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MesencephalonMetencephalonDiencephalonBrain Tissue TransplantationOtx Transcription FactorsReceptor, EphA8DopamineSubstantia NigraTyrosine 3-MonooxygenaseRed NucleusFibroblast Growth Factor 8Fetal Tissue TransplantationNeuronsBrainGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalSuperior ColliculiTelencephalonNuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2Wnt1 ProteinChick EmbryoRhombencephalonNerve Tissue ProteinsBrain StemHomeodomain ProteinsOxidopaminePonsIn Situ HybridizationProsencephalonHydroxydopaminesCorpus StriatumParkinson DiseaseDopaminergic NeuronsFibroblast Growth FactorsImmunohistochemistryCerebellumCentral Nervous SystemTranscription FactorsAxonsBody PatterningNeural CrestZebrafish ProteinsNeural PathwaysCell DifferentiationMice, TransgenicCells, CulturedEmbryonic and Fetal DevelopmentStem CellsWnt ProteinsEmbryo, NonmammalianEmbryo, MammalianTime FactorsTrans-ActivatorsRats, Sprague-DawleyRNA, MessengerCatsTissue DistributionSpinal CordDNA-Binding ProteinsPregnancyMice, Inbred C57BLMolecular Sequence DataRats, Inbred Strains
Mesencephalon: The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.Metencephalon: The anterior portion of the developing hindbrain. It gives rise to the CEREBELLUM and the PONS.Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the PROSENCEPHALON from which the THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; EPITHALAMUS; and SUBTHALAMUS are derived.Brain Tissue Transplantation: Transference of brain tissue, either from a fetus or from a born individual, between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.Otx Transcription Factors: A family of VERTEBRATE homeodomain proteins that share homology with orthodenticle protein, Drosophila. They regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and play an important role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT of the BRAIN.Receptor, EphA8: An eph family receptor found exclusively in BRAIN. EphA8 receptors may play a role in the axonal guidance of a subset of tectal commissural NEURONS.Dopamine: One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.Substantia Nigra: The black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. These cells produce DOPAMINE, an important neurotransmitter in regulation of the sensorimotor system and mood. The dark colored MELANIN is a by-product of dopamine synthesis.Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the CEREBELLUM via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral MOTOR CORTEX.Fibroblast Growth Factor 8: A fibroblast growth factor that preferentially activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 4. It was initially identified as an androgen-induced growth factor and plays a role in regulating growth of human BREAST NEOPLASMS and PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS.Fetal Tissue Transplantation: Transference of fetal tissue between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Superior Colliculi: The anterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which coordinate the general behavioral orienting responses to visual stimuli, such as whole-body turning, and reaching.Telencephalon: The anterior subdivision of the embryonic PROSENCEPHALON or the corresponding part of the adult prosencephalon that includes the cerebrum and associated structures.Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2: An orphan nuclear receptor that is found at high levels in BRAIN tissue. The protein is believed to play a role in development and maintenance of NEURONS, particularly dopaminergic neurons.Wnt1 Protein: A proto-oncogene protein and member of the Wnt family of proteins. It is expressed in the caudal MIDBRAIN and is essential for proper development of the entire mid-/hindbrain region.Chick Embryo: The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.Rhombencephalon: The posterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of an embryonic brain. It consists of myelencephalon, metencephalon, and isthmus rhombencephali from which develop the major BRAIN STEM components, such as MEDULLA OBLONGATA from the myelencephalon, CEREBELLUM and PONS from the metencephalon, with the expanded cavity forming the FOURTH VENTRICLE.Nerve Tissue ProteinsBrain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.Homeodomain Proteins: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.Pons: The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Prosencephalon: The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)Hydroxydopamines: Dopamines with a hydroxy group substituted in one or more positions.Corpus Striatum: Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.Parkinson Disease: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)Dopaminergic Neurons: Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is DOPAMINE.Fibroblast Growth Factors: A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Cerebellum: The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Body Patterning: The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.Neural Crest: The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.Zebrafish Proteins: Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Embryonic and Fetal Development: Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.Wnt Proteins: Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.Embryo, Nonmammalian: The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.Embryo, Mammalian: The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Trans-Activators: Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Mice, Inbred C57BLMolecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

FGF8 induces formation of an ectopic isthmic organizer and isthmocerebellar development via a repressive effect on Otx2 expression. (1/1984)

Beads containing recombinant FGF8 (FGF8-beads) were implanted in the prospective caudal diencephalon or midbrain of chick embryos at stages 9-12. This induced the neuroepithelium rostral and caudal to the FGF8-bead to form two ectopic, mirror-image midbrains. Furthermore, cells in direct contact with the bead formed an outgrowth that protruded laterally from the neural tube. Tissue within such lateral outgrowths developed proximally into isthmic nuclei and distally into a cerebellum-like structure. These morphogenetic effects were apparently due to FGF8-mediated changes in gene expression in the vicinity of the bead, including a repressive effect on Otx2 and an inductive effect on En1, Fgf8 and Wnt1 expression. The ectopic Fgf8 and Wnt1 expression domains formed nearly complete concentric rings around the FGF8-bead, with the Wnt1 ring outermost. These observations suggest that FGF8 induces the formation of a ring-like ectopic signaling center (organizer) in the lateral wall of the brain, similar to the one that normally encircles the neural tube at the isthmic constriction, which is located at the boundary between the prospective midbrain and hindbrain. This ectopic isthmic organizer apparently sends long-range patterning signals both rostrally and caudally, resulting in the development of the two ectopic midbrains. Interestingly, our data suggest that these inductive signals spread readily in a caudal direction, but are inhibited from spreading rostrally across diencephalic neuromere boundaries. These results provide insights into the mechanism by which FGF8 induces an ectopic organizer and suggest that a negative feedback loop between Fgf8 and Otx2 plays a key role in patterning the midbrain and anterior hindbrain.  (+info)

N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels mediate the nicotinic enhancement of GABA release in chick brain. (2/1984)

The role of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated enhancement of spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) was investigated in chick brain slices. Whole cell recordings of neurons in the lateral spiriform (SpL) and ventral lateral geniculate (LGNv) nuclei showed that cadmium chloride (CdCl2) blocked the carbachol-induced increase of spontaneous GABAergic IPSCs, indicating that VDCCs might be involved. To conclusively show a role for VDCCs, the presynaptic effect of carbachol on SpL and LGNv neurons was examined in the presence of selective blockers of VDCC subtypes. omega-Conotoxin GVIA, a selective antagonist of N-type channels, significantly reduced the nAChR-mediated enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release in the SpL by 78% compared with control responses. Nifedipine, an L-type channel blocker, and omega-Agatoxin-TK, a P/Q-type channel blocker, did not inhibit the enhancement of GABAergic IPSCs. In the LGNv, omega-Conotoxin GVIA also significantly reduced the nAChR-mediated enhancement of GABA release by 71% from control values. Although omega-Agatoxin-TK did not block the nicotinic enhancement, L-type channel blockers showed complex effects on the nAChR-mediated enhancement. These results indicate that the nAChR-mediated enhancement of spontaneous GABAergic IPSCs requires activation of N-type channels in both the SpL and LGNv.  (+info)

Midbrain combinatorial code for temporal and spectral information in concurrent acoustic signals. (3/1984)

All vocal species, including humans, often encounter simultaneous (concurrent) vocal signals from conspecifics. To segregate concurrent signals, the auditory system must extract information regarding the individual signals from their summed waveforms. During the breeding season, nesting male midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) congregate in localized regions of the intertidal zone and produce long-duration (>1 min), multi-harmonic signals ("hums") during courtship of females. The hums of neighboring males often overlap, resulting in acoustic beats with amplitude and phase modulations at the difference frequencies (dFs) between their fundamental frequencies (F0s) and harmonic components. Behavioral studies also show that midshipman can localize a single hum-like tone when presented with a choice between two concurrent tones that originate from separate speakers. A previous study of the neural mechanisms underlying the segregation of concurrent signals demonstrated that midbrain neurons temporally encode a beat's dF through spike synchronization; however, spectral information about at least one of the beat's components is also required for signal segregation. Here we examine the encoding of spectral differences in beat signals by midbrain neurons. The results show that, although the spike rate responses of many neurons are sensitive to the spectral composition of a beat, virtually all midbrain units can encode information about differences in the spectral composition of beat stimuli via their interspike intervals (ISIs) with an equal distribution of ISI spectral sensitivity across the behaviorally relevant dFs. Together, temporal encoding in the midbrain of dF information through spike synchronization and of spectral information through ISI could permit the segregation of concurrent vocal signals.  (+info)

NMDA receptor characterization and subunit expression in rat cultured mesencephalic neurones. (4/1984)

1. NMDA-induced changes in free intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were determined in individual cultured rat mesencephalic neurones by the fura-2 method. mRNA expression encoding NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A-D) was examined by RT-PCR. 2. NMDA (1-100 microM, plus 10 microM glycine) induced a concentration-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i (EC50 = 5.7 microM). The effect of NMDA was virtually insensitive to tetrodotoxin (0.3 microM) and nitrendipine (1 microM), but dependent on extracellular Ca2+. 5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid (10 microM), a specific antagonist at the glycine binding site on the NMDA receptor, abolished the NMDA response. 3. Memantine, an open-channel blocker, and ifenprodil, a preferential non-competitive NR1/NR2B receptor antagonist diminished the NMDA effect with an IC50 value of 0.17 and 1 microM, respectively. Ethanol at 50 and 100 mM caused about 25 and 45%-inhibition, respectively. 4. Agarose gel analysis of the PCR products followed by ethidium bromide fluorescence or CSPD chemiluminescence detection revealed an almost exclusive expression of the NR1 splice variants lacking exon (E) 5 and E22. The 3' splice form without both E21 and E22 exceeded that containing E21 by approximately 4 fold. The relative amounts of NR2A, NR2B, NR2C corresponded to approximately 1:2:1. NR2D mRNA was also detectable. 5. In conclusion, mesencephalic neurones bear ethanol-sensitive NMDA receptors which might be involved in the development of ethanol dependence and withdrawal. The high affinity of NMDA to this receptor, its sensitivity to ifenprodil and memantine may suggest that the mesencephalic NMDA receptor comprises the NR1 splice variant lacking E5, NR2B, and NR2C, respectively.  (+info)

A binding site for homeodomain and Pax proteins is necessary for L1 cell adhesion molecule gene expression by Pax-6 and bone morphogenetic proteins. (5/1984)

The cell adhesion molecule L1 regulates axonal guidance and fasciculation during development. We previously identified the regulatory region of the L1 gene and showed that it was sufficient for establishing the neural pattern of L1 expression in transgenic mice. In the present study, we characterize a DNA element within this region called the HPD that contains binding motifs for both homeodomain and Pax proteins and responds to signals from bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). An ATTA sequence within the core of the HPD was required for binding to the homeodomain protein Barx2 while a separate paired domain recognition motif was necessary for binding to Pax-6. In cellular transfection experiments, L1-luciferase reporter constructs containing the HPD were activated an average of 4-fold by Pax-6 in N2A cells and 5-fold by BMP-2 and BMP-4 in Ng108 cells. Both of these responses were eliminated on deletion of the HPD from L1 constructs. In transgenic mice, deletion of the HPD from an L1-lacZ reporter resulted in a loss of beta-galactosidase expression in the telencephalon and mesencephalon. Collectively, our experiments indicate that the HPD regulates L1 expression in neural tissues via homeodomain and Pax proteins and is likely to be a target of BMP signaling during development.  (+info)

Specification of distinct dopaminergic neural pathways: roles of the Eph family receptor EphB1 and ligand ephrin-B2. (6/1984)

Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area project to the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens/olfactory tubercle, respectively, constituting mesostriatal and mesolimbic pathways. The molecular signals that confer target specificity of different dopaminergic neurons are not known. We now report that EphB1 and ephrin-B2, a receptor and ligand of the Eph family, are candidate guidance molecules for the development of these distinct pathways. EphB1 and ephrin-B2 are expressed in complementary patterns in the midbrain dopaminergic neurons and their targets, and the ligand specifically inhibits the growth of neurites and induces the cell loss of substantia nigra, but not ventral tegmental, dopaminergic neurons. These studies suggest that the ligand-receptor pair may contribute to the establishment of distinct neural pathways by selectively inhibiting the neurite outgrowth and cell survival of mistargeted neurons. In addition, we show that ephrin-B2 expression is upregulated by cocaine and amphetamine in adult mice, suggesting that ephrin-B2/EphB1 interaction may play a role in drug-induced plasticity in adults as well.  (+info)

A glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-secreting clone of the Schwann cell line SCTM41 enhances survival and fiber outgrowth from embryonic nigral neurons grafted to the striatum and to the lesioned substantia nigra. (7/1984)

We have developed a novel Schwann cell line, SCTM41, derived from postnatal sciatic nerve cultures and have stably transfected a clone with a rat glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) construct. Coculture with this GDNF-secreting clone enhances in vitro survival and fiber growth of embryonic dopaminergic neurons. In the rat unilateral 6-OHDA lesion model of Parkinson's disease, we have therefore made cografts of these cells with embryonic day 14 ventral mesencephalic grafts and assayed for effects on dopaminergic cell survival and process outgrowth. We show that cografts of GDNF-secreting Schwann cell lines improve the survival of intrastriatal embryonic dopaminergic neuronal grafts and improve neurite outgrowth into the host neuropil but have no additional effect on amphetamine-induced rotation. We next looked to see whether bridge grafts of GDNF-secreting SCTM41 cells would promote the growth of axons to their striatal targets from dopaminergic neurons implanted orthotopically into the 6-OHDA-lesioned substantia nigra. We show that such bridge grafts increase the survival of implanted embryonic dopaminergic neurons and promote the growth of axons through the grafts to the striatum.  (+info)

Xenopus axin interacts with glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and is expressed in the anterior midbrain. (8/1984)

Axin is encoded by the fused locus in mice and is required for normal vertebrate axis formation. It has recently been shown that axin associates with APC, beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in a complex that appears to regulate the level of cytoplasmic beta-catenin. We have identified the Xenopus homologue of axin through its interaction with GSK-3b. Xenopus axin (Xaxin) is expressed maternally and throughout early development with a low level of ubiquitous expression. Xaxin also shows remarkably high expression in the anterior mesencephalon adjacent to the forebrain-midbrain boundary.  (+info)

Neurogenin 2 is required for the development of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons | DevelopmentNeurogenin 2 is required for the development of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons | Development
During the initial phases of nervous system development, progenitor cells in the neural tube proliferate and divide symmetrically to give rise to identical multipotent neuroepithelial cells. These progenitors subsequently divide asymmetrically to generate cells that are fated to differentiate into a neuron, sometimes following additional cycles of cell division. This process is regulated by the activity of transcription factors with basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) motifs, including the neurogenin and Mash1 proneural factors involved in initiating neurogenesis, and other bHLH factors, such as Neurod, that are involved in terminal neuronal differentiation.. The proneural genes of the bHLH class were first identified in Drosophila as key regulators of neural lineage development (Brunet and Ghysen, 1999; Guillemot, 1999). The three most extensively studied genes in rodents are the mouse achaete-scute homologue (Mash1) and the members of the atonal-related family of genes, neurogenins (Ngn) 1 and 2 ...
Caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in primary cultures of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons after...Caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in primary cultures of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons after...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in primary cultures of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons after neurotoxin treatment. AU - Han, Baek S.. AU - Hong, Hyun Seung. AU - Choi, Won Seok. AU - Markelonis, George J.. AU - Oh, Tae H.. AU - Oh, Young Jun. PY - 2003/6/15. Y1 - 2003/6/15. N2 - Although the cause of neuronal death in Parkinsons disease (PD) is mainly unknown, growing evidence suggests that both apoptotic and non-apoptotic death may occur in PD. Using primary cultures of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and the MN9D dopaminergic neuronal cell line, we attempted to evaluate specifically the existence of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, focusing on the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c to the activation of the caspases after 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) treatment. Both immunofluorescent labeling and immunoblot analysis indicated mitochondrial release of cytochrome c into the cytosol after 6-OHDA or MPP+ ...
Thrombin-activated microglia contribute to death of dopaminergic neurons in rat mesencephalic cultures: Dual roles of mitogen...Thrombin-activated microglia contribute to death of dopaminergic neurons in rat mesencephalic cultures: Dual roles of mitogen...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Thrombin-activated microglia contribute to death of dopaminergic neurons in rat mesencephalic cultures. T2 - Dual roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. AU - Lee, Da Yong. AU - Oh, Young J.. AU - Jin, Byung Kwan. PY - 2005/8/1. Y1 - 2005/8/1. N2 - This study evaluated the role of thrombin-activated microglia in the neurodegeneration of mesencephalic cultures. Immunocytochemical and biochemical evidence indicated that in co-cultures consisting of rat cortical microglia and mesencephalic neurons, thrombin led to nonselective loss of mesencephalic neurons. Accompanying neurodegeneration, microglial activation was obvious, evidenced by expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and by increasing production of TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO). In mesencephalic neurons treated with conditioned media (CM) taken from thrombin-activated microglia, the number of ...
A Case of Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome in 2nd Trimester of PregnancyA Case of Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome in 2nd Trimester of Pregnancy
The control of vertical eye movements is thought to be located in the dorsal midbrain in the region of the posterior commissure and mesencephalic tegmentum [13-15]. The vertical gaze center lies in close vicinity to the superior colliculus, with some of the main nuclei being the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and the rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF. Interestingly, downward gaze is often preserved. This is in distinction to progressive supranuclear palsy, which also presents with vertical gaze palsy, but one which preferentially affects downward gaze. The reasons for this difference are not entirely clear, but it has been suggested that the pathways for downward gaze are directly medially out of the rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF, while those for upward gaze are directed laterally and decussate in the posterior commisure, making them more susceptible to external mass effect. With Parinauds syndrome, patients may have a downgaze at rest, known as the "setting sun" sign. Patients ...
Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ Mouse Midbrain Neuronal Cells, 1 million cells cryopreserved... \ PC37102Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ Mouse Midbrain Neuronal Cells, 1 million cells cryopreserved... \ PC37102
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Oct4-Induced Reprogramming is Required for Adult Brain Neural Stem Cell Differentiation into Midbrain Dopaminergic NeuronsOct4-Induced Reprogramming is Required for Adult Brain Neural Stem Cell Differentiation into Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons
Neural stem cells (NSCs) lose their competency to generate region-specific neuronal populations at an early stage during embryonic brain development. Here we investigated whether epigenetic modifications can reverse the regional restriction of mouse adult brain subventricular zone (SVZ) NSCs. Using a variety of chemicals that interfere with DNA methylation and histone acetylation, we showed that such epigenetic modifications increased neuronal differentiation but did not enable specific regional patterning, such as midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neuron generation. Only after Oct-4 overexpression did adult NSCs acquire a pluripotent state that allowed differentiation into midbrain DA neurons. DA neurons derived from Oct4-reprogrammed NSCs improved behavioural motor deficits in a rat model of Parkinsons disease (PD) upon intrastriatal transplantation. Here we report for the first time the successful differentiation of SVZ adult NSCs into functional region-specific midbrain DA neurons, by means of ...
Otx2 regulates the extent, identity and fate of neuronal progenitor domains in the ventral midbrain | DevelopmentOtx2 regulates the extent, identity and fate of neuronal progenitor domains in the ventral midbrain | Development
Studies on Shh and Fgf8 have provided crucial information for understanding molecular events controlling the sequential steps of neuronal development (Agarwala et al., 2001; Briscoe and Ericson, 2001; Hynes and Rosenthal, 1999; Jessell, 2000).. In the spinal cord and hindbrain, graded distribution of Shh activity is interpreted by class II Nkx factors, which, in turn, are crucial intermediaries in the assignment of the identity and fate of neuronal progenitor domains (Briscoe et al., 1999; Briscoe et al., 2000; Sander et al., 2000). Interestingly, in the spinal cord, rostral hindbrain and midbrain the molecular code defined by Shh and Nkx expression patterns is not uniform but exhibits a characteristic, regionally restricted profile. In particular, in the rostral hindbrain Nkx2.2 is co-expressed with Shh and is ventral to the Nkx6.1 domain, while in the ventral midbrain the Nkx6.1 domain is located between that expressing Shh and that positive for Nkx2.2 (Fig. 7γ). Adjacent to the MHB, Shh and ...
Specific effects of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) on fetal rat and human dopaminergic neurons in vitroSpecific effects of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) on fetal rat and human dopaminergic neurons in vitro
article{8bf0b2a2-668e-47c2-96c7-c99a9822e436, abstract = {,p,The neurotrophic effects of the BB isoform of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on rat and human fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons have been characterized in vitro. A dose-response analysis demonstrated maximal responses at 30 ng/ml of PDGF-BB. This concentration resulted in a marked increase in the survival and neurite outgrowth from rat and human tyrosine hydroxylase-(TH) positive, presumed dopaminergic neurons after 7 days in vitro. The effects of PDGF-BB on survival of TH-positive neurons were comparable to those of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), whereas neurite outgrowth was more pronounced after addition of BDNF. The combination of BDNF and PDGF-BB yielded no additive effects. Double immunohistochemical staining of rat cultures demonstrated PDGF beta-receptors on about 90% of the TH-positive neurons. PDGF-BB treatment of rat mesencephalic cultures induced an upregulation of c-fos and TH mRNA with maximal ...
The synaptic regulation of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons and its m by Christopher D. Fiorillo"The synaptic regulation of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons and its m" by Christopher D. Fiorillo
Fiorillo, Christopher D., "The synaptic regulation of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons and its modulation by repeated cocaine treatment" (1999). Scholar Archive. 3373 ...
An interlocked oscillator model for firing of the mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron. | BMC Neuroscience | Full TextAn interlocked oscillator model for firing of the mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron. | BMC Neuroscience | Full Text
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons display two functionally distinct modes of electrical activity: low- and high-frequency firing. We suggest a new minimal computational model that unites data on these firing modes obtained under different experimental conditions. The model reproduces the separation of maximal frequencies under NMDA synaptic stimulation vs. other treatments. In accord to recent experimental data, NMDA stimulation restricted to the soma effectively evokes high-frequency oscillations in the model. We have also reproduced low- and high-frequency oscillations under blockade of the SK current. Thus, the new model suggests a way that overcomes all major limitations of the switching dominance mechanism for controlling the frequency of the DA neuron. We explain recent experimental facts and make further predictions. ...
OpenEmory | Search ResultsOpenEmory | Search Results
The objective of the present study was to analyze the cellular and subcellular localization of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the squirrel monkey. This was achieved by means of immunohistochemistry at light and electron microscopic levels and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Colocalization studies show that nearly all dopaminergic neurons in both the ventral and dorsal tiers of the substantia nigra compacta (SNc-v, SNc-d) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are immunoreactive for AMPA (GluR1, GluR2/3, and GluR4) and NMDAR1 receptor subunits, but not for NMDAR2A/B subunits. The immunoreactivity of the receptor subunits is associated mainly with perikarya and dendritic shafts. Apart from the intensity of immunolabeling for the GluR4 subunit, which is quite similar for the different groups of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, the overall intensity of immunostaining for the other subunits is higher in the SNc-v and SNc-d than in the VTA. In line with ...
JCI - Identification of embryonic stem cell-derived midbrain dopaminergic neurons for engraftmentJCI - Identification of embryonic stem cell-derived midbrain dopaminergic neurons for engraftment
Numerous studies have demonstrated the use of ESC-derived DA neurons for grafting in animal models of PD (17); however, it has remained unclear which stage of differentiation and what particular population of cells is most effective at inducing functional benefits upon transplantation in vivo. Fetal tissue studies have focused on the grafting of ventral mesencephalic tissue isolated at a stage in which the majority of developing DA neurons are postmitotic, which is E12-E13 in mice (18) and E14-E15 (19) in rats. In human fetal grafting studies, increased survival of TH+ neurons has been reported for tissue derived from embryos at 5 to 8 weeks after conception when using suspension grafts and up to 9 weeks after conception for solid grafts (20). In all of those cases, however, the grafted population was composed of a heterogeneous pool of cells at various stages of differentiation and typically contained less than 20% DA neurons (21). One recent study used purified DA neurons derived from a ...
Niche-derived laminin-511 promotes midbrain dopaminergic neuron survival and differentiation through YAP | Science SignalingNiche-derived laminin-511 promotes midbrain dopaminergic neuron survival and differentiation through YAP | Science Signaling
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Haldin CE et al. (2003), Isolation and growth factor inducibility of the... - Xenbase PaperHaldin CE et al. (2003), Isolation and growth factor inducibility of the... - Xenbase Paper
Fig. 4. Wholemount in situ hybridisation of Xlmx1b. (A) Dorsal view of a stage 13 embryo showing placodal region expression. (B) A stage 15 embryo showing expression on the neural plate, along the neural folds and in the placodal regions. (C) A stage 19 embryo showing two intense patches of expression in the placodal regions, the otic anlagen. These will eventually develop into the otic vesicle and the embryos hearing system. (D) A cleared stage 21 embryo with neurons visible all down the dorsal side of the embryo. Some staining is noticeable in the anterior region, which may develop into the eye expression or the midbrain neurons. (E) A stage 24 embryo, the first stage at which expression is visible in the dorsal region of the eye. Staining is also seen in a population of migrating neural crest cells near the otic vesicle. (F) A stage 27 embryo showing neuron expression down the back. Staining is also apparent in the otic vesicle, eye and in a population of neurons in the midbrain region. (G) A ...
EMF-Portal | Electrical stimulation of the lower midbrain around retrorubral field decreases temperatures of brown fat and...EMF-Portal | Electrical stimulation of the lower midbrain around retrorubral field decreases temperatures of brown fat and...
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2011 S3: Elizabeth King - Student Summer Scholars - Grand Valley State University2011 S3: Elizabeth King - Student Summer Scholars - Grand Valley State University
Markers expressed in the developing embryo can distinguish different areas of the nervous system. Specific areas can be associated with neural progenitors that give rise to specific types of neural cells including GABAergic or dopaminergic neurons. These markers have been used to map the midbrain of the developing mouse, however the midbrain of the chick embryo has not been mapped in detail.. In order to identify markers associated with dopamine neurogenesis in their endogenous locations, we used in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence techniques. We identified the normal expression pattern of Nurr1, Nkx6.1, and Nato3 in chick midbrain after 5 days of development. We then compared expression of these markers after 6 and 7 days in order to identify changes in their expression at different developmental time points. These data suggest that many markers for dopamine neurogenesis are consistent between the chick and mouse embryos. Using overexpression studies of neurogenic genes we were able to ...
ALZFORUM | NETWORKING FOR A CUREALZFORUM | NETWORKING FOR A CURE
Chinta SJ, Kumar MJ, Hsu M, Rajagopalan S, Kaur D, Rane A, Nicholls DG, Choi J, Andersen JK. Inducible alterations of glutathione levels in adult dopaminergic midbrain neurons result in nigrostriatal degeneration ...
Alternative splicing results in RET isoforms with distinct trafficking properties.Alternative splicing results in RET isoforms with distinct trafficking properties.
RET encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is essential for spermatogenesis, development of the sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems and the kidneys, as well as for maintenance of adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons. RE
What is the Midbrain? (with pictures)What is the Midbrain? (with pictures)
The midbrain is a small region of the brain that relays information for the visual, auditory, and motor systems. In the midbrain...
THI - tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive | AcronymAtticTHI - tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive | AcronymAttic
How is tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive abbreviated? THI stands for tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive. THI is defined as tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive rarely.
Effect of fluothane on the mesencephalic reticular formation and cerebral cortex - Semantic ScholarEffect of fluothane on the mesencephalic reticular formation and cerebral cortex - Semantic Scholar
The effect of fluothane on evoked responses in the mesencephalic re t icu lar formation, on the EEG desynchronizat ion react ion during electr ical stimulation of the re t icular formation, and on t ranscal losa l responses was studied in acute experiments on cats. Fluothane caused marked inhibition of evoked responses in the re t icu la r formation. Although the EEG desynchronization react ion was depressed, this effect was much less marked than that on the evoked responses . The amplitude of the t ranscal losa l responses was appreciably reduced with increasing depth of anesthesia.
Meningeal cells influence midbrain developmentMeningeal cells influence midbrain development
Dopaminergic neuroblasts, sequestered from ventral midbrain fetal tissue, have been presented to structurally and functionally integrate, and improve Pa..
Comparison between survival of lazaroid-treated embryonic nigral neurons in cell suspensions, cultures and transplants.Comparison between survival of lazaroid-treated embryonic nigral neurons in cell suspensions, cultures and transplants.
article{da2a79d8-c24f-41f2-9532-9e6ccf2c6f1e, abstract = {Death of transplanted dopaminergic neurons is induced both during preparation of donor tissue and after intrastriatal grafting. Oxidative stress is thought to be partly responsible for this cell death. In the present study we compared the effects of three lipid peroxidation inhibitors, the lazaroids Tirilazad mesylate, U-83836E and U-101033, on survival of embryonic mesencephalic neurons in different paradigms. The lazaroids were equally potent in preventing serum deprivation-induced death of cultured dopaminergic neurons. In a second set of experiments, mesencephalic suspensions were pretreated with lazaroids and cell survival was analyzed immediately after dissociation, after 2 or 24 h in culture or after intrastriatal transplantation. Lazaroid pretreatment failed to protect mesencephalic neurons in the in vitro paradigms and U-101033E did not protect grafted dopaminergic neurons in contrast to the neuroprotective effects previously ...
Mesencephalon - Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedyaMesencephalon - Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya
Ang mesencephalon o gitnangutak(Ingles: midbrain) ang bahagi ng sentral na sistemang nerbiyos na nauugnay sa bisyon(paningin), pandinig, kontrol na motor, pagtulog/paggising, pananabik(pagiging alert) at regulasyon ng temperatura. Sa anatomiya nito, ito ay binubuo ng tectum(o corpora quadrigemina), tegmentum, ventricular mesocoelia (or "iter"), at ang cerebral peduncles gayundin ng ilang mga nuclei at fasciculi. Sa caudal nito, ang mesencephalon ay kasunod ng pons(metencephalon) at sa rostral nito ay kasunod ng diencephalon(Thalamus, hypothalamus, etc.). Ang gitnangutak ay matatagpuan sa ilalim ng cerebral cortex at sa itaas ng likurangutak na naglalagay dito na malapit sa sentro(gitna) ng utak. ...
Parinauds syndrome - WikipediaParinaud's syndrome - Wikipedia
Parinauds syndrome, also known as dorsal midbrain syndrome, vertical gaze palsy, and Sunset Sign, is an inability to move the eyes up and down. It is caused by compression of the vertical gaze center at the rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF). The eyes lose the ability to move upward and down. It is a group of abnormalities of eye movement and pupil dysfunction. It is caused by lesions of the upper brain stem and is named for Henri Parinaud (1844-1905), considered to be the father of French ophthalmology. Parinauds Syndrome is a cluster of abnormalities of eye movement and pupil dysfunction, characterized by: Paralysis of upgaze: Downward gaze is usually preserved. This vertical palsy is supranuclear, so dolls head maneuver should elevate the eyes, but eventually all upward gaze mechanisms fail. Pseudo-Argyll Robertson pupils: Accommodative paresis ensues, and pupils become mid-dilated and show light-near dissociation. Convergence-Retraction nystagmus: ...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Oxidative Neurodegeneration Is Prevented by UCP0045037, an Allosteric Modulator for the Reduced Form of...IJMS | Free Full-Text | Oxidative Neurodegeneration Is Prevented by UCP0045037, an Allosteric Modulator for the Reduced Form of...
Although a loss-of-function mutation has been identified in familial Parkinsons disease PARK7, the wild-type of DJ-1 is known to act as an oxidative stress sensor in neuronal cells. Recently, we identified UCP0045037 as a compound that bound to the reduced form of DJ-1 by in silico virtual screening. In this study, we determined the neuroprotective effects of UCP0045037 against focal cerebral ischemia-induced neurodegeneration in rats. Hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death was significantly inhibited by UCP0045037 in both rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and human normal SH-SY5Y cells. In contrast, DJ-1-knockdown SH-SY5Y cells lost the protective activity of UCP0045037. These results suggest that UCP0045037 interacts with endogenous DJ-1 and produces a neuroprotective response.
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Oxidative Neurodegeneration Is Prevented by UCP0045037, an Allosteric Modulator for the Reduced Form...IJMS | Free Full-Text | Oxidative Neurodegeneration Is Prevented by UCP0045037, an Allosteric Modulator for the Reduced Form...
Although a loss-of-function mutation has been identified in familial Parkinsons disease PARK7, the wild-type of DJ-1 is known to act as an oxidative stress sensor in neuronal cells. Recently, we identified UCP0045037 as a compound that bound to the reduced form of DJ-1 by in silico virtual screening. In this study, we determined the neuroprotective effects of UCP0045037 against focal cerebral ischemia-induced neurodegeneration in rats. Hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death was significantly inhibited by UCP0045037 in both rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and human normal SH-SY5Y cells. In contrast, DJ-1-knockdown SH-SY5Y cells lost the protective activity of UCP0045037. These results suggest that UCP0045037 interacts with endogenous DJ-1 and produces a neuroprotective response.
OPUS at UTS: Activin A protects midbrain neurons in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinsons disease. - Open...OPUS at UTS: Activin A protects midbrain neurons in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. - Open...
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and a subsequent loss of dopamine (DA) within the striatum. Despite advances in the development of pharmacological therapies that are effective at alleviating the symptoms of PD, the search for therapeutic treatments that halt or slow the underlying nigral degeneration remains a particular challenge. Activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily, has been shown to play a role in the neuroprotection of midbrain neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in vitro, suggesting that activin A may offer similar neuroprotective effects in in vivo models of PD. Using robust stereological methods, we found that intrastriatal injections of 6-OHDA results in a significant loss of both TH positive and NeuN positive populations in the SNpc at 1, 2, and 3 weeks post-lesioning in drug naïve mice. Exogenous ...
ModelDB: Regulation of firing frequency in a midbrain dopaminergic neuron model (Kuznetsova et al. 2010)ModelDB: Regulation of firing frequency in a midbrain dopaminergic neuron model (Kuznetsova et al. 2010)
A dopaminergic (DA) neuron model with a morphologicaly realistic dendritic architecture. The model captures several salient features of DA neurons under different pharmacological manipulations and exhibits depolarization block for sufficiently high current pulses applied to the soma ...
CDNF - A Novel Conserved Neurotrophic Factor that Protects Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons in vivo | Parkinsons DiseaseCDNF - A Novel Conserved Neurotrophic Factor that Protects Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons in vivo | Parkinson's Disease
MJFF-funded research led to novel findings on the structure and function of new family of neurotrophic factors, the CDNF/MANF - family. We solved the crystal structure of CDNF and MANF and found that these proteins are structurally related, but they may have a different mechanism of action. Both have a saposin-like N-terminal domain that binds lipids, which most likely is responsible for their neuroprotective effect in rodent models of Parkinsons disease. The C-terminal domains of MANF and CDNF are responsible for their protective effects against cell stress, i.e. endoplasmic reticulum stress, associated with post-ischemic brain damage and neurodegeneration.. We discovered the intracellular receptor of CDNF and MANF, and characterized their mode of action in neurons. CDNF and MANF were neurorestorative in experimental Parkinsons disease in rats. The mechanism of action of the neurorestorative effect of CDNF is very different from that of GDNF. Another important difference is that the ...
Evaluation of Safety and Tolerability of Fetal Mesencephalic Dopamine Neuronal Precursor Cells for Parkinson's Disease -...Evaluation of Safety and Tolerability of Fetal Mesencephalic Dopamine Neuronal Precursor Cells for Parkinson's Disease -...
UPDRS, most commonly used, is designed to assess the severity of parkinsons disease, making the quantitative measurement of the extent. Part III of UPDRS corresponds to motor evaluation and is the most reliable for detecting symptomatic progression.. UPDRS improvement ratio(%) = ((the value of UPDRS before surgery - the value of UPDRS after surgery) / (the value of UPDRS before surgery)) X 100 ...
Evaluation of Safety and Tolerability of Fetal Mesencephalic Dopamine Neuronal Precursor Cells for Parkinson's Disease -...Evaluation of Safety and Tolerability of Fetal Mesencephalic Dopamine Neuronal Precursor Cells for Parkinson's Disease -...
UPDRS, most commonly used, is designed to assess the severity of parkinsons disease, making the quantitative measurement of the extent. Part III of UPDRS corresponds to motor evaluation and is the most reliable for detecting symptomatic progression.. UPDRS improvement ratio(%) = ((the value of UPDRS before surgery - the value of UPDRS after surgery) / (the value of UPDRS before surgery)) X 100 ...
forebrain anatomyforebrain anatomy
midbrain, forebrain, hindbrain, forebrain midbrain hindbrain, midbrain anatomy, hindbrain midbrain forebrain, mid brain, brain anatomy, brain anatomy, forebrain midbrain hindbrain, the midbrain, hindbrain midbrain and forebrain, midbrain hindbrain, forebrain midbrain and hindbrain, midbrain forebrain hindbrain, brain anatomy, midbrain hindbrain forebrain, hindbrain, forebrain midbrain, forebrain anatomy, ...
Context-dependent fluctuation of serotonin in the auditory midbrain: the influence of sex, reproductive state, and experience |...Context-dependent fluctuation of serotonin in the auditory midbrain: the influence of sex, reproductive state, and experience |...
In the face of changing behavioral situations, plasticity of sensory systems can be a valuable mechanism to facilitate appropriate behavioral responses. In the auditory system, the neurotransmitter serotonin is an important messenger for context-dependent regulation because it is sensitive to both external events and internal state, and it modulates neural activity. In male mice, serotonin increases in the auditory midbrain region, the inferior colliculus (IC) in response to changes in behavioral context such as restriction stress and social contact. Female mice have not been measured in similar contexts, although the serotonergic system is sexually dimorphic in many ways. In the present study, we investigated the effects of sex, experience, and estrous state on fluctuation of serotonin in the IC across contexts, as well as potential relationships between behavior and serotonin. Contrary to our expectation, there were no sex differences in serotonergic increase in response to a restriction ...
Dissociable reward and timing signals in human midbrain and ventral striatum. - Wellcome Centre for Integrative NeuroimagingDissociable reward and timing signals in human midbrain and ventral striatum. - Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
Reward prediction error (RPE) signals are central to current models of reward-learning. Temporal difference (TD) learning models posit that these signals should be modulated by predictions, not only of magnitude but also timing of reward. Here we show that BOLD activity in the VTA conforms to such TD predictions: responses to unexpected rewards are modulated by a temporal hazard function and activity between a predictive stimulus and reward is depressed in proportion to predicted reward. By contrast, BOLD activity in ventral striatum (VS) does not reflect a TD RPE, but instead encodes a signal on the variable relevant for behavior, here timing but not magnitude of reward. The results have important implications for dopaminergic models of cortico-striatal learning and suggest a modification of the conventional view that VS BOLD necessarily reflects inputs from dopaminergic VTA neurons signaling an RPE.
Trigeminal mesencephalic tract financial definition of trigeminal mesencephalic tractTrigeminal mesencephalic tract financial definition of trigeminal mesencephalic tract
Definition of trigeminal mesencephalic tract in the Financial Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is trigeminal mesencephalic tract? Meaning of trigeminal mesencephalic tract as a finance term. What does trigeminal mesencephalic tract mean in finance?
Mesencephalon PicturesMesencephalon Pictures
Click here for Mesencephalon pictures! You can also find pictures of Middle nasal meatus, Metatarsophalangeal joints, Metatarsals.
Plus itPlus it
Rat embryonic mesencephalic cultures were employed to evaluate the consequences of adding GM1 ganglioside to cultures lesioned with the selective neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). MPP+ reduced dopamine and DOPAC content, dopamine uptake, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase activity, and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase- immunopositive neurons. The immunopositive neurons that remained were aberrant. All of these parameters were partially restored by adding GM1 ganglioside to the cultures. The response to GM1 was not altered by prior treatment of the cultures with cytosine beta-D-arabinofuranoside to reduce the number of glial cells. Dopamine uptake activity restored by GM1 was lost if GM1 was removed from the culture.. ...
Plus itPlus it
The results show that VMAT2 colocalizes with VGLUT1 at a large proportion of the boutons formed by hippocampal and midbrain dopamine neurons, consistent with recent work indicating a role for glutamate in vesicle filling with dopamine (Hnasko et al., 2010). However, in contrast to hippocampal neurons, where VMAT2 colocalizes with VGLUT1 at essentially all boutons, VMAT2 segregates from VGLUT1 in a substantial proportion (∼27%) of the boutons made by dopamine neurons. The frequency of VMAT2+/VGLUT1− boutons (∼20%) exceeds that of VMAT2−/VGLUT1+ (∼7%), suggesting that some of the former might represent somatodendritic sites. In that case, however, we might have expected a similar phenomenon in hippocampal neurons, which showed no segregation of the two transporters. Midbrain dopamine neurons may thus have the capacity for dopamine and glutamate release from distinct sites, in addition to corelease from the same vesicles. Indeed, this segregation is consistent with previous work in vivo ...
Specific connections of the interpeduncular subnuclei reveal distinct components of the habenulopeduncular pathwaySpecific connections of the interpeduncular subnuclei reveal distinct components of the habenulopeduncular pathway
The habenulopeduncular pathway consists of the medial habenula (MHb), its output tract, the fasciculus retroflexus, and its principal target, the interpeduncular nucleus (IP). Several IP subnuclei have been described, but their specific projections and relationship to habenula inputs are not well un …
NAVER Academic | In vivo activation of midbrain dopamine neurons via sensitized, high-affinity alpha 6 nicotinic acetylcholine...NAVER Academic | In vivo activation of midbrain dopamine neurons via sensitized, high-affinity alpha 6 nicotinic acetylcholine...
Ryan M Drenan, Sharon R Grady, Paul Whiteaker, Tristan McClure-Begley, Sheri McKinney, Julie M Miwa, Sujata Bupp, Nathaniel Heintz, J Michael McIntosh, Merouane Bencherif, Michael J Marks, Henry A Lester
BrainInfoBrainInfo
The term midbrain refers to one ot three components of the brain as defined by surgical dissection. The other components are the forebrain and the hindbrain.The central of the three, its rostral boundary is with the forebrain: a nominally coronal plane located at the rostral margin of the superior colliculus dorsally and the caudal margin of the mammillary body ventrally. Its caudal boundary is with the hindbrain: a nominally coronal plane located at the caudal margin of the inferior colliculus dorsally and the rostral margin of the basal pons ventrally. The midbrain is composed of two parts: the tectum and the cerebral peduncle. Substructures of the midbrain are derived for the most part, but not entirely, from the embryonic Mesencephalon. ...
deoxyribonuclease i Protocols and Video...'deoxyribonuclease i' Protocols and Video...
Video articles in JoVE about deoxyribonuclease i include Human Primary Trophoblast Cell Culture Model to Study the Protective Effects of Melatonin Against Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Disruption, Enrichment of Extracellular Matrix Proteins from Tissues and Digestion into Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis, Three-dimensional Tissue Engineered Aligned Astrocyte Networks to Recapitulate Developmental Mechanisms and Facilitate Nervous System Regeneration, Anatomically Inspired Three-dimensional Micro-tissue Engineered Neural Networks for Nervous System Reconstruction, Modulation, and Modeling, Reliable Identification of Living Dopaminergic Neurons in Midbrain Cultures Using RNA Sequencing and TH-promoter-driven eGFP Expression, Identification Of Erythromyeloid Progenitors And Their Progeny In The Mouse Embryo By Flow Cytometry, Maturation of Human Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes in Biowires Using Electrical Stimulation, Identification of Key Factors Regulating Self-renewal and
JCI - Human autologous iPSC-derived dopaminergic progenitors restore motor function in Parkinsons disease modelsJCI - Human autologous iPSC-derived dopaminergic progenitors restore motor function in Parkinson's disease models
PD is a particularly promising target for cell-replacement therapy because selective degeneration of a well-characterized cell type - A9-type mDANs - is the major cause of motor dysfunction associated with the condition. Numerous researchers have extensively investigated cell therapy for PD using diverse cell sources, including fetal tissues, autologous adult stem cells, and allogeneic mDA cells (5-7, 54). We have focused instead on hiPSC-derived autologous cell replacement because of its unique advantages in mitigating ethical, practical, and medical issues. To help realize the potential of personalized autologous cell therapy for PD, we sought to address current technical and scientific barriers to the implementation of this therapeutic strategy.. Because personalized cell therapy would require generation of clinical-grade hiPSCs from each patient treated, it is critical to establish reprogramming technology allowing efficient and reliable generation of such lines. We found that a combination ...
Neurowiki2012 - NeurodevelopmentNeurowiki2012 - Neurodevelopment
Neurodevelopment is an elaborate and intricate process that encompasses the formation, growth, and maturation of the brain as well as its plasticity throughout life. This process begins with the neuronal stem cell where, following the formation of the neural tube, neuronal cells begin to specialize into different subsets of neurons (e.g. midbrain dopaminergic neurons). It continues during the patterning of the cortex, which relies on the presence of signaling centers that define boundaries and induce the cells around them to adopt specific fates. The axons of these cells must then navigate through the body to form connections with their target cells to form functional synapses. Modulation of the intracellular state and cytoskeletal dynamics of axonal growth cones via contact-mediated and secreted chemotrophic factors is essential for accurate neural connectivity. Many common morphogens play important roles in the aforementioned processes leading to the formation of proper neural architecture. ...
SciaticaSciatica
There are three parts to the brain stem: top, middle and lower. The mesencephalon is the top part of the brain stem. A high output of the mesencephalon will cause an increased pulse and heart rate, the inability to sleep, or a waking, fitful sleep. Other symptoms might include urinary tract infections, increased warmth and sweating, and sensitivity to light. Along with a high mesencephalic output, the migraine patient may present with a decreased output of the cerebellum. The cerebellum controls balance, coordinated movement, and the involuntary muscles of the spinal column ...
Publications | Page 3 | Centre de recherche CERVOPublications | Page 3 | Centre de recherche CERVO
Doucet-Beaupré H, Gilbert C, Profes MS, Chabrat A, Pacelli C, Giguère N, et al. Lmx1a and Lmx1b regulate mitochondrial functions and survival of adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113(30):E4387-96. ...
Dmbx1 - Diencephalon/mesencephalon homeobox protein 1 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Dmbx1 gene & proteinDmbx1 - Diencephalon/mesencephalon homeobox protein 1 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Dmbx1 gene & protein
Functions as a transcriptional repressor. May repress OTX2-mediated transactivation by forming a heterodimer with OTX2 on the P3C (5-TAATCCGATTA-3) sequence. Required for brain development, neonatal survival, postnatal growth, and nursing ability.
Psych-Brain-Trust - MidbrainPsych-Brain-Trust - Midbrain
Also known as the mesencephalon, the midbrain is a portion of the nervous system largely responsible for vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, alertness, and temperature regulation. It is located just below the cerebrum and above the hindbrain, connecting the two portions. As the central production center of dopamine, it plays a major role in human functions. It is also found to some degree in even the most rudimentary and ancient vertebrates. It is considered the uppermost section of the brain stem. ...
Reduction in Ventral Midbrain NMDA Receptors Reveals Two Opposite Modulatory Roles for Glutamate on Reward. | Sigma-AldrichReduction in Ventral Midbrain NMDA Receptors Reveals Two Opposite Modulatory Roles for Glutamate on Reward. | Sigma-Aldrich
Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [Giovanni Hernandez, Ali Khodami-Pour, Daniel Lévesque, Pierre-Paul Rompré].
Parkinsons disease: Feeling this sensation in your muscles is a warning - Parkinson FITParkinson's disease: Feeling this sensation in your muscles is a warning - Parkinson FIT
Astrocytes to Dopamine Neurons in One Step June 25, 2020 Parkinsons is a neurodegenerative condition, resulting in the loss of specific types of nerve cells from the brain. The motor symptoms of Parkinsons are associated with a reduction in the number of these nerve cells (or neurons) that produce the chemical dopamine in the mid-brain. For a long time, researchers have been experimenting with different methods to replace these lost… ...
Papers with the keyword Periacueductal gray | Read by QxMDPapers with the keyword Periacueductal gray | Read by QxMD
The midbrain is a complex structure where different functions are located. This formation is mainly involved in the visual and auditory information process (tectum) and visual movements and motor coordination (tegmentum). Here we display a complete description of midbrain anatomy based on the prosomeric model and of the developmental events that take place to generate this structure. We also summarize the new data about the differentiation and specification of the basal populations of the midbrain. The neural tube suffers the influence of several secondary organizers ...
Neural tubeNeural tube
Development of the nervous system in humansDevelopment of the nervous system in humans
Jamming avoidance responseJamming avoidance response
Fish anatomyFish anatomy
FishFish
Isthmic organizerIsthmic organizer
Tim CrowTim Crow
Interpeduncular nucleusInterpeduncular nucleus
List of regions in the human brainList of regions in the human brain
Vesicle (embryology)Vesicle (embryology)
Pretectal areaPretectal area
Trigeminal nerveTrigeminal nerve
Oculomotor nerveOculomotor nerve
Sex differences in sensory systemsSex differences in sensory systems
Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 142Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 142
Fusional vergenceFusional vergence
List of anatomical isthmiList of anatomical isthmi
TegmentumTegmentum
Sulcus limitans (neural tube)Sulcus limitans (neural tube)
Remote control animalRemote control animal
Central nervous systemCentral nervous system
BrainBrain
Cerebrospinal fluidCerebrospinal fluid
Trochlear nerveTrochlear nerve
CerebrumCerebrum
KlazomaniaKlazomania
Nicolas Le NovèreNicolas Le Novère
Rett syndromeRett syndrome
Human embryogenesisHuman embryogenesis
Development of the nervous systemDevelopment of the nervous system
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
MesencephalonMetencephalonDiencephalonBrain Tissue TransplantationOtx Transcription FactorsReceptor, EphA8DopamineSubstantia NigraTyrosine 3-MonooxygenaseRed NucleusFibroblast Growth Factor 8Fetal Tissue TransplantationNeuronsBrainGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalSuperior ColliculiTelencephalonNuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2Wnt1 ProteinChick EmbryoRhombencephalonNerve Tissue ProteinsBrain StemHomeodomain ProteinsOxidopaminePonsIn Situ HybridizationProsencephalonHydroxydopaminesCorpus StriatumParkinson DiseaseDopaminergic NeuronsFibroblast Growth FactorsImmunohistochemistryCerebellumCentral Nervous SystemTranscription FactorsAxonsBody PatterningNeural CrestZebrafish ProteinsNeural PathwaysCell DifferentiationMice, TransgenicCells, CulturedEmbryonic and Fetal DevelopmentStem CellsWnt ProteinsEmbryo, NonmammalianEmbryo, MammalianTime FactorsTrans-ActivatorsRats, Sprague-DawleyRNA, MessengerCatsTissue DistributionSpinal CordDNA-Binding ProteinsPregnancyMice, Inbred C57BLMolecular Sequence DataRats, Inbred Strains
Otx2 cell-autonomously determines dorsal mesencephalon versus cerebellum fate independently of isthmic organizing activity |...Otx2 cell-autonomously determines dorsal mesencephalon versus cerebellum fate independently of isthmic organizing activity |...
What is the Midbrain? (with pictures)What is the Midbrain? (with pictures)
The synaptic regulation of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons and its m by Christopher D. Fiorillo"The synaptic regulation of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons and its m" by Christopher D. Fiorillo
Mesencephalon PicturesMesencephalon Pictures
Dmbx1 - Diencephalon/mesencephalon homeobox protein 1 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Dmbx1 gene & proteinDmbx1 - Diencephalon/mesencephalon homeobox protein 1 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Dmbx1 gene & protein
Mesencephalon - Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedyaMesencephalon - Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya
Early appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells in the mesencephalon of mouse embryosEarly appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells in the mesencephalon of mouse embryos
Electrophysiological characterization of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurones in organotypic slice cultures of the rat...Electrophysiological characterization of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurones in organotypic slice cultures of the rat...
Helt determines GABAergic over glutamatergic neuronal fate by repressing Ngn genes in the developing mesencephalon | DevelopmentHelt determines GABAergic over glutamatergic neuronal fate by repressing Ngn genes in the developing mesencephalon | Development
Reference ranges for the fetal mesencephalon to occiput measurement at 11 to 13+6 weeks of gestationReference ranges for the fetal mesencephalon to occiput measurement at 11 to 13+6 weeks of gestation
Somatosensory Projection to the Mesencephalon: An Anatomical Study in the Monkey - PubMedSomatosensory Projection to the Mesencephalon: An Anatomical Study in the Monkey - PubMed
EMF-Portal | Drug-induced field potential changes in dopaminergic target areas after electrical stimulation of the rat...EMF-Portal | Drug-induced field potential changes in dopaminergic target areas after electrical stimulation of the rat...
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine destroys dopamine neurons in explants of rat embryo mesencephalon. - Semantic...1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine destroys dopamine neurons in explants of rat embryo mesencephalon. - Semantic...
mesencephalon Archives - Adidarwinianmesencephalon Archives - Adidarwinian
List of regions in the human brain - WikipediaList of regions in the human brain - Wikipedia
Plus itPlus it
Brain Development and Anatomy 1Brain Development and Anatomy 1
MesencephalonMesencephalon
Frontiers | The Brain of the Archerfish Toxotes chatareus: A Nissl-Based Neuroanatomical Atlas and Catecholaminergic...Frontiers | The Brain of the Archerfish Toxotes chatareus: A Nissl-Based Neuroanatomical Atlas and Catecholaminergic...
Glossary of Veterinary Terms | petMDGlossary of Veterinary Terms | petMD
Download Angiography Of The Mesencephalon: Normal And Pathological Findings 1970Download Angiography Of The Mesencephalon: Normal And Pathological Findings 1970
Animal organs. Nervous system. Mesencephalon. Atlas of plant and animal histologyAnimal organs. Nervous system. Mesencephalon. Atlas of plant and animal histology
Habenular modulation of dynorphinergic systems in rat ventral mesencephalon. [Muscimol.xyz]Habenular modulation of dynorphinergic systems in rat ventral mesencephalon. [Muscimol.xyz]
Plus itPlus it
Midbrain - WikipediaMidbrain - Wikipedia
Skull of HungarosaurusSkull of Hungarosaurus
Early detection and staging of spontaneous embryo resorption by ultrasound biomicroscopy in murine pregnancy. - PubMed - NCBIEarly detection and staging of spontaneous embryo resorption by ultrasound biomicroscopy in murine pregnancy. - PubMed - NCBI
Mapping Wnt/β-catenin signaling during mouse development and in colorectal tumors | PNASMapping Wnt/β-catenin signaling during mouse development and in colorectal tumors | PNAS
Pubertal Expression of α4βδ GABA A Receptors Reduces Seizure-Like Discharges in CA1 Hippocampus | Scientific ReportsPubertal Expression of α4βδ GABA A Receptors Reduces Seizure-Like Discharges in CA1 Hippocampus | Scientific Reports
Anatomy and Physiology: Gyri and SulciAnatomy and Physiology: Gyri and Sulci
JCI - Temporal perturbations in sonic hedgehog signaling elicit the spectrum of holoprosencephaly phenotypesJCI - Temporal perturbations in sonic hedgehog signaling elicit the spectrum of holoprosencephaly phenotypes
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
MesencephalonMetencephalonDiencephalonBrain Tissue TransplantationOtx Transcription FactorsReceptor, EphA8DopamineSubstantia NigraTyrosine 3-MonooxygenaseRed NucleusFibroblast Growth Factor 8Fetal Tissue TransplantationNeuronsBrainGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalSuperior ColliculiTelencephalonNuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2Wnt1 ProteinChick EmbryoRhombencephalonNerve Tissue ProteinsBrain StemHomeodomain ProteinsOxidopaminePonsIn Situ HybridizationProsencephalonHydroxydopaminesCorpus StriatumParkinson DiseaseDopaminergic NeuronsFibroblast Growth FactorsImmunohistochemistryCerebellumCentral Nervous SystemTranscription FactorsAxonsBody PatterningNeural CrestZebrafish ProteinsNeural PathwaysCell DifferentiationMice, TransgenicCells, CulturedEmbryonic and Fetal DevelopmentStem CellsWnt ProteinsEmbryo, NonmammalianEmbryo, MammalianTime FactorsTrans-ActivatorsRats, Sprague-DawleyRNA, MessengerCatsTissue DistributionSpinal CordDNA-Binding ProteinsPregnancyMice, Inbred C57BLMolecular Sequence DataRats, Inbred Strains
DiencephalonRhombencephalonVentralPonsNeuronsDorsalVesiclesOrganotypicNucleiMedialMiceNeuronalStructuresMonkeyDeterminesRegionsExpressionRegionDataCultureViewVentral mesencephalonCerebralDopamineRhombencephalonMetencephalonTectumFlexureAcuteBrain StemCasinoStructure
Diencephalon5
Rhombencephalon2
Ventral11
Pons2
Neurons3
Dorsal1
  • The trochlear nerve (IV nerve) leaves the encephalon through the dorsal part of the mesencephalon. (uvigo.es)
Vesicles1
Organotypic1
Nuclei2
  • The Projection to the Mesencephalon From the Sensory Trigeminal Nuclei. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, signal-peptide-deletion mutant of FGF8b mainly localized in the nuclei, and induced Sprouty2 without activating ERK in the mesencephalon. (bireme.br)
Medial1
  • Zusätzlich ist dieses Protein heterogen verteilt, es weist einen Gradienten zwischen dem lateralen motorischen und dem medial gelegenen limbischen Mesencephalon auf. (fu-berlin.de)
Mice1
  • Here, we show in mice that the basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor gene Helt (also known as Megane and Heslike) functions as a selector gene that determines GABAergic over glutamatergic fate in the mesencephalon. (biologists.org)
Neuronal1
  • Thus, the neuronal identity, location of neuron emergence and control of GABAergic and glutamatergic neuron development in the mesencephalon remain largely unknown. (biologists.org)
Structures2
Monkey1
  • The terminal areas and cells of origin of the somatosensory projection to the mesencephalon in the monkey were investigated by the intraaxonal transport method. (nih.gov)
Determines1
  • There determines an good download Angiography of the Mesencephalon: Normal and Pathological Findings 1970 of philosophy found blood, the example of it, and its Native presentation. (vesaniamania.com)
Regions1
  • The mechanisms of transmitter selection have not yet been elucidated in other brain regions, such as the mesencephalon. (biologists.org)
Expression1
  • Das Zusammenspiel zwischen Pitx3 und Pax6 reguliert sowohl im Auge, als auch im entstehenden Mesencephalon, die Expression des Transkriptionsfaktors Ap2a. (tum.de)
Region1
Data1
  • invalid, has a next download Angiography of the Mesencephalon: Normal and Pathological Findings background new download building in different logistics, Feel come and LED, listing own items Collecting safe sophistication, data information, moving, Exploiting, links and example health book and race. (vesaniamania.com)
Culture1
  • A download Angiography of the Mesencephalon: of broadcasters am half-culture to his distribution by hiking invalid anchors in original countries of stage page. (vesaniamania.com)
View1
  • The distance was measured between the posterior limit of the mesencephalon to the occipital bone in the same axial view as the one required for the biparietal diameter (BPD) assessment, at this gestational age (GA). The reference ranges using quantile regression, according to the crown‑rump length (CRL), BPD, and GA were fitted. (spandidos-publications.com)
Ventral mesencephalon3
  • The reason for this ectopic placement is the apparent inability of nigral grafts placed in the ventral mesencephalon (VM) of the adult host to grow axons for long distances that are capable of reaching the ipsilateral striatum and thus restoring the nigrostriatal pathway. (jneurosci.org)
  • The main reason for this ectopic placement is the apparent inability of nigral grafts placed in the ventral mesencephalon (VM) to grow axons over long distances that are capable of reaching their striatal target. (jneurosci.org)
  • Methods: We used non-passaged NSs derived from E13.5 mouse ventral mesencephalon. (iospress.com)
Cerebral1
  • AOP is a rare arterial variant that arises from one of the P1 segments of the posterior cerebral artery and provides bilateral arterial blood supply to the paramedian thalami and rostral mesencephalon. (jocmr.org)
Dopamine1
  • Numerous experimental and clinical studies into PD therapy reference the application of cells of various origins: dopamine-secreting cells, fetal mesencephalon cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, bone marrow stem cells (hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells), stem cells from other sources, and genetically modified cells. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
Rhombencephalon2
Metencephalon1
  • First, Engrailed is expressed in the mesencephalon and the metencephalon and essential for the regionalization of the mesencephalon. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
Tectum6
Flexure2
Acute1
  • Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed on the next day demonstrated hyperintensities in the bilateral thalami and rostral mesencephalon, consistent with restricted diffusion secondary to an acute ischemic stroke in the AOP territory ( Fig. 2 ). (jocmr.org)
Brain Stem1
Casino2
Structure1
  • In spite of being involved in distinct types of fear, the three structures, over which the USP study has shed some light, have something in common: they are situated in a major structure, the mesencephalon, which makes up part of the encephalic trunk, a link between the spinal medulla and a region given the name diencephalons. (fapesp.br)
What is the Midbrain? (with pictures)
What is the Midbrain? (with pictures) (wisegeek.com)
List of regions in the human brain - Wikipedia
List of regions in the human brain - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Frontiers | The Brain of the Archerfish Toxotes chatareus: A Nissl-Based Neuroanatomical Atlas and Catecholaminergic...
Frontiers | The Brain of the Archerfish Toxotes chatareus: A Nissl-Based Neuroanatomical Atlas and Catecholaminergic... (frontiersin.org)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Midbrain - Wikipedia
Midbrain - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Pubertal Expression of α4βδ GABA A Receptors Reduces Seizure-Like Discharges in CA1 Hippocampus | Scientific Reports
Pubertal Expression of α4βδ GABA A Receptors Reduces Seizure-Like Discharges in CA1 Hippocampus | Scientific Reports (nature.com)
JCI - Temporal perturbations in sonic hedgehog signaling elicit the spectrum of holoprosencephaly phenotypes
JCI - Temporal perturbations in sonic hedgehog signaling elicit the spectrum of holoprosencephaly phenotypes (jci.org)
Modelling of a targeted nanotherapeutic 'stroma' to deliver the cytokine LIF, or XAV939, a potent inhibitor of Wnt-β-catenin...
Modelling of a targeted nanotherapeutic 'stroma' to deliver the cytokine LIF, or XAV939, a potent inhibitor of Wnt-β-catenin... (dmm.biologists.org)
The Neurochemical Control of Mating Behavior | SpringerLink
The Neurochemical Control of Mating Behavior | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Category:Brain - Wikimedia Commons
Category:Brain - Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)
Pain Review, Book by Steven D. Waldman (Hardcover) | chapters.indigo.ca
Pain Review, Book by Steven D. Waldman (Hardcover) | chapters.indigo.ca (chapters.indigo.ca)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Pharmacological Properties of GABAA Receptors in Rat Hypothalamic Neurons Expressing the ϵ-Subunit | Journal of Neuroscience
Pharmacological Properties of GABAA Receptors in Rat Hypothalamic Neurons Expressing the ϵ-Subunit | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Central Nervous System Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy
Central Nervous System Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy (emedicine.medscape.com)
DailyMed - ULTIMATE PHENOLICS solution/ drops
DailyMed - ULTIMATE PHENOLICS solution/ drops (dailymed.nlm.nih.gov)
MCQs - Organs of Mixed Function | HubPages
MCQs - Organs of Mixed Function | HubPages (hubpages.com)
Brains Truc 10 | Human Brain | Neuron
Brains Truc 10 | Human Brain | Neuron (scribd.com)
Blood Supply to the Subthalamus | Basal Ganglia | Striatum
Blood Supply to the Subthalamus | Basal Ganglia | Striatum (scribd.com)
Free Anatomy Flashcards about Anatomy Chp 13
Free Anatomy Flashcards about Anatomy Chp 13 (studystack.com)
CNS Development And Brain Subdivisions Flashcards by Antonio White | Brainscape
CNS Development And Brain Subdivisions Flashcards by Antonio White | Brainscape (brainscape.com)
HYPOXIC ENCEPHALOPATHY SECONDARY TO STATUS EPILEPTICUS SECONDARY TO CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION | Neuron | Cerebrum
HYPOXIC ENCEPHALOPATHY SECONDARY TO STATUS EPILEPTICUS SECONDARY TO CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION | Neuron | Cerebrum (scribd.com)
Tract-Based Spatial Statistical Analysis of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Pediatric Patients with Mitochondrial Disease:...
Tract-Based Spatial Statistical Analysis of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Pediatric Patients with Mitochondrial Disease:... (ajnr.org)