The genomic analysis of assemblages of organisms.
A collective genome representative of the many organisms, primarily microorganisms, existing in a community.
The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.
Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
A plant species of the genus Chenopodium known for toxicity to intestinal worms and other simple organisms.
The spectrum of different living organisms inhabiting a particular region, habitat, or biotope.
A group of different species of microorganisms that act together as a community.
A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).
The full collection of microbes (bacteria, fungi, virus, etc.) that naturally exist within a particular biological niche such as an organism, soil, a body of water, etc.
Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.
The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.
The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.
Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.
A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.
A phylum of anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria with a chemoorganotrophic heterotrophic metabolism. They are resident flora of the OROPHARYNX.
A family of very small viruses containing circular, single-stranded DNA and possessing no envelope. The modes of transmission are not known.
Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.
One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.
A family of gram-negative bacteria in the order Methylophilales.
Inland bodies of still or slowly moving FRESH WATER or salt water, larger than a pond, and supplied by RIVERS and streams.
A phylum of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. This group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA.
The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their ENVIRONMENT, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. (Webster's, 3d ed)
Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.
A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.
A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.
Organisms that live in water.
The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts with AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. Heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.
The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of organisms which inhabit the OCEANS AND SEAS.
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., GENETIC ENGINEERING) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include TRANSFECTION and CLONING technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction.
A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Techniques of nucleotide sequence analysis that increase the range, complexity, sensitivity, and accuracy of results by greatly increasing the scale of operations and thus the number of nucleotides, and the number of copies of each nucleotide sequenced. The sequencing may be done by analysis of the synthesis or ligation products, hybridization to preexisting sequences, etc.
A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
Class of BACTERIA with diverse morphological properties. Strains of Actinobacteria show greater than 80% 16S rDNA/rRNA sequence similarity among each other and also the presence of certain signature nucleotides. (Stackebrandt E. et al, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1997) 47:479-491)
Ribonucleic acid in archaea having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
The genetic complement of an archaeal organism (ARCHAEA) as represented in its DNA.
The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.
Habitat of hot water naturally heated by underlying geologic processes. Surface hot springs have been used for BALNEOLOGY. Underwater hot springs are called HYDROTHERMAL VENTS.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
The functional genetic units of ARCHAEA.
A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Contribution of exogenous genetic elements to the group A Streptococcus metagenome. (1/752)

Variation in gene content among strains of a bacterial species contributes to biomedically relevant differences in phenotypes such as virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes a diverse array of human infections and sequelae, and exhibits a complex pathogenic behavior. To enhance our understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships in this important pathogen, we determined the complete genome sequences of four GAS strains expressing M protein serotypes (M2, M4, and 2 M12) that commonly cause noninvasive and invasive infections. These sequences were compared with eight previously determined GAS genomes and regions of variably present gene content were assessed. Consistent with the previously determined genomes, each of the new genomes is approximately 1.9 Mb in size, with approximately 10% of the gene content of each encoded on variably present exogenous genetic elements. Like the other GAS genomes, these four genomes are polylysogenic and prophage encode the majority of the variably present gene content of each. In contrast to most of the previously determined genomes, multiple exogenous integrated conjugative elements (ICEs) with characteristics of conjugative transposons and plasmids are present in these new genomes. Cumulatively, 242 new GAS metagenome genes were identified that were not present in the previously sequenced genomes. Importantly, ICEs accounted for 41% of the new GAS metagenome gene content identified in these four genomes. Two large ICEs, designated 2096-RD.2 (63 kb) and 10750-RD.2 (49 kb), have multiple genes encoding resistance to antimicrobial agents, including tetracycline and erythromycin, respectively. Also resident on these ICEs are three genes encoding inferred extracellular proteins of unknown function, including a predicted cell surface protein that is only present in the genome of the serotype M12 strain cultured from a patient with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. The data provide new information about the GAS metagenome and will assist studies of pathogenesis, antimicrobial resistance, and population genomics.  (+info)

Improving protein extraction and separation methods for investigating the metaproteome of anaerobic benzene communities within sediments. (2/752)

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An interlaboratory comparison of 16S rRNA gene-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing methods for assessing microbial diversity of seafloor basalts. (3/752)

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Increasing the coverage of a metapopulation consensus genome by iterative read mapping and assembly. (4/752)

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The population genomics of trans-specific inversion polymorphisms in Anopheles gambiae. (5/752)

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Ancestral population genomics: the coalescent hidden Markov model approach. (6/752)

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Population genomics of the Arabidopsis thaliana flowering time gene network. (7/752)

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TagSNP transferability and relative loss of variability prediction from HapMap to an admixed population. (8/752)

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Metagenomics is the scientific study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. This field of research involves analyzing the collective microbial genomes found in a variety of environments, such as soil, ocean water, or the human gut, without the need to culture individual species in a lab. By using high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies and computational tools, metagenomics allows researchers to identify and study the functional potential and ecological roles of diverse microbial communities, contributing to our understanding of their impacts on ecosystems, health, and disease.

A metagenome is the collective genetic material contained within a sample taken from a specific environment, such as soil or water, or within a community of organisms, like the microbiota found in the human gut. It includes the genomes of all the microorganisms present in that environment or community, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and other microbes, whether they can be cultured in the lab or not. By analyzing the metagenome, scientists can gain insights into the diversity, abundance, and functional potential of the microbial communities present in that environment.

Environmental Microbiology is a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microscopic entities, that are found in various environments such as water, soil, air, and organic matter. This field focuses on understanding how these microbes interact with their surroundings, their role in various ecological systems, and their impact on human health and the environment. It also involves studying the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that allow microorganisms to survive and thrive in different environmental conditions, as well as the potential uses of microbes for bioremediation, bioenergy, and other industrial applications.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Genomics is the scientific study of genes and their functions. It involves the sequencing and analysis of an organism's genome, which is its complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Genomics also includes the study of how genes interact with each other and with the environment. This field of study can provide important insights into the genetic basis of diseases and can lead to the development of new diagnostic tools and treatments.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the digestive tract, is a continuous tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is responsible for ingesting, digesting, absorbing, and excreting food and waste materials. The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anus), and accessory organs such as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The primary function of this system is to process and extract nutrients from food while also protecting the body from harmful substances, pathogens, and toxins.

Chenopodium ambrosioides, also known as wormseed or Mexican tea, is a species of plant in the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae). It is native to North and Central America, but has been introduced and naturalized in many other parts of the world. The leaves and seeds of the plant are used in traditional medicine for their alleged antiparasitic, carminative, and analgesic properties. However, it should be noted that the use of this plant as a medicine can be associated with serious side effects, including seizures and kidney damage, and it should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

'Biota' is a term that refers to the total collection of living organisms in a particular habitat, ecosystem, or region. It includes all forms of life such as plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. Biota can be used to describe the communities of living things in a specific area, like a forest biota or marine biota, and it can also refer to the study of these organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment. In medical contexts, 'biota' may specifically refer to the microorganisms that inhabit the human body, such as the gut microbiota.

Microbial consortia refer to a group or community of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that naturally exist together in a specific environment and interact with each other. These interactions can be synergistic, where the organisms benefit from each other's presence, or competitive, where they compete for resources.

Microbial consortia play important roles in various biological processes, such as biogeochemical cycling, plant growth promotion, and wastewater treatment. The study of microbial consortia is essential to understanding the complex interactions between microorganisms and their environment, and has implications for fields such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oceans and Seas" are not medical terms. Generally speaking, an ocean is a large body of saltwater that covers a majority of the Earth's surface, and a sea is a smaller body of saltwater that may be partially enclosed by land. However, if you have any questions related to marine biology or environmental science, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Medical Definition of Microbiota:

The community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microscopic life forms, that inhabit a specific environment or body part. In the human body, microbiota can be found on the skin, in the mouth, gut, and other areas. The largest concentration of microbiota is located in the intestines, where it plays an essential role in digestion, immune function, and overall health.

The composition of the microbiota can vary depending on factors such as age, diet, lifestyle, genetics, and environmental exposures. Dysbiosis, or imbalance of the microbiota, has been linked to various health conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, allergies, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders.

Therefore, maintaining a healthy and diverse microbiota is crucial for overall health and well-being. This can be achieved through a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, stress management, and other lifestyle practices that support the growth and maintenance of beneficial microorganisms in the body.

DNA viruses are a type of virus that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. These viruses replicate by using the host cell's machinery to synthesize new viral components, which are then assembled into new viruses and released from the host cell.

DNA viruses can be further classified based on the structure of their genomes and the way they replicate. For example, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses have a genome made up of two strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses have a genome made up of a single strand of DNA.

Examples of DNA viruses include herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, human papillomavirus, and adenoviruses. Some DNA viruses are associated with specific diseases, such as cancer (e.g., human papillomavirus) or neurological disorders (e.g., herpes simplex virus).

It's important to note that while DNA viruses contain DNA as their genetic material, RNA viruses contain RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. Both DNA and RNA viruses can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, animals, and plants.

A bacterial genome is the complete set of genetic material, including both DNA and RNA, found within a single bacterium. It contains all the hereditary information necessary for the bacterium to grow, reproduce, and survive in its environment. The bacterial genome typically includes circular chromosomes, as well as plasmids, which are smaller, circular DNA molecules that can carry additional genes. These genes encode various functional elements such as enzymes, structural proteins, and regulatory sequences that determine the bacterium's characteristics and behavior.

Bacterial genomes vary widely in size, ranging from around 130 kilobases (kb) in Mycoplasma genitalium to over 14 megabases (Mb) in Sorangium cellulosum. The complete sequencing and analysis of bacterial genomes have provided valuable insights into the biology, evolution, and pathogenicity of bacteria, enabling researchers to better understand their roles in various diseases and potential applications in biotechnology.

Seawater is not a medical term, but it is a type of water that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Medically, seawater can be relevant in certain contexts, such as in discussions of marine biology, environmental health, or water safety. Seawater has a high salt content, with an average salinity of around 3.5%, which is much higher than that of freshwater. This makes it unsuitable for drinking or irrigation without desalination.

Exposure to seawater can also have medical implications, such as in cases of immersion injuries, marine envenomations, or waterborne illnesses. However, there is no single medical definition of seawater.

I am not aware of a widely accepted medical definition for the term "software," as it is more commonly used in the context of computer science and technology. Software refers to programs, data, and instructions that are used by computers to perform various tasks. It does not have direct relevance to medical fields such as anatomy, physiology, or clinical practice. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help with those instead!

Computational biology is a branch of biology that uses mathematical and computational methods to study biological data, models, and processes. It involves the development and application of algorithms, statistical models, and computational approaches to analyze and interpret large-scale molecular and phenotypic data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other high-throughput technologies. The goal is to gain insights into biological systems and processes, develop predictive models, and inform experimental design and hypothesis testing in the life sciences. Computational biology encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including bioinformatics, systems biology, computational genomics, network biology, and mathematical modeling of biological systems.

Fusobacteria is a group of obligate anaerobic, gram-negative bacilli that are commonly found as normal flora in the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. Some species of Fusobacteria have been associated with various human diseases, including periodontal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and bloodstream infections. They can also play a role in the development of bacterial biofilms and are sometimes found in mixed infections with other anaerobic bacteria.

Fusobacteria have a unique morphology, often appearing as elongated, curved or spiral-shaped rods. They are non-motile and do not form spores. Some species of Fusobacteria can produce butyric acid, which can contribute to the foul odor associated with certain infections.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is one of the most well-known species of Fusobacteria and has been extensively studied for its role in periodontal disease. It is a common colonizer of dental plaque and has been shown to have a variety of virulence factors that allow it to adhere to and invade host tissues, evade the immune response, and cause tissue damage.

Overall, Fusobacteria are important members of the human microbiome, but under certain circumstances, they can also contribute to the development of various infectious diseases.

Circoviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including birds, pigs, and some primates. The virions of Circoviridae are icosahedral in shape and have a diameter of approximately 20 nanometers. The genome of these viruses is circular, single-stranded DNA that is around 2 kilobases in length.

The family Circoviridae includes two genera: Circovirus and Gyrovirus. Circoviruses are known to infect birds and pigs, while gyroviruses primarily infect birds. The most well-known circovirus is the porcine circovirus (PCV), which can cause a variety of clinical signs in pigs, including respiratory disease, enteritis, and reproductive failure. Gyroviruses, on the other hand, have been associated with various diseases in birds, such as inclusion body hepatitis and lymphoproliferative disease.

It's worth noting that circoviruses have also been detected in humans, although their clinical significance is not yet fully understood. Some studies have suggested a possible link between human circovirus infection and certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, but more research is needed to confirm these findings.

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates inside the living cells of an organism. It is not considered to be a living organism itself, as it lacks the necessary components to independently maintain its own metabolic functions. Viruses are typically composed of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses also have an outer lipid membrane known as an envelope.

Viruses can infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. They cause various diseases by invading the host cell, hijacking its machinery, and using it to produce numerous copies of themselves, which can then infect other cells. The resulting infection and the immune response it triggers can lead to a range of symptoms, depending on the virus and the host organism.

Viruses are transmitted through various means, such as respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, contaminated food or water, and vectors like insects. Prevention methods include vaccination, practicing good hygiene, using personal protective equipment, and implementing public health measures to control their spread.

Archaea are a domain of single-celled microorganisms that lack membrane-bound nuclei and other organelles. They are characterized by the unique structure of their cell walls, membranes, and ribosomes. Archaea were originally classified as bacteria, but they differ from bacteria in several key ways, including their genetic material and metabolic processes.

Archaea can be found in a wide range of environments, including some of the most extreme habitats on Earth, such as hot springs, deep-sea vents, and highly saline lakes. Some species of Archaea are able to survive in the absence of oxygen, while others require oxygen to live.

Archaea play important roles in global nutrient cycles, including the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle. They are also being studied for their potential role in industrial processes, such as the production of biofuels and the treatment of wastewater.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

Biodiversity is the variety of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms that live in an ecosystem. It also includes the variety of genes within a species and the variety of ecosystems (such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and oceans) that exist in a region or on Earth as a whole. Biodiversity is important for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, providing resources and services such as food, clean water, and pollination, and contributing to the discovery of new medicines and other useful products. The loss of biodiversity can have negative impacts on the functioning of ecosystems and the services they provide, and can threaten the survival of species and the livelihoods of people who depend on them.

Methylophilaceae is a family of bacteria within the order Burkholderiales. These bacteria are known to be capable of growth on reduced one-carbon compounds such as methanol and formate as their sole source of carbon and energy. They are often found in various environments including soil, water, and sewage sludge. Some species within this family are also known to be able to degrade certain aromatic compounds. It's important to note that medical definition of Methylophilaceae is not commonly used since they are not associated with any specific human disease, but rather studied for their metabolic capabilities and potential applications in bioremediation and bioenergy production.

I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Lakes" is not a medical term that has a specific definition in the context of medicine or healthcare. It is a geographical term used to describe large bodies of water surrounded by land. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Proteobacteria is a major class of Gram-negative bacteria that includes a wide variety of pathogens and free-living organisms. This class is divided into six subclasses: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, and Zeta proteobacteria. Proteobacteria are characterized by their single circular chromosome and the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their outer membrane. They can be found in a wide range of environments, including soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals. Some notable examples of Proteobacteria include Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Yersinia pestis.

Ecology is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of biology. It refers to the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment. This includes how organisms interact with each other and with their physical surroundings, such as climate, soil, and water. Ecologists may study the distribution and abundance of species, the flow of energy through an ecosystem, and the effects of human activities on the environment. While ecology is not a medical field, understanding ecological principles can be important for addressing public health issues related to the environment, such as pollution, climate change, and infectious diseases.

A genetic database is a type of biomedical or health informatics database that stores and organizes genetic data, such as DNA sequences, gene maps, genotypes, haplotypes, and phenotype information. These databases can be used for various purposes, including research, clinical diagnosis, and personalized medicine.

There are different types of genetic databases, including:

1. Genomic databases: These databases store whole genome sequences, gene expression data, and other genomic information. Examples include the National Center for Biotechnology Information's (NCBI) GenBank, the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA), and the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ).
2. Gene databases: These databases contain information about specific genes, including their location, function, regulation, and evolution. Examples include the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database, the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), and the Gene Ontology (GO) database.
3. Variant databases: These databases store information about genetic variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions/deletions (INDELs), and copy number variations (CNVs). Examples include the Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP), the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC), and the International HapMap Project.
4. Clinical databases: These databases contain genetic and clinical information about patients, such as their genotype, phenotype, family history, and response to treatments. Examples include the ClinVar database, the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB), and the Genetic Testing Registry (GTR).
5. Population databases: These databases store genetic information about different populations, including their ancestry, demographics, and genetic diversity. Examples include the 1000 Genomes Project, the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), and the Allele Frequency Net Database (AFND).

Genetic databases can be publicly accessible or restricted to authorized users, depending on their purpose and content. They play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of genetics and genomics, as well as improving healthcare and personalized medicine.

An algorithm is not a medical term, but rather a concept from computer science and mathematics. In the context of medicine, algorithms are often used to describe step-by-step procedures for diagnosing or managing medical conditions. These procedures typically involve a series of rules or decision points that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care.

For example, an algorithm for diagnosing a particular type of heart disease might involve taking a patient's medical history, performing a physical exam, ordering certain diagnostic tests, and interpreting the results in a specific way. By following this algorithm, healthcare professionals can ensure that they are using a consistent and evidence-based approach to making a diagnosis.

Algorithms can also be used to guide treatment decisions. For instance, an algorithm for managing diabetes might involve setting target blood sugar levels, recommending certain medications or lifestyle changes based on the patient's individual needs, and monitoring the patient's response to treatment over time.

Overall, algorithms are valuable tools in medicine because they help standardize clinical decision-making and ensure that patients receive high-quality care based on the latest scientific evidence.

Microbial genetics is the study of heredity and variation in microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It involves the investigation of their genetic material (DNA and RNA), genes, gene expression, genetic regulation, mutations, genetic recombination, and genome organization. This field is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis, evolution, ecology, and biotechnological applications. Research in microbial genetics has led to significant advancements in areas such as antibiotic resistance, vaccine development, and gene therapy.

'Aquatic organisms' are living beings that inhabit bodies of water, such as oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and ponds. This group includes a wide variety of species, ranging from tiny microorganisms like plankton to large marine mammals like whales. Aquatic organisms can be divided into several categories based on their specific adaptations to their environment, including:

1. Plankton: small organisms that drift with the water currents and include both plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton).
2. Nekton: actively swimming aquatic organisms, such as fish, squid, and marine mammals.
3. Benthos: organisms that live on or in the bottom of bodies of water, including crustaceans, mollusks, worms, and some types of algae.
4. Neuston: organisms that live at the air-water interface, such as certain species of insects and small fish.

Aquatic organisms play a critical role in maintaining the health and balance of aquatic ecosystems, providing food and habitat for other species, and contributing to global nutrient cycling and climate regulation.

Heterotrophic processes refer to the metabolic activities carried out by organisms that cannot produce their own food and have to obtain energy by consuming other organisms or organic substances. These organisms include animals, fungi, and most bacteria. They obtain energy by breaking down complex organic molecules from their environment using enzymes, a process known as respiration or fermentation. The end products of this process are often carbon dioxide, water, and waste materials. This is in contrast to autotrophic processes, where organisms (like plants) synthesize their own food through photosynthesis.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Marine Biology" is not a medical term. Instead, it is a branch of biology that deals with the study of marine organisms, their behaviors, and their interactions with the marine environment. Marine biologists investigate various aspects of marine life, such as the ecology, physiology, and genetics of marine plants, animals, and microorganisms. They also study the impact of human activities on marine ecosystems and work towards conservation efforts to protect these environments.

Cluster analysis is a statistical method used to group similar objects or data points together based on their characteristics or features. In medical and healthcare research, cluster analysis can be used to identify patterns or relationships within complex datasets, such as patient records or genetic information. This technique can help researchers to classify patients into distinct subgroups based on their symptoms, diagnoses, or other variables, which can inform more personalized treatment plans or public health interventions.

Cluster analysis involves several steps, including:

1. Data preparation: The researcher must first collect and clean the data, ensuring that it is complete and free from errors. This may involve removing outlier values or missing data points.
2. Distance measurement: Next, the researcher must determine how to measure the distance between each pair of data points. Common methods include Euclidean distance (the straight-line distance between two points) or Manhattan distance (the distance between two points along a grid).
3. Clustering algorithm: The researcher then applies a clustering algorithm, which groups similar data points together based on their distances from one another. Common algorithms include hierarchical clustering (which creates a tree-like structure of clusters) or k-means clustering (which assigns each data point to the nearest centroid).
4. Validation: Finally, the researcher must validate the results of the cluster analysis by evaluating the stability and robustness of the clusters. This may involve re-running the analysis with different distance measures or clustering algorithms, or comparing the results to external criteria.

Cluster analysis is a powerful tool for identifying patterns and relationships within complex datasets, but it requires careful consideration of the data preparation, distance measurement, and validation steps to ensure accurate and meaningful results.

Biotechnology is defined in the medical field as a branch of technology that utilizes biological processes, organisms, or systems to create products that are technologically useful. This can include various methods and techniques such as genetic engineering, cell culture, fermentation, and others. The goal of biotechnology is to harness the power of biology to produce drugs, vaccines, diagnostic tests, biofuels, and other industrial products, as well as to advance our understanding of living systems for medical and scientific research.

The use of biotechnology has led to significant advances in medicine, including the development of new treatments for genetic diseases, improved methods for diagnosing illnesses, and the creation of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases. However, it also raises ethical and societal concerns related to issues such as genetic modification of organisms, cloning, and biosecurity.

A "gene library" is not a recognized term in medical genetics or molecular biology. However, the closest concept that might be referred to by this term is a "genomic library," which is a collection of DNA clones that represent the entire genetic material of an organism. These libraries are used for various research purposes, such as identifying and studying specific genes or gene functions.

I apologize, but there seems to be a misunderstanding. "Soil microbiology" is not a medical term; rather, it is a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms in soil. It involves understanding the diversity, ecology, and biochemistry of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and other microscopic life forms found in soil. This field has applications in agriculture, environmental science, and waste management but is not directly related to medical definitions or human health.

High-throughput nucleotide sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing (NGS), refers to a group of technologies that allow for the rapid and parallel determination of nucleotide sequences of DNA or RNA molecules. These techniques enable the sequencing of large numbers of DNA or RNA fragments simultaneously, resulting in the generation of vast amounts of sequence data in a single run.

High-throughput sequencing has revolutionized genomics research by allowing for the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes, transcriptomes, and epigenomes. It has numerous applications in basic research, including genome assembly, gene expression analysis, variant detection, and methylation profiling, as well as in clinical settings, such as diagnosis of genetic diseases, identification of pathogens, and monitoring of cancer progression and treatment response.

Some common high-throughput sequencing platforms include Illumina (sequencing by synthesis), Ion Torrent (semiconductor sequencing), Pacific Biosciences (single molecule real-time sequencing), and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (nanopore sequencing). Each platform has its strengths and limitations, and the choice of technology depends on the specific research question and experimental design.

An "ecosystem" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, as it is a concept that is more commonly used in the fields of ecology and environmental science. However, I can provide you with the general ecological definition of an ecosystem:

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment, including both biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (climate, soil, water, and air). These interactions create a complex network of relationships that form the foundation of ecological processes, such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, and population dynamics.

While there is no direct medical definition for an ecosystem, understanding the principles of ecosystems can have important implications for human health. For example, healthy ecosystems can provide clean air and water, regulate climate, support food production, and offer opportunities for recreation and relaxation, all of which contribute to overall well-being. Conversely, degraded ecosystems can lead to increased exposure to environmental hazards, reduced access to natural resources, and heightened risks of infectious diseases. Therefore, maintaining the health and integrity of ecosystems is crucial for promoting human health and preventing disease.

A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.

Actinobacteria are a group of gram-positive bacteria that are widely distributed in nature, including in soil, water, and various organic substrates. They are characterized by their high G+C content in their DNA and complex cell wall composition, which often contains mycolic acids. Some Actinobacteria are known to form branching filaments, giving them a characteristic "actinomycete" morphology. Many species of Actinobacteria have important roles in industry, agriculture, and medicine. For example, some produce antibiotics, enzymes, and other bioactive compounds, while others play key roles in biogeochemical cycles such as the decomposition of organic matter and the fixation of nitrogen. Additionally, some Actinobacteria are pathogenic and can cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants.

Archaeal RNA refers to the Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that are present in archaea, which are a domain of single-celled microorganisms. RNA is a nucleic acid that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as protein synthesis, gene expression, and regulation of cellular activities.

Archaeal RNAs can be categorized into different types based on their functions, including:

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): It carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it is translated into proteins.
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA): It helps in translating the genetic code present in mRNA into specific amino acids during protein synthesis.
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): It is a structural and functional component of ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs.
4. Non-coding RNA: These are RNAs that do not code for proteins but have regulatory functions in gene expression and other cellular processes.

Archaeal RNAs share similarities with both bacterial and eukaryotic RNAs, but they also possess unique features that distinguish them from the other two domains of life. For example, archaeal rRNAs contain unique sequence motifs and secondary structures that are not found in bacteria or eukaryotes. These differences suggest that archaeal RNAs have evolved to adapt to the extreme environments where many archaea live.

Overall, understanding the structure, function, and evolution of archaeal RNA is essential for gaining insights into the biology of these unique microorganisms and their roles in various cellular processes.

An archaeal genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in an archaea, a single-celled microorganism that is found in some of the most extreme environments on Earth. The genome of an archaea contains all the information necessary for its survival, including the instructions for building proteins and other essential molecules, as well as the regulatory elements that control gene expression.

Archaeal genomes are typically circular in structure and range in size from about 0.5 to over 5 million base pairs. They contain genes that are similar to those found in bacteria and eukaryotes, as well as unique genes that are specific to archaea. The study of archaeal genomes has provided valuable insights into the evolutionary history of life on Earth and has helped scientists understand the adaptations that allow these organisms to thrive in such harsh environments.

A genome is the complete set of genetic material (DNA, or in some viruses, RNA) present in a single cell of an organism. It includes all of the genes, both coding and noncoding, as well as other regulatory elements that together determine the unique characteristics of that organism. The human genome, for example, contains approximately 3 billion base pairs and about 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes.

The term "genome" was first coined by Hans Winkler in 1920, derived from the word "gene" and the suffix "-ome," which refers to a complete set of something. The study of genomes is known as genomics.

Understanding the genome can provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of diseases, evolution, and other biological processes. With advancements in sequencing technologies, it has become possible to determine the entire genomic sequence of many organisms, including humans, and use this information for various applications such as personalized medicine, gene therapy, and biotechnology.

'Hot Springs' are a type of geothermal feature where water is heated by the Earth's internal heat and emerges from the ground at temperatures greater than the surrounding air temperature. The water in hot springs can range in temperature from warm to extremely hot, and it is often rich in minerals such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and sodium.

People have been using hot springs for thousands of years for various purposes, including relaxation, recreation, and therapeutic benefits. The heat and mineral content of the water can help to soothe sore muscles, improve circulation, and promote healing in some cases. However, it is important to note that not all hot springs are safe for bathing, as some may contain harmful bacteria or pollutants. It is always recommended to check with local authorities before using a hot spring for therapeutic purposes.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.

In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.

Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.

I'm happy to help! However, I believe there might be a slight mistake in your question. "Archaeal" is not a term used to describe genes but rather a group of single-celled organisms that are classified as archaea.

Archaea are one of the three domains of life, along with bacteria and eukaryotes (which include plants, animals, and fungi). Archaea are unique because they share characteristics with both bacteria and eukaryotes, but they also have many features that are distinctly their own. For example, archaea have a different cell membrane structure than bacteria and eukaryotes, which allows them to thrive in extreme environments such as hot springs, salt mines, and deep-sea vents.

Genes, on the other hand, are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins or performing other important functions in an organism's cells. All living organisms, including archaea, have genes that are passed down from generation to generation. Archaeal genes are made up of the same four nucleotides (A, T, C, and G) as bacterial and eukaryotic genes, and they code for proteins and RNA molecules that are essential for the survival and reproduction of archaea.

So, to summarize, there is no specific definition for "Archaeal genes" because "archaeal" is not a term used to describe genes. However, we can say that archaeal genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins and performing other important functions in archaea.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Internet" is a term that pertains to the global network of interconnected computers and servers that enable the transmission and reception of data via the internet protocol (IP). It is not a medical term and does not have a specific medical definition. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer them for you!

In genetics, sequence alignment is the process of arranging two or more DNA, RNA, or protein sequences to identify regions of similarity or homology between them. This is often done using computational methods to compare the nucleotide or amino acid sequences and identify matching patterns, which can provide insight into evolutionary relationships, functional domains, or potential genetic disorders. The alignment process typically involves adjusting gaps and mismatches in the sequences to maximize the similarity between them, resulting in an aligned sequence that can be visually represented and analyzed.

The HMP has brought to light the utility of metagenomics in diagnostics and evidence-based medicine. Thus metagenomics is a ... Nelson KE and White BA (2010). "Metagenomics and Its Applications to the Study of the Human Microbiome". Metagenomics: Theory, ... George I, Stenuit B, Agathos SN (2010). "Application of Metagenomics to Bioremediation". In Marco D (ed.). Metagenomics: Theory ... Charles T (2010). "The Potential for Investigation of Plant-microbe Interactions Using Metagenomics Methods". Metagenomics: ...
In metagenomics, binning is the process of grouping reads or contigs and assigning them to individual genome. Binning methods ... Wooley, John C.; Adam Godzik; Iddo Friedberg (2010-02-26). "A Primer on Metagenomics". PLOS Comput Biol. 6 (2): e1000667. ... Daniel, Rolf (2005-06-01). "The metagenomics of soil". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 3 (6): 470-478. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1160. ...
... has been used to study unculturable viral communities in marine and soil ecosystems. Viral metagenomics is ... MG-RAST Metagenomics Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology server The New Science of Metagenomics: Revealing the Secrets ... Metagenomics at the European Bioinformatics Institute Analysis and archiving of metagenomic data. Metagenomics: Sequences from ... IMG/VR The IMG Viral Database (IMG/VR). CAMERA Cyberinfrastructure for Metagenomics, data repository and tools for metagenomics ...
"CSS - Metagenomics". metagenomics.wiki. Agrawal P, Khater S, Gupta M, Sain N, Mohanty D (July 2017). "RiPPMiner: a ... Soueidan H, Nikolski M (2019). "Machine learning for metagenomics: methods and tools". Metagenomics. 1. arXiv:1510.06621. doi: ... to classify metagenomics data. In this approach, phylogenetic data is endowed with patristic distance (the sum of the lengths ... Metagenomics is the study of microbial communities from environmental DNA samples. Currently, limitations and challenges ...
Edwards, Robert A.; Rohwer, Forest (June 2005). "Viral metagenomics". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 3 (6): 504-510. doi:10.1038/ ... "Expanding the Marine Virosphere Using Metagenomics". PLOS Genetics. 9 (12): e1003987. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003987. ISSN ...
July 2011). "Comparative metagenomics of microbial traits within oceanic viral communities". The ISME Journal. 5 (7): 1178-1190 ... Edwards RA, Rohwer F (June 2005). "Viral metagenomics". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 3 (6): 504-510. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1163. ... which is frequently referred to as metagenomics. In the 2000s, the Rohwer lab sequenced viromes from seawater, marine sediments ...
Edwards, R.A.; Rohwer, F. (June 2005). "Viral metagenomics". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 3 (6): 504-10. doi:10.1038/ ...
Delwart EL (2007). "Viral metagenomics". Reviews in Medical Virology. 17 (2): 115-31. doi:10.1002/rmv.532. PMC 7169062. PMID ... Edwards RA, Rohwer F (June 2005). "Viral metagenomics". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 3 (6): 504-10. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1163. ... 2019). "A Review on Viral Metagenomics in Extreme Environments". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 2403. doi:10.3389/fmicb. ... Ewald Viral metagenomics Viroplasm Zoonosis Wu KJ (15 April 2020). "There are more viruses than stars in the universe. Why do ...
Human virome Non-cellular life Microbiology Metagenomics Hugenholtz, Philip; Tyson, Gene W. (2008). "Microbiology: Metagenomics ...
Delwart EL (2007). "Viral metagenomics". Reviews in Medical Virology. 17 (2): 115-31. doi:10.1002/rmv.532. PMC 7169062. PMID ...
... soil metagenomics; and a user facility for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurementclimate change research project. National ...
Chiu CY, Miller SA (June 2019). "Clinical metagenomics". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 20 (6): 341-355. doi:10.1038/s41576-019-0113 ...
Since metagenomics has typically been used on patients for whom every other test to date has been negative, questions ... Most of the metagenomics outcomes data generated consist of case reports which belie the increasing interest on diagnostic ... But, for ruling out infections causes being one of the more important roles for clinical metagenomics it is essential to be ... It has been seen that the highest diagnostic yield resulted from a combination of metagenomics NGS of CSF and conventional ...
Edwards RA, Rohwer F (June 2005). "Viral metagenomics". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 3 (6): 504-10. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1163. ...
... and support exists or is being added for analysis of shotgun metagenomics and metatranscriptomics data, as well as metabolomics ...
Edwards, R. A.; Rohwer, F. (2005). "Viral metagenomics" (PDF). Nature Reviews Microbiology. 3 (6): 504-510. doi:10.1038/ ...
... metagenomics)). The results of the bioinformatics pipeline must be pruned, for example by filtering out unreliable singletons, ...
Metabarcoding and Metagenomics. 6: e89857. doi:10.3897/mbmg.6.89857. ISSN 2534-9708. Milan, David T.; Mendes, Izabela S.; ...
Metagenomics Meyer, F; Paarmann, D; D'Souza, M; Olson, R; Glass, EM; Kubal, M; Paczian, T; Rodriguez, A; Stevens, R; Wilke, A; ... Keegan, Kevin P.; Glass, Elizabeth M.; Meyer, Folker (2016-01-01). MG-RAST, a Metagenomics Service for Analysis of Microbial ... "The metagenomics RAST server - a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes". BMC ... Wilkening, J; Edwards, RA (2008). "The metagenomics RAST server - a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and ...
Daniel, Rolf (June 2005). "The metagenomics of soil". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 3 (6): 470-478. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1160. ...
... one significant advantage of metagenomics over targeted amplicon sequencing is that metagenomics data can elucidate the ... Metagenomics is also used extensively for studying microbial communities. In metagenomic sequencing, DNA is recovered directly ... 2009). "Gene-centric metagenomics of the fiber-adherent bovine rumen microbiome reveals forage specific glycoside hydrolases". ... Wooley, J. C.; Godzik, A.; Friedberg, I. (2010). Bourne, Philip E. (ed.). "A Primer on Metagenomics". PLOS Computational ...
Blow, Nathan (29 May 2008). "Metagenomics: Exploring unseen communities". Nature. 453 (7195): 687-690. Bibcode:2008Natur.453.. ...
As of 2008, the field of metagenomics was proposed to examine genes and their function in soil microbes, but most ... Blow N (May 2008). "Metagenomics: exploring unseen communities". Nature. 453 (7195): 687-90. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..687B. doi: ...
Metagenomics is the study of microbial communities directly obtained from the environment. Different from cultured ... Wooley, JC; Godzik, A; Friedberg, I (Feb 26, 2010). "A primer on metagenomics". PLOS Comput Biol. 6 (2): e1000667. Bibcode: ... Wooley, JC; Godzik, A; Friedberg, I (Feb 26, 2010). "A primer on metagenomics". PLOS Comput Biol. 6 (2): e1000667. Bibcode: ...
Of the many applications of metagenomics, researchers such as Jo Handelsman, Jon Clardy, and Robert M. Goodman, explored ... Daniel R (2005). "The metagenomics of soil". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 3 (6): 470-478. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1160. PMID ...
Marine Invertebrate Animal Metagenomics, Porifera. In: Encyclopedia of Metagenomics. Springer, New York City 2013. S.A. Jackson ... From 2010 onwards Morrissey was also working on the biotechnological use and metagenomics of marine organisms, especially of ... Marine metagenomics: new tools for the study and exploitation of marine microbial metabolism. Marine Drugs 8 (3), 2010; S. 608- ... Marine metagenomics: new tools for the study and exploitation of marine microbial metabolism. Marine Drugs 8 (3), 2010; S. 608- ...
A metagenomics study will commonly start with the high-throughput sequencing of a mixture of distinct species (e.g. from the ... Spaced seeds have been used in homology search., alignment, assembly, and metagenomics. They are usually represented as a ...
Metagenomics in different habitats. Series Hoboken." (2011). "Caminibacter hydrogeniphilus" at the Encyclopedia of Life LPSN ...
Microbial Metagenomics, Metatranscriptomics, and Metaproteomics. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 531. pp. 3-19. doi:10.1016/B978-0- ...
SI: Metagenomics of Marine Environments. 13 (5): 304-309. doi:10.1016/j.gpb.2015.06.004. ISSN 1672-0229. PMC 4678784. PMID ... However, with the use of metagenomics, viral communities of the Atlantic II Deep (ADII), Discovery Deep (DD) and the Kebrit ... For example, through the use of metagenomics and pyrosequencing, two deeps; the Atlantic II Deep and the Discovery Deep's ...
The HMP has brought to light the utility of metagenomics in diagnostics and evidence-based medicine. Thus metagenomics is a ... Nelson KE and White BA (2010). "Metagenomics and Its Applications to the Study of the Human Microbiome". Metagenomics: Theory, ... George I, Stenuit B, Agathos SN (2010). "Application of Metagenomics to Bioremediation". In Marco D (ed.). Metagenomics: Theory ... Charles T (2010). "The Potential for Investigation of Plant-microbe Interactions Using Metagenomics Methods". Metagenomics: ...
The Microbial Genomics and Metagenomics Laboratory provides metagenomic sequencing and analysis support to Cincinnati ... Microbial Genomics and Metagenomics Laboratory (MGML). The Microbial Genomics and Metagenomics Laboratory (MGML) provides ... Metagenomics is a rapidly expanding field and has been a useful tool in examining alternative causes and treatments for ... The MGML is staffed and equipped to provide services ranging from 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing (16S rRNA), shotgun metagenomics ...
Welcome to the Group for Environmental Metagenomics. Our group investigates structures of healthy and diseased ecosystems with ... Oct 2023: The section Environmental Metagenomics receives the ERC Synergy Award.. Oct 2022: The new section Environmental ...
You are here : Home , Research Centers and Units , Genoscope , UMR8030 , Metagenomics of prokaryotes ...
Postdoc in Microbial Genomics/Metagenomics: Denmark. A 3-year postdoctoral fellowship in microbial bioinformatics is available ...
Sun, Z., Liu, J., Zhang, M. et al. Removal of false positives in metagenomics-based taxonomy profiling via targeting Type IIB ... Menzel, P., Ng, K. L. & Krogh, A. Fast and sensitive taxonomic classification for metagenomics with Kaiju. Nat. Commun. 7, ... Ye, S. H., Siddle, K. J., Park, D. J. & Sabeti, P. C. Benchmarking metagenomics tools for taxonomic classification. Cell 178, ... Quince, C., Walker, A. W., Simpson, J. T., Loman, N. J. & Segata, N. Shotgun metagenomics, from sampling to analysis. Nat. ...
SRX4940410: metagenomics of human gut microbiome. 1 ILLUMINA (Illumina HiSeq 4000) run: 30M spots, 8.1G bases, 3.3Gb downloads ...
The analysis of organisms and their environments through the collection and analytical study of genetic information.
A paper published in Nature Microbiology describes a combined approach to develop a genome reference that has increased the characterization of known skin bacteria by 26%, providing a broader view of skin microbiome diversity.
... nature of the burgeoning field of metagenomics, said an Oregon State University mathematical biologist who took part in the ... Metagenomics is a relatively new field that developed quickly once next-generation sequencing grew inexpensive enough that ... Metagenomics refers to the science of genetically studying whole communities of microorganisms, as opposed to sequencing single ... Assessment shows metagenomics software has much room for improvement. by Oregon State University ...
... together with metagenomics and other analysis methods (i.e., ATP, PLFA, and metabolite analysis) to specifically gain insights ... 2.5.5. Read-Based Metagenomics, Genome-Resolved Metagenomics, and In Situ Replication Rates. A total of 0.5 g of material was ... Rognes, T.; Flouri, T.; Nichols, B.; Quince, C.; Mahé, F. VSEARCH: A versatile open source tool for metagenomics. PeerJ 2016, 4 ... Genome resolved-metagenomics was successfully performed for samples from the Coastal Soil hypoliths. In brief, MiSeq reads were ...
The present study used shotgun metagenomics to determine the enzyme-coding genes of the microbiota found in two different ... The present study used shotgun metagenomics to determine the enzyme-coding genes of the microbiota found in two different ... 2013). Assessment of fungal diversity in the environment using metagenomics: a decade in review. Fungal Genet. Biol. 3, 110-123 ... Wommack, K. E., Bhavsar, J., and Ravel, J. (2008). Metagenomics: read length matters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 1453-1463. ...
Metagenomics in Virology. Published in:. Encyclopedia of Virology (Fourth Edition) , 133-140 (2021/01/01/ 2021) ... Metagenomics is also applied to clinical samples as a non-targeted diagnostic and surveillance tool. By enabling the study of ... Cow Rumen and the Early Days of Metagenomics. Tracing a cow rumen dataset from the lab to material for a hands-on undergraduate ... Metagenomics, i.e., the sequencing and analysis of genomic information extracted directly from clinical or environmental ...
Another fun metagenomics related paper in PLoS Biology. In it Pascal Hingamp et al discuss an Open Source, Open Science system ... IN a way this is a metagenomics version of the Undergraduate Genomics Research Initiative (UGRI) which was described in a PLoS ... Well, this is really the end all be all for me combining so many things I like - genomics, metagenomics, annotation, OA ...
Back to the Future of Soil Metagenomics. Back to the Future of Soil Metagenomics. Title. Back to the Future of Soil ...
Metagenomics Reading Group (Wed 2pm): Revision history. View logs for this page ... Retrieved from "https://wiki.umiacs.umd.edu/cbcb/index.php/Metagenomics_Reading_Group_(Wed_2pm)" ...
Using metagenomics to identify emerging viral pathogens, and RNA silencing to combat them. Add to your list(s) Download to your ... University of Cambridge , Talks.cam , Plant Sciences Departmental Seminars , Using metagenomics to identify emerging viral ...
In fact, the booming field of metagenomics - the study of genomic sequences - is using big data to help scientists better ...
Metagenomics has followed the genomics era and invaded the domain of biology. Studying the genetic content of a sample from a ...
... Jan 23, 2014 , ... In a few words, what is metagenomics?. Metagenomics is a way of describing the diversity of genetic material in a specimen. We ... What do you see as the future of metagenomics in public health? In the short term, well see pay-off from studies of the human ... "Metagenomics for pathogen detection in public health" was written by Ruth R. Miller, Vincent Montoya, Jennifer L. Gardy, David ...
Metagenomics, Metadata and Meta-analysis (M3) Special Interest Group (SIG) meeting held at the Intelligent Systems for ... Meeting Report: "Metagenomics, Metadata and Meta-analysis" (M3) Special Interest Group at ISMB 2009 Stand Genomic Sci. 2009 Dec ... This report summarizes the proceedings of the "Metagenomics, Metadata and Meta-analysis" (M3) Special Interest Group (SIG) ...
Targeted metagenomics and ecology of globally important uncultured eukaryotic phytoplankton. Published in:. Proc Natl Acad Sci ... Cow Rumen and the Early Days of Metagenomics. Tracing a cow rumen dataset from the lab to material for a hands-on undergraduate ... Therefore, we used targeted metagenomics to analyze uncultured pico-prymnesiophytes sorted by flow cytometry from subtropical ...
Metagenomics is the analysis of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample. Further reading Moorhouse, Fin & Luca ... Metagenomics is the analysis of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample. ...
Marys (OH, USA) using comparative metagenomics. Together the Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteriacomprised ,90% of each bloom ... 2012) Comparative Metagenomics of Toxic Freshwater Cyanobacteria Bloom Communities on Two Continents. PLoS ONE 7(8): e44002. ... Marys (OH, USA) using comparative metagenomics. Together the Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteriacomprised >90% of each bloom ...
Di Guglielmo, Matthew D.; Franke, Karl R; Robbins, Alan; and Crowgey, Erin L, "Impact of Early Feeding: Metagenomics Analysis ...
Whole genome sequencing and metagenomics for outbreak investigation, source attribution and risk assessment of food‐borne ... Whole genome sequencing and metagenomics for outbreak investigation, source attribution and risk assessment of food‐borne ...
Implemented trash in order to prevent deletion of data ...
This review also describes recent achievements in genomics, metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics, which have been implemented ... Organic Pollutants Degradation by Microorganisms: Genomics, Metagenomics and Metatranstriptomics Backgrounds. Sylwia Róźalska ...
Hello everyone! Im a beginner of metagenomics research. Presently we use soapdenovo package to perform metagenomics assembly ... Assembly Metagenomics • 4.4k views ADD COMMENT • link updated 20 months ago by Ram 41k • written 8.9 years ago by beloved2012 & ... Im wondering that how should we assess the quality of metagenomics assembly except according to the N50 length? Thanks very ...
  • The Microbial Genomics and Metagenomics Laboratory (MGML) provides metagenomic sequencing and analysis support to the Cincinnati Children's, University of Cincinnati and surrounding communities. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Well, this is really the end all be all for me combining so many things I like - genomics, metagenomics, annotation, OA publishing, open source software, etc. (blogspot.com)
  • Metagenomics has followed the genomics era and invaded the domain of biology. (quae.com)
  • This review also describes recent achievements in genomics, metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics, which have been implemented in studies on the microbial composition of environments contaminated with organic compounds. (caister.com)
  • For the first time in New Zealand, researchers and students across a diverse range of disciplines and institutes came together at a Genomics Aotearoa Summer School at the University of Auckland in December 2019 to upskill in fundamental metagenomics approaches, building on basic data carpentry skills taught by Genomics Aotearoa and NeSI. (genomics-aotearoa.org.nz)
  • The MGML is staffed and equipped to provide services ranging from 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing (16S rRNA), shotgun metagenomics and RNA sequencing. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Using shotgun metagenomics, we identified an imported socioeconomic survey. (cdc.gov)
  • The present study used shotgun metagenomics to determine the enzyme-coding genes of the microbiota found in two different groups of cocoa beans varieties during the fermentation process. (frontiersin.org)
  • The biggest bottleneck broadly for us is bioinformatics, but metagenomics more specifically, because our bioinformatics person is busy with WGS, and while he has done a lot of 16S, he's done less shotgun sequencing, so we need more in the team to get started and upskill. (genomics-aotearoa.org.nz)
  • In addition to the information about taxonomic diversity (who is there) , shotgun metagenomics gives insight into the physiology of the organisms present in the environment (what are they doing) . (seqomics.hu)
  • Shotgun metagenomics allows researchers to comprehensively sample all genes in all organisms present in a given complex sample. (igatechnology.com)
  • Among the metagenomics -based approaches that have been developed since the beginning of the 21st century, shotgun metagenomics applied specifically to virion -associated nucleic acids (VANA) has been used to disentangle the diversity of the viral world. (bvsalud.org)
  • Gut microbiota was profiled using shotgun metagenomics of faecal samples. (lu.se)
  • A subset of the pediatric fecal samples was subjected to shotgun metagenomics sequencing. (medscape.com)
  • Shotgun metagenomics sequencing of the fecal DNA in the pediatric subjects revealed diminished coverage of the butanoate pathway (abundance normalized to controls of 1 ± 0.48 versus 0.72 ± 0.33 in ERA, p = 0.037). (medscape.com)
  • Oct 2023: The section 'Environmental Metagenomics' receives the ERC Synergy Award. (uni-due.de)
  • Frais d'envoi en France métropolitaine à 0,01 € à partir de 35€ d'achat jusqu'au 31 décembre 2023. (quae.com)
  • In fact, the booming field of metagenomics - the study of genomic sequences - is using big data to help scientists better understand new and vast unexplored regions of the natural world: the microbiome. (stamen.com)
  • The colonic microbiome view is controversial, some people Metagenomics of the Human Intes- is the most diverse and also the best consider the gut microbiota to be tinal Tract (MetaHIT) consortium re- characterized microbial community. (who.int)
  • New Zealand needs more bioinformatics skills for data analysis to derive maximum meaning from environmental samples and metagenomics information now coming through. (genomics-aotearoa.org.nz)
  • I will present in the session called "Bioinformatics of Metagenomics", and talk about a software tool for rRNA classification. (microbiology.se)
  • The Bioinformatics and Metagenomics Team (BIOME) provides bioinformatics support and research for foodborne pathogen surveillance and outbreak investigation. (cdc.gov)
  • Oct 2022: The new section 'Environmental Metagenomics' of the Research Center One Health is launched. (uni-due.de)
  • Against the background of an extensive viral diversity revealed by metagenomics across many environments, new sequence assembly approaches that reconstruct complete genome sequences from metagenomes have recently revealed surprisingly cosmopolitan viruses in specific ecological niches. (doe.gov)
  • This task is particularly important in metagenomics, where sequences can potentially derive from a variety of origins, but bacterial diversity often is the desired target for analysis. (microbiology.se)
  • Metagenomics, i.e., the sequencing and analysis of genomic information extracted directly from clinical or environmental samples, has become a fundamental tool to explore the viral world. (doe.gov)
  • The 'VirION' (Viral, long-read metagenomics via MinION sequencing) approach was first validated using mock communities where it was found to be as relatively quantitative as short-read methods and provided significant improvements in recovery of viral genomes. (peerj.com)
  • In an article recently published in Genome Medicine , a group of UBC researchers discussed the implications of metagenomics for infectious disease surveillance, in public health. (ubc.ca)
  • Metagenomics for pathogen detection in public health " was written by Ruth R. Miller, Vincent Montoya, Jennifer L. Gardy, David M. Patrick and Patrick Tang, and published in Genome Medicine . (ubc.ca)
  • Our team has a lot of interest in whole genome sequencing (WGS) and metagenomics. (genomics-aotearoa.org.nz)
  • While metagenomics reveals which microbes are present and what potential they have, metatranscriptomics disclose their activity by identifying genes that are expressed in a particular microbial environment. (igatechnology.com)
  • Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental or clinical samples by a method called sequencing. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the price of DNA sequencing continues to fall, metagenomics now allows microbial ecology to be investigated at a much greater scale and detail than before. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metagenomics sequencing tuberculosis in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Metagenomics refers to the science of genetically studying whole communities of microorganisms, as opposed to sequencing single species grown in culture. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Metagenomics is a relatively new field that developed quickly once next-generation sequencing grew inexpensive enough that looking at entire microbial communities became economically feasible, said Koslicki. (medicalxpress.com)
  • We want to see if we can marry new sequencing science (including metagenomics) with state of the art epidemiological study design. (ubc.ca)
  • Some were planning a sequencing project, several needed more analytical skills to make the most of existing plant or animal datasets, while others were getting into metagenomics research. (genomics-aotearoa.org.nz)
  • Metagenomics May Enhance the Diagnosis of Infectious Keratitis Dr Christopher Rapuano evaluates a new study comparing standard corneal cultures with combined DNA/RNA sequencing. (medscape.com)
  • Open Metagenomics Highlight - Metagenome Annotation using massively parallel undergrads. (blogspot.com)
  • The Metagenomics Summer School was a great opportunity for faculty and students from a range of institutions to upskill in metagenomics, an area of microbiology that is moving quickly and requires access to a set of computational resources that many of us have shied away from. (genomics-aotearoa.org.nz)
  • Virion-Associated Nucleic Acid-Based Metagenomics: A Decade of Advances in Molecular Characterization of Plant Viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Alexander Sczyrba et al, Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation-a benchmark of metagenomics software, Nature Methods (2017). (medicalxpress.com)
  • Metagenomics is a way of describing the diversity of genetic material in a specimen. (ubc.ca)
  • Metagenomics is the analysis of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample. (effectivealtruism.org)
  • Metagenomics, the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples, is giving microbial ecologists a much more detailed look at the previously hidden diversity of microscopic life, significantly adding to our understanding of the living world. (genomics-aotearoa.org.nz)
  • This report summarizes the proceedings of the "Metagenomics, Metadata and Meta-analysis" (M3) Special Interest Group (SIG) meeting held at the Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology 2009 conference. (nih.gov)
  • Impact of Early Feeding: Metagenomics Analysis of the Infant Gut Micro" by Matthew D. Di Guglielmo, Karl R Franke et al. (jefferson.edu)
  • Taking advantage of an "omic" technique, such as Metagenomics, it was possible to access to unculturable microbes in such extreme environment, the Arctic. (unina.it)
  • Because of its ability to reveal the previously hidden diversity of microscopic life, metagenomics offers a powerful way of understanding the microbial world that might revolutionize understanding of biology. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term metagenomics has been defined as "The study of DNA from uncultured organisms" (Jo Handelsman). (seqomics.hu)
  • Metagenomics is a culture independent approach that has contributed extensively to the study and understanding previously unidentified microbial communities. (egybio.net)
  • SAGO statement on newly released SARS-CoV-2 metagenomics data from China CDC on GISAID. (who.int)
  • Many of those same technological advances would also lead to the development of metagenomics. (openwetware.org)
  • To address these issues, we examined the bloom-associated microbial communities in single samples from Lake Erie (North America), Lake Tai (Taihu, China), and Grand Lakes St. Marys (OH, USA) using comparative metagenomics. (tennessee.edu)
  • How to assess the quality of metagenomics assembly? (biostars.org)
  • Presently we use soapdenovo package to perform metagenomics assembly then choose the optimal Scaffold according to N50 length (the longest one). (biostars.org)
  • I'm wondering that how should we assess the quality of metagenomics assembly except according to the N50 length? (biostars.org)
  • A recent critical assessment of software tools represents a key step toward taming the "Wild West" nature of the burgeoning field of metagenomics, said an Oregon State University mathematical biologist who took part in the research. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Metagenomics is a rapidly expanding field and has been a useful tool in examining alternative causes and treatments for diseases. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Whereas metagenomics is indeed a field of research, bioprospecting is more akin to a strategy or process encompassing many techniques. (openwetware.org)
  • More specifically, metagenomics is the sum of all genetic information present in a given environmental sample. (openwetware.org)
  • The term "metagenomics" was first used by Jo Handelsman, Robert M. Goodman, Michelle R. Rondon, Jon Clardy, and Sean F. Brady, and first appeared in publication in 1998. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another fun metagenomics related paper in PLoS Biology. (blogspot.com)