1: ... Metallothionein appears in SCOPe 2.06. *Protein Metallothionein from g.46.1.1: Metallothionein appears in the current release, ... More info for Protein Metallothionein from g.46.1.1: Metallothionein. ...
Metallothionein Protein Disorder Conclusion BioWaves Sound Therapy > BioWaves Sound Therapy ARTICLES > Metallothionein Protein ... BioWaves Sound Therapy > BioWaves Sound Therapy ARTICLES > Metallothionein Protein Disorder > Metallothionein Protein Disorder ... Metallothionein Protein Disorder Discussion. by Lauren OBrien. It appears from our first try at using sound waves to address ...
Distribution of trace elements in tissues of two shrimp species from the Persian Gulf and roles of metallothionein in their ... AnimalsCadmiumCopperEnvironmental MonitoringFemaleIndian OceanMaleMetallothioneinPenaeidaeSex FactorsTissue DistributionWater ... The redistribution of Zn and Cu during the storage period can be attributed to the role of metallothionein in their transport ... The redistribution of Zn and Cu during the storage period can be attributed to the role of metallothionein in their transport ...
Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Copper metallothionein 1-1 (CUP1-1) from Cusabio. Cat Number: CSB-EP317846SVGe0. USA, UK ... Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Copper metallothionein 1-1 (CUP1-1) , CSB-EP317846SVGe0. (No reviews yet) Write a Review ... Copper-metallothionein Antibody , CSB-PA345921DA01HDB , CusabioCopper-metallothionein Antibody is Available at Gentaur Genprice ... Copper-metallothionein Antibody, Biotin conjugated , CSB-PA345921DD01HDB , CusabioCopper-metallothionein Antibody, Biotin ...
Identification and characterization of a recombinant metallothionein protein from a marine alga, Fucus vesiculosus Ceri A. ... To investigate the possible existence of a metallothionein (MT) gene, the library was screened with degenerate probes designed ... Identification and characterization of a recombinant metallothionein protein from a marine alga, Fucus vesiculosus. Biochem J 1 ...
Metallothionein, oxidative stress and trace metals in gills and liver of demersal and pelagic fish species from Kuwaits marine ... Roles of the metallothionein family of proteins in the central nervous system: J. Hidalgo, et al.; Brain Res. Bull. 55, 133 ( ... Spectrophotometric detection of labile zinc(II) released from metallothionein: a simple method to evaluate heavy metal toxicity ... Zinc supplementation can reduce accumulation of cadmium in aged metallothionein transgenic mice: K. Pabis, et al.; Chemosphere ...
Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich, and metal-binding protein that protects cells from the cytotoxic ... Keywords: Metallothionein, Organometallic compound, Endothelial cell, Metal response element, Antioxidant response element ... Possible mechanisms underlying transcriptional induction of metallothionein isoforms by tris(pentafluorophenyl)stibane, tris( ...
The knowledge of brain metallothionein (MT) regulation and especially of MT presence in specific cell types is scarce. ... Effect of zinc, copper and glucocorticoids on metallothionein levels of cultured neurons and astrocytes from rat brain Chem ... The knowledge of brain metallothionein (MT) regulation and especially of MT presence in specific cell types is scarce. ...
Metallothionein Prevents Diabetes-Induced Deficits in Cardiomyocytes by Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species Production Gang Ye; ... Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich protein that can bind heavy metal ions such as copper and zinc (9). It also has a ... Gang Ye, Naira S. Metreveli, Jun Ren, Paul N. Epstein; Metallothionein Prevents Diabetes-Induced Deficits in Cardiomyocytes by ... Kang YJ, Chen Y, Yu A, Voss-McCowan M, Epstein PN: Overexpression of metallothionein in the heart of transgenic mice suppresses ...
... Author: Álvarez Barrios, Ana. ; Álvarez González, Lydia; ...
Glucocorticoid regulation of metallothionein-I mRNA synthesis in cultured mouse cells. / Mayo, K. E.; Palmiter, R. D. In: ... Glucocorticoid regulation of metallothionein-I mRNA synthesis in cultured mouse cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1981; ... Mayo, K. E. ; Palmiter, R. D. / Glucocorticoid regulation of metallothionein-I mRNA synthesis in cultured mouse cells. In: ... Mayo, K. E., & Palmiter, R. D. (1981). Glucocorticoid regulation of metallothionein-I mRNA synthesis in cultured mouse cells. ...
Performing a fuzzy search may retrieve terms with similar spellings: metalothionein~.. *Adding a wildcard symbol may retrieve ...
ELISA Kit for Metallothionein 3 (MT3). ABCC28646 * $63000 $630.00 Unit price/ per ...
Rat MT1(Metallothionein 1) ELISA Kit. Rat MT1(Metallothionein 1) ELISA Kit ... Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Metallothionein 1 from Rat in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell ... Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Metallothionein 1 (MT1) in samples from serum, plasma ... Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Metallothionein 1 (MT1) in samples from serum, plasma ...
Recombinant Zebrafish Metallothionein-2 Protein. Synthesized inYeast. Protein Tag: His. Purity: Greater than 90% as determined ... General Description of Recombinant Zebrafish Metallothionein-2 Protein.. Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine ... Recombinant Zebrafish Metallothionein-2 Protein. $ 828.00 - $ 1,918.00. Please Select Product Options Below To View The Catalog ... Be the first to review "Recombinant Zebrafish Metallothionein-2 Protein" Cancel reply. Your email address will not be published ...
Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Metallothionein 2 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell ... Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Metallothionein 2 from Mouse in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell ... Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Metallothionein 3 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell ... Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Metallothionein 1 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell ...
Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Metallothionein 1 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell ... Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Metallothionein 1 from Rat in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell ... Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Metallothionein 1 from Mouse in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell ... Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Metallothionein 3 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell ...
Walker, J. M. (1988). Structural analysis of a human metallothionein-like gene (Masters thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary ...
Human MT1M(Metallothionein 1M) ELISA Kit. Human MT1M(Metallothionein 1M) ELISA Kit. To Order Contact us below: [email protected ... Description: A competitive Inhibition ELISA kit for detection of Metallothionein 1M from Human in samples from blood, serum, ... Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for quantitative measurement of Human MT1M (Metallothionein 1M) in samples from Serum, Plasma ... Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Metallothionein 1M (MT1M) in serum, ...
Metallothioneins in neoplastic cells - distribution in subfractions. Bolesław Floriańczyk, Tomasz Trojanowski J Pre Clin Clin ... Metallothionein and manganese concentrations in brain tumors. Bolesław Floriańczyk, Robert Kaczmarczyk, Jacek Osuchowski, ... Metallothioneins and its role in metal regulation, binding of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and cell differentiation. ... Metallothionein and manganese concentrations in breast cancer and mastopathic tissues. Bolesław Floriańczyk, Ludmiła Grzybowska ...
An Investigation of Modifying Effects of Metallothionein Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms on the Association between Mercury ... An Investigation of Modifying Effects of Metallothionein Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms on the Association between Mercury ... Title : An Investigation of Modifying Effects of Metallothionein Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms on the Association between ... "An Investigation of Modifying Effects of Metallothionein Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms on the Association between Mercury ...
K.-I. Inoue, H. Takano, A. Shimada, and M. Satoh, "Metallothionein as an anti-inflammatory mediator," Mediators of Inflammation ... M. P. Waalkes, J. Liu, R. A. Goyer, and B. A. Diwan, "Metallothionein-I/II double knockout mice are hypersensitive to lead- ... As he mentions, simply inducing and/or enhancing metallothionein (MT) is harmful, particularly in physiological condition. We ... J. S. Suzuki, N. Nishimura, B. Zhang et al., "Metallothionein deficiency enhances skin carcinogenesis induced by 7,12- ...
Fish bile metallothioneins (MT) have been recently reported as biomarkers for environmental metal contamination; however, no ... Fish bile metallothioneins (MT) have been recently reported as biomarkers for environmental metal contamination; however, no ... Evaluation and standardization of different purification procedures for fish bile and liver metallothionein quantification by ... Evaluation and standardization of different purification procedures for fish bile and liver metallothionein quantification by ...
Gene ResultMt1 metallothionein 1 [ (house mouse)] - NCBI. Make use of a electronic solution to develop, edit and sign contracts ... How to finish a Gene ResultMt1 metallothionein 1 [ (house mouse)] - NCBI on-line:. *On the web site using the type, simply ... Stick to the short guide with the intention to entire Gene ResultMt1 metallothionein 1 [ (house mouse)] - NCBI, prevent errors ... PDF editor allows for you to definitely make improvements to your Gene ResultMt1 metallothionein 1 [ (house mouse)] - NCBI from ...
... novel peptides derived from metallothionein-II as potential therapeutics in Alzheimers disease ... Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight, metal binding proteins that have demonstrated neuroprotective and ... Emtins : novel peptides derived from metallothionein-II as potential therapeutics in Alzheimers disease. ...
Metallothionein was detected only in the cytoplasm of cultured hepatocytes in the G0 and G1 phases, but was concentrated in the ... Localization of metallothionein in nuclei of growing primary cultured adult rat hepatocytes. FEBS Letters. 1991 Jun 3;283(2): ... Metallothionein was detected only in the cytoplasm of cultured hepatocytes in the G0 and G1 phases, but was concentrated in the ... Metallothionein was detected only in the cytoplasm of cultured hepatocytes in the G0 and G1 phases, but was concentrated in the ...
Quantification involving metallothionein-III inside mind cells utilizing liquid chromatography combination size spectrometry.. ...
Metallothionein, oxidative stress and trace metals in gills of liver of fish species. Kuwait Bay is important area that is ... Metallothionein, oxidative stress and trace metals in gills and liver of demersal and pelagic fish species from Kuwaits marine ...
  • Abstract: This application proposes to study the impact of metallothionein-(MTI) and metallothionein-II (MTII) in MTI/MTII null or knockout mice on Zn kinetics. (nih.gov)
  • abstract = "The genome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans contains two metallothionein genes, both involved in metal homeostasis and/or detoxification. (vu.nl)
  • Violin plots show distribution of expression levels for Cadmium metallothionein (MT-Cd) (Cd-MT) (SMED30028521) in cells (dots) of each of the 12 neoblast clusters. (stowers.org)
  • Expression of Cadmium metallothionein (MT-Cd) (Cd-MT) (SMED30028521) in the t-SNE clustered sub-lethally irradiated X1 and X2 cells. (stowers.org)
  • Violin plots show distribution of expression levels for Cadmium metallothionein (MT-Cd) (Cd-MT) (SMED30028521) in cells (dots) of each of the 10 clusters of sub-leathally irradiated X1 and X2 cells. (stowers.org)
  • Cadmium metallothionein was not found in the choroid plexus. (nih.gov)
  • 1. Cadmium, metallothionein and renal tubular toxicity. (nih.gov)
  • 5. Comparative toxicity of cadmium-metallothionein and cadmium chloride on mouse kidney. (nih.gov)
  • 6. Renal accumulation of cadmium and nephropathy following long-term administration of cadmium-metallothionein. (nih.gov)
  • 7. Cadmium-Metallothionein nephropathy: relationships between ultrastructural/biochemical alterations and intracellular cadmium binding. (nih.gov)
  • 11. The nephrotoxicity of intravenously administered cadmium-metallothionein: effect of dose, mode of administration, and preexisting renal cadmium burden. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Discrepancy between the nephrotoxic potencies of cadmium-metallothionein and cadmium chloride and the renal concentration of cadmium in the proximal convoluted tubules. (nih.gov)
  • Structure of mammalian metallothionein. (nih.gov)
  • Nonoxidative dimerization of mammalian metallothionein (MT) was investigated using the donor and acceptor covalently conjugated to MT. The main functions of MTs within an organism include the transport and storage of essential metal ions and detoxification of toxic ions. (vutbr.cz)
  • Structure and tissue-specific expression of the human metallothionein IB gene. (nih.gov)
  • To investigate the gene polymorphism of metallothionein 2A (MT2A)-838G/C and its correlation to coronary heart disease in the Han population of Jiangsu, China. (nih.gov)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation on metallothionein 1 and 2, metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) and p53 gene expression on animal model with induced advanced breast cancer. (muni.cz)
  • The effect of two essential and two nonessential heavy metals-copper, zinc, and cadmium and lead, respectively, and their effects on plants in general are discussed and downregulations in the expression of metallothionein type 2 gene are observed. (typeset.io)
  • We have now generated another transgenic-mouse line overexpressing the SSAT gene under the control of a heavy-metal-inducible mouse metallothionein I (MT) promoter. (silverchair.com)
  • The oncogenic ETV6-NTRK3 (EN) gene fusion joins the sterile alpha domain of the ETV6 transcription factor with the tyrosine kinase domain of the neurotrophin-3 receptor NTRK3. (bvsalud.org)
  • Zinc and Cadmium are tetrahedrally coordinated to cysteine residues, and each metallothionein protein molecule may bind up to 7 atoms of Zn or Cd. (wikipedia.org)
  • In primary cultured adult rat hepatocytes stimulated by epidermal growth factor and insulin, dramatic changes in the subcellular distribution of metallothionein were clarified by indirect immunofluorescence using antisera specific for this protein. (elsevierpure.com)
  • and metallothionein, a metal response protein. (universityofcalifornia.edu)
  • 16. Metallothionein as a storage protein for cadmium: its toxicological implications. (nih.gov)
  • With chronic exposure, cadmium accumulates in the liver and kidneys where it is bound to metallothionein, an inducible metal binding protein. (cdc.gov)
  • Metallothionein expression is upregulated during fetal development, particularly in liver tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metallothionein expression was significantly higher in the itai-itai disease group than that in the control group. (nih.gov)
  • The metallothionein and RCAS1 expression analysis in breast cancer and adjacent tissue regarding the immune cells presence and their activity. (nel.edu)
  • Popiela T, Rudnicka-Sosin L, Dutsch-Wicherek M, Klimek M, Basta P, Galazka K, Wicherek L. The metallothionein and RCAS1 expression analysis in breast cancer and adjacent tissue regarding the immune cells presence and their activity. (nel.edu)
  • Cycle dependent expression of endometrial metallothionein. (nel.edu)
  • SmtB from Synechococcus PCC7942 is a trans-acting dimeric repressor that is required for Zn(2+)-responsive expression of the metallothionein SmtA. (rcsb.org)
  • Metallothionein (MT) is a family of cysteine-rich, low molecular weight (MW ranging from 500 to 14000 Da) proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metallothionein is one of the few eukaryotic proteins playing a substantial role in metal detoxification. (wikipedia.org)
  • RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Background Metallothioneins are a family of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, heavy metal-binding proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Mammalian metallothioneins (MTs) are small (6-7 kDa), intracellular, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins involved, inter alia, in the homeostasis of zinc and copper, detoxification of heavy metals, antioxidation against reactive oxygen species, and protection against DNA damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mammalian metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of small (6-7 kDa), intracellular, cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conclusions: Zinc supplementation significantly reduces the progression of breast cancer, most likely through metallothionein-mediated pathways. (muni.cz)
  • Metallothionein (MT) and two forms of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which are dependent on zinc and copper ions, are involved in defense against the same superoxide anion radicals and are present in extra- and intracellular compartments. (ijomeh.eu)
  • Metallothionein-3 (MT3) is an intracellular zinc chelator and previous data showed MT3 mRNA levels to be reduced in CRS patients with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • Human metallothionein genes are clustered on chromosome 16. (nih.gov)
  • The metallothionein (MT) genes provide a good example of eucaryotic promoter architecture. (wikiversity.org)
  • Metallothioneins (MTs) are nonenzymatic polypeptides of 6 to 7 kDa that bind heavy metals with high affinity and possess a range of anti-inflammatory properties. (medscape.com)
  • Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. (bvsalud.org)
  • These results suggests that primary cultured hepatocytes are suitable for examining the relation between subcellular localization of metallothionein and cell growth. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Metallothionein 1F and 2A overexpression predicts poor outcome of non-small cell lung cancer patients. (nih.gov)
  • 20. Metallothionein and cadmium nephrotoxicity conference. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, two known inducible endogenous skin antioxidants, haem oxygenase-1 and metallothionein, were found to be involved in the photoimmune protection. (nih.gov)
  • The biosynthesis of metallothionein appears to increase several-fold during periods of oxidative stress to shield the cells against cytotoxicity and DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the mid-1950s, Bert L. Vallee and his colleague Marvin Margoshes discovered a molecule known today as metallothionein (MT). Meanwhile MTs have been shown to be common in many biological organisms. (preprints.org)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Metallothionein 2 (MT2) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids. (agctsequencing.com)
  • Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Metallothionein 2 (MT2) in samples from Serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (agctsequencing.com)
  • Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Metallothionein 2 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (agctsequencing.com)
  • Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Metallothionein 2 (MT2) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates or other biological fluids. (agctsequencing.com)
  • Krezel A, Maret W. Different redox states of metallothionein/thionein in biological tissue. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • 8. On the role of metallothionein in cadmium induced renal toxicity. (nih.gov)
  • Proteína de bajo peso molecular (aproximadamente 10 kD) que se encuentra en el citoplasma de las células de la corteza renal y del hígado. (bvsalud.org)
  • Single metallothionein knockout mutants have been created and now, for the first time, a double mutant has been isolated. (vu.nl)
  • However, the metallothionein deletion caused two effects that are independent of cadmium exposure, namely all knockout strains displayed a reduced total brood size and the deletion of both metallothionein loci caused a significant reduction in volumetric growth. (vu.nl)
  • Hughes, S & Stürzenbaum, SR 2007, ' Single and double metallothionein knockout in the nematode C. elegans reveals cadmium dependent and independent toxic effects on life history traits ', Environmental Pollution , vol. 145, no. 2, pp. 395-400. (vu.nl)
  • Metallothionein biosynthesis can also be induced by certain hormones, pharmaceuticals, alcohols, and other compounds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetic factors may influence the availability of sulfhydryl-containing compounds such as glutathione and metallothionein, which modify the distribution and toxicity of certain metals. (cdc.gov)
  • As cadmium gets absorbed by the human body it stimulates the production of the enzyme metallothionein which has an abundance of sulfide containing amino acids. (rsc.org)
  • Due to metal bridging by Cd2+ ions between molecules of metallothionein, the QDs and Cy3 were close enough, enabling a FRET signal. (vutbr.cz)
  • Each metallothionein enzyme can sequester up to seven cadmium ions providing a fairly nice buffer against high cadmium intake. (rsc.org)
  • Metallothioneins (MTs) play a key role in metallic homeostasis and detoxification in most living organisms. (malacol.or.kr)
  • 15. Prevalence of kidney dysfunction in humans - relationship to cadmium dose, metallothionein, immunological and metabolic factors. (nih.gov)
  • Structural modifications in metal complexes of a plant metallothionein caused by reductive radical stress: a Raman study. (unibo.it)
  • Metallothioneins are rich in thiols, causing them to bind a number of trace metals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Luther EM, Schmidt MM, Diendorf J, Epple M, Dringen R. Upregulation of metallothioneins after exposure of cultured primary astrocytes to silver nanoparticles. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • Life history studies in the presence or absence of cadmium showed that all metallothionein mutants are viable. (vu.nl)
  • Four EN variants with alternating break points have since been detected in a wide range of human cancers. (bvsalud.org)
  • We identify in total 237 high-confidence interactors, which link EN fusions to several key signaling pathways, including ERBB, insulin and JAK/STAT. We then assessed the effects of EN variants on these pathways, and showed that the pan NTRK inhibitor Selitrectinib (LOXO-195) inhibits the oncogenic activity of EN2, the most common variant. (bvsalud.org)
  • This Request for Applications (RFA), Possible Role of Metallothionein in Carcinogenesis, is related to the priority area of cancer. (nih.gov)
  • 3. Toxicokinetics and biochemistry of cadmium with special emphasis on the role of metallothionein. (nih.gov)
  • 14. Role of metallothioneins in disease. (nih.gov)
  • Currently, oat is a global crop with production ranking seventh among cereals ( http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/ , accessed May 2021). (nature.com)
  • Metallothionein (MT)-I/II has been shown to be neuroprotective and neuroregenerative in a model of rat cortical brain injury. (edu.au)