AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
MesencephalonMetencephalonDiencephalonBrain Tissue TransplantationOtx Transcription FactorsReceptor, EphA8DopamineSubstantia NigraTyrosine 3-MonooxygenaseRed NucleusFibroblast Growth Factor 8Fetal Tissue TransplantationNeuronsBrainGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalSuperior ColliculiTelencephalonNuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2Wnt1 ProteinChick EmbryoRhombencephalonNerve Tissue ProteinsBrain StemHomeodomain ProteinsOxidopaminePonsIn Situ HybridizationProsencephalonHydroxydopaminesCorpus StriatumParkinson DiseaseDopaminergic NeuronsFibroblast Growth FactorsImmunohistochemistryCerebellumCentral Nervous SystemTranscription FactorsAxonsBody PatterningNeural CrestZebrafish ProteinsNeural PathwaysCell DifferentiationMice, TransgenicCells, CulturedEmbryonic and Fetal DevelopmentStem CellsWnt ProteinsEmbryo, NonmammalianEmbryo, MammalianTime FactorsTrans-ActivatorsRats, Sprague-DawleyRNA, MessengerCatsTissue DistributionSpinal CordDNA-Binding ProteinsPregnancyMice, Inbred C57BLMolecular Sequence DataRats, Inbred Strains
Mesencephalon
The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.
Metencephalon
The anterior portion of the developing hindbrain. It gives rise to the CEREBELLUM and the PONS.
Diencephalon
The paired caudal parts of the PROSENCEPHALON from which the THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; EPITHALAMUS; and SUBTHALAMUS are derived.
Brain Tissue Transplantation
Transference of brain tissue, either from a fetus or from a born individual, between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.
Otx Transcription Factors
A family of VERTEBRATE homeodomain proteins that share homology with orthodenticle protein, Drosophila. They regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and play an important role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT of the BRAIN.
Receptor, EphA8
An eph family receptor found exclusively in BRAIN. EphA8 receptors may play a role in the axonal guidance of a subset of tectal commissural NEURONS.
Dopamine
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
Substantia Nigra
The black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. These cells produce DOPAMINE, an important neurotransmitter in regulation of the sensorimotor system and mood. The dark colored MELANIN is a by-product of dopamine synthesis.
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.
Red Nucleus
A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the CEREBELLUM via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral MOTOR CORTEX.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 8
A fibroblast growth factor that preferentially activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 4. It was initially identified as an androgen-induced growth factor and plays a role in regulating growth of human BREAST NEOPLASMS and PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS.
Fetal Tissue Transplantation
Transference of fetal tissue between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
Superior Colliculi
The anterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which coordinate the general behavioral orienting responses to visual stimuli, such as whole-body turning, and reaching.
Telencephalon
The anterior subdivision of the embryonic PROSENCEPHALON or the corresponding part of the adult prosencephalon that includes the cerebrum and associated structures.
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2
An orphan nuclear receptor that is found at high levels in BRAIN tissue. The protein is believed to play a role in development and maintenance of NEURONS, particularly dopaminergic neurons.
Wnt1 Protein
A proto-oncogene protein and member of the Wnt family of proteins. It is expressed in the caudal MIDBRAIN and is essential for proper development of the entire mid-/hindbrain region.
Chick Embryo
The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.
Rhombencephalon
The posterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of an embryonic brain. It consists of myelencephalon, metencephalon, and isthmus rhombencephali from which develop the major BRAIN STEM components, such as MEDULLA OBLONGATA from the myelencephalon, CEREBELLUM and PONS from the metencephalon, with the expanded cavity forming the FOURTH VENTRICLE.
Nerve Tissue Proteins
Brain Stem
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Homeodomain Proteins
Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).
Oxidopamine
A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.
Pons
The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.
In Situ Hybridization
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
Prosencephalon
The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)
Hydroxydopamines
Dopamines with a hydroxy group substituted in one or more positions.
Corpus Striatum
Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)
Dopaminergic Neurons
Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is DOPAMINE.
Fibroblast Growth Factors
A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.
Immunohistochemistry
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Cerebellum
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
Central Nervous System
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
Transcription Factors
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
Axons
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Body Patterning
The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.
Neural Crest
The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.
Zebrafish Proteins
Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).
Neural Pathways
Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
Cell Differentiation
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Mice, Transgenic
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Embryonic and Fetal Development
Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.
Stem Cells
Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Wnt Proteins
Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.
Embryo, Nonmammalian
The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.
Embryo, Mammalian
The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Trans-Activators
Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Tissue Distribution
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Spinal Cord
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
DNA-Binding Proteins
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Rats, Inbred Strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

FGF8 induces formation of an ectopic isthmic organizer and isthmocerebellar development via a repressive effect on Otx2 expression. (1/1984)

Beads containing recombinant FGF8 (FGF8-beads) were implanted in the prospective caudal diencephalon or midbrain of chick embryos at stages 9-12. This induced the neuroepithelium rostral and caudal to the FGF8-bead to form two ectopic, mirror-image midbrains. Furthermore, cells in direct contact with the bead formed an outgrowth that protruded laterally from the neural tube. Tissue within such lateral outgrowths developed proximally into isthmic nuclei and distally into a cerebellum-like structure. These morphogenetic effects were apparently due to FGF8-mediated changes in gene expression in the vicinity of the bead, including a repressive effect on Otx2 and an inductive effect on En1, Fgf8 and Wnt1 expression. The ectopic Fgf8 and Wnt1 expression domains formed nearly complete concentric rings around the FGF8-bead, with the Wnt1 ring outermost. These observations suggest that FGF8 induces the formation of a ring-like ectopic signaling center (organizer) in the lateral wall of the brain, similar to the one that normally encircles the neural tube at the isthmic constriction, which is located at the boundary between the prospective midbrain and hindbrain. This ectopic isthmic organizer apparently sends long-range patterning signals both rostrally and caudally, resulting in the development of the two ectopic midbrains. Interestingly, our data suggest that these inductive signals spread readily in a caudal direction, but are inhibited from spreading rostrally across diencephalic neuromere boundaries. These results provide insights into the mechanism by which FGF8 induces an ectopic organizer and suggest that a negative feedback loop between Fgf8 and Otx2 plays a key role in patterning the midbrain and anterior hindbrain.  (+info)

N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels mediate the nicotinic enhancement of GABA release in chick brain. (2/1984)

The role of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated enhancement of spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) was investigated in chick brain slices. Whole cell recordings of neurons in the lateral spiriform (SpL) and ventral lateral geniculate (LGNv) nuclei showed that cadmium chloride (CdCl2) blocked the carbachol-induced increase of spontaneous GABAergic IPSCs, indicating that VDCCs might be involved. To conclusively show a role for VDCCs, the presynaptic effect of carbachol on SpL and LGNv neurons was examined in the presence of selective blockers of VDCC subtypes. omega-Conotoxin GVIA, a selective antagonist of N-type channels, significantly reduced the nAChR-mediated enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release in the SpL by 78% compared with control responses. Nifedipine, an L-type channel blocker, and omega-Agatoxin-TK, a P/Q-type channel blocker, did not inhibit the enhancement of GABAergic IPSCs. In the LGNv, omega-Conotoxin GVIA also significantly reduced the nAChR-mediated enhancement of GABA release by 71% from control values. Although omega-Agatoxin-TK did not block the nicotinic enhancement, L-type channel blockers showed complex effects on the nAChR-mediated enhancement. These results indicate that the nAChR-mediated enhancement of spontaneous GABAergic IPSCs requires activation of N-type channels in both the SpL and LGNv.  (+info)

Midbrain combinatorial code for temporal and spectral information in concurrent acoustic signals. (3/1984)

All vocal species, including humans, often encounter simultaneous (concurrent) vocal signals from conspecifics. To segregate concurrent signals, the auditory system must extract information regarding the individual signals from their summed waveforms. During the breeding season, nesting male midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) congregate in localized regions of the intertidal zone and produce long-duration (>1 min), multi-harmonic signals ("hums") during courtship of females. The hums of neighboring males often overlap, resulting in acoustic beats with amplitude and phase modulations at the difference frequencies (dFs) between their fundamental frequencies (F0s) and harmonic components. Behavioral studies also show that midshipman can localize a single hum-like tone when presented with a choice between two concurrent tones that originate from separate speakers. A previous study of the neural mechanisms underlying the segregation of concurrent signals demonstrated that midbrain neurons temporally encode a beat's dF through spike synchronization; however, spectral information about at least one of the beat's components is also required for signal segregation. Here we examine the encoding of spectral differences in beat signals by midbrain neurons. The results show that, although the spike rate responses of many neurons are sensitive to the spectral composition of a beat, virtually all midbrain units can encode information about differences in the spectral composition of beat stimuli via their interspike intervals (ISIs) with an equal distribution of ISI spectral sensitivity across the behaviorally relevant dFs. Together, temporal encoding in the midbrain of dF information through spike synchronization and of spectral information through ISI could permit the segregation of concurrent vocal signals.  (+info)

NMDA receptor characterization and subunit expression in rat cultured mesencephalic neurones. (4/1984)

1. NMDA-induced changes in free intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were determined in individual cultured rat mesencephalic neurones by the fura-2 method. mRNA expression encoding NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A-D) was examined by RT-PCR. 2. NMDA (1-100 microM, plus 10 microM glycine) induced a concentration-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i (EC50 = 5.7 microM). The effect of NMDA was virtually insensitive to tetrodotoxin (0.3 microM) and nitrendipine (1 microM), but dependent on extracellular Ca2+. 5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid (10 microM), a specific antagonist at the glycine binding site on the NMDA receptor, abolished the NMDA response. 3. Memantine, an open-channel blocker, and ifenprodil, a preferential non-competitive NR1/NR2B receptor antagonist diminished the NMDA effect with an IC50 value of 0.17 and 1 microM, respectively. Ethanol at 50 and 100 mM caused about 25 and 45%-inhibition, respectively. 4. Agarose gel analysis of the PCR products followed by ethidium bromide fluorescence or CSPD chemiluminescence detection revealed an almost exclusive expression of the NR1 splice variants lacking exon (E) 5 and E22. The 3' splice form without both E21 and E22 exceeded that containing E21 by approximately 4 fold. The relative amounts of NR2A, NR2B, NR2C corresponded to approximately 1:2:1. NR2D mRNA was also detectable. 5. In conclusion, mesencephalic neurones bear ethanol-sensitive NMDA receptors which might be involved in the development of ethanol dependence and withdrawal. The high affinity of NMDA to this receptor, its sensitivity to ifenprodil and memantine may suggest that the mesencephalic NMDA receptor comprises the NR1 splice variant lacking E5, NR2B, and NR2C, respectively.  (+info)

A binding site for homeodomain and Pax proteins is necessary for L1 cell adhesion molecule gene expression by Pax-6 and bone morphogenetic proteins. (5/1984)

The cell adhesion molecule L1 regulates axonal guidance and fasciculation during development. We previously identified the regulatory region of the L1 gene and showed that it was sufficient for establishing the neural pattern of L1 expression in transgenic mice. In the present study, we characterize a DNA element within this region called the HPD that contains binding motifs for both homeodomain and Pax proteins and responds to signals from bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). An ATTA sequence within the core of the HPD was required for binding to the homeodomain protein Barx2 while a separate paired domain recognition motif was necessary for binding to Pax-6. In cellular transfection experiments, L1-luciferase reporter constructs containing the HPD were activated an average of 4-fold by Pax-6 in N2A cells and 5-fold by BMP-2 and BMP-4 in Ng108 cells. Both of these responses were eliminated on deletion of the HPD from L1 constructs. In transgenic mice, deletion of the HPD from an L1-lacZ reporter resulted in a loss of beta-galactosidase expression in the telencephalon and mesencephalon. Collectively, our experiments indicate that the HPD regulates L1 expression in neural tissues via homeodomain and Pax proteins and is likely to be a target of BMP signaling during development.  (+info)

Specification of distinct dopaminergic neural pathways: roles of the Eph family receptor EphB1 and ligand ephrin-B2. (6/1984)

Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area project to the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens/olfactory tubercle, respectively, constituting mesostriatal and mesolimbic pathways. The molecular signals that confer target specificity of different dopaminergic neurons are not known. We now report that EphB1 and ephrin-B2, a receptor and ligand of the Eph family, are candidate guidance molecules for the development of these distinct pathways. EphB1 and ephrin-B2 are expressed in complementary patterns in the midbrain dopaminergic neurons and their targets, and the ligand specifically inhibits the growth of neurites and induces the cell loss of substantia nigra, but not ventral tegmental, dopaminergic neurons. These studies suggest that the ligand-receptor pair may contribute to the establishment of distinct neural pathways by selectively inhibiting the neurite outgrowth and cell survival of mistargeted neurons. In addition, we show that ephrin-B2 expression is upregulated by cocaine and amphetamine in adult mice, suggesting that ephrin-B2/EphB1 interaction may play a role in drug-induced plasticity in adults as well.  (+info)

A glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-secreting clone of the Schwann cell line SCTM41 enhances survival and fiber outgrowth from embryonic nigral neurons grafted to the striatum and to the lesioned substantia nigra. (7/1984)

We have developed a novel Schwann cell line, SCTM41, derived from postnatal sciatic nerve cultures and have stably transfected a clone with a rat glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) construct. Coculture with this GDNF-secreting clone enhances in vitro survival and fiber growth of embryonic dopaminergic neurons. In the rat unilateral 6-OHDA lesion model of Parkinson's disease, we have therefore made cografts of these cells with embryonic day 14 ventral mesencephalic grafts and assayed for effects on dopaminergic cell survival and process outgrowth. We show that cografts of GDNF-secreting Schwann cell lines improve the survival of intrastriatal embryonic dopaminergic neuronal grafts and improve neurite outgrowth into the host neuropil but have no additional effect on amphetamine-induced rotation. We next looked to see whether bridge grafts of GDNF-secreting SCTM41 cells would promote the growth of axons to their striatal targets from dopaminergic neurons implanted orthotopically into the 6-OHDA-lesioned substantia nigra. We show that such bridge grafts increase the survival of implanted embryonic dopaminergic neurons and promote the growth of axons through the grafts to the striatum.  (+info)

Xenopus axin interacts with glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and is expressed in the anterior midbrain. (8/1984)

Axin is encoded by the fused locus in mice and is required for normal vertebrate axis formation. It has recently been shown that axin associates with APC, beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in a complex that appears to regulate the level of cytoplasmic beta-catenin. We have identified the Xenopus homologue of axin through its interaction with GSK-3b. Xenopus axin (Xaxin) is expressed maternally and throughout early development with a low level of ubiquitous expression. Xaxin also shows remarkably high expression in the anterior mesencephalon adjacent to the forebrain-midbrain boundary.  (+info)

Ventral Mesencephalic Cell Line One - How is Ventral Mesencephalic Cell Line One abbreviated?Ventral Mesencephalic Cell Line One - How is Ventral Mesencephalic Cell Line One abbreviated?
VMCL1 - Ventral Mesencephalic Cell Line One. Looking for abbreviations of VMCL1? It is Ventral Mesencephalic Cell Line One. Ventral Mesencephalic Cell Line One listed as VMCL1
https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Ventral+Mesencephalic+Cell+Line+One
Neurogenin 2 is required for the development of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons | DevelopmentNeurogenin 2 is required for the development of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons | Development
During the initial phases of nervous system development, progenitor cells in the neural tube proliferate and divide symmetrically to give rise to identical multipotent neuroepithelial cells. These progenitors subsequently divide asymmetrically to generate cells that are fated to differentiate into a neuron, sometimes following additional cycles of cell division. This process is regulated by the activity of transcription factors with basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) motifs, including the neurogenin and Mash1 proneural factors involved in initiating neurogenesis, and other bHLH factors, such as Neurod, that are involved in terminal neuronal differentiation.. The proneural genes of the bHLH class were first identified in Drosophila as key regulators of neural lineage development (Brunet and Ghysen, 1999; Guillemot, 1999). The three most extensively studied genes in rodents are the mouse achaete-scute homologue (Mash1) and the members of the atonal-related family of genes, neurogenins (Ngn) 1 and 2 ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/133/3/495
Caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in primary cultures of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons after...Caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in primary cultures of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons after...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in primary cultures of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons after neurotoxin treatment. AU - Han, Baek S.. AU - Hong, Hyun Seung. AU - Choi, Won Seok. AU - Markelonis, George J.. AU - Oh, Tae H.. AU - Oh, Young Jun. PY - 2003/6/15. Y1 - 2003/6/15. N2 - Although the cause of neuronal death in Parkinsons disease (PD) is mainly unknown, growing evidence suggests that both apoptotic and non-apoptotic death may occur in PD. Using primary cultures of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and the MN9D dopaminergic neuronal cell line, we attempted to evaluate specifically the existence of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, focusing on the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c to the activation of the caspases after 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) treatment. Both immunofluorescent labeling and immunoblot analysis indicated mitochondrial release of cytochrome c into the cytosol after 6-OHDA or MPP+ ...
https://yonsei.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/caspase-dependent-and-independent-cell-death-pathways-in-primary-
Thrombin-activated microglia contribute to death of dopaminergic neurons in rat mesencephalic cultures: Dual roles of mitogen...Thrombin-activated microglia contribute to death of dopaminergic neurons in rat mesencephalic cultures: Dual roles of mitogen...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Thrombin-activated microglia contribute to death of dopaminergic neurons in rat mesencephalic cultures. T2 - Dual roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. AU - Lee, Da Yong. AU - Oh, Young J.. AU - Jin, Byung Kwan. PY - 2005/8/1. Y1 - 2005/8/1. N2 - This study evaluated the role of thrombin-activated microglia in the neurodegeneration of mesencephalic cultures. Immunocytochemical and biochemical evidence indicated that in co-cultures consisting of rat cortical microglia and mesencephalic neurons, thrombin led to nonselective loss of mesencephalic neurons. Accompanying neurodegeneration, microglial activation was obvious, evidenced by expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and by increasing production of TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO). In mesencephalic neurons treated with conditioned media (CM) taken from thrombin-activated microglia, the number of ...
https://yonsei.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/thrombin-activated-microglia-contribute-to-death-of-dopaminergic-
A Case of Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome in 2nd Trimester of PregnancyA Case of Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome in 2nd Trimester of Pregnancy
The control of vertical eye movements is thought to be located in the dorsal midbrain in the region of the posterior commissure and mesencephalic tegmentum [13-15]. The vertical gaze center lies in close vicinity to the superior colliculus, with some of the main nuclei being the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and the rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF. Interestingly, downward gaze is often preserved. This is in distinction to progressive supranuclear palsy, which also presents with vertical gaze palsy, but one which preferentially affects downward gaze. The reasons for this difference are not entirely clear, but it has been suggested that the pathways for downward gaze are directly medially out of the rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF, while those for upward gaze are directed laterally and decussate in the posterior commisure, making them more susceptible to external mass effect. With Parinauds syndrome, patients may have a downgaze at rest, known as the setting sun sign. Patients ...
http://medcraveonline.com/AOVS/AOVS-06-00201.php
Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ Mouse Midbrain Neuronal Cells, 1 million cells cryopreserved... \ PC37102Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ Mouse Midbrain Neuronal Cells, 1 million cells cryopreserved... \ PC37102
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Differentiation of human ES and Parkinsons disease iPS cells into ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons requires a high...Differentiation of human ES and Parkinsons disease iPS cells into ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons requires a high...
The cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease (PD) are caused by the vulnerability to dysfunction and degeneration of ventral midbrain (VM) dopaminergic (DA) neurons. A major limitation for experimental studies of current ES/iPS cell differentiation protocols is the lack of VM DA neurons with a …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20603216/
Oct4-Induced Reprogramming is Required for Adult Brain Neural Stem Cell Differentiation into Midbrain Dopaminergic NeuronsOct4-Induced Reprogramming is Required for Adult Brain Neural Stem Cell Differentiation into Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons
Neural stem cells (NSCs) lose their competency to generate region-specific neuronal populations at an early stage during embryonic brain development. Here we investigated whether epigenetic modifications can reverse the regional restriction of mouse adult brain subventricular zone (SVZ) NSCs. Using a variety of chemicals that interfere with DNA methylation and histone acetylation, we showed that such epigenetic modifications increased neuronal differentiation but did not enable specific regional patterning, such as midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neuron generation. Only after Oct-4 overexpression did adult NSCs acquire a pluripotent state that allowed differentiation into midbrain DA neurons. DA neurons derived from Oct4-reprogrammed NSCs improved behavioural motor deficits in a rat model of Parkinsons disease (PD) upon intrastriatal transplantation. Here we report for the first time the successful differentiation of SVZ adult NSCs into functional region-specific midbrain DA neurons, by means of ...
https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/5358874
Kunz M et al. (2004), Autoregulation of canonical Wnt signaling contr... - PaperKunz M et al. (2004), Autoregulation of canonical Wnt signaling contr... - Paper
Fig. 4. Knockdown of XTcf-4 results in reduced proliferation of dorsal brain tissue. (A) XTcf-4 morpholino, but not control morpholino, blocks the expression of NCAM protein in the dorsal midbrain. Ten picomoles of the morpholino were injected together with 100 pg of myc-tagged EGFP mRNA into one blastomere of two-cell stage embryos. Transverse sections of stage 30 embryos were incubated with α-NCAM and visualized with a Cy3-coupled goat anti-mouse antibody. The injected side is traced by EGFP. Note: At the XTcf-4 morpholino-injected side, the NCAM signal is missing in the dorsal half of the midbrain (arrow). Consistently, the dorsal part appears to consist of less tissue (arrow, brightfield). (B) The pan-neural marker gene nrp-1 is still expressed in the Tcf-4-depleted, size-reduced dorsal midbrain. Fifty-micrometer transversal sections through the midbrain region of stage 30 embryos stained for nrp-1 reveal that the dorsal neural tissue (arrow) is less thick at the injected side (asterisk). ...
http://www.xenbase.org/literature/article.do?method=display&articleId=3107
Forebrain and midbrain regions are deleted in Otx2−/− mutants due to a defective anterior neuroectoderm specification during...Forebrain and midbrain regions are deleted in Otx2−/− mutants due to a defective anterior neuroectoderm specification during...
We have replaced part of the mouse homeogene Otx2 coding region with the E. coli lacZ coding sequence, thus creating a null allele of Otx2. By 9.5 dpc, homozygous mutant embryos are characterized by the absence of forebrain and midbrain regions. From the early to midstreak stages, endomesodermal cells expressing lacZ fail to be properly localized anteriorly. In the ectodermal layer, lacZ transcription is progressively extinguished, being barely detectable by the late streak stage. These data suggest that Otx2 expression in endomesoderm and ectoderm is required for anterior neuroectoderm specification. In gastrulating heterozygous embryos, a post-transcriptional repression acts on lacZ transcripts in the ectoderm, but not in the external layer, suggesting that different post-transcriptional mechanisms control Otx2 expression in both layers.. ...
https://dev.biologists.org/content/121/10/3279?ijkey=eb090323ee4997447975c9a4486cbcf8f1e299a7&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Datasets | BBrowserDatasets | BBrowser
Understanding human embryonic ventral midbrain is of major interest for Parkinsons disease. However, the cell types, their gene expression dynamics, and their relationship to commonly used rodent models remain to be defined. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing to examine ventral midbrain development in human and mouse. We found 25 molecularly defined human cell types, including five subtypes of radial glia-like cells and four progenitors. In the mouse, two mature fetal dopaminergic neuron subtypes diversified into five adult classes during postnatal development. Cell types and gene expression were generally conserved across species, but with clear differences in cell proliferation, developmental timing, and dopaminergic neuron development. Additionally, we developed a method to quantitatively assess the fidelity of dopaminergic neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells, at a single-cell level. Thus, our study provides insight into the molecular programs controlling human midbrain
https://bioturing.com/bbrowser/datasets?search=Molecular%20Diversity%20of%20Midbrain%20Development%20in%20Mouse,%20Human,%20and%20Stem%20Cells%20
Induction of midbrain dopaminergic neurons by Sonic hedgehogInduction of midbrain dopaminergic neurons by Sonic hedgehog
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons, whose loss in adults results in Parkinsons disease, can be specified during embryonic development by a contact-dependent signal from floor plate cells. Here we show that the amino-terminal product of Sonic hedgehog autoproteolysis (SHH-N), an inductive signal expresse …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7619528/?dopt=Abstract
Specific effects of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) on fetal rat and human dopaminergic neurons in vitroSpecific effects of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) on fetal rat and human dopaminergic neurons in vitro
article{8bf0b2a2-668e-47c2-96c7-c99a9822e436, abstract = {,p,The neurotrophic effects of the BB isoform of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on rat and human fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons have been characterized in vitro. A dose-response analysis demonstrated maximal responses at 30 ng/ml of PDGF-BB. This concentration resulted in a marked increase in the survival and neurite outgrowth from rat and human tyrosine hydroxylase-(TH) positive, presumed dopaminergic neurons after 7 days in vitro. The effects of PDGF-BB on survival of TH-positive neurons were comparable to those of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), whereas neurite outgrowth was more pronounced after addition of BDNF. The combination of BDNF and PDGF-BB yielded no additive effects. Double immunohistochemical staining of rat cultures demonstrated PDGF beta-receptors on about 90% of the TH-positive neurons. PDGF-BB treatment of rat mesencephalic cultures induced an upregulation of c-fos and TH mRNA with maximal ...
https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/8bf0b2a2-668e-47c2-96c7-c99a9822e436
The synaptic regulation of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons and its m by Christopher D. FiorilloThe synaptic regulation of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons and its m by Christopher D. Fiorillo
Fiorillo, Christopher D., The synaptic regulation of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons and its modulation by repeated cocaine treatment (1999). Scholar Archive. 3373 ...
https://digitalcommons.ohsu.edu/etd/3373/
An interlocked oscillator model for firing of the mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron. | BMC Neuroscience | Full TextAn interlocked oscillator model for firing of the mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron. | BMC Neuroscience | Full Text
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons display two functionally distinct modes of electrical activity: low- and high-frequency firing. We suggest a new minimal computational model that unites data on these firing modes obtained under different experimental conditions. The model reproduces the separation of maximal frequencies under NMDA synaptic stimulation vs. other treatments. In accord to recent experimental data, NMDA stimulation restricted to the soma effectively evokes high-frequency oscillations in the model. We have also reproduced low- and high-frequency oscillations under blockade of the SK current. Thus, the new model suggests a way that overcomes all major limitations of the switching dominance mechanism for controlling the frequency of the DA neuron. We explain recent experimental facts and make further predictions. ...
https://0-bmcneurosci-biomedcentral-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-11-S1-P151
OpenEmory | Search ResultsOpenEmory | Search Results
The objective of the present study was to analyze the cellular and subcellular localization of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the squirrel monkey. This was achieved by means of immunohistochemistry at light and electron microscopic levels and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Colocalization studies show that nearly all dopaminergic neurons in both the ventral and dorsal tiers of the substantia nigra compacta (SNc-v, SNc-d) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are immunoreactive for AMPA (GluR1, GluR2/3, and GluR4) and NMDAR1 receptor subunits, but not for NMDAR2A/B subunits. The immunoreactivity of the receptor subunits is associated mainly with perikarya and dendritic shafts. Apart from the intensity of immunolabeling for the GluR4 subunit, which is quite similar for the different groups of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, the overall intensity of immunostaining for the other subunits is higher in the SNc-v and SNc-d than in the VTA. In line with ...
https://open.library.emory.edu/publications/search/?keywords=biomedicin&keywords=receptor&keywords=ganglia&journal=Journal+of+Neuroscience+Nursing&page=5&keywords=life
Morphogenesis of the Early Neural TubeMorphogenesis of the Early Neural Tube
Most textbooks say that Rathkes pouch invaginates from the oral ectoderm. Our observations and experiments give a different explanation for the chick embryo. We find that the roof, tip and floor of the pouch lie flat along the midline (A above), then the cephalic flexure through the mesencephalon as well as the downward bulging of the prosencephalon wrap the floor and roof around the tip of the pouch. We find that mesenchyme, mostly from mesencephalic neural crest, collects beneath the ectoderm lateral to the floor plate (and to some extent lateral to the roof plate) causing the walls of the pouch to form when the ectoderm lateral to the floor plate fuses with ectoderm lateral to roof plate ...
https://w3.biosci.utexas.edu/experimentalembryology/neuraltube.html
JCI - Identification of embryonic stem cell-derived midbrain dopaminergic neurons for engraftmentJCI - Identification of embryonic stem cell-derived midbrain dopaminergic neurons for engraftment
Numerous studies have demonstrated the use of ESC-derived DA neurons for grafting in animal models of PD (17); however, it has remained unclear which stage of differentiation and what particular population of cells is most effective at inducing functional benefits upon transplantation in vivo. Fetal tissue studies have focused on the grafting of ventral mesencephalic tissue isolated at a stage in which the majority of developing DA neurons are postmitotic, which is E12-E13 in mice (18) and E14-E15 (19) in rats. In human fetal grafting studies, increased survival of TH+ neurons has been reported for tissue derived from embryos at 5 to 8 weeks after conception when using suspension grafts and up to 9 weeks after conception for solid grafts (20). In all of those cases, however, the grafted population was composed of a heterogeneous pool of cells at various stages of differentiation and typically contained less than 20% DA neurons (21). One recent study used purified DA neurons derived from a ...
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/58767
Niche-derived laminin-511 promotes midbrain dopaminergic neuron survival and differentiation through YAP | Science SignalingNiche-derived laminin-511 promotes midbrain dopaminergic neuron survival and differentiation through YAP | Science Signaling
Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Science Signaling.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.. ...
http://stke.sciencemag.org/content/10/493/eaal4165/tab-article-info
Haldin CE et al. (2003), Isolation and growth factor inducibility of the... - Xenbase PaperHaldin CE et al. (2003), Isolation and growth factor inducibility of the... - Xenbase Paper
Fig. 4. Wholemount in situ hybridisation of Xlmx1b. (A) Dorsal view of a stage 13 embryo showing placodal region expression. (B) A stage 15 embryo showing expression on the neural plate, along the neural folds and in the placodal regions. (C) A stage 19 embryo showing two intense patches of expression in the placodal regions, the otic anlagen. These will eventually develop into the otic vesicle and the embryos hearing system. (D) A cleared stage 21 embryo with neurons visible all down the dorsal side of the embryo. Some staining is noticeable in the anterior region, which may develop into the eye expression or the midbrain neurons. (E) A stage 24 embryo, the first stage at which expression is visible in the dorsal region of the eye. Staining is also seen in a population of migrating neural crest cells near the otic vesicle. (F) A stage 27 embryo showing neuron expression down the back. Staining is also apparent in the otic vesicle, eye and in a population of neurons in the midbrain region. (G) A ...
http://www.xenbase.org/literature/article.do?method=display&articleId=5276
The weaver gene expression affects differently to the generation, survival and settling patterns of midbrain and cerebellar...The weaver gene expression affects differently to the generation, survival and settling patterns of midbrain and cerebellar...
TY - CHAP. T1 - The weaver gene expression affects differently to the generation, survival and settling patterns of midbrain and cerebellar neurons. AU - Martí, Joaquín. AU - Santa-Cruz, M. C.. AU - Bayer, Shirley A.. AU - Ghetti, Bernardino. AU - Hervás, José P.. PY - 2011/1/1. Y1 - 2011/1/1. N2 - Weaver is a pleiotropic mutation consisting of a single base-pair substitution in a gene coding for a G-protein-activated inward-rectifying potassium channel, Girk 2. The present work revises the manner in which the expression of the weaver gene affects the generation and survival of several neuronal populations (midbrain dopaminergic neurons, Purkinje cells and deep nuclei neurons in the cerebellum). Using [3H]TdR autoradiography -to determine developmental timetables- and tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry -to identify dopamine neurons- we shown that depending on neuronal type, degree of vulnerability to the lethal action of the mutant gene is related to temporal and spatial patterns of ...
https://portalrecerca.uab.cat/en/publications/the-weaver-gene-expression-affects-differently-to-the-generation--2
EMF-Portal | Electrical stimulation of the lower midbrain around retrorubral field decreases temperatures of brown fat and...EMF-Portal | Electrical stimulation of the lower midbrain around retrorubral field decreases temperatures of brown fat and...
This website uses cookies to provide you the best browsing experience. By continuing to use this website you accept our use of cookies.. ...
https://www.emf-portal.org/en/article/2278
2011 S3: Elizabeth King - Student Summer Scholars - Grand Valley State University2011 S3: Elizabeth King - Student Summer Scholars - Grand Valley State University
Markers expressed in the developing embryo can distinguish different areas of the nervous system. Specific areas can be associated with neural progenitors that give rise to specific types of neural cells including GABAergic or dopaminergic neurons. These markers have been used to map the midbrain of the developing mouse, however the midbrain of the chick embryo has not been mapped in detail.. In order to identify markers associated with dopamine neurogenesis in their endogenous locations, we used in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence techniques. We identified the normal expression pattern of Nurr1, Nkx6.1, and Nato3 in chick midbrain after 5 days of development. We then compared expression of these markers after 6 and 7 days in order to identify changes in their expression at different developmental time points. These data suggest that many markers for dopamine neurogenesis are consistent between the chick and mouse embryos. Using overexpression studies of neurogenic genes we were able to ...
http://www.gvsu.edu/ours/s3/2011-s3-elizabeth-king-240.htm
ALZFORUM | NETWORKING FOR A CUREALZFORUM | NETWORKING FOR A CURE
Chinta SJ, Kumar MJ, Hsu M, Rajagopalan S, Kaur D, Rane A, Nicholls DG, Choi J, Andersen JK. Inducible alterations of glutathione levels in adult dopaminergic midbrain neurons result in nigrostriatal degeneration ...
https://www.alzforum.org/papers/inducible-alterations-glutathione-levels-adult-dopaminergic-midbrain-neurons-result
Alternative splicing results in RET isoforms with distinct trafficking properties.Alternative splicing results in RET isoforms with distinct trafficking properties.
RET encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is essential for spermatogenesis, development of the sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems and the kidneys, as well as for maintenance of adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons. RE
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Alternative-splicing-results-in-RET/22875993.html
What is the Midbrain? (with pictures)What is the Midbrain? (with pictures)
The midbrain is a small region of the brain that relays information for the visual, auditory, and motor systems. In the midbrain...
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-midbrain.htm
GDNF Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody [JA93-10] (ET1704-46) - HUABIOGDNF Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody [JA93-10] (ET1704-46) - HUABIO
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been identified as a potent neurotrophic factor that enhances survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. GDNF is a glycosylated, disulfide-bonded homodimer and is a distantly related member of the TGFβ superfamily of growth regulatory ligands. GDNF contains the seven conserved cysteine residues in the same relative spacing characteristic of all members of the TGFβ superfamily. In embryonic midbrain cultures, GDNF promotes the survival and morphological differentiation of dopaminergic neurons and increases their high-affinity dopamine uptake. On the basis of these findings, it has been suggested that GDNF may have utility in the treatment of Parkinsons disease, which is marked by progressive degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons.. ...
https://www.huabio.com/products/gdnf-antibody-clone-ja93-10-recombinant-monoclonal-et1704-46
THI - tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive | AcronymAtticTHI - tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive | AcronymAttic
How is tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive abbreviated? THI stands for tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive. THI is defined as tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive rarely.
https://www.acronymattic.com/tyrosine-hydroxylase_immunoreactive-
Effect of fluothane on the mesencephalic reticular formation and cerebral cortex - Semantic ScholarEffect of fluothane on the mesencephalic reticular formation and cerebral cortex - Semantic Scholar
The effect of fluothane on evoked responses in the mesencephalic re t icu lar formation, on the EEG desynchronizat ion react ion during electr ical stimulation of the re t icular formation, and on t ranscal losa l responses was studied in acute experiments on cats. Fluothane caused marked inhibition of evoked responses in the re t icu la r formation. Although the EEG desynchronization react ion was depressed, this effect was much less marked than that on the evoked responses . The amplitude of the t ranscal losa l responses was appreciably reduced with increasing depth of anesthesia.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effect-of-fluothane-on-the-mesencephalic-reticular-Plekhotkina/8cae7bb1cb8538936bd057d81bb51b4a59315397
Meningeal cells influence midbrain developmentMeningeal cells influence midbrain development
Dopaminergic neuroblasts, sequestered from ventral midbrain fetal tissue, have been presented to structurally and functionally integrate, and improve Pa..
https://www.omicsonline.org/blog/2015/02/28/5470-Meningeal-cells-influence-midbrain-development.html
Comparison between survival of lazaroid-treated embryonic nigral neurons in cell suspensions, cultures and transplants.Comparison between survival of lazaroid-treated embryonic nigral neurons in cell suspensions, cultures and transplants.
article{da2a79d8-c24f-41f2-9532-9e6ccf2c6f1e, abstract = {Death of transplanted dopaminergic neurons is induced both during preparation of donor tissue and after intrastriatal grafting. Oxidative stress is thought to be partly responsible for this cell death. In the present study we compared the effects of three lipid peroxidation inhibitors, the lazaroids Tirilazad mesylate, U-83836E and U-101033, on survival of embryonic mesencephalic neurons in different paradigms. The lazaroids were equally potent in preventing serum deprivation-induced death of cultured dopaminergic neurons. In a second set of experiments, mesencephalic suspensions were pretreated with lazaroids and cell survival was analyzed immediately after dissociation, after 2 or 24 h in culture or after intrastriatal transplantation. Lazaroid pretreatment failed to protect mesencephalic neurons in the in vitro paradigms and U-101033E did not protect grafted dopaminergic neurons in contrast to the neuroprotective effects previously ...
https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/111295
Mesencephalon - Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedyaMesencephalon - Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya
Ang mesencephalon o gitnangutak(Ingles: midbrain) ang bahagi ng sentral na sistemang nerbiyos na nauugnay sa bisyon(paningin), pandinig, kontrol na motor, pagtulog/paggising, pananabik(pagiging alert) at regulasyon ng temperatura. Sa anatomiya nito, ito ay binubuo ng tectum(o corpora quadrigemina), tegmentum, ventricular mesocoelia (or iter), at ang cerebral peduncles gayundin ng ilang mga nuclei at fasciculi. Sa caudal nito, ang mesencephalon ay kasunod ng pons(metencephalon) at sa rostral nito ay kasunod ng diencephalon(Thalamus, hypothalamus, etc.). Ang gitnangutak ay matatagpuan sa ilalim ng cerebral cortex at sa itaas ng likurangutak na naglalagay dito na malapit sa sentro(gitna) ng utak. ...
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesencephalon
Parinauds syndrome - WikipediaParinauds syndrome - Wikipedia
Parinauds syndrome, also known as dorsal midbrain syndrome, vertical gaze palsy, and Sunset Sign, is an inability to move the eyes up and down. It is caused by compression of the vertical gaze center at the rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF). The eyes lose the ability to move upward and down. It is a group of abnormalities of eye movement and pupil dysfunction. It is caused by lesions of the upper brain stem and is named for Henri Parinaud (1844-1905), considered to be the father of French ophthalmology. Parinauds Syndrome is a cluster of abnormalities of eye movement and pupil dysfunction, characterized by: Paralysis of upgaze: Downward gaze is usually preserved. This vertical palsy is supranuclear, so dolls head maneuver should elevate the eyes, but eventually all upward gaze mechanisms fail. Pseudo-Argyll Robertson pupils: Accommodative paresis ensues, and pupils become mid-dilated and show light-near dissociation. Convergence-Retraction nystagmus: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parinaud's_syndrome
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Oxidative Neurodegeneration Is Prevented by UCP0045037, an Allosteric Modulator for the Reduced Form of...IJMS | Free Full-Text | Oxidative Neurodegeneration Is Prevented by UCP0045037, an Allosteric Modulator for the Reduced Form of...
Although a loss-of-function mutation has been identified in familial Parkinsons disease PARK7, the wild-type of DJ-1 is known to act as an oxidative stress sensor in neuronal cells. Recently, we identified UCP0045037 as a compound that bound to the reduced form of DJ-1 by in silico virtual screening. In this study, we determined the neuroprotective effects of UCP0045037 against focal cerebral ischemia-induced neurodegeneration in rats. Hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death was significantly inhibited by UCP0045037 in both rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and human normal SH-SY5Y cells. In contrast, DJ-1-knockdown SH-SY5Y cells lost the protective activity of UCP0045037. These results suggest that UCP0045037 interacts with endogenous DJ-1 and produces a neuroprotective response.
http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/10/11/4789/xml
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Oxidative Neurodegeneration Is Prevented by UCP0045037, an Allosteric Modulator for the Reduced Form...IJMS | Free Full-Text | Oxidative Neurodegeneration Is Prevented by UCP0045037, an Allosteric Modulator for the Reduced Form...
Although a loss-of-function mutation has been identified in familial Parkinsons disease PARK7, the wild-type of DJ-1 is known to act as an oxidative stress sensor in neuronal cells. Recently, we identified UCP0045037 as a compound that bound to the reduced form of DJ-1 by in silico virtual screening. In this study, we determined the neuroprotective effects of UCP0045037 against focal cerebral ischemia-induced neurodegeneration in rats. Hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death was significantly inhibited by UCP0045037 in both rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and human normal SH-SY5Y cells. In contrast, DJ-1-knockdown SH-SY5Y cells lost the protective activity of UCP0045037. These results suggest that UCP0045037 interacts with endogenous DJ-1 and produces a neuroprotective response.
http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/10/11/4789/notes
Activin a protects midbrain neurons in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinsons disease | Garvan Institute of Medical...Activin a protects midbrain neurons in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinsons disease | Garvan Institute of Medical...
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and a subsequent loss of dopamine (DA) within the striatum. Despite advances in the development of pharmacological therapies that are effective at alleviating the symptoms of PD, the search for therapeutic treatments that halt or slow the underlying nigral degeneration remains a particular challenge. Activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, has been shown to play a role in the neuroprotection of midbrain neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in vitro, suggesting that activin A may offer similar neuroprotective effects in in vivo models of PD. Using robust stereological methods, we found that intrastriatal injections of 6-OHDA results in a significant loss of both TH positive and NeuN positive populations in the SNpc at 1, 2, and 3 weeks post-lesioning in drug naive mice. Exogenous application of
https://www.garvan.org.au/research/publications/12924
OPUS at UTS: Activin A protects midbrain neurons in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinsons disease. - Open...OPUS at UTS: Activin A protects midbrain neurons in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinsons disease. - Open...
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and a subsequent loss of dopamine (DA) within the striatum. Despite advances in the development of pharmacological therapies that are effective at alleviating the symptoms of PD, the search for therapeutic treatments that halt or slow the underlying nigral degeneration remains a particular challenge. Activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily, has been shown to play a role in the neuroprotection of midbrain neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in vitro, suggesting that activin A may offer similar neuroprotective effects in in vivo models of PD. Using robust stereological methods, we found that intrastriatal injections of 6-OHDA results in a significant loss of both TH positive and NeuN positive populations in the SNpc at 1, 2, and 3 weeks post-lesioning in drug naïve mice. Exogenous ...
https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/handle/10453/95324
ModelDB: Regulation of firing frequency in a midbrain dopaminergic neuron model (Kuznetsova et al. 2010)ModelDB: Regulation of firing frequency in a midbrain dopaminergic neuron model (Kuznetsova et al. 2010)
A dopaminergic (DA) neuron model with a morphologicaly realistic dendritic architecture. The model captures several salient features of DA neurons under different pharmacological manipulations and exhibits depolarization block for sufficiently high current pulses applied to the soma ...
https://senselab.med.yale.edu/ModelDB/showModel.cshtml?model=127507
CDNF - A Novel Conserved Neurotrophic Factor that Protects Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons in vivo | Parkinsons DiseaseCDNF - A Novel Conserved Neurotrophic Factor that Protects Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons in vivo | Parkinsons Disease
MJFF-funded research led to novel findings on the structure and function of new family of neurotrophic factors, the CDNF/MANF - family. We solved the crystal structure of CDNF and MANF and found that these proteins are structurally related, but they may have a different mechanism of action. Both have a saposin-like N-terminal domain that binds lipids, which most likely is responsible for their neuroprotective effect in rodent models of Parkinsons disease. The C-terminal domains of MANF and CDNF are responsible for their protective effects against cell stress, i.e. endoplasmic reticulum stress, associated with post-ischemic brain damage and neurodegeneration.. We discovered the intracellular receptor of CDNF and MANF, and characterized their mode of action in neurons. CDNF and MANF were neurorestorative in experimental Parkinsons disease in rats. The mechanism of action of the neurorestorative effect of CDNF is very different from that of GDNF. Another important difference is that the ...
https://www.michaeljfox.org/foundation/grant-detail.php?grant_id=412
Evaluation of Safety and Tolerability of Fetal Mesencephalic Dopamine Neuronal Precursor Cells for Parkinson's Disease -...Evaluation of Safety and Tolerability of Fetal Mesencephalic Dopamine Neuronal Precursor Cells for Parkinson's Disease -...
UPDRS, most commonly used, is designed to assess the severity of parkinsons disease, making the quantitative measurement of the extent. Part III of UPDRS corresponds to motor evaluation and is the most reliable for detecting symptomatic progression.. UPDRS improvement ratio(%) = ((the value of UPDRS before surgery - the value of UPDRS after surgery) / (the value of UPDRS before surgery)) X 100 ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01860794?cond=%22parkinson+disease%22&rank=10
Evaluation of Safety and Tolerability of Fetal Mesencephalic Dopamine Neuronal Precursor Cells for Parkinson's Disease -...Evaluation of Safety and Tolerability of Fetal Mesencephalic Dopamine Neuronal Precursor Cells for Parkinson's Disease -...
UPDRS, most commonly used, is designed to assess the severity of parkinsons disease, making the quantitative measurement of the extent. Part III of UPDRS corresponds to motor evaluation and is the most reliable for detecting symptomatic progression.. UPDRS improvement ratio(%) = ((the value of UPDRS before surgery - the value of UPDRS after surgery) / (the value of UPDRS before surgery)) X 100 ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01860794
forebrain anatomyforebrain anatomy
midbrain, forebrain, hindbrain, forebrain midbrain hindbrain, midbrain anatomy, hindbrain midbrain forebrain, mid brain, brain anatomy, brain anatomy, forebrain midbrain hindbrain, the midbrain, hindbrain midbrain and forebrain, midbrain hindbrain, forebrain midbrain and hindbrain, midbrain forebrain hindbrain, brain anatomy, midbrain hindbrain forebrain, hindbrain, forebrain midbrain, forebrain anatomy, ...
http://tags.edoctoronline.com/forebrain-anatomy
Context-dependent fluctuation of serotonin in the auditory midbrain: the influence of sex, reproductive state, and experience |...Context-dependent fluctuation of serotonin in the auditory midbrain: the influence of sex, reproductive state, and experience |...
In the face of changing behavioral situations, plasticity of sensory systems can be a valuable mechanism to facilitate appropriate behavioral responses. In the auditory system, the neurotransmitter serotonin is an important messenger for context-dependent regulation because it is sensitive to both external events and internal state, and it modulates neural activity. In male mice, serotonin increases in the auditory midbrain region, the inferior colliculus (IC) in response to changes in behavioral context such as restriction stress and social contact. Female mice have not been measured in similar contexts, although the serotonergic system is sexually dimorphic in many ways. In the present study, we investigated the effects of sex, experience, and estrous state on fluctuation of serotonin in the IC across contexts, as well as potential relationships between behavior and serotonin. Contrary to our expectation, there were no sex differences in serotonergic increase in response to a restriction ...
http://jeb.biologists.org/content/early/2013/10/22/jeb.087627
Dissociable reward and timing signals in human midbrain and ventral striatum. - Wellcome Centre for Integrative NeuroimagingDissociable reward and timing signals in human midbrain and ventral striatum. - Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
Reward prediction error (RPE) signals are central to current models of reward-learning. Temporal difference (TD) learning models posit that these signals should be modulated by predictions, not only of magnitude but also timing of reward. Here we show that BOLD activity in the VTA conforms to such TD predictions: responses to unexpected rewards are modulated by a temporal hazard function and activity between a predictive stimulus and reward is depressed in proportion to predicted reward. By contrast, BOLD activity in ventral striatum (VS) does not reflect a TD RPE, but instead encodes a signal on the variable relevant for behavior, here timing but not magnitude of reward. The results have important implications for dopaminergic models of cortico-striatal learning and suggest a modification of the conventional view that VS BOLD necessarily reflects inputs from dopaminergic VTA neurons signaling an RPE.
https://www.win.ox.ac.uk/publications/220549
Trigeminal mesencephalic tract financial definition of trigeminal mesencephalic tractTrigeminal mesencephalic tract financial definition of trigeminal mesencephalic tract
Definition of trigeminal mesencephalic tract in the Financial Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is trigeminal mesencephalic tract? Meaning of trigeminal mesencephalic tract as a finance term. What does trigeminal mesencephalic tract mean in finance?
https://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/trigeminal+mesencephalic+tract
Mesencephalon PicturesMesencephalon Pictures
Click here for Mesencephalon pictures! You can also find pictures of Middle nasal meatus, Metatarsophalangeal joints, Metatarsals.
http://www.picsearch.com/Mesencephalon-pictures.html
Brain-specific tropomyosins TMBr-1 and TMBr-3 have distinct patterns of expression during development and in adult brain -...Brain-specific tropomyosins TMBr-1 and TMBr-3 have distinct patterns of expression during development and in adult brain -...
In this study we report on the developmental and regional expression of two brain-specific isoforms of tropomyosin, TMBr-1 and TMBr-3, that are generated from the rat alpha-tropomyosin gene via the use of alternative promoters and alternative RNA splicing. Western blot analysis using an exon-specific peptide polyclonal antibody revealed that the two isoforms are differentially expressed in development with TMBr-3 appearing in the embryonic brain at 16 days of gestation, followed by the expression of TMBr-1 at 20 days after birth. TMBr-3 was detected in all brain regions examined, whereas TMBr-1 was detected predominantly in brain areas that derived from the prosencephalon. Immunocytochemical studies on mixed primary cultures made from rat embryonic midbrain indicate that expression of the brain-specific epitope is restricted to neurons. The developmental pattern and neuronal localization of these forms of tropomyosin suggest that these isoforms have a specialized role in the development and ...
https://repository.cshl.edu/id/eprint/32592/
Plus itPlus it
Rat embryonic mesencephalic cultures were employed to evaluate the consequences of adding GM1 ganglioside to cultures lesioned with the selective neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). MPP+ reduced dopamine and DOPAC content, dopamine uptake, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase activity, and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase- immunopositive neurons. The immunopositive neurons that remained were aberrant. All of these parameters were partially restored by adding GM1 ganglioside to the cultures. The response to GM1 was not altered by prior treatment of the cultures with cytosine beta-D-arabinofuranoside to reduce the number of glial cells. Dopamine uptake activity restored by GM1 was lost if GM1 was removed from the culture.. ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/13/7/3104
Plus itPlus it
The results show that VMAT2 colocalizes with VGLUT1 at a large proportion of the boutons formed by hippocampal and midbrain dopamine neurons, consistent with recent work indicating a role for glutamate in vesicle filling with dopamine (Hnasko et al., 2010). However, in contrast to hippocampal neurons, where VMAT2 colocalizes with VGLUT1 at essentially all boutons, VMAT2 segregates from VGLUT1 in a substantial proportion (∼27%) of the boutons made by dopamine neurons. The frequency of VMAT2+/VGLUT1− boutons (∼20%) exceeds that of VMAT2−/VGLUT1+ (∼7%), suggesting that some of the former might represent somatodendritic sites. In that case, however, we might have expected a similar phenomenon in hippocampal neurons, which showed no segregation of the two transporters. Midbrain dopamine neurons may thus have the capacity for dopamine and glutamate release from distinct sites, in addition to corelease from the same vesicles. Indeed, this segregation is consistent with previous work in vivo ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/30/23/7917
NAVER Academic | In vivo activation of midbrain dopamine neurons via sensitized, high-affinity alpha 6 nicotinic acetylcholine...NAVER Academic | In vivo activation of midbrain dopamine neurons via sensitized, high-affinity alpha 6 nicotinic acetylcholine...
Ryan M Drenan, Sharon R Grady, Paul Whiteaker, Tristan McClure-Begley, Sheri McKinney, Julie M Miwa, Sujata Bupp, Nathaniel Heintz, J Michael McIntosh, Merouane Bencherif, Michael J Marks, Henry A Lester
http://academic.naver.com/article.naver?doc_id=146478762
BrainInfoBrainInfo
The term midbrain refers to one ot three components of the brain as defined by surgical dissection. The other components are the forebrain and the hindbrain.The central of the three, its rostral boundary is with the forebrain: a nominally coronal plane located at the rostral margin of the superior colliculus dorsally and the caudal margin of the mammillary body ventrally. Its caudal boundary is with the hindbrain: a nominally coronal plane located at the caudal margin of the inferior colliculus dorsally and the rostral margin of the basal pons ventrally. The midbrain is composed of two parts: the tectum and the cerebral peduncle. Substructures of the midbrain are derived for the most part, but not entirely, from the embryonic Mesencephalon. ...
http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/CentralDirectory.aspx?ID=462&questID=27
deoxyribonuclease i Protocols and Video...deoxyribonuclease i Protocols and Video...
Video articles in JoVE about deoxyribonuclease i include Human Primary Trophoblast Cell Culture Model to Study the Protective Effects of Melatonin Against Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Disruption, Enrichment of Extracellular Matrix Proteins from Tissues and Digestion into Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis, Three-dimensional Tissue Engineered Aligned Astrocyte Networks to Recapitulate Developmental Mechanisms and Facilitate Nervous System Regeneration, Anatomically Inspired Three-dimensional Micro-tissue Engineered Neural Networks for Nervous System Reconstruction, Modulation, and Modeling, Reliable Identification of Living Dopaminergic Neurons in Midbrain Cultures Using RNA Sequencing and TH-promoter-driven eGFP Expression, Identification Of Erythromyeloid Progenitors And Their Progeny In The Mouse Embryo By Flow Cytometry, Maturation of Human Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes in Biowires Using Electrical Stimulation, Identification of Key Factors Regulating Self-renewal and
https://www.jove.com/keyword/deoxyribonuclease+i
JCI - Human autologous iPSC-derived dopaminergic progenitors restore motor function in Parkinsons disease modelsJCI - Human autologous iPSC-derived dopaminergic progenitors restore motor function in Parkinsons disease models
PD is a particularly promising target for cell-replacement therapy because selective degeneration of a well-characterized cell type - A9-type mDANs - is the major cause of motor dysfunction associated with the condition. Numerous researchers have extensively investigated cell therapy for PD using diverse cell sources, including fetal tissues, autologous adult stem cells, and allogeneic mDA cells (5-7, 54). We have focused instead on hiPSC-derived autologous cell replacement because of its unique advantages in mitigating ethical, practical, and medical issues. To help realize the potential of personalized autologous cell therapy for PD, we sought to address current technical and scientific barriers to the implementation of this therapeutic strategy.. Because personalized cell therapy would require generation of clinical-grade hiPSCs from each patient treated, it is critical to establish reprogramming technology allowing efficient and reliable generation of such lines. We found that a combination ...
https://zjtyuety.com.insight.mobile.jci.org/articles/view/130767
Neurowiki2012 - NeurodevelopmentNeurowiki2012 - Neurodevelopment
Neurodevelopment is an elaborate and intricate process that encompasses the formation, growth, and maturation of the brain as well as its plasticity throughout life. This process begins with the neuronal stem cell where, following the formation of the neural tube, neuronal cells begin to specialize into different subsets of neurons (e.g. midbrain dopaminergic neurons). It continues during the patterning of the cortex, which relies on the presence of signaling centers that define boundaries and induce the cells around them to adopt specific fates. The axons of these cells must then navigate through the body to form connections with their target cells to form functional synapses. Modulation of the intracellular state and cytoskeletal dynamics of axonal growth cones via contact-mediated and secreted chemotrophic factors is essential for accurate neural connectivity. Many common morphogens play important roles in the aforementioned processes leading to the formation of proper neural architecture. ...
http://neurowiki2012.wikispaces.com/Neurodevelopment?responseToken=d9209c8b0deb332d98cf8b827ef640a1
SciaticaSciatica
There are three parts to the brain stem: top, middle and lower. The mesencephalon is the top part of the brain stem. A high output of the mesencephalon will cause an increased pulse and heart rate, the inability to sleep, or a waking, fitful sleep. Other symptoms might include urinary tract infections, increased warmth and sweating, and sensitivity to light. Along with a high mesencephalic output, the migraine patient may present with a decreased output of the cerebellum. The cerebellum controls balance, coordinated movement, and the involuntary muscles of the spinal column ...
http://painreliefforsciatica.info/Sciatica.aspx
Publications | Page 3 | Centre de recherche CERVOPublications | Page 3 | Centre de recherche CERVO
Doucet-Beaupré H, Gilbert C, Profes MS, Chabrat A, Pacelli C, Giguère N, et al. Lmx1a and Lmx1b regulate mitochondrial functions and survival of adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113(30):E4387-96. ...
https://cervo.ulaval.ca/fr/publications?page=2&%3Bamp%3Bf%5Bauthor%5D=4586&%3Bf%5Bauthor%5D=4989&f%5Bauthor%5D=291
Dmbx1 - Diencephalon/mesencephalon homeobox protein 1 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Dmbx1 gene & proteinDmbx1 - Diencephalon/mesencephalon homeobox protein 1 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Dmbx1 gene & protein
Functions as a transcriptional repressor. May repress OTX2-mediated transactivation by forming a heterodimer with OTX2 on the P3C (5-TAATCCGATTA-3) sequence. Required for brain development, neonatal survival, postnatal growth, and nursing ability.
http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q91ZK4
Psych-Brain-Trust - MidbrainPsych-Brain-Trust - Midbrain
Also known as the mesencephalon, the midbrain is a portion of the nervous system largely responsible for vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, alertness, and temperature regulation. It is located just below the cerebrum and above the hindbrain, connecting the two portions. As the central production center of dopamine, it plays a major role in human functions. It is also found to some degree in even the most rudimentary and ancient vertebrates. It is considered the uppermost section of the brain stem. ...
http://psych-brain-trust.wikispaces.com/Midbrain?responseToken=08781ee29979eaf4ce364c0c18583c795
Reduction in Ventral Midbrain NMDA Receptors Reveals Two Opposite Modulatory Roles for Glutamate on Reward. | Sigma-AldrichReduction in Ventral Midbrain NMDA Receptors Reveals Two Opposite Modulatory Roles for Glutamate on Reward. | Sigma-Aldrich
Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [Giovanni Hernandez, Ali Khodami-Pour, Daniel Lévesque, Pierre-Paul Rompré].
https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/25578795
Parkinsons disease: Feeling this sensation in your muscles is a warning - Parkinson FITParkinsons disease: Feeling this sensation in your muscles is a warning - Parkinson FIT
Astrocytes to Dopamine Neurons in One Step June 25, 2020 Parkinsons is a neurodegenerative condition, resulting in the loss of specific types of nerve cells from the brain. The motor symptoms of Parkinsons are associated with a reduction in the number of these nerve cells (or neurons) that produce the chemical dopamine in the mid-brain. For a long time, researchers have been experimenting with different methods to replace these lost… ...
https://parkinson.fit/feed-items/parkinsons-disease-feeling-this-sensation-in-your-muscles-is-a-warning/
Papers with the keyword Periacueductal gray | Read by QxMDPapers with the keyword Periacueductal gray | Read by QxMD
The midbrain is a complex structure where different functions are located. This formation is mainly involved in the visual and auditory information process (tectum) and visual movements and motor coordination (tegmentum). Here we display a complete description of midbrain anatomy based on the prosomeric model and of the developmental events that take place to generate this structure. We also summarize the new data about the differentiation and specification of the basal populations of the midbrain. The neural tube suffers the influence of several secondary organizers ...
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/keyword/94820
CFS Archives - APTN NewsCFS Archives - APTN News
It really does take a village and we want to create that village here and then create it for when they transition out, says Makoon Transition Inc. director Kendra Inglis.. ...
https://www.aptnnews.ca/tag/cfs/
List of regions in the human brainList of regions in the human brain
2 Midbrain (mesencephalon). *3 Forebrain (prosencephalon) *3.1 Diencephalon *3.1.1 Epithalamus. *3.1.2 Third ventricle ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain
Superior colliculusSuperior colliculus
The optic tectum is the visual center in the non-mammalian brain which develops from the alar plate of the mesencephalon. In ... The Mid-brain or Mesencephalon. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body". www.bartleby.com. Retrieved 10 October 2019. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_colliculus
Neural tubeNeural tube
The mesencephalon stays as the midbrain. The rhombencephalon develops into the metencephalon (the pons and cerebellum) and the ... mesencephalon), the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) and the spinal cord. The prosencephalon further goes on to develop into the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_tube
Development of the nervous system in humansDevelopment of the nervous system in humans
The diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon constitute the brain stem of the embryo. It continues to flex at the ... Late in the fourth week, the superior part of the neural tube flexes at the level of the future midbrain-the mesencephalon. ... Above the mesencephalon is the prosencephalon (future forebrain) and beneath it is the rhombencephalon (future hindbrain). The ... These are the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain, also known as the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system_in_humans
Jamming avoidance responseJamming avoidance response
The TS is located in the mesencephalon. Phase and amplitude information are integrated here to determine whether the stimulus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response
MidbrainMidbrain
The midbrain or mesencephalon (UK: /ˌmɛsɛnˈsɛfəlɒn, -kɛf-/, US: /ˌmɛzənˈsɛfələn/;[1] from Greek mesos 'middle', and enkephalos ... The mesencephalon is considered part of the brainstem. Its substantia nigra is closely associated with motor system pathways of ... The human mesencephalon is archipallian in origin, meaning that its general architecture is shared with the most ancient of ... "mesencephalon". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Brain
Human brain development timelineHuman brain development timeline
These are the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain, also known as the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and the ... These are the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon; the lateral ventricles, third ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain_development_timeline
Fish anatomyFish anatomy
The midbrain or mesencephalon contains the two optic lobes. These are very large in species that hunt by sight, such as rainbow ... mesencephalon (midbrain) and rhombencephalon (hindbrain) then further differentiated in the various vertebrate groups. Two ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_anatomy
FishFish
The midbrain (or mesencephalon) contains the two optic lobes. These are very large in species that hunt by sight, such as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish
Isthmic organizerIsthmic organizer
Nakamura, H; Watanabe, Y (2005). "Isthmus organizer and regionalization of the mesencephalon and metencephalon". The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmic_organizer
Muscle-eye-brain diseaseMuscle-eye-brain disease
Hypoplasia of mesencephalon, pons, cerebellum and medulla are often. Aplasia may occur on top of hypoplasia. Flattened ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle–eye–brain_disease
Ayub OmmayaAyub Ommaya
However, the brainstem and mesencephalon are the last structure to be affected in severe injury, and rotational rather than ... 1) reflex and avoidance reactions; 2) sensory inputs merged with multisensory neurons in the mesencephalon; 3) interactions ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Ommaya
Interpeduncular nucleusInterpeduncular nucleus
It is located in the mesencephalon below the interpeduncular fossa. As the name suggests, the interpeduncular nucleus lies in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpeduncular_nucleus
Brain vesicleBrain vesicle
Initially there are three primary brain vesicles: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. These develop into five ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_vesicle
Central nervous systemCentral nervous system
... the mesencephalon, and, between the mesencephalon and the spinal cord, the rhombencephalon. (By six weeks in the human embryo) ... The midbrain, or mesencephalon, is situated above and rostral to the pons. It includes nuclei linking distinct parts of the ... The tectum, pretectum, cerebral peduncle and other structures develop out of the mesencephalon, and its cavity grows into the ... In the human brain, the telencephalon covers most of the diencephalon and the mesencephalon. Indeed, the allometric study of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system
Trigeminal nerveTrigeminal nerve
The mesencephalon modulates painful input before it reaches the level of consciousness. The reticular formation is responsible ... The spinal trigeminal nucleus sends pain-temperature information to the thalamus and sends information to the mesencephalon and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve
Oculomotor nerveOculomotor nerve
The oculomotor nerve (CN III) arises from the anterior aspect of mesencephalon (midbrain). There are two nuclei for the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve
Sex differences in sensory systemsSex differences in sensory systems
Patterns of acoustically evoked discharges of neurons in the mesencephalon of the bullfrog. J.Neurophysiol., 28:1155-1184. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_differences_in_sensory_systems
Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 142Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 142
CCDC142 is also highly expressed in the substantia nigra, pons, claustrum, and mesencephalon. There is also relatively higher ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coiled-Coil_Domain_Containing_142
Pretectal areaPretectal area
Oculomotor nerve Mesencephalon List of regions in the human brain Gamlin PD (2006). The pretectum: connections and oculomotor- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretectal_area
Fusional vergenceFusional vergence
Premotor cells for fusional vergence are located in the mesencephalon near the oculomotor nucleus. v t e. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusional_vergence
List of anatomical isthmiList of anatomical isthmi
This is a list of anatomical isthmi: "Isthmus" the mesencephalon (midbrain)-rhombencephalon (hindbrain) boundary. Isthmus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anatomical_isthmi
Sulcus limitans (neural tube)Sulcus limitans (neural tube)
The sulcus limitans extends the length of the spinal cord and through the mesencephalon. http://isc.temple.edu/neuroanatomy/lab ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulcus_limitans_(neural_tube)
Remote control animalRemote control animal
Researchers in China stimulated the mesencephalon of geckos (G. gecko) via micro stainless steel electrodes and observed the ... Locomotion responses such as spinal bending and limb movements could be elicited in different depths of mesencephalon. ... "Study on eliciting inversus spinal bending movements of Gekko gecko by electrical mesencephalon stimulation". Sichuan Journal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control_animal
BrainBrain
... mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some ... mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain). At the next stage, the forebrain splits into two vesicles called the ... mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon, respectively). At the earliest stages of brain development, the three areas are roughly ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain
Cerebrospinal fluidCerebrospinal fluid
These swellings represent different components of the central nervous system: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid
Trochlear nerveTrochlear nerve
It is immediately below the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (III) in the rostral mesencephalon. The trochlear nucleus is unique ... The nucleus of the trochlear nerve is located in the caudal mesencephalon beneath the cerebral aqueduct. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochlear_nerve
CerebrumCerebrum
... the mesencephalon (midbrain) the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) and the spinal cord. The prosencephalon develops further into the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrum
KlazomaniaKlazomania
Wohlfart (1961) hypothesized that klazomania is caused by an irritating lesion in the mesencephalon and a malfunction in the ... Wohlfart et al hypothesized that klazomania originates in the periaqueductal gray matter in the mesencephalon. The vocalizing ... control of the motor circuit from the substantia nigra in the mesencephalon to the globus pallidus in the striatum ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klazomania
Nicolas Le NovèreNicolas Le Novère
He also investigated the role of the alpha6 subunit in the dopaminergic neurons of the mesencephalon. During his post-doctoral ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Le_Novère
Mesencephalon PicturesMesencephalon Pictures
Click here for Mesencephalon pictures! You can also find pictures of Middle nasal meatus, Metatarsophalangeal joints, ... 3D reconstruction of a mouse brain (telencephalon, diencephalon, and Mesencephalon from data in... stage 13 Legend: 1 proamnion ... Image: Mesencephalon The corpora quadrigemina, the cerebral peduncles, the red nucleus, and the... Section through the midbrain ... v t e Brain : Mesencephalon (midbrain) Human, 10% formalin, Pal-Weigert, 2.6 x. Aqueduct of Sylvius: Connecting the third and ...
http://www.picsearch.com/Mesencephalon-pictures.html
Dmbx1 - Diencephalon/mesencephalon homeobox protein 1 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Dmbx1 gene & proteinDmbx1 - Diencephalon/mesencephalon homeobox protein 1 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Dmbx1 gene & protein
Diencephalon/mesencephalon homeobox protein 1. Alternative name(s):. Diencephalon/mesencephalon-expressed brain homeobox gene 1 ... Diencephalon/mesencephalon homeobox protein 1Add BLAST. 381. Proteomic databases. PaxDb, a database of protein abundance ... sp,Q91ZK4,DMBX1_MOUSE Diencephalon/mesencephalon homeobox protein 1 OS=Mus musculus OX=10090 GN=Dmbx1 PE=1 SV=1 ... Strongly expressed from 9.5 to 11.5 dpc in the diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myeloencephalon, and the developing ...
http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q91ZK4
Characterizing the Mesencephalon Using Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging | American Journal of NeuroradiologyCharacterizing the Mesencephalon Using Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging | American Journal of Neuroradiology
Characterizing the Mesencephalon Using Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging. E.S. Manova, C.A. Habib, A.S. Boikov, M. Ayaz, A. Khan ... Characterizing the Mesencephalon Using Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging. E.S. Manova, C.A. Habib, A.S. Boikov, M. Ayaz, A. Khan ... Characterizing the Mesencephalon Using Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging. E.S. Manova, C.A. Habib, A.S. Boikov, M. Ayaz, A. Khan ... Characterizing the Mesencephalon Using Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from ...
http://www.ajnr.org/content/30/3/569
Mesencephalon - Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedyaMesencephalon - Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya
Ang mesencephalon o gitnangutak(Ingles: midbrain) ang bahagi ng sentral na sistemang nerbiyos na nauugnay sa bisyon(paningin), ... Sa caudal nito, ang mesencephalon ay kasunod ng pons(metencephalon) at sa rostral nito ay kasunod ng diencephalon(Thalamus, ... Kinuha mula sa "https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesencephalon&oldid=981327" ...
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesencephalon
Early appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells in the mesencephalon of mouse embryosEarly appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells in the mesencephalon of mouse embryos
... Int J Dev Neurosci. 1990;8( ... and appeared to be moving towards the ventral mesencephalon. On the basis of these results the possibility that catecholamine ... gestation days 10.5-11 numerous TH positive cells bearing many neurites were localized in the ventral part of the mesencephalon ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1980787/?dopt=Abstract
Electrophysiological characterization of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurones in organotypic slice cultures of the rat...Electrophysiological characterization of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurones in organotypic slice cultures of the rat...
... the present study was to characterize electrophysiologically neurones in organotypic cultures of the rat ventral mesencephalon ... Østergaard K, Schou JP, Zimmer J (1990) Rat ventral mesencephalon grown as organotypic slice cultures and co-cultured with ... Organotypic slice culture 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine Dopaminergic neurones Ventral mesencephalon Substantia nigra Rat ... Intracellular recordings were obtained in 3- to 8-week-old organotypic slice cultures of the ventral mesencephalon prepared ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00241116
Cyanide Induces Different Modes of Death in Cortical and Mesencephalon Cells | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental...Cyanide Induces Different Modes of Death in Cortical and Mesencephalon Cells | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental...
Cyanide Induces Different Modes of Death in Cortical and Mesencephalon Cells. K. Prabhakaran, L. Li, J. L. Borowitz and G. E. ... Cyanide Induces Different Modes of Death in Cortical and Mesencephalon Cells. K. Prabhakaran, L. Li, J. L. Borowitz and G. E. ... Cyanide Induces Different Modes of Death in Cortical and Mesencephalon Cells. K. Prabhakaran, L. Li, J. L. Borowitz and G. E. ... Cyanide Induces Different Modes of Death in Cortical and Mesencephalon Cells Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page ...
https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/303/2/510
Otx2 cell-autonomously determines dorsal mesencephalon versus cerebellum fate independently of isthmic organizing activity |...Otx2 cell-autonomously determines dorsal mesencephalon versus cerebellum fate independently of isthmic organizing activity |...
Immunohistochemistry assays performed at E15.5 on the mesencephalon and cerebellum of Dbx1ICre/+ and on the mesencephalon of ... We found that, like in the cerebellum, in the dorsal mesencephalon of Dbx1ICre/+;Otx2flox/flox mutant embryos Pax2+ cells co- ... S-V) Proliferating activity of Pax2+ precursors detected at P4 in the mesencephalon of Dbx1ICre/+;Otx2flox/flox mutants and the ... 4I-L). At P20, the cerebellar-like phenotype was evident along most of the dorsal mesencephalon of Dbx1ICre/+;Otx2flox/flox ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/141/2/377
Helt determines GABAergic over glutamatergic neuronal fate by repressing Ngn genes in the developing mesencephalon | DevelopmentHelt determines GABAergic over glutamatergic neuronal fate by repressing Ngn genes in the developing mesencephalon | Development
3A). At E11.5, Gad1 expression was mostly absent from Helt-/- mesencephalons, with the exception of some Gad1+ neurons that ... 4B), but the total number of Gad1+ neurons in the ventral mesencephalon region of the mutant embryos did not increase to the ... In the Helt-/- mutant mesencephalon, Gad1+ neurons are only detected in the ventral-most m5 region of the presumptive GABAergic ... In wild-type mouse embryos, most Nkx2.2+ neurons in the anterior mesencephalon express Gad1 but not Vglut2. By contrast, in the ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/134/15/2783
Reference ranges for the fetal mesencephalon to occiput measurement at 11 to 13+6 weeks of gestationReference ranges for the fetal mesencephalon to occiput measurement at 11 to 13+6 weeks of gestation
... *Authors: *Dragos Nemescu ... The distance was measured between the posterior limit of the mesencephalon to the occipital bone in the same axial view as the ... Nemescu D, Adam AM, Tanasa IA, Socolov D, Bohiltea RE, Navolan DB and Zvanca ME: Reference ranges for the fetal mesencephalon ... A good, linear correlation was observed between mesencephalon to occiput (MO) distance and CRL, BPD, or GA. It increased ...
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2020.8803
Somatosensory Projection to the Mesencephalon: An Anatomical Study in the Monkey - PubMedSomatosensory Projection to the Mesencephalon: An Anatomical Study in the Monkey - PubMed
The terminal areas and cells of origin of the somatosensory projection to the mesencephalon in the monkey were investigated by ... Somatosensory Projection to the Mesencephalon: An Anatomical Study in the Monkey M Wiberg 1 , J Westman, A Blomqvist ... Somatosensory Projection to the Mesencephalon: An Anatomical Study in the Monkey M Wiberg et al. J Comp Neurol. 1987 ... The Projection to the Mesencephalon From the Sensory Trigeminal Nuclei. An Anatomical Study in the Cat M Wiberg et al. Brain ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2445793/
Protection of dopamine neurons by CDNF and neurturin variant N4 against MPP+ in dissociated cultures from rat mesencephalonProtection of dopamine neurons by CDNF and neurturin variant N4 against MPP+ in dissociated cultures from rat mesencephalon
... ... Protection of dopamine neurons by CDNF and neurturin variant N4 against MPP+ in dissociated cultures from rat mesencephalon. ... Parkinsons disease is associated with the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in ventral mesencephalon. We have previously reported ...
https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/333477
EMF-Portal | Drug-induced field potential changes in dopaminergic target areas after electrical stimulation of the rat...EMF-Portal | Drug-induced field potential changes in dopaminergic target areas after electrical stimulation of the rat...
Drug-induced field potential changes in dopaminergic target areas after electrical stimulation of the rat mesencephalon. med./ ...
https://www.emf-portal.org/en/article/1788
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine destroys dopamine neurons in explants of rat embryo mesencephalon. - Semantic...1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine destroys dopamine neurons in explants of rat embryo mesencephalon. - Semantic...
Explants of embryonic rat mesencephalon were grown in organotypic culture. Addition of 10 microM 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- ... Explants of embryonic rat mesencephalon were grown in organotypic culture. Addition of 10 microM 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- ... Functional changes in cocultures of mesencephalon and striatal neurons from embryonic C57/BL6 mice due to low concentrations of ... 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine destroys dopamine neurons in explants of rat embryo mesencephalon.. @article{ ...
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1-methyl-4-phenyl-1%2C2%2C3%2C6-tetrahydropyridine-in-of-Mytilineou-Cohen/6214a8da3a3b84c00540bf43c24130824eb8d1f6
mesencephalon Archives - Adidarwinianmesencephalon Archives - Adidarwinian
Tag Archives: mesencephalon. A Glance into the Human Brain. 3 Replies. A Glance into the Human Brain - Structure and Functions ... mesencephalon, midbrain, molecules of a neurotransmitter, most complex and mysterious organ, most sophisticated organ, motor ...
http://adidarwinian.com/tag/mesencephalon/
List of regions in the human brain - WikipediaList of regions in the human brain - Wikipedia
2 Midbrain (mesencephalon). *3 Forebrain (prosencephalon) *3.1 Diencephalon *3.1.1 Epithalamus. *3.1.2 Third ventricle ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain
Plus itPlus it
Mesencephalon. The density of HA-immunoreactive fibers was high in the substantia nigra and very high in the ventral tegmental ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/5/1824
Brain Development and Anatomy 1Brain Development and Anatomy 1
Mesencephalon. midbrain [mesencephalon]. cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius). cerebral peduncles. nuclei for cranial nn III ...
http://webpages.charter.net/cfmoxey/ap1/nervous_system_2.htm
MesencephalonMesencephalon
... The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain ... A region in the mesencephalon which is dorsomedial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus. The mesocortical and ... Narrow channel in the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth ventricles. ...
http://atlas.centralx.com/p/anatomy/nervous-system/central-nervous-system/brain/brain-stem/mesencephalon/
Frontiers | The Brain of the Archerfish Toxotes chatareus: A Nissl-Based Neuroanatomical Atlas and Catecholaminergic...Frontiers | The Brain of the Archerfish Toxotes chatareus: A Nissl-Based Neuroanatomical Atlas and Catecholaminergic...
Boundaries toward the mesencephalon are sometimes hard to define and we discuss this as we go along. Thus, an interpretation of ... Mesencephalon. The mesencephalic neuroanatomical terminology is after Wullimann et al. (1996) with modifications necessary for ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnana.2016.00106/full
Download Angiography Of The Mesencephalon: Normal And Pathological Findings 1970Download Angiography Of The Mesencephalon: Normal And Pathological Findings 1970
You can claim at any download Angiography of the Mesencephalon:. The data have that there followed an download Angiography of ... This could enable there complex should the Western download Angiography of the Mesencephalon: Normal and year der kind make a ... The forty-two vehicles are maybe applied with( or found to) Diracs long & of download Angiography of the Mesencephalon: Normal ... A download Angiography of the Mesencephalon: of broadcasters am half-culture to his distribution by hiking invalid anchors in ...
http://vesaniamania.com/pix/ebook/download-Angiography-of-the-Mesencephalon%3A-Normal-and-Pathological-Findings-1970.php
Animal organs. Nervous system. Mesencephalon. Atlas of plant and animal histologyAnimal organs. Nervous system. Mesencephalon. Atlas of plant and animal histology
Home / Animal organs / Nervous system / Central nervous system / Mesencephalon Site contents The cell Cell types Animal tissues ... Mesencephalon. - Diencephalon. - Hypothalamus. - Subpallium. - Pallium. 2.2. Perypheral. 3. Senses. 4. Tegument. 5. ... Mesencephalon. - Diencephalon. - Hypothalamus. - Subpallium. - Pallium. 2.2. Perypheral. 3. Senses. 4. Tegument. 5. ... Mesencephalon. - Diencephalon. - Hypothalamus. - Subpallium. - Pallium. 2.2. Perypheral. 3. Senses. 4. Tegument. 5. ...
https://mmegias.webs.uvigo.es/02-english/2-organos-a/guiada_o_a_01mesencefalo.php
Habenular modulation of dynorphinergic systems in rat ventral mesencephalon. [Muscimol.xyz]Habenular modulation of dynorphinergic systems in rat ventral mesencephalon. [Muscimol.xyz]
Habenular modulation of dynorphinergic systems in rat ventral mesencephalon. Article date: 1988/9/1 PubMed ID: 2469061 Journal ... Habenular modulation of dynorphinergic systems in rat ventral mesencephalon.. Article date: 1988/9/1 ... Mesencephalon/metabolism; Peptide Fragments/metabolism; Protein Precursors/metabolism; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reference ...
https://muscimol.xyz/2469061
Plus itPlus it
Schematic representation of frontal hemisections through the rat forebrain and ventral mesencephalon. Axonal projections from ... Communication between corticostriatal systems via the ventral mesencephalon. For integrating sensorimotor, cognitive, and ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/41/12831
Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Human Fetal Ventral Mesencephalon<...Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Human Fetal Ventral Mesencephalon<...
Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Human Fetal Ventral Mesencephalon. P. J. Kontur, C. Leranth, R. J. ... Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Human Fetal Ventral Mesencephalon. / Kontur, P. J.; Leranth, C.; ... Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Human Fetal Ventral Mesencephalon. Journal of Neural Transplantation ... title = "Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Human Fetal Ventral Mesencephalon",. author = "Kontur, {P. J ...
https://scholars.houstonmethodist.org/en/publications/biochemical-and-immunohistochemical-characterization-of-human-fet
Midbrain - WikipediaMidbrain - Wikipedia
The midbrain or mesencephalon (UK: /ˌmɛsɛnˈsɛfəlɒn, -kɛf-/, US: /ˌmɛzənˈsɛfələn/;[1] from Greek mesos middle, and enkephalos ... The mesencephalon is considered part of the brainstem. Its substantia nigra is closely associated with motor system pathways of ... The human mesencephalon is archipallian in origin, meaning that its general architecture is shared with the most ancient of ... "mesencephalon". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Brain
Skull of HungarosaurusSkull of Hungarosaurus
Midbrain (mesencephalon). Only a slightly concave, 5-7 mm wide, posterodorsal-anteroventrally oriented surface can be observed ... mesencephalon; ob, olfactory bulbs; oc, occipital condyle; ol, olfactory lobes; op-pr, opisthotic-prootic complex; pa, parietal ...
https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2014/612-skull-of-hungarosaurus
Early detection and staging of spontaneous embryo resorption by ultrasound biomicroscopy in murine pregnancy. - PubMed - NCBIEarly detection and staging of spontaneous embryo resorption by ultrasound biomicroscopy in murine pregnancy. - PubMed - NCBI
The aortic arches and the mesencephalon are depicted. (I) Histology of the same embryo as in (H). (J) Day 11. The placenta ... Mesencephalon; Ms - Mesometrium; Myo - Myometrium; NC - Neural canal; nUL - new uterine lumen; oUL - old uterine lumen; RM - ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24886361?dopt=Abstract
Mapping Wnt/β-catenin signaling during mouse development and in colorectal tumors | PNASMapping Wnt/β-catenin signaling during mouse development and in colorectal tumors | PNAS
lacZ expression persists in mesencephalon and is turned on in the cerebellar plate, but it is much lower in myelencephalon (Fig ... PC, prechordal plate; NC, notochord; Is, isthmus; TE, telencephalon; DE, diencephalon; ME, mesencephalon; CP, cerebellar plate ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/100/6/3299?ijkey=69e9b14bad4729148a5fa0f3b7977da35e5af7d6&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
MidbrainDiencephalonVentralRhombencephalonProsencephalonPonsTelencephalonNeuronsDorsal mesencephalonVesiclesOrganotypicNucleiMedialMiceTegmentumCulturesBasalNeuronalStructuresBrain stemCellsAnatomicVersusFateDeterminesExpressionHumanRegionData
Midbrain4
  • Ang mesencephalon o gitnangutak (Ingles: midbrain) ang bahagi ng sentral na sistemang nerbiyos na nauugnay sa bisyon (paningin), pandinig , kontrol na motor , pagtulog/paggising, pananabik(pagiging alert) at regulasyon ng temperatura. (wikipedia.org)
  • The objective was to have a quantitative description of the normal position of the fetal midbrain in the first trimester, through defining the reference ranges for the mesencephalon to the occipital bone distance, in the axial plane. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The mesencephalon stays as the midbrain. (wikipedia.org)
  • e) A sagittal view of an E9.5 mouse embryo showing routes of NCC migration into the pharyngeal arches and developing face from the distinct rhombomeres (r) of the hindbrain, mesencephalon (midbrain) and prosencephalon (forebrain). (els.net)
Diencephalon4
  • 3D reconstruction of a mouse brain (telencephalon, diencephalon, and Mesencephalon from data in. (picsearch.com)
  • Sa caudal nito, ang mesencephalon ay kasunod ng pons(metencephalon) at sa rostral nito ay kasunod ng diencephalon (Thalamus, hypothalamus, etc. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mesencephalon is located between the rhombencephalon and the diencephalon (caudal part of the prosencephalon). (uvigo.es)
  • Centralnervesystemet ( CNS ) er en del af nervesystemet der inddeles i cerebrum ( storhjernen ), cerebellum ( lillehjernen ), diencephalon ( mellemhjernen ), mesencephalon ( midthjernen ), pons ( hjernebroen ), medulla oblongata (den forlængede marv ) og medulla spinalis ( rygmarven ). (wikipedia.org)
Ventral13
  • at gestation days 10.5-11 numerous TH positive cells bearing many neurites were localized in the ventral part of the mesencephalon but they were not yet separated into two different groups (A9 and A10). (nih.gov)
  • After 13 days of gestation two separate catecholaminergic groups could be visualized, although many TH positive cells with long neurites (putative dopaminergic neurons) could still be seen at the edges of the ventricle, and appeared to be moving towards the ventral mesencephalon. (nih.gov)
  • The aim of the present study was to characterize electrophysiologically neurones in organotypic cultures of the rat ventral mesencephalon and to compare these results with results published for the same neurones in other types of preparation. (springer.com)
  • Intracellular recordings were obtained in 3- to 8-week-old organotypic slice cultures of the ventral mesencephalon prepared from newborn rats. (springer.com)
  • Parkinson's disease is associated with the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in ventral mesencephalon. (helsinki.fi)
  • Anatomically, mesencephalon is divided in alar plate (dorsal) and basal plate (ventral). (uvigo.es)
  • In humans, there are prominent columnar structures in the ventral mesencephalon, known as cerebral peduncles , which contain the descending cortical projections (pyramidal pathway) and ascending sensory tracts. (uvigo.es)
  • Habenular modulation of dynorphinergic systems in rat ventral mesencephalon. (muscimol.xyz)
  • Roth, R. H. / Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Human Fetal Ventral Mesencephalon . (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the ventral mesencephalon play an important role in the regulation of the parallel basal ganglia loops. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Immunocytochemical labelling with the purified antibodies at the light and electron microscopical level was subsequently used to investigate the distribution of these Kir3-channel proteins within the dopaminergic neurons of the ventral mesencephalon. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Figure 1: Anatomical patterning of the ventral di/mesencephalon during development. (nature.com)
  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in the ventral mesencephalon (VM). (hindawi.com)
Rhombencephalon1
  • Legend: 1 proamnion 2 prosencephalon 3 Mesencephalon 4 rhombencephalon 5 somite 6 optic. (picsearch.com)
Prosencephalon1
  • In the head: Neural crest cells migrate Neural tube closes Overlying ectoderm closes In the trunk: Overlying ectoderm closes Neural tube closes Neural crest cells migrate Four neural tube subdivisions each eventually develop into distinct regions of the central nervous system by the division of neuroepithelial cells: the forebrain (prosencephalon), the midbrain (mesencephalon), the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) and the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
Pons4
  • the term "brainstem" designates the medulla, pons, and mesencephalon. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Bagtil står pons i forbindelse med lillehjernen ( cerebellum ), hvis to hemisfærer den forbinder som en bro, deraf navnet hjernebroen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Opad går pons over i mesencephalon . (wikipedia.org)
  • Mesencephalon, pons og medulla oblongata kaldes tilsammen hjernestammen . (wikipedia.org)
Telencephalon1
  • 2010 Mouse monoclonal to FLT4 except that DNA (2g/1l) was being injected through the dorsal mesencephalon rather than telencephalon. (molecularcircuit.com)
Neurons3
  • In the mesencephalon of Helt-deficient embryos, GABAergic neurons were mostly absent and glutamatergic neurons emerged instead. (biologists.org)
  • 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine destroys dopamine neurons in explants of rat embryo mesencephalon. (semanticscholar.org)
  • The aim of the current study was therefore to investigate the distribution of the Kir3?channel proteins in the dopaminergic neurons in the mesencephalon of the rat brain. (fu-berlin.de)
Dorsal mesencephalon1
  • The superior colliculus (SC)/optic tectum of the dorsal mesencephalon plays a main role in responses to visual input, however regulation of neuronal differentiation within this layered structure is just partially understood. (molecularcircuit.com)
Vesicles1
  • what secondary brain vesicles originates from the primary brain vesicle of the mesencephalon? (flashcardmachine.com)
Organotypic1
  • Explants of embryonic rat mesencephalon were grown in organotypic culture. (semanticscholar.org)
Nuclei2
  • The Projection to the Mesencephalon From the Sensory Trigeminal Nuclei. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, signal-peptide-deletion mutant of FGF8b mainly localized in the nuclei, and induced Sprouty2 without activating ERK in the mesencephalon. (bireme.br)
Medial1
  • Zusätzlich ist dieses Protein heterogen verteilt, es weist einen Gradienten zwischen dem lateralen motorischen und dem medial gelegenen limbischen Mesencephalon auf. (fu-berlin.de)
Mice1
  • Here, we show in mice that the basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor gene Helt (also known as Megane and Heslike) functions as a selector gene that determines GABAergic over glutamatergic fate in the mesencephalon. (biologists.org)
Tegmentum1
  • 8 As an example of applied research in imaging the mesencephalon, Shibata et al 9 used T1-weighted imaging to investigate changes in neuromelanin levels in the lower tegmentum. (ajnr.org)
Cultures1
  • Bains, M, Cousins, JC & Roberts, JL 2007, ' Neuroprotection by estrogen against MPP + -induced dopamine neuron death is mediated by ERα in primary cultures of mouse mesencephalon ', Experimental Neurology , vol. 204, no. 2, pp. 767-776. (uthscsa.edu)
Basal1
  • In Belgium in January 2012, basal ganglia, and mesencephalon. (cdc.gov)
Neuronal1
  • Thus, the neuronal identity, location of neuron emergence and control of GABAergic and glutamatergic neuron development in the mesencephalon remain largely unknown. (biologists.org)
Structures3
  • This level of resolution should allow good 3D imaging of the mesencephalon, given that the structures of interest are only about 1 cm thick and require thin sections to be evaluated in detail. (ajnr.org)
  • Transversal view of the human mesencephalon where some structures are sketched. (uvigo.es)
  • what structures come from the mesencephalon? (flashcardmachine.com)
Brain stem1
  • Most of the pathologic landmarks of these diseases have been found in parts of the brain stem, especially in the mesencephalon. (ajnr.org)
Cells1
  • The terminal areas and cells of origin of the somatosensory projection to the mesencephalon in the monkey were investigated by the intraaxonal transport method. (nih.gov)
Anatomic1
  • With SWI, it is possible to create better anatomic images of the mesencephalon, with improved contrast compared with conventional T1- or T2-weighted sequences. (ajnr.org)
Versus2
  • The mechanism underlying the determination of neurotransmitter phenotype in the developing mesencephalon, particularly GABAergic versus glutamatergic fate, remains largely unknown. (biologists.org)
  • These results suggest that Helt determines GABAergic over glutamatergic fate, at least in part, by repressing Ngn (Neurog) genes and that basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor networks involving Helt and Ngns are commonly used in the mesencephalon for determination of the GABAergic versus glutamatergic transmitter phenotype. (biologists.org)
Fate1
  • Furthermore, we identified proneural genes Ngn1 and Ngn2, which were selectively expressed in glutamatergic progenitors in the developing mesencephalon and had the ability to confer the glutamatergic fate, as downstream target genes of Helt. (biologists.org)
Determines1
  • There determines an good download Angiography of the Mesencephalon: Normal and Pathological Findings 1970 of philosophy found blood, the example of it, and its Native presentation. (vesaniamania.com)
Expression1
  • Das Zusammenspiel zwischen Pitx3 und Pax6 reguliert sowohl im Auge, als auch im entstehenden Mesencephalon, die Expression des Transkriptionsfaktors Ap2a. (tum.de)
Human1
  • The mesencephalon is involved in a number of human neurodegenerative disorders and has been typically imaged with T1-, T2- and T2*-weighted methods. (ajnr.org)
Region1
  • The mesencephalon gives rise to what region of the pentapartite brain? (brainscape.com)
Data2
  • High-resolution SWI, 3D T1-weighted, and T2-weighted data were collected to study contrast in the mesencephalon at 1.5T and 4T. (ajnr.org)
  • invalid, has a next download Angiography of the Mesencephalon: Normal and Pathological Findings background new download building in different logistics, Feel come and LED, listing own items Collecting safe sophistication, data information, moving, Exploiting, links and example health book and race. (vesaniamania.com)
List of regions in the human brain - Wikipedia
List of regions in the human brain - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Frontiers | The Brain of the Archerfish Toxotes chatareus: A Nissl-Based Neuroanatomical Atlas and Catecholaminergic...
Frontiers | The Brain of the Archerfish Toxotes chatareus: A Nissl-Based Neuroanatomical Atlas and Catecholaminergic... (frontiersin.org)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Midbrain - Wikipedia
Midbrain - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Characterizing the Mesencephalon Using Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging | American Journal of Neuroradiology
Characterizing the Mesencephalon Using Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging | American Journal of Neuroradiology (ajnr.org)
Pubertal Expression of α4βδ GABA A Receptors Reduces Seizure-Like Discharges in CA1 Hippocampus | Scientific Reports
Pubertal Expression of α4βδ GABA A Receptors Reduces Seizure-Like Discharges in CA1 Hippocampus | Scientific Reports (nature.com)
JCI - Temporal perturbations in sonic hedgehog signaling elicit the spectrum of holoprosencephaly phenotypes
JCI - Temporal perturbations in sonic hedgehog signaling elicit the spectrum of holoprosencephaly phenotypes (jci.org)
Modelling of a targeted nanotherapeutic 'stroma' to deliver the cytokine LIF, or XAV939, a potent inhibitor of Wnt-β-catenin...
Modelling of a targeted nanotherapeutic 'stroma' to deliver the cytokine LIF, or XAV939, a potent inhibitor of Wnt-β-catenin... (dmm.biologists.org)
The Neurochemical Control of Mating Behavior | SpringerLink
The Neurochemical Control of Mating Behavior | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Category:Brain - Wikimedia Commons
Category:Brain - Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)
Pain Review, Book by Steven D. Waldman (Hardcover) | chapters.indigo.ca
Pain Review, Book by Steven D. Waldman (Hardcover) | chapters.indigo.ca (chapters.indigo.ca)
Cyanide Induces Different Modes of Death in Cortical and Mesencephalon Cells | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental...
Cyanide Induces Different Modes of Death in Cortical and Mesencephalon Cells | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental... (jpet.aspetjournals.org)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Pharmacological Properties of GABAA Receptors in Rat Hypothalamic Neurons Expressing the ϵ-Subunit | Journal of Neuroscience
Pharmacological Properties of GABAA Receptors in Rat Hypothalamic Neurons Expressing the ϵ-Subunit | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Central Nervous System Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy
Central Nervous System Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy (emedicine.medscape.com)
DailyMed - ULTIMATE PHENOLICS solution/ drops
DailyMed - ULTIMATE PHENOLICS solution/ drops (dailymed.nlm.nih.gov)
MCQs - Organs of Mixed Function | HubPages
MCQs - Organs of Mixed Function | HubPages (hubpages.com)
Brains Truc 10 | Human Brain | Neuron
Brains Truc 10 | Human Brain | Neuron (scribd.com)
Blood Supply to the Subthalamus | Basal Ganglia | Striatum
Blood Supply to the Subthalamus | Basal Ganglia | Striatum (scribd.com)
Free Anatomy Flashcards about Anatomy Chp 13
Free Anatomy Flashcards about Anatomy Chp 13 (studystack.com)