Mesencephalon
The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.
Metencephalon
Diencephalon
Brain Tissue Transplantation
Otx Transcription Factors
Receptor, EphA8
Dopamine
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
Substantia Nigra
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
Red Nucleus
Fibroblast Growth Factor 8
Fetal Tissue Transplantation
Neurons
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Superior Colliculi
Telencephalon
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2
Wnt1 Protein
Chick Embryo
Rhombencephalon
The posterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of an embryonic brain. It consists of myelencephalon, metencephalon, and isthmus rhombencephali from which develop the major BRAIN STEM components, such as MEDULLA OBLONGATA from the myelencephalon, CEREBELLUM and PONS from the metencephalon, with the expanded cavity forming the FOURTH VENTRICLE.
Brain Stem
Homeodomain Proteins
Oxidopamine
Pons
In Situ Hybridization
Prosencephalon
Corpus Striatum
Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)
Fibroblast Growth Factors
A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.
Immunohistochemistry
Cerebellum
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
Central Nervous System
Transcription Factors
Body Patterning
The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.
Neural Crest
The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.
Zebrafish Proteins
Cell Differentiation
Mice, Transgenic
Cells, Cultured
Stem Cells
Wnt Proteins
Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.
Embryo, Nonmammalian
Embryo, Mammalian
Trans-Activators
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Tissue Distribution
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Spinal Cord
DNA-Binding Proteins
Pregnancy
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Rats, Inbred Strains
FGF8 induces formation of an ectopic isthmic organizer and isthmocerebellar development via a repressive effect on Otx2 expression. (1/1984)
Beads containing recombinant FGF8 (FGF8-beads) were implanted in the prospective caudal diencephalon or midbrain of chick embryos at stages 9-12. This induced the neuroepithelium rostral and caudal to the FGF8-bead to form two ectopic, mirror-image midbrains. Furthermore, cells in direct contact with the bead formed an outgrowth that protruded laterally from the neural tube. Tissue within such lateral outgrowths developed proximally into isthmic nuclei and distally into a cerebellum-like structure. These morphogenetic effects were apparently due to FGF8-mediated changes in gene expression in the vicinity of the bead, including a repressive effect on Otx2 and an inductive effect on En1, Fgf8 and Wnt1 expression. The ectopic Fgf8 and Wnt1 expression domains formed nearly complete concentric rings around the FGF8-bead, with the Wnt1 ring outermost. These observations suggest that FGF8 induces the formation of a ring-like ectopic signaling center (organizer) in the lateral wall of the brain, similar to the one that normally encircles the neural tube at the isthmic constriction, which is located at the boundary between the prospective midbrain and hindbrain. This ectopic isthmic organizer apparently sends long-range patterning signals both rostrally and caudally, resulting in the development of the two ectopic midbrains. Interestingly, our data suggest that these inductive signals spread readily in a caudal direction, but are inhibited from spreading rostrally across diencephalic neuromere boundaries. These results provide insights into the mechanism by which FGF8 induces an ectopic organizer and suggest that a negative feedback loop between Fgf8 and Otx2 plays a key role in patterning the midbrain and anterior hindbrain. (+info)N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels mediate the nicotinic enhancement of GABA release in chick brain. (2/1984)
The role of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated enhancement of spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) was investigated in chick brain slices. Whole cell recordings of neurons in the lateral spiriform (SpL) and ventral lateral geniculate (LGNv) nuclei showed that cadmium chloride (CdCl2) blocked the carbachol-induced increase of spontaneous GABAergic IPSCs, indicating that VDCCs might be involved. To conclusively show a role for VDCCs, the presynaptic effect of carbachol on SpL and LGNv neurons was examined in the presence of selective blockers of VDCC subtypes. omega-Conotoxin GVIA, a selective antagonist of N-type channels, significantly reduced the nAChR-mediated enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release in the SpL by 78% compared with control responses. Nifedipine, an L-type channel blocker, and omega-Agatoxin-TK, a P/Q-type channel blocker, did not inhibit the enhancement of GABAergic IPSCs. In the LGNv, omega-Conotoxin GVIA also significantly reduced the nAChR-mediated enhancement of GABA release by 71% from control values. Although omega-Agatoxin-TK did not block the nicotinic enhancement, L-type channel blockers showed complex effects on the nAChR-mediated enhancement. These results indicate that the nAChR-mediated enhancement of spontaneous GABAergic IPSCs requires activation of N-type channels in both the SpL and LGNv. (+info)Midbrain combinatorial code for temporal and spectral information in concurrent acoustic signals. (3/1984)
All vocal species, including humans, often encounter simultaneous (concurrent) vocal signals from conspecifics. To segregate concurrent signals, the auditory system must extract information regarding the individual signals from their summed waveforms. During the breeding season, nesting male midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) congregate in localized regions of the intertidal zone and produce long-duration (>1 min), multi-harmonic signals ("hums") during courtship of females. The hums of neighboring males often overlap, resulting in acoustic beats with amplitude and phase modulations at the difference frequencies (dFs) between their fundamental frequencies (F0s) and harmonic components. Behavioral studies also show that midshipman can localize a single hum-like tone when presented with a choice between two concurrent tones that originate from separate speakers. A previous study of the neural mechanisms underlying the segregation of concurrent signals demonstrated that midbrain neurons temporally encode a beat's dF through spike synchronization; however, spectral information about at least one of the beat's components is also required for signal segregation. Here we examine the encoding of spectral differences in beat signals by midbrain neurons. The results show that, although the spike rate responses of many neurons are sensitive to the spectral composition of a beat, virtually all midbrain units can encode information about differences in the spectral composition of beat stimuli via their interspike intervals (ISIs) with an equal distribution of ISI spectral sensitivity across the behaviorally relevant dFs. Together, temporal encoding in the midbrain of dF information through spike synchronization and of spectral information through ISI could permit the segregation of concurrent vocal signals. (+info)NMDA receptor characterization and subunit expression in rat cultured mesencephalic neurones. (4/1984)
1. NMDA-induced changes in free intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were determined in individual cultured rat mesencephalic neurones by the fura-2 method. mRNA expression encoding NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A-D) was examined by RT-PCR. 2. NMDA (1-100 microM, plus 10 microM glycine) induced a concentration-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i (EC50 = 5.7 microM). The effect of NMDA was virtually insensitive to tetrodotoxin (0.3 microM) and nitrendipine (1 microM), but dependent on extracellular Ca2+. 5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid (10 microM), a specific antagonist at the glycine binding site on the NMDA receptor, abolished the NMDA response. 3. Memantine, an open-channel blocker, and ifenprodil, a preferential non-competitive NR1/NR2B receptor antagonist diminished the NMDA effect with an IC50 value of 0.17 and 1 microM, respectively. Ethanol at 50 and 100 mM caused about 25 and 45%-inhibition, respectively. 4. Agarose gel analysis of the PCR products followed by ethidium bromide fluorescence or CSPD chemiluminescence detection revealed an almost exclusive expression of the NR1 splice variants lacking exon (E) 5 and E22. The 3' splice form without both E21 and E22 exceeded that containing E21 by approximately 4 fold. The relative amounts of NR2A, NR2B, NR2C corresponded to approximately 1:2:1. NR2D mRNA was also detectable. 5. In conclusion, mesencephalic neurones bear ethanol-sensitive NMDA receptors which might be involved in the development of ethanol dependence and withdrawal. The high affinity of NMDA to this receptor, its sensitivity to ifenprodil and memantine may suggest that the mesencephalic NMDA receptor comprises the NR1 splice variant lacking E5, NR2B, and NR2C, respectively. (+info)A binding site for homeodomain and Pax proteins is necessary for L1 cell adhesion molecule gene expression by Pax-6 and bone morphogenetic proteins. (5/1984)
The cell adhesion molecule L1 regulates axonal guidance and fasciculation during development. We previously identified the regulatory region of the L1 gene and showed that it was sufficient for establishing the neural pattern of L1 expression in transgenic mice. In the present study, we characterize a DNA element within this region called the HPD that contains binding motifs for both homeodomain and Pax proteins and responds to signals from bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). An ATTA sequence within the core of the HPD was required for binding to the homeodomain protein Barx2 while a separate paired domain recognition motif was necessary for binding to Pax-6. In cellular transfection experiments, L1-luciferase reporter constructs containing the HPD were activated an average of 4-fold by Pax-6 in N2A cells and 5-fold by BMP-2 and BMP-4 in Ng108 cells. Both of these responses were eliminated on deletion of the HPD from L1 constructs. In transgenic mice, deletion of the HPD from an L1-lacZ reporter resulted in a loss of beta-galactosidase expression in the telencephalon and mesencephalon. Collectively, our experiments indicate that the HPD regulates L1 expression in neural tissues via homeodomain and Pax proteins and is likely to be a target of BMP signaling during development. (+info)Specification of distinct dopaminergic neural pathways: roles of the Eph family receptor EphB1 and ligand ephrin-B2. (6/1984)
Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area project to the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens/olfactory tubercle, respectively, constituting mesostriatal and mesolimbic pathways. The molecular signals that confer target specificity of different dopaminergic neurons are not known. We now report that EphB1 and ephrin-B2, a receptor and ligand of the Eph family, are candidate guidance molecules for the development of these distinct pathways. EphB1 and ephrin-B2 are expressed in complementary patterns in the midbrain dopaminergic neurons and their targets, and the ligand specifically inhibits the growth of neurites and induces the cell loss of substantia nigra, but not ventral tegmental, dopaminergic neurons. These studies suggest that the ligand-receptor pair may contribute to the establishment of distinct neural pathways by selectively inhibiting the neurite outgrowth and cell survival of mistargeted neurons. In addition, we show that ephrin-B2 expression is upregulated by cocaine and amphetamine in adult mice, suggesting that ephrin-B2/EphB1 interaction may play a role in drug-induced plasticity in adults as well. (+info)A glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-secreting clone of the Schwann cell line SCTM41 enhances survival and fiber outgrowth from embryonic nigral neurons grafted to the striatum and to the lesioned substantia nigra. (7/1984)
We have developed a novel Schwann cell line, SCTM41, derived from postnatal sciatic nerve cultures and have stably transfected a clone with a rat glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) construct. Coculture with this GDNF-secreting clone enhances in vitro survival and fiber growth of embryonic dopaminergic neurons. In the rat unilateral 6-OHDA lesion model of Parkinson's disease, we have therefore made cografts of these cells with embryonic day 14 ventral mesencephalic grafts and assayed for effects on dopaminergic cell survival and process outgrowth. We show that cografts of GDNF-secreting Schwann cell lines improve the survival of intrastriatal embryonic dopaminergic neuronal grafts and improve neurite outgrowth into the host neuropil but have no additional effect on amphetamine-induced rotation. We next looked to see whether bridge grafts of GDNF-secreting SCTM41 cells would promote the growth of axons to their striatal targets from dopaminergic neurons implanted orthotopically into the 6-OHDA-lesioned substantia nigra. We show that such bridge grafts increase the survival of implanted embryonic dopaminergic neurons and promote the growth of axons through the grafts to the striatum. (+info)Xenopus axin interacts with glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and is expressed in the anterior midbrain. (8/1984)
Axin is encoded by the fused locus in mice and is required for normal vertebrate axis formation. It has recently been shown that axin associates with APC, beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in a complex that appears to regulate the level of cytoplasmic beta-catenin. We have identified the Xenopus homologue of axin through its interaction with GSK-3b. Xenopus axin (Xaxin) is expressed maternally and throughout early development with a low level of ubiquitous expression. Xaxin also shows remarkably high expression in the anterior mesencephalon adjacent to the forebrain-midbrain boundary. (+info)
Ventral Mesencephalic Cell Line One - How is Ventral Mesencephalic Cell Line One abbreviated?
Neurogenin 2 is required for the development of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons | Development
Caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in primary cultures of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons after...
Thrombin-activated microglia contribute to death of dopaminergic neurons in rat mesencephalic cultures: Dual roles of mitogen...
A Case of Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome in 2nd Trimester of Pregnancy
Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ Mouse Midbrain Neuronal Cells, 1 million cells cryopreserved... \ PC37102
Differentiation of human ES and Parkinsons disease iPS cells into ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons requires a high...
Oct4-Induced Reprogramming is Required for Adult Brain Neural Stem Cell Differentiation into Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons
Kunz M et al. (2004),
Autoregulation of canonical Wnt signaling contr... -
Paper
Forebrain and midbrain regions are deleted in Otx2−/− mutants due to a defective anterior neuroectoderm specification during...
Datasets | BBrowser
Induction of midbrain dopaminergic neurons by Sonic hedgehog
Specific effects of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) on fetal rat and human dopaminergic neurons in vitro
The synaptic regulation of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons and its m by Christopher D. Fiorillo
An interlocked oscillator model for firing of the mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron. | BMC Neuroscience | Full Text
OpenEmory | Search Results
Morphogenesis of the Early Neural Tube
JCI -
Identification of embryonic stem cell-derived midbrain dopaminergic neurons for engraftment
Niche-derived laminin-511 promotes midbrain dopaminergic neuron survival and differentiation through YAP | Science Signaling
Haldin CE et al. (2003),
Isolation and growth factor inducibility of the... -
Xenbase Paper
The weaver gene expression affects differently to the generation, survival and settling patterns of midbrain and cerebellar...
EMF-Portal | Electrical stimulation of the lower midbrain around retrorubral field decreases temperatures of brown fat and...
2011 S3: Elizabeth King -
Student Summer Scholars - Grand Valley State University
ALZFORUM | NETWORKING FOR A CURE
Alternative splicing results in RET isoforms with distinct trafficking properties.
What is the Midbrain? (with pictures)
GDNF Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody [JA93-10] (ET1704-46) - HUABIO
THI - tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive | AcronymAttic
Effect of fluothane on the mesencephalic reticular formation and cerebral cortex - Semantic Scholar
Meningeal cells influence midbrain development
Comparison between survival of lazaroid-treated embryonic nigral neurons in cell suspensions, cultures and transplants.
Mesencephalon - Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya
Parinauds syndrome - Wikipedia
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Oxidative Neurodegeneration Is Prevented by UCP0045037, an Allosteric Modulator for the Reduced Form...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Oxidative Neurodegeneration Is Prevented by UCP0045037, an Allosteric Modulator for the Reduced Form of...
Activin a protects midbrain neurons in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinsons disease | Garvan Institute of Medical...
OPUS at UTS: Activin A protects midbrain neurons in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinsons disease. - Open...
ModelDB: Regulation of firing frequency in a midbrain dopaminergic neuron model (Kuznetsova et al. 2010)
CDNF - A Novel Conserved Neurotrophic Factor that Protects Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons in vivo | Parkinsons Disease
Evaluation of Safety and Tolerability of Fetal Mesencephalic Dopamine Neuronal Precursor Cells for Parkinson's Disease -...
Evaluation of Safety and Tolerability of Fetal Mesencephalic Dopamine Neuronal Precursor Cells for Parkinson's Disease -...
forebrain anatomy
Context-dependent fluctuation of serotonin in the auditory midbrain: the influence of sex, reproductive state, and experience |...
Dissociable reward and timing signals in human midbrain and ventral striatum. - Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
Trigeminal mesencephalic tract financial definition of trigeminal mesencephalic tract
Mesencephalon Pictures
Brain-specific tropomyosins TMBr-1 and TMBr-3 have distinct patterns of expression during development and in adult brain -...
Plus it
Plus it
NAVER Academic | In vivo activation of midbrain dopamine neurons via sensitized, high-affinity alpha 6 nicotinic acetylcholine...
BrainInfo
deoxyribonuclease i Protocols and Video...
JCI -
Human autologous iPSC-derived dopaminergic progenitors restore motor function in Parkinsons disease models
Neurowiki2012 - Neurodevelopment
Sciatica
Publications | Page 3 | Centre de recherche CERVO
Dmbx1 - Diencephalon/mesencephalon homeobox protein 1 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Dmbx1 gene & protein
Psych-Brain-Trust - Midbrain
Reduction in Ventral Midbrain NMDA Receptors Reveals Two Opposite Modulatory Roles for Glutamate on Reward. | Sigma-Aldrich
Parkinsons disease: Feeling this sensation in your muscles is a warning - Parkinson FIT
Papers with the keyword Periacueductal gray | Read by QxMD
CFS Archives - APTN News
GABRD
I. Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon". The Journal of Neuroscience. 12 (3): 1040-1062. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-03- ...
Superior colliculus
The optic tectum is the visual center in the non-mammalian brain which develops from the alar plate of the mesencephalon. In ... The Mid-brain or Mesencephalon. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body". www.bartleby.com. Retrieved 10 October 2019. ...
Neural tube
The mesencephalon stays as the midbrain. The rhombencephalon develops into the metencephalon (the pons and cerebellum) and the ... mesencephalon), the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) and the spinal cord. The prosencephalon further goes on to develop into the ...
Development of the nervous system in humans
The diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon constitute the brain stem of the embryo. It continues to flex at the ... Late in the fourth week, the superior part of the neural tube flexes at the level of the future midbrain-the mesencephalon. ... Above the mesencephalon is the prosencephalon (future forebrain) and beneath it is the rhombencephalon (future hindbrain). The ... These are the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain, also known as the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and the ...
Human brain development timeline
These are the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain, also known as the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and the ... These are the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon; the lateral ventricles, third ...
Fish anatomy
The midbrain or mesencephalon contains the two optic lobes. These are very large in species that hunt by sight, such as rainbow ... mesencephalon (midbrain) and rhombencephalon (hindbrain) then further differentiated in the various vertebrate groups. Two ...
Fish
The midbrain (or mesencephalon) contains the two optic lobes. These are very large in species that hunt by sight, such as ...
Isthmic organizer
Nakamura, H; Watanabe, Y (2005). "Isthmus organizer and regionalization of the mesencephalon and metencephalon". The ...
Muscle-eye-brain disease
Hypoplasia of mesencephalon, pons, cerebellum and medulla are often. Aplasia may occur on top of hypoplasia. Flattened ...
Ayub Ommaya
However, the brainstem and mesencephalon are the last structure to be affected in severe injury, and rotational rather than ... sensory inputs merged with multisensory neurons in the mesencephalon; 3) interactions formed between sensory and limbic systems ...
Interpeduncular nucleus
It is located in the mesencephalon below the interpeduncular fossa. As the name suggests, the interpeduncular nucleus lies in ...
Diencephalon
The tube forms three main vesicles during the third week of development: the prosencephalon, the mesencephalon and the ... embryonic mesencephalon). The diencephalon has also been known as the 'tweenbrain in older literature. It consists of ...
Brain vesicle
Initially there are three primary brain vesicles: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. These develop into five ...
Central nervous system
... the mesencephalon, and, between the mesencephalon and the spinal cord, the rhombencephalon. (By six weeks in the human embryo) ... The midbrain, or mesencephalon, is situated above and rostral to the pons. It includes nuclei linking distinct parts of the ... The tectum, pretectum, cerebral peduncle and other structures develop out of the mesencephalon, and its cavity grows into the ... In the human brain, the telencephalon covers most of the diencephalon and the entire mesencephalon. Indeed, the allometric ...
Trigeminal nerve
The mesencephalon modulates painful input before it reaches the level of consciousness. The reticular formation is responsible ... The spinal trigeminal nucleus sends pain-temperature information to the thalamus and sends information to the mesencephalon and ...
Oculomotor nerve
The oculomotor nerve (CN III) arises from the anterior aspect of mesencephalon (midbrain). There are two nuclei for the ...
Sex differences in sensory systems
Patterns of acoustically evoked discharges of neurons in the mesencephalon of the bullfrog. J.Neurophysiol., 28:1155-1184. ...
CCDC142
... is also highly expressed in the substantia nigra, pons, claustrum, and mesencephalon. There is also relatively higher ...
Pretectal area
Oculomotor nerve Mesencephalon List of regions in the human brain Gamlin PD (2006). "The pretectum: connections and oculomotor- ...
Fusional vergence
Premotor cells for fusional vergence are located in the mesencephalon near the oculomotor nucleus. v t e (Eye, All stub ...
Tegmentum
It forms the floor of the midbrain (mesencephalon) whereas the tectum forms the ceiling. It is a multisynaptic network of ...
Sulcus limitans (neural tube)
The sulcus limitans extends the length of the spinal cord and through the mesencephalon. "Neuroembryology: Spinal Cord: ...
Remote control animal
Researchers in China stimulated the mesencephalon of geckos (G. gecko) via micro stainless steel electrodes and observed the ... Locomotion responses such as spinal bending and limb movements could be elicited in different depths of mesencephalon. ... "Study on eliciting inversus spinal bending movements of Gekko gecko by electrical mesencephalon stimulation". Sichuan Journal ...
Brain
... mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some ... mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain). At the next stage, the forebrain splits into two vesicles called the ... mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon, respectively). At the earliest stages of brain development, the three areas are roughly ...
Cerebrospinal fluid
These swellings represent different components of the central nervous system: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon and ...
Trochlear nerve
It is immediately below the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (III) in the rostral mesencephalon. The trochlear nucleus is unique ... The nucleus of the trochlear nerve is located in the caudal mesencephalon beneath the cerebral aqueduct. ...
Cerebrum
... the mesencephalon (midbrain) the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) and the spinal cord. The prosencephalon develops further into the ...
Klazomania
Wohlfart (1961) hypothesized that klazomania is caused by an irritating lesion in the mesencephalon and a malfunction in the ... Wohlfart et al hypothesized that klazomania originates in the periaqueductal gray matter in the mesencephalon. The vocalizing ... control of the motor circuit from the substantia nigra in the mesencephalon to the globus pallidus in the striatum ( ...
Nicolas Le Novère
He also investigated the role of the alpha6 subunit in the dopaminergic neurons of the mesencephalon. During his post-doctoral ...
Rett syndrome
The majority of dopamine in the mammalian brain is synthesized by nuclei located in the mesencephalon. The substantia nigra ...
Role of Lmx1b and Wnt1 in mesencephalon and metencephalon development | Development | The Company of Biologists
Role of Lmx1b and Wnt1 in mesencephalon and metencephalon development Eiji Matsunaga, Eiji Matsunaga ... Grg4 is expressed in the mesencephalon but not in the isthmus in normal development,(Fig. 6Q)(Koop et al., 1996;Sugiyama et al ... Fgf8b misexpression induced Gbx2 and Irx2expression widely in the mesencephalon [seefigure 7D,E by Sato et al.(Sato et al., ... Lmx1b and Wnt1 are expressed in the whole mesencephalon at first, and localized to the isthmus. As Wnt1 knock-out mice show ...
Mesencephalon: Difference between revisions - Citizendium
Anonymous (2022), Mesencephalon (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine. ... In anatomy, the mesencephalon, also called the midbrain, is the superior section of the brainstem and is "the middle of the ... In [[anatomy]], the mesencephalon, also called the midbrain, is the superior section of the [[brainstem]] and is ... In [[anatomy]], the mesencephalon, also called the midbrain, is the superior section of the [[brainstem]] and is ...
View source for Mesencephalon - WikiVet English
diencephalon mesencephalon - Medical Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) Research
Pars Compacta < Substantia Nigra << Tegmentum Mesencephali <<< Mesencephalon @...
Serotonin and dopamine transporter binding in children with autism determined by SPECT
ArboCat Virus: California encephalitis (CEV)
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
Plus it
International veterinary epilepsy task force recommendations for systematic sampling and processing of brains from epileptic...
Planning of TS-2 (a, b) and inspection of the occipitotemporal brain and mesencephalon (a′, b′) in dog (a′, a′) and cat (b, b′ ... Procurement of mesencephalon. After TS-2, a transversely oriented tissue section is taken from the caudal mesencephalic stump, ... Obtainment of rostral cerebellar lobe and caudal mesencephalon. Concerning, the transtentorial border zone, the implied brain ...
DailyMed - ULTIMATE PHENOLICS solution/ drops
Tilo Kunath - Research output - University of Edinburgh Research Explorer
Carnegie Stage 5b, Section 75
Transcranial enhanced Ultrasound Imaging of induced substantia nigra in brain using adaptive Third Order Volterra Filter: In...
TY - GEN. T1 - Transcranial enhanced Ultrasound Imaging of induced substantia nigra in brain using adaptive Third Order Volterra Filter. T2 - 14th IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, ISBI 2017. AU - Cunningham, James. AU - Lee, Justice. AU - Subramanian, Thyagarajan. AU - Almekkawy, Mohamed Khaled. PY - 2017/6/15. Y1 - 2017/6/15. N2 - Hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra (SN) in the butterfly shaped midbrain is a widely recognized diagnostic marker to differentiate between the early stages of Parkinsons Disease (PD) and other diseases which cause parkinsonian symptoms. While clinical differentiation of these diseases can be difficult, hyperechogenicity of the SN is only common in PD patients. Transcranial B-mode Ultrasound Imaging (TCUI) has become a heavily relied upon method to detect echogenicity in the brain. While standard B-mode imaging can show the presence of SN hyperechogenicity, it may not be able to do so with high enough specificity for reliably accurate ...
J - Nervous System - Central NS.pdf - Anatomy and Physiology The Central Nervous System The CNS consists of the brain and the...
Trophoblast glycoprotein is a marker for efficient sorting of ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic precursors derived from human...
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Clifford R Jr. Jack - Research output - Mayo Clinic
Hibar, D. P., Stein, J. L., Renteria, M. E., Arias-Vasquez, A., Desrivières, S., Jahanshad, N., Toro, R., Wittfeld, K., Abramovic, L., Andersson, M., Aribisala, B. S., Armstrong, N. J., Bernard, M., Bohlken, M. M., Boks, M. P., Bralten, J., Brown, A. A., Mallar Chakravarty, M., Chen, Q., Ching, C. R. K., & 267 othersCuellar-Partida, G., Den Braber, A., Giddaluru, S., Goldman, A. L., Grimm, O., Guadalupe, T., Hass, J., Woldehawariat, G., Holmes, A. J., Hoogman, M., Janowitz, D., Jia, T., Kim, S., Klein, M., Kraemer, B., Lee, P. H., Olde Loohuis, L. M., Luciano, M., MacAre, C., Mather, K. A., Mattheisen, M., Milaneschi, Y., Nho, K., Papmeyer, M., Ramasamy, A., Risacher, S. L., Roiz-Santiañez, R., Rose, E. J., Salami, A., Sämann, P. G., Schmaal, L., Schork, A. J., Shin, J., Strike, L. T., Teumer, A., Van Donkelaar, M. M. J., Van Eijk, K. R., Walters, R. K., Westlye, L. T., Whelan, C. D., Winkler, A. M., Zwiers, M. P., Alhusaini, S., Athanasiu, L., Ehrlich, S., Hakobjan, M. M. H., Hartberg, C. ...
মানব শিশ্ন - উইকিপিডিয়া
Distribution of the cholinergic nuclei in the brain of the weakly electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus: Implications for...
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 7042 : Role of oxytocin in the neuroadaptation to drugs of abuse : Sarnyai Z, Kovacs GL
Third Nerve Palsy (Oculomotor Nerve Palsy) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Physical Examination
Diurnal variations in brain iron concentrations in BXD RI mice<...
1 - Difference between trading options and stocks
Parkinson's: Thinking Outside the Brain's Black Box | ALZFORUM
Microglia pre-activation and neurodegeneration precipitate neuroinflammation without exacerbating tissue injury in experimental...
a, c Quantification of CD3+ T cell-containing perivascular cuffs in the lumbar spinal cord (a) and mesencephalon (c) of 4-month ... d Quantification of parenchymal CD3+ T cells within the mesencephalon of 4 M Lewis and LEWzizi rats at the peak of EAE. e ... MesEnc, mesencephalon; scale bars, either 1 mm or 25 μm d Gene expression analysis of oligodendrocyte and myelin genes in ... f Quantification of parenchymal CD68+ cells within the mesencephalon of 4 M Lewis and LEWzizi rats at the peak of EAE. g ...
Midbrain5
- The tube subsequently develops vesicles at its rostral end, which give rise to the forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon). (medscape.com)
- 2. The portion that becomes the brain has three major cavities (vesicles) at one end -forebrain (prosencephalon) -midbrain (mesencephalon) -hindbrain (rhombencephalon) 3. (coursehero.com)
- 4. The midbrain becomes the mesencephalon 5. (coursehero.com)
- Up until then the substantia nigra, located in the midbrain or mesencephalon, had been the main focus of PD research. (alzforum.org)
- The brainstem includes the diencephalon, mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain). (dvm360.com)
Diencephalon1
- Distinct groups of cholinergic cells were observed in the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, and hindbrain. (hu-berlin.de)
Ventral2
- As expected, following intrastriatal transplantation of embryonic ventral mesencephalon all the transplanted rats exhibited pronounced contralateral rotation in response to amphetamine and some animals also showed severe abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs). (unboundmedicine.com)
- 1992). Compartmental distribution of ventral striatal neurons projecting to the mesencephalon in the rat. (bvsalud.org)
Medulla1
- The mesencephalon and medulla oblongata are involved in autonomic control - heart rate and breathing. (medscape.com)
Dopamine2
- Both morphine tolerance and dependence, and cocaine administration, increased dopamine utilization in the mesencephalon and in the nucleus accumbens, respectively. (erowid.org)
- OXT treatment decreased the alpha-methylparatyrosine-induced dopamine utilization in the mesencephalon and in the nucleus accumbens-septal complex. (erowid.org)
Thalamus2
- The thalamus is a greatly swollen part of the prosencephalic wall adjoining the mesencephalon. (co.ma)
- Penetrating branches to the mesencephalon, subthalamic, basal structures, and thalamus arise primarily from the P1 segment and the PCOM. (medscape.com)
Basal1
- In Belgium in January 2012, basal ganglia, and mesencephalon. (cdc.gov)
Brainstem1
- A previous smaller MRI study carried out by the same group of researchers showed evidence of structural damage in the mesencephalon that extended into the lower brainstem in patients with focal epilepsy who later died of SUDEP. (medscape.com)
Contralateral1
- Streamlines corresponding to the DRT connected M1 to the contralateral dentate nucleus via the dentate-thalamic area, clearly crossing the midline in the mesencephalon. (ucl.ac.uk)
English1
- Anonymous (2022), Mesencephalon (English). (citizendium.org)
Mouse1
- Midnolin (Midn) is a developmentally regulated nucleolar protein that was originally identified in the mesencephalon of developing mouse embryos. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Shown1
- In the center the hypoechogenic mesencephalon (arrow) with small hyperechogenic SN is shown. (biomedcentral.com)
Rhombencephalon3
- During second month the rostral part expands and forms the prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. (ijpmonline.org)
- For example, throughout the first stages of embryonic advancement, the brain begins to create in three distinct sections: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. (woofahs.com)
- A, C, and E) Structure of the 3-vesicle brain as shown in diagrammatic representation, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sagittal section and gross image showing the prosencephalon (PRO), mesencephalon (MS), rhombencephalon (RHO), and spinal cord (SC) in a E9.0 mouse embryo. (nih.gov)
Cerebellum2
- The fact that LSD-induced structural modicicaitons occurred in all neurons of the CNS stuructures examined by us in that study (spinal cord, hypothalamus, mesencephalon, cerebellum) might indicate that the action of LSD on the metabolic machinery of the neurons is not selective for a peculiar neuronal circuit. (erowid.org)
- The most rostral portion of the cerebellum receives contributions from the mesencephalon , and the floor of the fourth ventricle is derived in part, from the myelencephalon. (radiopaedia.org)
Pons2
- The mesencephalon is the most rostral part of the brainstem and sits above the pons and is adjoined rostrally to the thalamus. (intechopen.com)
- Although anisotropy was severely reduced in white matter throughout the brain, pathways running in the tegmentum of the pons and mesencephalon (arrows) showed almost normal values. (nih.gov)
Ventral mesencephalon4
- One of the first tissues investigated as a source of dopaminergic cells for transplantation was the ventral mesencephalon (VM) of the developing embryo - the developmental origin of A9 dopaminergic neurons. (medscape.com)
- Grafts of foetal ventral mesencephalon, used in cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease, are known to contain a mix of dopamine neuronal subtypes including the A9 neurons of the substantia nigra and the A10 neurons of the ventral tegmental area. (cardiff.ac.uk)
- We have investigated the effects of the supranigral administration of lipopolysaccharide on iNOS-immunoreactivity, 3-nitrotyrosine formation and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neuronal number, and retrogradely labelled fluorogold-positive neurones in the ventral mesencephalon in male Wistar rats. (herts.ac.uk)
- Cells blocks from the ventral mesencephalon including DA neurons had been dissected from murine embryo (C57/B6) on day time 14 of gestation after cervical dislocation with consequent trituration into solitary cell suspension system. (gpr139.info)
Metencephalon1
- Introduction: the brainstem is formed by the myelencephalon (fifth vesicle), the metencephalon (fourth vesicle), and the mesencephalon (third vesicle). (lifemapsc.com)
Neurons2
- In this report, we have investigated the toxic effects of adenovirus-mediated alpha-synuclein overexpression on dopamine neurons in rat primary mesencephalic cultures and in a rat dopaminergic cell line - the large T-antigen immortalized, mesencephalon-derived 1RB3AN27 (N27). (nih.gov)
- In addition, we have established a murine neuronal cell line DM, derived from embryonic (E13) mesencephalon and used it as an in vitro model system for mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons. (ym.edu.tw)
Spinal1
- In this stage in its tube-shaped basic form the mesencephalon still resembles the spinal cord. (embryology.ch)
Medulla oblongata1
- Brain death examination is hands-on (Fig. 1 ) and focused on brainstem function: from mesencephalon down to the dorsal medulla oblongata. (biomedcentral.com)
Vesicle1
- In addition, the mesencephalon represents the only cerebral vesicle that experiences no further subdivision . (embryology.ch)
Basal ganglia2
Tectum1
- The cut passes through the inferior colliculi (11) which lie in the tectum of the mesencephalon. (stanford.edu)
Dorsal3
- This systematic review focused on the diagnosis and management of pineal region sarcoidosis, dorsal mesencephalon, and periaqueductal region. (qscience.com)
- Methods: ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched for English or French articles about sarcoidosis of the pineal region, dorsal mesencephalon, and periaqueductal region. (qscience.com)
- Porción rostral del lóbulo frontal, delimitada en los seres humanos por la fisura precentral anterior, que recibe fibras procedentes del NÚCLEO MEDIO DORSAL DEL TÁLAMO. (bvsalud.org)
Rostral1
- El telencèfal apareix a l'estadi de cinc vesícules del embrionari, quan el prosencèfal es divideix en dos: la part rostral forma el telencèfal i la part caudal origina el diencèfal. (dbpedia.org)
Brain4
- This part behind the fore brain is called the mid brain and it also has a longer name called the mesencephalon. (khanacademy.org)
- mesencephalic flexure a bend in the neural tube of the embryo at the level of the mesencephalon, or mid-brain. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Alterations in the anterior brain have also been observed in WHSC1-KO and WHSC1-HET embryos, specifically in the mesencephalon and in the cerebral cortex, demonstrating that WHSC1 plays an important role during the development of brain tissue in mice, and that, in hemicigosis, these brain defects also occur. (upm.es)
- MESENCEPHALON (mid-brain-peduncles, corpora quadrigemina, etc. (co.ma)
Auditory1
- The mesencephalon serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing. (intechopen.com)
Connects1
- Narrow channel in the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth ventricles. (centralx.com)
Sections1
- Mesial sections of the mesencephalon reveal their specific configuration which can be considered as additional parameter in fish taxonomy. (org.in)