Meningococcal vaccines. Medical search

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.

Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.

A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)

A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the NASOPHARYNX. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL). It is also found in venereal discharges and blood. There are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being A, B, C, Y, and W-135. Each serogroup can be further classified by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype.

Strains of Neisseria meningitidis which are the most common ones causing infections or disease in infants. Serogroup B strains are isolated most frequently in sporadic cases, and are less common in outbreaks and epidemics.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.

Semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Strains of Neisseria meningitidis responsible for most sporadic cases in teenagers and almost all outbreaks of disease in this age group. These strains are less common in infants.

Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.

The natural bactericidal property of BLOOD due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. This activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

Porins are protein molecules that were originally found in the outer membrane of GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA and that form multi-meric channels for the passive DIFFUSION of WATER; IONS; or other small molecules. Porins are present in bacterial CELL WALLS, as well as in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate CELL MEMBRANES and MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

A class of carrier proteins that bind to TRANSFERRIN. Many strains of pathogenic bacteria utilize transferrin-binding proteins to acquire their supply of iron from serum.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or secondary immunization.

Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissible to another susceptible host.

An important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It is a 139-kDa glycoprotein expressed by the liver and secreted into the blood. It binds to COMPLEMENT C3B and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also inhibits the association of C3b with COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form the C3bB proenzyme, and promotes the dissociation of Bb from the C3bBb complex (COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE, ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY).

Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.

Strains of Neisseria meningitidis responsible for most outbreaks of meningococcal disease in Western Europe and the United States in the first half of the 20th century. They continue to be a major cause of disease in Asia and Africa, and especially localized epidemics in Sub-Sahara Africa.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Strains of Neisseria meningitidis found mostly in Africa.

Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS. Human vaccines are intended to reduce the incidence of UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS, so they are sometimes considered a type of CANCER VACCINES. They are often composed of CAPSID PROTEINS, especially L1 protein, from various types of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS.

Strains of Neisseria meningitidis which, in the United States, causes disease in mostly adults and the elderly. Serogroup Y strains are associated with PNEUMONIA.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA commonly found in the NASOPHARYNX of infants and children, but rarely pathogenic. It is the only species to produce acid from LACTOSE.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.

Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.

A suspension of formalin-inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture and used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS.

A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had measles or been immunized with live measles vaccine and have no serum antibodies against measles. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.

The non-susceptibility to infection of a large group of individuals in a population. A variety of factors can be responsible for herd immunity and this gives rise to the different definitions used in the literature. Most commonly, herd immunity refers to the case when, if most of the population is immune, infection of a single individual will not cause an epidemic. Also, in such immunized populations, susceptible individuals are not likely to become infected. Herd immunity can also refer to the case when unprotected individuals fail to contract a disease because the infecting organism has been banished from the population.

An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent and treat RABIES. The inactivated virus vaccine is used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with ROTAVIRUS.

A vaccine consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and whole-cell PERTUSSIS VACCINE. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with VIBRIO CHOLERAE. The original cholera vaccine consisted of killed bacteria, but other kinds of vaccines now exist.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER and/or PARATYPHOID FEVER which are caused by various species of SALMONELLA. Attenuated, subunit, and inactivated forms of the vaccines exist.

A live VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine of calf lymph or chick embryo origin, used for immunization against smallpox. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to smallpox virus. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Complications that result from smallpox vaccination include vaccinia, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalomyelitis. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Procedures for identification and measurement of IMMUNOGLOBULINS in the blood that initiate lysis of bacteria.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat TUBERCULOSIS.

An envelope of loose gel surrounding a bacterial cell which is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Some capsules have a well-defined border, whereas others form a slime layer that trails off into the medium. Most capsules consist of relatively simple polysaccharides but there are some bacteria whose capsules are made of polypeptides.

Organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. The programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. They are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international.

A live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine used for immunization against chickenpox. It is recommended for children between the ages of 12 months and 13 years.

The formaldehyde-inactivated toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is generally used in mixtures with TETANUS TOXOID and PERTUSSIS VACCINE; (DTP); or with tetanus toxoid alone (DT for pediatric use and Td, which contains 5- to 10-fold less diphtheria toxoid, for other use). Diphtheria toxoid is used for the prevention of diphtheria; DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN is for treatment.

Combined vaccines consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and an acellular form of PERTUSSIS VACCINE. At least five different purified antigens of B. pertussis have been used in various combinations in these vaccines.

Vaccines used to prevent infection by MUMPS VIRUS. Best known is the live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had mumps or been immunized with live mumps vaccine. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine.

Administration of a vaccine to large populations in order to elicit IMMUNITY.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).

A combined vaccine used to prevent MEASLES; MUMPS; and RUBELLA.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.

A republic in western Africa, north of NIGERIA and west of CHAD. Its capital is Niamey.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent ANTHRAX.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with DENGUE VIRUS. These include live-attenuated, subunit, DNA, and inactivated vaccines.

Vaccines using VIROSOMES as the antigen delivery system that stimulates the desired immune response.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Method of measuring the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy. It is used to monitor the therapy in BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; OSTEOMYELITIS and other serious bacterial infections. As commonly performed, the test is a variation of the broth dilution test. This test needs to be distinguished from testing of the naturally occurring BLOOD BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY.

Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is >2-3 cm it is generally called Ecchymoses (ECCHYMOSIS).

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are part of the normal flora of the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and genitourinary tract. Some species are primary pathogens for humans.

The top portion of the pharynx situated posterior to the nose and superior to the SOFT PALATE. The nasopharynx is the posterior extension of the nasal cavities and has a respiratory function.

Any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis.

A live vaccine containing attenuated poliovirus, types I, II, and III, grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture, used for routine immunization of children against polio. This vaccine induces long-lasting intestinal and humoral immunity. Killed vaccine induces only humoral immunity. Oral poliovirus vaccine should not be administered to immunocompromised individuals or their household contacts. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Vaccine used to prevent YELLOW FEVER. It consists of a live attenuated 17D strain of the YELLOW FEVER VIRUS.

A suspension of killed Yersinia pestis used for immunizing people in enzootic plague areas.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed fungi administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious fungal disease.

A combined vaccine used to prevent infection with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. This is used in place of DTP vaccine (DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE) when PERTUSSIS VACCINE is contraindicated.

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine primes for polysaccharide-inducible IgG2 antibody response in children with recurrent otitis media acuta. (1/586)

Children with frequent recurrent episodes of otitis media may have a deficient IgG2 antibody response to polysaccharide antigens. Five otitis-prone children were vaccinated with heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. While all had an IgG1 antibody response to all pneumococcal serotypes included in the conjugate vaccine, the IgG2 response, especially to serotypes 6B, 9V, 19F, and 23F, was poor. However, vaccination with a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine 6 months after conjugate vaccination induced an 11.5- to 163-fold increase in IgG2 anti-polysaccharide antibody titers. Thus, an IgG2 polysaccharide antibody deficiency can be overcome by priming with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by a booster with a polyvalent polysaccharide vaccine. (+info)

Humoral immune responses to Neisseria meningitidis in children. (2/586)

An understanding of the nature of immunity to serogroup B meningococci in childhood is necessary in order to establish the reasons for poor responses to candidate vaccines in infancy. We sought to examine the nature of humoral immune responses following infection in relation to age. Serum bactericidal activity was poor in children under 12 months of age despite recent infection with Neisseria meningitidis. The highest levels of bactericidal activity were seen in children over 10 years of age. However, infants produced levels of total immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG subclass antibodies similar to those in older children in a meningococcal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Most antibody was of the IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses. This striking age dependency of bactericidal antibody response following infection is not apparently due to failure of class switching in infants but might be due to qualitative differences in antibody specificity or affinity. (+info)

Cellular immune responses to Neisseria meningitidis in children. (3/586)

There is an urgent need for effective vaccines against serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis. Current experimental vaccines based on the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of this organism provide a measure of protection in older children but have been ineffective in infants. We postulated that the inability of OMP vaccines to protect infants might be due to age-dependent defects in cellular immunity. We measured proliferation and in vitro production of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in response to meningococcal antigens by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from children convalescing from meningococcal disease and from controls. After meningococcal infection, the balance of cytokine production by PBMCs from the youngest children was skewed towards a TH1 response (low IL-10/IFN-gamma ratio), while older children produced more TH2 cytokine (higher IL-10/IFN-gamma ratio). There was a trend to higher proliferative responses by PBMCs from older children. These responses were not influenced by the presence or subtype of class 1 (PorA) OMP or by the presence of class 2/3 (PorB) or class 4 OMP. Even young infants might be expected to develop adequate cellular immune responses to serogroup B N. meningitidis vaccines if a vaccine preparation can be formulated to mimic the immune stimulus of invasive disease, which may include stimulation of TH2 cytokine production. (+info)

Meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in infancy and primes for memory. (4/586)

The safety, immunogenicity, and immunologic priming of 2 dosages (2 microgram or 10 microgram) of a meningococcal C oligosaccharide-CRM197 conjugate vaccine was evaluated in 114 infants vaccinated at ages 2, 3, and 4 months. Antibody persistence and response to boosting with 10 microgram of meningococcal C polysaccharide were assessed. The meningococcal conjugate vaccine produced fewer local reactions than concurrent routine immunizations. Total serogroup C-specific immunoglobulin geometric mean concentration (GMC) increased from 0.3 microgram/mL before vaccination to 13.1 microgram/mL at age 5 months. Serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) geometric mean titers (GMTs) rose from <1:4 to 1:1057 at 5 months and fell by 14 months to 1:19. Following boosting, anti-C-specific immunoglobulin GMC rose to 15.9 microgram/mL and SBA GMT to 1:495. Antibody responses in the 10-microgram dose cohort were significantly higher at 5 months (P<.01) than in the 2-microgram dose cohort but were lower after polysaccharide boosting (P=.02). This meningococcal conjugate vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic and induced immunologic memory in infants. (+info)

Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide preparations may contain non-C-polysaccharide contaminants that are immunogenic. (5/586)

We measured the capacity to opsonize Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B and estimated the concentration of immunoglobulin G anti-6B capsular polysaccharide (PS) antibodies in 25 pre- and postimmune sera from adults immunized with a pneumococcal PS vaccine. We first studied two postvaccination serum samples displaying less opsonophagocytic capacity than expected. The majority of anti-6B antibodies in the two samples reacted with the capsular PSs of several unrelated serotypes (2, 4, 9V, 19F, and 23F) and with the lysate of noncapsulated S. pneumoniae bacteria but not with C-PS. The non-type-specific antibodies accounted for at least one-half of anti-6B antibodies in 40% of prevaccination sera and 10% of postvaccination sera from adults. The non-type-specific antibodies could be demonstrated in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for pneumococcal antibodies to other serotypes (4, 9V, 18C, 19F, and 23F). The nonspecific antibodies appear to bind a contaminant(s) in the current preparations of capsular PS. ELISA for antibodies to pneumococcal capsules may not be serotype specific for some samples. (+info)

Immune response to pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines in otitis-prone and otitis-free children. (6/586)

We compared responses to pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines in 48 otitis-free and 64 otitis-prone children. Pre- and postimmunization concentrations of antibodies to pneumococcal serotypes 6B, 14, 19F, and 23F were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Postimmunization mean concentrations of antibodies to all four serotypes were significantly higher for children receiving conjugate vaccine than for those receiving polysaccharide vaccine; the difference in responses was primarily due to a better response to conjugate vaccine in the otitis-prone group. Significantly higher postimmunization concentrations of antibodies to all four serotypes and to one of the four serotypes were found in otitis-prone children and otitis-free children who received conjugate vaccine, respectively. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has the potential to reduce the incidence of disease due to vaccine serotypes, even among children with recurrent otitis media. (+info)

Fcgamma receptor polymorphisms determine the magnitude of in vitro phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae mediated by pneumococcal conjugate sera. (7/586)

Fcgamma receptors show two genetically determined polymorphisms: the biallelic FcgammaRIIa-R131 and -H131 polymorphism and the NA1/NA2 FcgammaIIIb polymorphism. Using 10 pre- and postconjugate vaccination sera from adults, we analyzed in vitro phagocytic capacities of three different combinations of polymorphonuclear leukocyte FcgammaR allotypes: those homozygous for the H131 and NA1 allotype, those homozygous for the R131 and NA2 allotype, and those heterozygous for both receptors. For pre- and postvaccination sera, mean phagocytosis levels for the homozygous H131/NA1 allotype were 4 -fold higher than for the homozygous R131/NA2 allotype. There was a strong and significant correlation between IgG2 ELISA antibody titers and phagocytosis levels for the homozygous H131/NA1 Fcgamma receptor allotype and the heterozygous allotype but not for the homozygous R131/NA2 allotype. There was no relation between IgG1 ELISA titer and phagocytosis level. Apparently the IgG2 antibodies induced are functionally the most important. This may explain the large effect of Fcgamma receptor polymorphisms on in vitro phagocytosis of pneumococci mediated by conjugate antisera. (+info)

The epidemiological impact of antimeningococcal B vaccination in Cuba. (8/586)

The incidence of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) before (1984-1988) and after (1989-1994), a nationwide intervention with VA-MENGOC-BC vaccination started in 1989, was compared. The prevaccination period incidence density (ID> 8.8/10(5) year-person) was higher than the postvaccination ID (ID< 6.5/10(5) year-person). The percentage proportional differences from the start to the end of each period of ID in the vaccinal period was higher (87%) than the prevaccinal (37%) with significant differences among vaccinated groups (< 25 years old). A break-point (Chow test) was confirmed by the decrease in the ID between 1989 and 1990 in children under 1 year old, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and 50-54 years. Comparison of ID using maps showed a decrease in IMD in all municipalities during the postvaccination period. These findings support the epidemiological impact of VA-MENGOC-BC vaccination in the reduction of IMD morbidity. (+info)

The most common form of this disease is Meningococcal Group B (MenB). Symptoms often develop within hours or days after exposure, but can be nonspecific, such as fever, headache, and muscle aches.

Early signs that are more specific and suggestive of the diagnosis include neck stiffness, confusion, seizures, and rash. Diagnosis is by culture or PCR of a sterile site. Treatment consists of antibiotics that cover Neisseria meningitidis, which should be initiated promptly after recognition of the signs and symptoms.

Prevention with vaccines is recommended for infants at 2 months of age; boosters are given at 4 months, 6 months, and 12 to 15 months of age.

Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis typically develop within 3-7 days after exposure and may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light, and seizures. In severe cases, the infection can lead to shock, organ failure, and death within hours of the onset of symptoms.

Diagnosis is typically made by a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood cultures and PCR), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment typically involves antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and supportive care to manage fever, pain, and other symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization in an intensive care unit may be necessary.

Prevention of meningococcal meningitis includes the use of vaccines, good hygiene practices (such as frequent handwashing), and avoidance of close contact with people who are sick. A vaccine is available for children and teens, and some colleges and universities require students to be vaccinated before moving into dorms.

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in preventing long-term complications and reducing the risk of death from meningococcal meningitis. If you suspect that you or someone else may have meningococcal meningitis, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.

1. Platelet disorders: These include conditions such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), where the immune system attacks and destroys platelets, leading to a low platelet count and bleeding symptoms.
2. Von Willebrand disease: This is a bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor, a protein that helps platelets stick together and form clots.
3. Hemophilia A and B: These are genetic disorders that affect the blood's ability to clot and stop bleeding.
4. Vitamin K-dependent bleeding disorders: These include conditions such as vitamin K-dependent coagulopathy, which is caused by a deficiency of vitamin K and leads to abnormal clotting and bleeding.
5. Other causes: Purpura can also be caused by other medical conditions, such as liver disease, kidney disease, and certain medications.

The symptoms of purpura can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Easy bruising (especially on the skin and joints)
* Petechiae (small red or purple spots on the skin)
* Prolonged bleeding from injuries or surgical sites
* Nosebleeds
* Gingival bleeding (bleeding from the gums)
* Heavy menstrual periods
* Bleeding into joints and muscles

If you suspect that you or someone else may have purpura, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional will perform a physical examination and order laboratory tests to determine the underlying cause of the bleeding disorder. Treatment for purpura depends on the specific cause, but may include medications to increase platelet count or clotting factor, or surgery to correct an underlying condition.

"Meningococcal Vaccine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Meningococcal Vaccines at the US National ... Meningococcal vaccine refers to any vaccine used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis. Different versions are ... 2000). "Reduced antibody response to revaccination with meningococcal serogroup A polysaccharide vaccine in adults". Vaccine. ... This was the first meningococcal vaccine that could be given to infants as young as six weeks old. A vaccine called MenAfriVac ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine

"Chickenpox vaccine". Retrieved 10 Oct 2021. "WHO: MMR" (PDF). Retrieved 10 Oct 2021. "Meningococcal vaccines". Retrieved 10 Oct ... "WHO: Hepatitis vaccine" (PDF). Retrieved 10 Oct 2021. Lee, B. (2020). "Rotavirus vaccine". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics ... The Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine (MCV4) is given between the ages of 11 and 12 years of age. As many as half the people who ... This vaccine is a 2 or 3 dose series, depending on the brand of the vaccine, that is given at 2 and 4 months in the 2 dose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_immunizations_in_the_United_States

Tukuitonga C (1 December 2001). "Meningococcal vaccine". The New Zealand Medical Journal. 114 (1145): 557. ISSN 0028-8446. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_Tukuitonga

12 September 2013). "Effect of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) on serogroup A meningococcal meningitis ... "The Meningitis Vaccine Project: The Development, Licensure, Introduction, and Impact of a New Group A Meningococcal Conjugate ... "MenAfriVac Meningococcal A Conjugate Vaccine". seruminstitute.com. Serum Institute of India. 2011. Archived from the original ... World Health Organization (February 2015). "Meningococcal A conjugate vaccine: updated guidance. World Health Organization" ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MenAfriVac

Vaccine. 36 (52): 8131-8137. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.005. PMC 7115483. PMID 30497834. v t e (Central nervous system ... Meningococcal myelitis is a disorder of the myelin sheath, which is a primary actor in the central nervous system. It has been ... "Vaccine-preventable disease control in the People's Republic of China: 1949-2016". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal_myelitis

Johnston, Martin (July 3, 2006). "Vaccine campaign beating meningococcal epidemic". The New Zealand Herald. Auckland. Wane, ... Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance, or refusal, of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services. The term ... when the routine vaccine schedule could contain more than 3,000 antigens (in a single shot of DTP vaccine). The vaccine ... the more vaccines offered, the higher the likelihood of vaccine deferral). The use of combination vaccines to protect against ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy

"Meningococcal Vaccines Storage and Handling , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2021-11-19. Sokhey J, Gupta CK, Sharma B ... Due to the abundant number of vaccines, pharmaceutics combines two or more vaccines to save more time. These types of vaccines ... The storage are necessary to improve vaccine shelf life and transport vaccine worldwide. Vaccine storage was first developed in ... and rubella II vaccines, which are transported between −25 °C and −15 °C. Some vaccines, such as the COVID-19 vaccine, require ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_storage

Meningococcal Group B vaccine, Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Hib/MenC vaccine, MMR vaccine, Pre-school Booster, HPV vaccine, ... Vaccine ingredients from the Oxford Vaccine Group. Vaccine Excipient Summary from the Centers for Disease Control and ... The combined Hepatitis A and B vaccine, combined Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccine, and Rabies vaccine are all 1ml. Joint ... "Types of vaccine". Vaccine Knowledge Project. Oxford Vaccine Group. 12 January 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020. "Information ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_ingredients

Although conjugate vaccines are the preferred meningococcal vaccine in adolescents 11 years of age or older, polysaccharide ... Although conjugate vaccines are the preferred meningococcal vaccine in adults 55 years of age or younger, polysaccharide ... During epidemics the incidence of meningococcal disease approaches 100 per 100,000. Meningococcal vaccines have sharply reduced ... Vaccines are currently available against all six strains, including the newest vaccine against serogroup B. The first vaccine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal_disease

A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4) has been available since the 1970s and is the only meningococcal vaccine ... A number of vaccines are available in the U.S. to prevent meningococcal disease. Some of the vaccines cover serogroup B, while ... Two meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MCV4) are licensed for use in the U.S. The first conjugate vaccine was licensed in 2005, ... 2001). Meningococcal Vaccines: Methods and Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. ISBN 978-0-89603-801-1. Mola SJ, Nield LS, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis

Pace, David; Pollard, Andrew J (2012). "Meningococcal disease: Clinical presentation and sequelae". Vaccine. 30 (2): B3-B9. doi ... Randomized Phase II Controlled Trial of an Investigational Recombinant Meningococcal Serogroup B Vaccine With and Without Outer ... "Immunogenicity and Tolerability of Recombinant Serogroup B Meningococcal Vaccine Administered With or Without Routine Infant ... He has been the Chair of the UK's JCVI since 2013, but does not participate in the COVID-19 vaccine Committee. He has been a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pollard_(immunologist)

"Haemophilus B Conjugate Vaccine (Meningococcal Protein Conjugate)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 April 2019. " ... All Hib vaccines that are currently used are conjugate vaccine. An initial Hib vaccine was developed in 1977, which was ... Hib vaccine combined with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-polio vaccines and hepatitis B vaccines are available in the United ... The Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine, also known as Hib vaccine, is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hib_vaccine

... some long-standing vaccines recommended by the World Health Organization, such as Meningococcal vaccine, are less than 100% ... World Health Organization (November 2011). "Meningococcal vaccines : WHO position paper, November 2011". Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. ... These "vaccine passports" are used to control public access to indoor venues (like bars, restaurants, spas, and casinos) and ... ISBN 978-1-317-01027-2. "Locating and Tracking Adult Vaccine Records". www.cdc.gov. 17 March 2020. Chotani RA, Ashraf SS, Mize ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_passport

... and W-135 meningococcal infections can be prevented by vaccines. However, the prospect of developing a gonococcal vaccine is ... "meningococcal group B vaccine". Medscape. WebMD. Retrieved December 16, 2015. Seib KL, Rappuoli R (2010). "Difficulty in ... Caugant DA, Maiden MC (2009). "Meningococcal carriage and disease--population biology and evolution". Vaccine. 27 (Suppl 2): ... Development of neisserial vaccines has been challenging due to the nature of these organisms, in particular the heterogeneity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilin

Caugant DA, Maiden MC (2009). "Meningococcal carriage and disease--population biology and evolution". Vaccine. 27 Suppl 2: B64- ... doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.061. PMC 2719693. PMID 19464092. Nuccio SP, et al. (2007). "Evolution of the chaperone/usher ... ISBN 978-1-78064-255-0. Rinaudo, Daniela; Moschioni, Monica (2014). "Chapter 13: Pilus-based Vaccine Development in ... there has been much interest in the study of pili as organelle of adhesion and as vaccine components. The first detailed study ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilus

Caugant DA, Maiden MC (2009). "Meningococcal carriage and disease--population biology and evolution". Vaccine. 27 Suppl 2: B64- ... doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.061. PMC 2719693. PMID 19464092. Kusano K (1995). "Restriction-Modification Systems as Genomic ... The bacteria R-M system has been proposed as a model for devising human anti-viral gene or genomic vaccines and therapies since ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_modification_system

Meningitec meningococcal meningitis vaccine; Rotashield rotavirus vaccine; and, FluMist influenza vaccine. Since retiring from ... 2008). Pneumococcal vaccines: the impact of conjugate vaccine. Washington, DC: ASM Press. ISBN 9781555814083. George Siber's ... Siber oversaw the development and approval of several vaccines for Wyeth: including Prevnar pneumococcal vaccine; Acel-Imune ... "Astellas To Form Strategic Partnership With Clearpath To Build Vaccine Portfolio-In-license Vaccine Technology for Respiratory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Siber

Official website Vaccine campaign beating meningococcal epidemic, 3 July 2006 (EngvarB from May 2021, Use dmy dates from May ... Johnston, Martin (3 July 2006). "Vaccine campaign beating meningococcal epidemic". The New Zealand Herald. Auckland. Cameron, ... "Baby wins meningococcal fight". News One. Television New Zealand. 10 August 2004. Archived from the original on 25 November ... In 2004, New Zealand was in the thirteenth year of an epidemic of meningococcal disease, a bacterial infection which can cause ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Cleverley-Bisman

Meningococcal vaccine against meningitis for young people begins rollout. 5 September - Bobby Robson, the 66-year-old former ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_in_the_United_Kingdom

"Prevention of meningococcal disease by group C polysaccharide vaccine". N Engl J Med. 282 (8): 417-20. doi:10.1056/ ... After the initial animal studies for the vaccine failed, he tested it on himself, before going on to conduct a full study on ... He co-discovered a vaccine for meningitis in 1970. He died in 2002 following a brain aneurysm and is buried at Arlington ... Zimmerly co-discovered the vaccine for meningitis while completing his residency at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Zimmerly

Since then OVG has particularly specialised in research into meningococcal disease and vaccines to prevent the disease. OVG has ... Vaccine Knowledge homepage. Retrieved 25 June 2015 NHS Choices page on the MenC vaccine with external link to Vaccine Knowledge ... The Group has also carried out research on pneumococcal vaccines, typhoid vaccines and, more recently, new vaccines against ... The Oxford Vaccine Group (OVG) is a vaccine research group within the Department of Paediatrics at the University of Oxford. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Vaccine_Group

"Development of polysaccharide vaccines for the prevention of meningococcal diseases". Monographs in Allergy. 9: 245-58. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR1E2

"A new MenB (meningococcal B) vaccine". Meningitis Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. ... A quadrivalent vaccine now exists, which combines four vaccines with the exception of B; immunization with this ACW135Y vaccine ... Meningococcus vaccines exist against groups A, B, C, W135 and Y. In countries where the vaccine for meningococcus group C was ... FDA News Release (29 October 2014). "First vaccine approved by FDA to prevent serogroup B Meningococcal disease". FDA. Archived ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

"Vaccine prevention of meningococcal disease in Africa: Major advances, remaining challenges". Human Vaccines & ... a monovalent serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenAfriVac) was introduced in the region in 2010. Since then, ... The Meningitis Vaccine Project was conceived in 2001 as an effort to stop the spread of meningitis in this region. As of June ... At its peak, the incidence of meningococcal disease has reached rates of up to 1,000 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_meningitis_belt

She worked on vaccines against Meningococcal meningitis, including Bexsero and Men.[citation needed] After 3 years at Novartis ... Heaton joined the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation as Director of Vaccine Development and focssed on developing vaccines for ... The vaccine was recommended by the World Health Organization for all infants around the world, and was predicted to save almost ... She went on to work in Kenya, where she investigated the roll-out of vaccines in impoverished populations in Kisumu. On ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Heaton

They can receive live vaccines. Lint TF, Zeitz HJ, Gewurz H (November 1980). "Inherited deficiency of the ninth component of ... Patients with terminal complement pathway deficiency should receive meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccinations. ... People with this condition are prone to meningococcal infection. Vaccination may be recommended. Suspect terminal complement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_complement_pathway_deficiency

He also holds numerous patents for anti-Campylobacter agents and meningococcal vaccine candidates. He was chairman or member of ... "Akeso Biomedical Patents". Patent US6861507 - Screening of neisserial vaccine candidates and vaccines against pathogenic ... - ... He founded the Meningococcal Research Group in 1995, which then expanded into the Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group ... These virulence factors have been investigated for their vaccine potential. They have also studied the human genetic response ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlawer_Ala'Aldeen

African meningitis belt 2009-10 West African meningitis outbreak Meningococcal vaccine press release (30 May 2011). "The Bill ... to manufacture the vaccine, the Project was able to develop a vaccine that would be affordable to developing African countries ... and widespread use of conjugate meningococcal vaccines. The Project recently developed MenAfriVac, a low-cost conjugate A ... Unlike existing vaccines, MenAfriVac also provides immunity for a long period of time-10 to 15 years-and is safe for use in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis_Vaccine_Project

The best known OMV vaccines are those developed for serotype B meningococcal disease. Heterologous vaccines also known as " ... The subgroup of genetic vaccines encompass viral vector vaccines, RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines. Viral vector vaccines use a ... Examples include IPV (polio vaccine), hepatitis A vaccine, rabies vaccine and most influenza vaccines. Toxoid vaccines are made ... RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines are examples of third generation vaccines. In 2016 a DNA vaccine for the Zika virus began testing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine

Ebola Hepatitis A HPV Influenza Measles and rubella Meningococcal vaccines and vaccination Pneumococcal vaccines Polio vaccine ... SAGE is concerned not just with childhood vaccines and immunization, but all vaccine-preventable diseases. SAGE provide global ... doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.055. PMID 33712350. "SAGE members". World Health Organization. Retrieved 29 August 2021. "SAGE ... The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) is the principal advisory group to World Health Organization (WHO) for vaccines ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts

"Anti-vaccine group, 5 moms launching legal challenge to Ontario's child vaccination law". CBC News. The Canadian Press. 2019-10 ... The law requires vaccinations against the following diseases: Diphtheria Tetanus Polio Measles Mumps Rubella Meningococcal ... Vaccine Choice Canada, an anti-vaccination group, held a rally in Toronto in support of a court case the group launched jointly ... Chief Medical Officer of Health of Ontario Kieran Moore said that Ontario will not integrate a COVID-19 vaccine requirement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunization_of_School_Pupils_Act

April 2010). "New genetic associations detected in a host response study to hepatitis B vaccine". Genes and Immunity. 11 (3): ... July 2010). "Polymorphisms in PARP, IL1B, IL4, IL10, C1INH, DEFB1, and DEFA4 in meningococcal disease in three populations". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEFA4

"History of Vaccines - A Vaccine History Project of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia". Archived from the original on 19 ... meningococcal infections, and pneumonia), and found a 56% decline over the same period. Notable among these was a 75% decline ... In 1885, Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first rabies vaccine. The first diphtheria vaccines were produced ... The vaccine process was never patented but was instead given to pharmaceutical companies to manufacture as a low-cost generic. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry

This is justified by research that shows that the Pfizer vaccine effect lasts for six months or so. Polish identity card is ... "Gambia Required Vaccinations: Meningococcal Meningitis". iamat.org. International Association for Medical Assistance to ... "Studies like this confirm our sense that the vaccine gives such massive protective headroom that even with some loss of ... 17). Ian, Sample (1 April 2021). "Pfizer vaccine has 91% efficacy for up to six months, trial shows". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_requirements_for_Polish_citizens

WHO has prioritized the implementation of vaccines that can prevent bacterial meningitis globally, especially those targeting ... a meningococcal bacterial meningitis. These outbreaks tend to occur around the end of the "cold" season (temperatures dropping ... "West Africa: Meningitis Emergency Vaccine Stock Tapped Early". All Africa. 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2009-03-16. Agadez : des ... and a Decrease in Streptococcus pneumoniae Following 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction". Clinical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Niger

She also played a leading role developing a low-cost meningococcal meningitis vaccine to prevent an emerging epidemic in Africa ... "CDC 'Vaccine Expert' On Coronavirus Outbreak In The U.S." NPR.org. Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved April ... "Vaccine Communication With Parents: Best Practices". Medscape. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved April 3 ... She has also worked on communications strategies to promote the use of vaccines to prevent the emergence of disease outbreaks. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Messonnier

Vaccine. 37 (43): 6291-98. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.010. PMID 31515144. S2CID 202569154. "Dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia°). Not ... meningococcal disease, measles, and influenza. Zika fever also has similar symptoms as dengue. The earliest change detectable ... A vaccine for dengue fever has been approved and is commercially available in a number of countries. As of 2018, the vaccine is ... doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.094. PMID 21745521. Pollack A (9 December 2015). "First Dengue Fever Vaccine Approved by Mexico ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever

A study published in 2017 showed that MeNZB group B meningococcal vaccine provided a partial protection against gonorrhea. The ... Petousis-Harris, Helen (2017). "Effectiveness of a group B outer membrane vesicle meningococcal vaccine against gonorrhoea in ... Jerse, AE; Bash, MC; Russell, MW (20 March 2014). "Vaccines against gonorrhea: current status and future challenges". Vaccine. ... homology in their genetic sequences some cross-protection by meningococcal vaccines is plausible. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorrhea

... vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV ... meningococcal meningitis note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert ... routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine total: 25.8% male: 21% female: 32.3% ( ... or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Gambia

... the pentavalent vaccine, the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and the meningococcal vaccine, which immunize them against ... Other activities include improving the supply chain of vaccines and vaccine information campaigns. A randomized control trial ... Of these children about 40% died from vaccine-preventable diseases like pneumonia, diarrhea and measles.[citation needed] The ... The cash transfers from New Incentives are conditioned by the vaccination of infants with the BCG vaccine, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Incentives

"Meningococcal meningitis". Textbookofbacteriology.net. Archived from the original on 2014-02-09. Retrieved 2014-01-22. Ganesh K ... These serotypes are the basis for the pneumococcal vaccines. Streptococcus agalactiae produces a polysaccharide capsule of nine ... Goldblatt D (January 2000). "Conjugate vaccines". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 119 (1): 1-3. doi:10.1046/j.1365- ... so many capsular vaccines contain polysaccharides conjugated with protein carriers, such as the tetanus toxoid or diphtheria ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_capsule

Wilder-Smith's research interests are travel health, vaccine-preventable and emerging infectious diseases, such as Zika, Dengue ... Yellow Fever, Chikungunya, Influenza and Meningococcal disease. Wilder-Smith obtained her MD from the University of Heidelberg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelies_Wilder-Smith

"Safety of meningococcal B vaccine (4CMenB) in adolescents in Australia". Vaccine. 38 (37): 5914-5922. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine. ... Marshall, Helen S; McMillan, Mark; Koehler, Ann P (2020). "Meningococcal B vaccine and meningococcal carriage in adolescents in ... Marshall's research focus throughout her career has been on development of vaccines for meningococcal disease. She conducted a ... and tolerability of meningococcal serogroup B bivalent recombinant lipoprotein 2086 vaccine in healthy adolescents". The Lancet ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Marshall_(medical_researcher)

... meningococcal protein conjugate] and hepatitis b [recombinant] vaccine. The liquid vaccine is also known in abbreviated form as ... A hexavalent vaccine, or 6-in-1 vaccine, is a combination vaccine with six individual vaccines conjugated into one, intended to ... voted to include DTaP-IPV-Hib-HepB in the federal Vaccines for Children Program (VFC). "6-in-1 Vaccine". Vaccine Knowledge ... "New perspectives for hexavalent vaccines". Vaccine. 36 (36): 5485-5494. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.063. PMID 28676382. S2CID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexavalent_vaccine

Sandovac Vaxigrip Japanese encephalitis virus vaccines JE-VAX Measles vaccines Rouvax Meningococcal vaccines Menactra, the ... C MMR vaccines M-M-RVaxPro Pneumonia vaccines Pneumo 23 Polio vaccines Imovax Polio Ipol Polio Salk Rabies vaccines IMOVAX ... Pasteur Rubella vaccines Rudivax Smallpox vaccines ACAM 2000 Tetanus vaccines Vaccin Tetanique Pasteur Tuberculosis vaccines ... a booster vaccine, with DPT and haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines DPT, polio combined vaccines Repevax DPT, haemophilus, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi_Pasteur

Independent pharmacies may also offer routine and travel vaccines, including vaccines for pneumococcal, meningococcal, ... In 2009, pharmacists throughout the nation administered hundreds of thousands of doses of H1N1 influenza vaccine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Pharmacies_in_the_United_States

HPV vaccine coverage increased, and pneumococcal vaccine and meningococcal C vaccines had a positive public reception. However ... Italy has a national vaccine injury compensation program. One evaluation of vaccine coverage in 2010, which covered the 2008 ... Estimated coverage for the required three doses of HBV-Hib-IPV vaccines is at least 95% of 2 year olds. Influenza is the only ... A 2015 government plan in Italy aimed to boost vaccination rates and introduce a series of new vaccines, and triggered protests ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Italy

HPV vaccine coverage increased well, and pneumococcal vaccine and meningococcal C vaccines faced positive public reception. ... vaccine Chickenpox vaccine (varicella) COVID-19 vaccine Diphteria vaccine, included in the DPT vaccine Influenza (flu) vaccine ... pentavalent and hexavalent vaccines Pneumococcus vaccine Polio vaccine, included in the hexavalent vaccine Rabies vaccines ... included in the MMR vaccine Meningococcus vaccine Mumps vaccine, included in the MMR vaccine Pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_policy

In rare cases, it may be associated with meningococcal meningitis When it appears as a comorbid condition with neuromyelitis ... subsequent to receiving the rabies vaccine which then was made from brain tissue carrying the virus. The pathological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_myelitis

... meningococcal vaccine, and Hepatitis A vaccine and Hepatitis B vaccine following a conversation with her provider. Vaccination ... vaccine, live influenza vaccine, and varicella (Chicken pox) vaccine regardless of their HIV statuses, as these vaccines can ... "Vaccine Safety: Vaccines During Pregnancy FAQs". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 24 August 2020. Retrieved 25 ... Pregnant women should notably not receive live vaccines, including the Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine, measles mumps and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy

J07BX01 Smallpox vaccines J07BX02 Ebola vaccines J07BX03 COVID-19 vaccines J07BX04 Dengue virus vaccines J07CA01 Diphtheria- ... purified polysaccharides antigen J07AH02 Other meningococcal monovalent purified polysaccharides antigen J07AH03 Meningococcus ... ATC code J07 Vaccines is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of ... C Empty group Vaccines for veterinary use are in the ATCvet group QI. "ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_J07

In June 2015, the company acquired Nimenrix and Mencevax, meningococcal vaccines, from GlaxoSmithKline for around $130 million ... "Covid vaccine: First 'milestone' vaccine offers 90% protection". BBC News. November 9, 2020. Kounang, Nadia (November 9, 2020 ... Bettinger, Julie (January 24, 2020). "Vaccine Hesitancy: It doesn't matter if the vaccine works if nobody gets it". Provincial ... "Vaccine hesitancy: It doesn't matter if the vaccine works if nobody gets it." In 2020, Pfizer provided funding in the range of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer

A Hepatitis B Hepatitis E Human papillomavirus infection Influenza Japanese encephalitis Malaria Measles Meningococcal disease ... Vaccine-preventable deaths are usually caused by a failure to obtain the vaccine in a timely manner. This may be due to ... If a vaccine-preventable disease is uncommon in a country, then residents of that country are unlikely to receive a vaccine ... A vaccine-preventable disease is an infectious disease for which an effective preventive vaccine exists. If a person acquires a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine-preventable_diseases

The latest safety information from CDC on meningococcal vaccines: safety studies, common side effects, vaccines schedules, ... Meningococcal ACWY vaccine for adolescents and specific populations.. *MenB. Meningococcal B vaccine for adolescents and adults ... Meningococcal Vaccines - ACIP Recommendations and Guidance. Official guidance on meningococcal vaccines from the Advisory ... They are (1) quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate or MenACWY vaccines and (2) serogroup B meningococcal or MenB vaccines. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vaccines/meningococcal-vaccine.html

Recommendation of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee Meningococcal Vaccines ... PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINES. Work is continuing on a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine, as well as on improved ... MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE. MENINGOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VACCINE USE. PRECAUTIONS AND ... MENINGOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES. The recently licensed quadrivalent A,C,Y,W-135 vaccine (MenomuneR--A/C/Y/W-135, ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000242/p0000242.asp

The CDC has recommended that infants at high risk for meningococcal disease receive the Hib-MenCY-TT vaccine. ... The Hib-MenCY-TT vaccine, licensed in June 2012, is the first meningococcal vaccine approved for use in young infants, with an ... Two other meningococcal vaccines containing those strains are available but cannot be used in children younger than 9 months, ... Infants recommended to receive meningococcal groups C and Y and Haemophilus b tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Hib-MenCY-TT [ ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/778124

Meningococcal ACWY Vaccines (MenACWY): learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Meningococcal ACWY vaccine can help protect against meningococcal disease caused by serogroups A, C, W, and Y. A different ... Meningococcal Vaccine Information Statement. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and ... Has had an allergic reaction after a previous dose of meningococcal ACWY vaccine, or has any severe, life-threatening allergies ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a607020.html

There are licensed vaccines to help prevent the most common types of meningococcal disease in the United States. All 11- to 12- ... Following serogroup B meningococcal vaccination, more than half of the people who get the vaccine will have mild problems:. • ... Multiple doses of serogroup B meningococcal vaccine are needed and the same brand must be used for all doses. Talk with your ... Teens and young adults (16 through 23 year olds) may also be vaccinated with a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine, preferably at ...

https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/cdc-recommends-meningococcal-vaccines-preteens-and-teens

... No Electronic Version ... 1998)‎. Meningococcal vaccines : current status / K. Mulholland : reports on individual drugs. WHO drug information 1998 ; 12(‎ ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/55708

The current available meningococcal vaccines are:. Conjugate meningococcal vaccine. Monovalent (A or C) meningococcal vaccine, ... These vaccines do not protect against meningococcal groups B and X. Serogroup B vaccines have been extracted from selected ... Polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine. This is recommended for some specific risk groups and for the control of meningococcal ... which protects against meningococcal group A and C disease. Monovalent C meningococcal vaccine is recommended for all children ...

http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/meningococcal-disease/vaccine-vaccination.html

... and no licensed vaccine is available to protect against gonorrhea infection. Components of some meningococcal B (MenB) vaccines ... Ecologic Study of Meningococcal B Vaccine and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection, Norway On This Page ... Ecologic Study of Meningococcal B Vaccine and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection, Norway. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2016;22(6 ... may have diluted tangible vaccine effects. For further examination of cross-immunity of MenB vaccines with gonococci, vaccine ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/6/15-1093_article

Introduction status of Meningococcal meningitis vaccines (all strains) over time derived from official country reporting to the ... Introduction of Meningococcal meningitis vaccines (all strains). Introduction status of Meningococcal meningitis vaccines (all ... These data summarize country introduction status of Meningococcal meningitis vaccines (all strains) in the national ...

https://immunizationdata.who.int/pages/vaccine-intro-by-antigen/mmcv.html

Vaccine strategies incorporating capsular polysaccharide have proved effective against other meningococcal serogroups, but are ... have opened up new avenues of meningococcal vaccine research. This has resulted in the identification of potential candidate ... Attention has therefore focused on the subcapsular outer membrane protein antigens as potential vaccine components. The ... There is a particular need for an effective vaccine against life-threatening meningitis and septicemia caused by Neisseria ...

https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gm164

Meningococcal disease. Subject(s): Meningococcal vaccines -- therapeutic use , Meningitis, Meningococcal -- drug therapyNLM ... Ch.27 Meningococcal Vaccine Trials -- Ch.28 The Introduction of Group C Conjugate Meningococcal Vaccine into the UK ... Ch.27 Meningococcal Vaccine Trials -- Ch.28 The Introduction of Group C Conjugate Meningococcal Vaccine into the UK ... Ch.1 Meningococcal Vaccines and Vaccine Developments -- Ch. 2 Immune Response and Host-Pathogen Interactions -- Ch. 3 ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=ccl=su%3A%7BMeningitis%2C%20Meningococcal.%7D&sort_by=relevance_dsc&count=20&limit=se:Methods%20in%20molecular%20medicine

Combined administration of meningococcal serogroup B outer membrane vesicle vaccine and conjugated serogroup C vaccine ... Meningococcal vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2002 Jun. 1(1):75-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Table 2. Recommendations for Meningococcal Vaccine According to Type of Patient. *Table 2. Guidelines on Meningococcal B ... Guideline] Crum-Cianflone N. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease: recommendations for use of meningococcal vaccines ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/221473-treatment

Meningococcal vaccine development began in the 1930s with killed whole-cell and exotoxin vaccines, but widespread use of ... An effective serogroup B vaccine remains elusive and the greatest challengefor vaccine developers. ... Serogroup A, C, Y and W135 polysaccharides are all included in vaccines for travellers, other high risk groups and control of ... Protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines overcome this problem and offer the possibility of protection in early childhoodfrom ...

https://www.psi.ox.ac.uk/publications/119339

Translating meningococcal serogroup B vaccines for healthcare professionals. Translating meningococcal serogroup B vaccines for ... Vaccines against the major disease-causing meningococcal serogroups are available; however, development of vaccines against ... Factor H binding protein; MATS; MEASURE; Meningococcal serogroup B; Neisseria meningitidis; serum bactericidal assay; vaccines ... Expert Rev Vaccines Assunto da revista: Alergia e Imunologia Ano de publicação: 2021 Tipo de documento: Artigo País de ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/mdl-34151699

If you are 18 years or older and looking for Meningococcal Vaccine Study then volunteer to be part of a clinical trial we are ... Have not previously received certain types of meningococcal vaccines that may preclude participation ...

https://altusresearch.com/study/meningococcal-vaccine-study/

Chiron has received a license for its new meningococcal B vaccine for New Zealand Chiron developed the vaccine, in close ... FDA licenses Sanofi pasteur vaccine for protection against meningococcal disease Sanofi pasteur, the vaccines business of the ... Significant step forward in the search for a vaccine against Group B meningococcal disease For a long time, doctors and ... Mathematics helps explain meningococcal meningitis outbreaks Outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis depend on small differences ...

https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/Meningococcal-Disease&page=7

... meningococcal vaccines market is set to surpass US$ 7.5 Million by the year end of 2025. ... Meningococcal Vaccines Market Insights By Top Players - DPIResearch.com. The United States pneumococcal & meningococcal ... vaccines market is set to surpass US$ 7.5 Million by the year end of 2025. ...

https://marketnewswire.in/united-states-pneumococcal-meningococcal-vaccines-market-insights-by-top-players-dpiresearch-com/

Persistence of immunity after vaccination with a capsular group B meningococcal vaccine in 3 different toddler schedules ... Persistence of immunity after vaccination with a capsular group B meningococcal vaccine in 3 different toddler schedules ... 2023 Oxford Vaccine Group, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), Churchill Hospital Old Road, ...

https://www.ovg.ox.ac.uk/publications/736967?b361fe94-fea0-11ed-82ad-0653bcb80ed2

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https://pharmacytech.therapeuticresearch.com/Content/Segments/PRL/2017/Aug/New-Dosing-Recommendations-for-em-Trumemba-em-Meningococcal-B-Vaccine-May-2017-11423

... including quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine, flu vaccine, Tdap vaccine and HPV vaccine. ... Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine The meningococcal conjugate vaccine covers some of the most common forms of ... When it comes to vaccines for college, be aware that theres a second meningitis vaccine-the serogroup B meningococcal vaccine- ... college students should get the serogroup B meningococcal vaccine, says Marvin M. Lipman, M.D., Consumer Reports chief ...

https://www.picknsave.com/health/clinic/vaccinations/college

... everyone who needs to know the facts about vaccines and immunization. ... Meningococcal 6th-12th. 6th - 10th - 1 dose of MCV4. 11th-12th - 2 doses of MCV4. Students who receive their first dose of MCV4 ... Vaccine Requirements for the State of Indiana. Vaccine requirements may be relaxed or eliminated in some regions and/or states ... Vaccine. Age/Grade. Comments. Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTaP), Tdap. Day Care, Head Start, K-12. Day Care, Head Start- 3- ...

http://www.immunizationinfo.org/es/vaccines/state-requirements/indiana/

Meningococcal Meningitis Vaccine. The meningococcal meningitis vaccine is given by injection (shots) to provide immunization ... MMR Vaccine. MMR vaccine is a combined vaccine to protect children against measles, mumps, and rubella, which are dangerous and ... Alternative names are rubella vaccination, mumps vaccination, vaccine-MMR.. Moles. A mole (nevus) is a pigmented (colored) spot ... against meningococcal disease and meningitis caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitides.. Meningococcemia. Meningococcemia ...

http://www.healthofchildren.com/M/index.html

Meningococcal vaccines session Cite CITE. Title : Meningococcal vaccines session Personal Author(s) : Stephens, David S. ... ACIP Meningococcal Vaccines Work Group introduction Cite CITE. Title : ACIP Meningococcal Vaccines Work Group introduction ... ACIP Meningococcal Vaccines Work Group introduction Cite CITE. Title : ACIP Meningococcal Vaccines Work Group introduction ... Stephens, David S. "Meningococcal vaccines session" 201901, no. 020201 (2019). Stephens, David S. "Meningococcal vaccines ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/78096

MENVEO is a vaccine indicated for active immunization to prevent invasive meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria ... to any component of this vaccine, or to any other diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine ... MenA lyophilized conjugate vaccine component (Vial 2). After reconstitution, a single dose of MENVEO 2-vial presentation is 0.5 ... MENVEO 2-vial presentation is the only MenACWY vaccine approved for use in infants as young as 2 months of age.1-3. ...

https://gskpro.com/en-us/products/menveo/dosing/

... explains why drug manufacturers generally cannot be sued for vaccine injuries and outlines the claims process for the Vaccine ... Meningococcal vaccines (e.g., MCV4, MPSV4, recombinant). When parents believe their child has been injured by a vaccine and the ... Additionally, the vaccine-related injury has to be included on the vaccine courts list of side effects, called the Vaccine ... Haemophilus influenza type b vaccines (e.g., Hib). *Varicella vaccines (e.g., VZV) [herpes zoster (shingles) vaccine is not ...

https://www.findlaw.com/healthcare/patient-rights/can-i-sue-vaccine-manufacturers-.html

MenHibrix (Meningococcal Groups C and Y and Haemophilus b Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine) ...

https://www.fda.gov/drugs/surveillance/postmarket-drug-and-biologic-safety-evaluations-completed-january-2017-march-2017

HPV vaccine Influenza Meningococcal Polio Typhoid Rabies Yellow Fever Measles, Mumps. Rubella (MMR) Japanese Encephalitis ... The Center for Disease Control and Prevention contains information on vaccines and disease prevention, as well as maps ...

https://www.lclark.edu/offices/health_service/overseas_health/

... the water we drink and the medicines and vaccines that treat and protect us. The Organization aims to provide every child, ... A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. ... Conjugate meningococcal A vaccine trial. *Rotavirus vaccine clinical trials in five African countries ... Investment case for vaccine-preventable diseases surveillance in the African Region 2020-2030. The investment case for vaccine- ...

http://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/vaccines

Infants recommended to receive meningococcal groups C and Y and Haemophilus b tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Hib-MenCY-TT [ MenHibrix , GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals]) include those with persistent complement component pathway deficiencies and functional or anatomical asplenia, including sickle cell disease. (medscape.com)
All 11- to 12-year-olds should be vaccinated with a single dose of a meningococcal conjugate vaccine. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
About half of the people who get a meningococcal conjugate vaccine have mild problems following vaccination, such as redness or pain where the shot was given or a mild fever. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Sanofi pasteur, the vaccines business of the sanofi-aventis Group, announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has licensed Menactra (Meningococcal [Groups A, C, Y and W-135] Polysaccharide Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine) for protection against meningococcal disease in adolescents and adults aged 11-55 years. (news-medical.net)
The meningococcal conjugate vaccine covers some of the most common forms of bacterial meningitis, a devastating disease that almost always requires hospitalization and can cause permanent disability or death within hours of first feeling sick. (picknsave.com)
The year I came to CDC, the Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) conjugate vaccine was just beginning to be used to prevent life-threatening meningitis and sepsis. (cdc.gov)
Twenty-five years ago, I made my first trip to West Africa to look for places to test a meningococcal A conjugate vaccine. (cdc.gov)

For more information, see Who should get meningococcal vaccination . (cdc.gov)
however, since routine vaccination of recruits with the bivalent A/C vaccine began in 1971, disease caused by those serogroups has been uncommon. (cdc.gov)
In some cases, your health care provider may decide to postpone meningococcal ACWY vaccination until a future visit. (medlineplus.gov)
Talk with your teen's clinician if you are interested in serogroup B meningococcal vaccination. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
We collected aggregate vaccination coverage by MenB vaccine from the electronic trial register for 1988-1992. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination is an effective strategy to combat invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). (bvsalud.org)
For those who have bleeding disorder this vaccine can be administered subcutaneously and firm pressure is given after the vaccination. (drbhole.com)
This vaccination is active form of immunization and when it is injected in adequate doses to someone the immunity of the host recognizes the antigens in this vaccine as foreign antigens and form immune response against these antigens. (drbhole.com)
Alternative names are rubella vaccination, mumps vaccination, vaccine-MMR. (healthofchildren.com)
If you believe that your child has been injured as a result of vaccination, can you sue the manufacturer of the vaccine for damages? (findlaw.com)

Meningococcal disease can refer to any illness that is caused by a type of bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis , also known as meningococcus. (cdc.gov)
A polysaccharide vaccine against disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135 is currently licensed in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Meningococcal disease refers to any illness caused by Neisseria meningitidis bacteria. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Components of some meningococcal B (MenB) vaccines could provide protection against the causative bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (M. Pizza, pers. (cdc.gov)
Quadrivalent meningococcal vaccines are highly effective in preventing the spread of meninigitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis. (muslimmed.org)
In the packet insert of Nimenrix, the manufacturer describes it as "a tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide conjugated vaccine consisting of Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharides A, C, W-135 and Y each coupled to tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein. (muslimmed.org)
There is a particular need for an effective vaccine against life-threatening meningitis and septicemia caused by Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) serogroup B strains. (biomedcentral.com)
The development of an effective vaccine against all strains of Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), the major cause of life-threatening bacterial meningitis and septicemia, is a priority for infectious disease research. (biomedcentral.com)
For a long time, doctors and scientists have suspected that Neisseria lactamica, a harmless germ carried mostly by children under the age of five years, is the key to the development of natural immunity to meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia (blood poisoning). (news-medical.net)
Menjugate Menongococcal Meningitis Vaccine is a vaccine indicated for active immunization to prevent invasive meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C. Menjugate Menongococcal Meningitis Vaccine is approved for use in persons aged 2 months. (drbhole.com)
The meningococcal meningitis vaccine is given by injection (shots) to provide immunization against meningococcal disease and meningitis caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitides. (healthofchildren.com)
Leonard Mayer] Meningococcal disease is an infection by the bacterium called Neisseria meningitidis , commonly known as the meningococcus. (cdc.gov)
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS. (bvsalud.org)

The Health Protection Agency today publishes its first national report on the current status of the UK's universal vaccine programmes, which protect children against a range of childhood diseases including measles, mumps, rubella and meningitis. (news-medical.net)
MMR vaccine is a combined vaccine to protect children against measles, mumps, and rubella, which are dangerous and potentially deadly diseases. (healthofchildren.com)
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccines (e.g. (findlaw.com)
My mother began having children of her own in the 1950s-my brothers and sister and I were born before the breakthrough measles, mumps and rubella vaccines came out the next decade. (cdc.gov)
This report describes case notification data for measles, pertussis, rubella, Haemophilus influenzae type b invasive infection, invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), mumps, tetanus and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in NSW, Australia, in 2012 and provides comparison with recent trends. (who.int)

Monovalent C meningococcal vaccine is recommended for all children at one year of age as part of routine immunization and for people who have had meningococcal disease. (who.int)
These data summarize country introduction status of Meningococcal meningitis vaccines (all strains) in the national immunization programme. (who.int)
The first such vaccine, a serogroup C conjugate, was introduced into the UK immunization program in 1999 and has been extremely effective in reducing cases of serogroup C infections [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The publicly funded immunization program will continue for people who are at high risk, close contacts of people with meningococcal B disease and in outbreak situations as determined by public health. (the902hxir.ca)
Research and development of new vaccines has the potential to contribute to better immunization programmes and to reduce further childhood mortality in line with the Health related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). (who.int)
While, until recently, immunization with quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine represented one cornerstone of protection, data on long-term persistence of antibodies in adults remain scarce. (biomedcentral.com)
The average duration of protection following immunization with a quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine in adults was ≥ 115 months regardless of serogroup. (biomedcentral.com)
Currently authorities in several countries including the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA, Department of Health (DoH), UK, and Robert-Koch-Institute (RKI), Germany, recommend primary immunization of laboratory workers exposed to meningococci with quadrivalent glycoconjugate vaccine [ 10 - 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
finish the job of polio eradication and secure its legacy through resilient immunization systems and sustained high coverage of measles vaccine. (cdc.gov)
The objectives of vaccine-preventable disease surveillance in NSW are, at an individual level, to identify events that may require immediate public health control measures and, at a population level, to identify risk factors such as age and geographic location that inform better targeted immunization efforts. (who.int)
We're pleased to have with us Lieutenant Commander Sara Oliver, who is a co-lead for the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices COVID-19 Vaccines Work Group. (cdc.gov)

There are 6 serogroups (a group of bacteria that are closely related) of N. meningitidis that cause most meningococcal disease in the world. (cdc.gov)
MenACWY vaccine protects against meningococcal disease caused by serogroups A, C, W, and Y. (cdc.gov)
Menactra® is approved for people aged 9 months through 55 years to protect against invasive meningococcal disease caused by serogroups A, C, W, and Y. (cdc.gov)
The new vaccine can also be used in any infants aged from 6 weeks to 18 months in local outbreak situations, but not for travel to the Hajj or the "meningitis belt" of sub-Saharan Africa because it does not contain the necessary serogroups A and W135. (medscape.com)
Meningococcal ACWY vaccine can help protect against meningococcal disease caused by serogroups A, C, W, and Y. A different meningococcal vaccine is available that can help protect against serogroup B. (medlineplus.gov)
Vaccine strategies incorporating capsular polysaccharide have proved effective against other meningococcal serogroups, but are not applicable to serogroup B. Attention has therefore focused on the subcapsular outer membrane protein antigens as potential vaccine components. (biomedcentral.com)
The sequencing of genomes from three serogroups and the availability of the corresponding translated protein databases, combined with the development of sensitive proteomic techniques, have opened up new avenues of meningococcal vaccine research. (biomedcentral.com)
The first generation of vaccines contained purified polysaccharides from serogroups A and C that induced antibodies that promoted complement-mediated serum bactericidal activity (SBA), the correlate of protective immunity, against the respective serogroups. (biomedcentral.com)
Tetravalent polysaccharide vaccines were later produced by the addition of serogroups Y and W135. (biomedcentral.com)
Of the 12 known capsule serogroups, A, B, C, W135, and Y -- plus sometimes X -- are the main ones which cause meningococcal disease. (cdc.gov)
Currently there are safe and effective vaccines against meningococcal disease caused by serogroups A, C, W135, and Y. Meningococcal vaccines are recommended for all 11 to 12 year olds, with a booster at 16. (cdc.gov)

A small percentage of people who receive meningococcal ACWY vaccine experience muscle pain, headache, or tiredness. (medlineplus.gov)

People with certain chronic conditions appear to be at increased risk of developing meningococcal infection. (cdc.gov)
Meningococcal disease is particularly common among individuals with component deficiencies in the final common complement pathway (C3, C5-C9), many of whom experience multiple episodes of infection (2). (cdc.gov)
Meningococcal disease can cause meningitis (infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and infections of the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Recurrent infection is common, antimicrobial drug resistance is growing, and no licensed vaccine is available to protect against gonorrhea infection. (cdc.gov)
Ecologic evidence from Cuba supports a decline in gonococcus infection after a nationwide OMV vaccine campaign in the 1980s ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Chemoprophylaxis for meningococcal infection should be administered to intimate household, daycare center, and nursery school contacts of cases. (medscape.com)
Transfer to a PICU is necessary in approximately 20% of pediatric cases of meningococcal infection. (medscape.com)
Immunosuppressives may diminish therapeutic effects of vaccines and increase risk of adverse effects (increased risk of infection). (medscape.com)
Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines. (medscape.com)

Teens and young adults (16 through 23 year olds) may also be vaccinated with a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine, preferably at 16 through 18 years old. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Multiple doses of serogroup B meningococcal vaccine are needed and the same brand must be used for all doses. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
When it comes to vaccines for college, be aware that there's a second meningitis vaccine-the serogroup B meningococcal vaccine-that prevents another strain of the disease, known as the B strain. (picknsave.com)
Even though it's not currently included on the CDC's vaccine schedule, college students should get the serogroup B meningococcal vaccine,' says Marvin M. Lipman, M.D., Consumer Reports' chief medical adviser. (picknsave.com)

The 4th dose of polio vaccine must be administered on or after child's fourth birthday. (immunizationinfo.org)
Three doses of polio vaccine are acceptable if 3rd dose was administered on or after child's fourth birthday and the doses are all IPV or all OPV. (immunizationinfo.org)

It is uncertain whether individuals with other diseases associated with immunosuppression are at higher risk of acquiring meningococcal disease, as they are for disease caused by other encapsulated bacteria. (cdc.gov)

Such polysaccharide vaccines produce a long-lived IgG response and induce immunological memory even in infants. (biomedcentral.com)
Meningococcal vaccine development began in the 1930s with killed whole-cell and exotoxin vaccines, but widespread use of polysaccharide vaccines did not begin until the 1970s. (ox.ac.uk)

There are safe and effective vaccines that can protect against meningococcal disease. (cdc.gov)
Getting vaccinated is the best way to protect against meningococcal disease. (southfloridahospitalnews.com)

They are (1) quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate or MenACWY vaccines and (2) serogroup B meningococcal or MenB vaccines. (cdc.gov)
People in any groups listed above who received their MenACWY vaccine more than 5 years ago. (southfloridahospitalnews.com)
Find meningococcal vaccines, including the MenACWY vaccine, by contacting a health care provider, county health department, or pharmacy. (southfloridahospitalnews.com)
MENVEO 2-vial presentation is the only MenACWY vaccine approved for use in infants as young as 2 months of age. (gskpro.com)

Invasive meningococcal disease is very rare and not spread easily, but it can be life-threatening. (the902hxir.ca)
The bacteria that can cause invasive meningococcal disease are spread through direct contact with the saliva or spit of an infected person. (the902hxir.ca)
Occupational exposure to live meningococci can potentially cause invasive meningococcal disease in laboratory staff. (biomedcentral.com)
Our conversation is based on a study about invasive meningococcal capsular group Y disease in England and Wales, which appears in CDC's journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases . (cdc.gov)
Such invasive meningococcal disease is a serious, life-threatening illness requiring prompt medical treatment. (cdc.gov)
Invasive meningococcal disease case notifications were at their lowest rates since case notification began in 1991. (who.int)
Vaccine-preventable disease control is continually strengthening in NSW with notable successes in invasive bacterial infections. (who.int)

Concomitant administration of typhoid , tetanus and yellow fever vaccine is safe with Menjugate Menongococcal Meningitis Vaccine. (drbhole.com)
Diphtheria and Tetanus vaccines (e.g. (findlaw.com)

MenB vaccine protects against meningococcal disease caused by serogroup B. (cdc.gov)
Teens and young adults (16 through 23 years old) may also get a MenB vaccine. (cdc.gov)
Younger children and adults usually do not need MenB vaccines. (cdc.gov)
In Norway, a trial of another OMV MenB vaccine (MenBvac, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway) was conducted among teenagers during 1988-1992. (cdc.gov)
Two different recombinant, protein -based, serogroup B (MenB) vaccines that may address these challenges are currently available. (bvsalud.org)
AREAS COVERED This review provides healthcare professionals, particularly pediatricians , an overview of currently available MenB vaccines , including development strategies and evaluation of coverage. (bvsalud.org)
EXPERT OPINION Overall, recombinant MenB vaccines are valuable tools for healthcare professionals to protect patients against IMD. (bvsalud.org)
Healthcare providers frequently prescribing MenB vaccines are challenged to keep abreast of these differences to ensure patient protection against this serious disease . (bvsalud.org)

There are two types of vaccines available in the United States that can safely prevent meningococcal disease. (cdc.gov)
Leonard Mayer] Vaccines are the best strategy to prevent meningococcal disease. (cdc.gov)

Menjugate Menongococcal Meningitis Vaccine does not prevent N. meningitidis serogroup B infections. (drbhole.com)
How is Menjugate Meningococcal Meningitis vaccine available? (drbhole.com)
Menjugate Menongococcal Meningitis Vaccine is available as injection liquid form. (drbhole.com)
Menjugate Menongococcal Meningitis Vaccine is stored at 2-8 degree Celsius. (drbhole.com)
Menjugate Menongococcal Meningitis Vaccine is given on anterolateral aspect of thigh in infants and young children. (drbhole.com)
At what age Menjugate Meningococcal Meningitis vaccine is given? (drbhole.com)
How does Menjugate Meningococcal Meningitis vaccine works? (drbhole.com)
Menjugate Menongococcal Meningitis Vaccine is a killed vaccine. (drbhole.com)
Menjugate Menongococcal Meningitis Vaccine is safe with most other medicine and no drug interactions were noted. (drbhole.com)
Like other inactivated vaccines Menjugate Menongococcal Meningitis Vaccine is considered as safe in pregnant and lactating woman, but the risk benefit ratio should be evaluated by the caregiver. (drbhole.com)
What are side effects of Menjugate Meningococcal Meningitis vaccine? (drbhole.com)
In the past five years, 235 million people in the African meningitis belt have lined up to get the low-cost MenAfriVac developed by the Meningitis Vaccine Project. (cdc.gov)

There are currently two meningococcal quadrivalent vaccines available in the United States, Menactra and Menveo. (muslimmed.org)
In the packet insert of Menactra, the manufacturer describes it as "a sterile, intramuscularly administered vaccine that contains N. meningitidis serogroup A, C, Y and W-135 capsular polysaccharide antigens individually conjugated to diphtheria toxoid protein. (muslimmed.org)

Full protection against meningococcal B disease requires two doses of the vaccine. (the902hxir.ca)

Serogroup A, C, Y and W135 polysaccharides are all included in vaccines for travellers, other high risk groups and control of outbreaks, but have limited immunogenicity and effficacy in childhood. (ox.ac.uk)
Protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines overcome this problem and offer the possibility of protection in early childhoodfrom serogroup A, C, Y and W135. (ox.ac.uk)

Infants who are at high risk for meningococcal disease should receive a recently licensed vaccine that protects against 2 strains of meningococcal disease as well as Haemophilus influenzae type b, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (medscape.com)
Combined haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB) plus monovalent C meningococcal vaccine. (who.int)
Haemophilus influenza type b vaccines (e.g. (findlaw.com)
There were no Haemophilus influenzae type b case notifications in children less than five years of age for the first time since the vaccine was introduced. (who.int)

The active vaccine elements - antigens and toxoids - are bacterial components that have been sufficiently isolated and purified from impermissible media ingredients. (muslimmed.org)
This has resulted in the identification of potential candidate antigens for incorporation into multicomponent meningococcal vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
However, such vaccines suffer from poor immunogenicity as a consequence of the inability of polysaccharide antigens to induce an effective T-helper-cell response. (biomedcentral.com)
Alternative strategies have focused on the vaccine potential of subcapsular antigens. (biomedcentral.com)
however, development of vaccines against serogroup B faced particular challenges, including the inability to target traditional meningococcal antigens (i.e. polysaccharide capsule ) and limited alternative antigens due to serogroup B strain diversity. (bvsalud.org)
More than 95% of all new infections HIV Vaccine Strategies are in developing countries, making HIV / AIDS a An important aspect of vaccine design is deciding serious threat not only to global health, but also to which parts of HIV (antigens) the vaccine can in- global development. (who.int)

In the packet insert of Menveo, the manufacturer describes it as a sterile liquid vaccine administered by intramuscular injection that contains N. meningitidis serogroup A, C, Y, and W-135 oligosaccharides conjugated individually to Corynebacterium diphtheriae CRM197 protein. (muslimmed.org)

This is recommended for some specific risk groups and for the control of meningococcal outbreaks, and is available in different forms. (who.int)

however, even with antibiotic treatment, 10 to 15 out of 100 people with meningococcal disease will die. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

The case-fatality rate is approximately 10% for meningococcal meningitis and 20% for meningococcemia, despite therapy with antimicrobial agents, such as penicillin, to which all strains remain highly sensitive. (cdc.gov)
Two other meningococcal vaccines containing those strains are available but cannot be used in children younger than 9 months, according to the CDC. (medscape.com)
These vaccines do not protect against meningococcal groups B and X. Serogroup B vaccines have been extracted from selected outbreak strains and are currently used in some countries to limit outbreaks. (who.int)
Introduction status of Meningococcal meningitis vaccines (all strains) over time. (who.int)
The immunity induced is therefore largely serosubtype specific, and a vaccine based on such a strategy would necessarily have to be prepared from multiple strains and the composition tailored for geographical location and adjusted over time to match the changing incidence of serosubtypes [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
An effective vaccine against serogroup B meningococci should induce immunity against strains of a wide range of serosubtypes. (biomedcentral.com)

Pertussis vaccines (e.g. (findlaw.com)

The antibody responses to each of the four polysaccharides in the quadrivalent vaccine are serogroup-specific and independent. (cdc.gov)

Antibodies against the group A and C polysaccharides decline markedly over the first 3 years following a single dose of vaccine (5,10-13). (cdc.gov)
A single dose of monovalent A meningococcal vaccine is licensed for individuals 1-29 years of age. (who.int)
This vaccine is initially administered as one dose only and is licensed for individuals 2-55 years of age. (who.int)
A two-dose series of this vaccine is licensed for use in children aged 9-23 months. (who.int)
But as you consider vaccines for college, know that incoming college freshmen should get a single dose of the Tdap booster before the start of the school year. (picknsave.com)
Students who receive their first dose of MCV4 on or after their 16th birthday will not need a booster dose of vaccine. (immunizationinfo.org)

The vaccine consists of 50 ug each of the respective purified bacterial capsular polysaccharides. (cdc.gov)
Second-generation vaccines were subsequently developed in which the capsular polysaccharides were covalently linked to carrier proteins in order to induce a T-helper-cell response. (biomedcentral.com)

She has a greater chance than ever to grow and thrive, free of vaccine-preventable diseases and complications like vaccine-preventable cancers caused by human papillomavirus. (cdc.gov)
We aim to describe the epidemiology of selected vaccine-preventable diseases in New South Wales (NSW) for 2012. (who.int)
Case notification rates for other selected vaccine-preventable diseases remained stable. (who.int)
1 On receipt of a case notification, a public health unit surveillance officer determines whether or not the case notification meets the definition of a case of vaccine-preventable disease according to national criteria 2 and if so enters data gathered on each case into the NSW Notifiable Conditions Information Management System (NCIMS). (who.int)
Data describing cases in NCIMS were extracted for selected vaccine-preventable diseases according to the date of onset, with 2012 data compared with data for recent years. (who.int)

Despite the availability of effective vaccines against common childhood infections a significant number of children under five years of age continue to die from communicable diseases. (who.int)
Vaccines have proven to be the most cost effective public health tool in the fight against infectious diseases. (who.int)
Improvements in scientific knowledge and development of new technologies have accelerated vaccine development and resulted in the testing of new vaccines against common infectious diseases. (who.int)
Vaccines are an important tool in public health, as they can prevent the spread of infectious diseases and protect individuals and populations from serious illnesses and deaths. (marketresearchcommunity.com)

The Hib-MenCY-TT vaccine, licensed in June 2012, is the first meningococcal vaccine approved for use in young infants, with an indication for ages 6 weeks through 18 months. (medscape.com)
High-risk infants in that age group should receive 4 doses of the vaccine. (medscape.com)
Cite this: New Meningococcal Vaccine Recommended for High-Risk Infants - Medscape - Jan 24, 2013. (medscape.com)
Furthermore, they are non-immunogenic in infants, the main potential target group for meningococcal vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)

3. Preparation and immunochemical properties of the group A, group B, and group C meningococcal polysaccharides. (muslimmed.org)

However, protein-based vaccines (recombinant vaccines or outer membrane vesicle vaccines) allow developing vaccines against serogroup B isolates. (pasteur.fr)

Meningococcal ACWY vaccine for adolescents and specific populations. (cdc.gov)
People who are moderately or severely ill should usually wait until they recover before getting meningococcal ACWY vaccine. (medlineplus.gov)

Meningococcal B vaccine for adolescents and adults of specific populations. (cdc.gov)
This vaccine can be given in deltoid in choulder in adolescents. (drbhole.com)

Sustaining and/or building partnerships for vaccine research and development in order to conduct vaccine clinical trials and accelerate the introduction of new vaccines in Africa. (who.int)

No major epidemic of meningococcal disease has occurred in the United States since 1946, although localized community outbreaks have been reported. (cdc.gov)

More clinical trials are increasingly being planned for Africa to evaluate efficacy and safety of candidate vaccines. (who.int)
Our Ebola response showed we could move candidate vaccines from pre-clinical testing into large-scale field trials faster than ever. (cdc.gov)

mercaptopurine decreases effects of human papillomavirus vaccine, nonavalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)

Scientists are currently trying to develop for which we have yet to develop an effective vac- therapeutic vaccines that will help the immune sys- cine, including HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculo- tems of people with HIV, cancer, hepatitis C and a sis. (who.int)
Therapeutic vaccines nize that disease. (who.int)

People spread the bacteria that cause meningococcal disease to others by sharing respiratory and throat secretions (such as saliva or spit). (infectioncontroltoday.com)
People do not catch the bacteria through casual contact or by breathing air where someone with meningococcal disease has been. (southfloridahospitalnews.com)
The bacteria that cause meningococcal disease do not spread through the air or by being near a person. (the902hxir.ca)
It was designed to monitor any changes in the number of cases of meningococcal disease, changes in the syndrome or type of disease, changes in the age group affected, and changes in the bacteria causing disease. (cdc.gov)

Only about 2 or 3 out of 100 meningococcal disease cases occur as part of an outbreak. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
April 8 2022 - The Florida Department of Health (FDOH) is responding to an outbreak of meningococcal disease in Florida. (southfloridahospitalnews.com)

A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. (who.int)
When Congress granted drug companies immunity in regular court with the Vaccine Act, it established the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. (findlaw.com)

Asplenic persons seem also to be at increased risk of developing meningococcal disease and experience particularly severe infections (3). (cdc.gov)
Although many meningococcal infections rapidly improve when treated with antibiotics, meningococcal disease may quickly progress. (medscape.com)
HPV infections can lead to various types of cancer, which is why the HPV vaccine is so important. (picknsave.com)
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention contains information on vaccines and disease prevention, as well as maps indicating the frequency of infections in specific countries. (lclark.edu)

Monovalent (A or C) meningococcal vaccine, which protects against meningococcal group A and C disease. (who.int)
In 1986, Congress passed a law that protects vaccine manufacturers from being sued in civil personal injury and wrongful death lawsuits resulting from vaccine injuries. (findlaw.com)
In a 6-2 decision , the Court ruled that the federal law protects drugmakers from design-defect claims as long as the vaccine was properly manufactured and carried adequate warnings labels. (findlaw.com)

Immunosuppressive drugs may reduce the immune response to influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)

Experts in science and medicine will focus on New Zealand's Meningococcal B Immunisation Programme today and tomorrow at an Immunisation Conference in Rotorua. (news-medical.net)

Talk with your healthcare provider about vaccines. (cdc.gov)

The available vaccines are safe and effective. (who.int)

Anatomy2

Organisms9

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs54

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes4

Information Science1

Health Care6

Geographicals1

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine primes for polysaccharide-inducible IgG2 antibody response in children with recurrent otitis media acuta. (1/586)

Humoral immune responses to Neisseria meningitidis in children. (2/586)

Cellular immune responses to Neisseria meningitidis in children. (3/586)

Meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in infancy and primes for memory. (4/586)

Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide preparations may contain non-C-polysaccharide contaminants that are immunogenic. (5/586)

Immune response to pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines in otitis-prone and otitis-free children. (6/586)

Fcgamma receptor polymorphisms determine the magnitude of in vitro phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae mediated by pneumococcal conjugate sera. (7/586)

The epidemiological impact of antimeningococcal B vaccination in Cuba. (8/586)

Meningococcal Vaccines

Meningococcal Infections

Meningitis, Meningococcal

Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B

Bacterial Vaccines

Vaccines, Conjugate

Antibodies, Bacterial

Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C

Vaccines

Blood Bactericidal Activity

Vaccination

Porins

Antigens, Bacterial

Transferrin-Binding Proteins

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins

Vaccines, Inactivated

Polysaccharides, Bacterial

Immunization Schedule

Vaccines, Combined

Viral Vaccines

Vaccines, Synthetic

Carrier State

Complement Factor H

Vaccines, DNA

Serotyping

Microbial Viability

Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A

AIDS Vaccines

Bacterial Proteins

Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup W-135

Vaccines, Subunit

Immunoglobulin G

Malaria Vaccines

Papillomavirus Vaccines

Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup Y

Neisseria lactamica

Haemophilus Vaccines

Immunization, Secondary

Molecular Sequence Data

Hepatitis B Vaccines

Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated

Measles Vaccine

Pertussis Vaccine

Disease Outbreaks

Immunity, Herd

BCG Vaccine

Rabies Vaccines

Rotavirus Vaccines

Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine

Cholera Vaccines

Tetanus Toxoid

Antibodies, Viral

Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines

Smallpox Vaccine

Serum Bactericidal Antibody Assay

Immunization

Adjuvants, Immunologic

Tuberculosis Vaccines

Bacterial Capsules

Immunization Programs

Chickenpox Vaccine

Diphtheria Toxoid

Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines

Mumps Vaccine

Mass Vaccination

Hepatitis A Vaccines

Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine

Streptococcal Vaccines

Niger

Anthrax Vaccines

Dengue Vaccines

Vaccines, Virosome

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Serum Bactericidal Test

Purpura

Neisseria

Nasopharynx

Viral Hepatitis Vaccines

Mice, Inbred BALB C