Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.
An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)
Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)
Meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
Infections of the nervous system caused by bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS, and marked by prominent inflammation of the MENINGES. HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B is the most common causative organism. The condition primarily affects children under 6 years of age but may occur in adults.
A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)
A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
Inflammation of the meninges caused by LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES infection, usually occurring in individuals under the age of 3 years or over the age of 50 years. It may occur at any age in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, altered mentation, HEADACHE, meningeal signs, focal neurologic signs, and SEIZURES. (From Medicine 1998 Sep;77(5):313-36)
A form of gram-negative meningitis that tends to occur in neonates, in association with anatomical abnormalities (which feature communication between the meninges and cutaneous structures) or as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS in association with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. In premature neonates the clinical presentation may be limited to ANOREXIA; VOMITING; lethargy; or respiratory distress. Full-term infants may have as additional features FEVER; SEIZURES; and bulging of the anterior fontanelle. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp398-400)
Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
Infectious disease processes, including meningitis, diarrhea, and respiratory disorders, caused by echoviruses.
A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the NASOPHARYNX. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL). It is also found in venereal discharges and blood. There are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being A, B, C, Y, and W-135. Each serogroup can be further classified by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype.
A species of parasitic nematodes distributed throughout the Pacific islands that infests the lungs of domestic rats. Human infection, caused by consumption of raw slugs and land snails, results in eosinophilic meningitis.
A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.
Proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, normally albumin and globulin present in the ratio of 8 to 1. Increases in protein levels are of diagnostic value in neurological diseases. (Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p221)
A republic in western Africa, north of NIGERIA and west of CHAD. Its capital is Niamey.
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.
The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.
Strains of Neisseria meningitidis responsible for most outbreaks of meningococcal disease in Western Europe and the United States in the first half of the 20th century. They continue to be a major cause of disease in Asia and Africa, and especially localized epidemics in Sub-Sahara Africa.
A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII.
An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.
A bacterium which causes mastitis in cattle and occasionally in man.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Enterovirus infections are a group of viral illnesses caused by enteroviruses that primarily affect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems.
A species of the fungus CRYPTOCOCCUS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans.
Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.
A type of H. influenzae isolated most frequently from biotype I. Prior to vaccine availability, it was a leading cause of childhood meningitis.
A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 36 serotypes. It is comprised of all the echoviruses and a few coxsackieviruses, including all of those previously named coxsackievirus B.
A species of ENTEROVIRUS associated with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis (MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC).
Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.
A species of STREPTOCOCCUS isolated from pigs. It is a pathogen of swine but rarely occurs in humans.
Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.
Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.
Infections with nematodes of the order STRONGYLIDA.
The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; HEADACHE; lethargy; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and ATAXIA.
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.
Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus".
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
A republic in western Africa, lying between GHANA on its west and BENIN on its east. Its capital is Lome.
A republic in western Africa, south and east of MALI and west of NIGER. Its capital is Ouagadougou. It was formerly called Upper Volta until 1984.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.
Strains of Neisseria meningitidis found mostly in Africa.
A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium.
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.
A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)
Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.
Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.
Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.
Acute or chronic inflammation of the arachnoid membrane of the meninges most often involving the spinal cord or base of the brain. This term generally refers to a persistent inflammatory process characterized by thickening of the ARACHNOID membrane and dural adhesions. Associated conditions include prior surgery, infections, trauma, SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, and chemical irritation. Clinical features vary with the site of inflammation, but include cranial neuropathies, radiculopathies, and myelopathies. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch48, p25)
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.
A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus CHRONOBACTER, found in the environment and in foods.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.
Nervous system infections caused by tick-borne spirochetes of the BORRELIA BURGDORFERI GROUP. The disease may affect elements of the central or peripheral nervous system in isolation or in combination. Common clinical manifestations include a lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuropathy (most often a facial neuropathy), POLYRADICULOPATHY, and a mild loss of memory and other cognitive functions. Less often more extensive inflammation involving the central nervous system (encephalomyelitis) may occur. In the peripheral nervous system, B. burgdorferi infection is associated with mononeuritis multiplex and polyradiculoneuritis. (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):182-91)
A congenital or acquired protrusion of the meninges, unaccompanied by neural tissue, through a bony defect in the skull or vertebral column.
Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infections with STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the SPHENOID SINUS. Isolated sphenoid sinusitis is uncommon. It usually occurs in conjunction with other paranasal sinusitis.
A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow.
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.
An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.
Presence of air or gas within the intracranial cavity (e.g., epidural space, subdural space, intracerebral, etc.) which may result from traumatic injuries, fistulous tract formation, erosions of the skull from NEOPLASMS or infection, NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES, and other conditions.
An envelope of loose gel surrounding a bacterial cell which is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Some capsules have a well-defined border, whereas others form a slime layer that trails off into the medium. Most capsules consist of relatively simple polysaccharides but there are some bacteria whose capsules are made of polypeptides.
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.
An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.
Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection.
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx. This is usually associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE involving the TEMPORAL BONE;), NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; or other conditions, but may rarely occur spontaneously. (From Am J Otol 1995 Nov;16(6):765-71)
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
A condition characterized by neck stiffness, headache, and other symptoms suggestive of meningeal irritation, but without actual inflammation of the meninges (MENINGITIS). Spinal fluid pressure may be elevated but spinal fluid is normal. (DeJong, The Neurologic Examination, 4th ed, p673)
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Influenza-like febrile viral disease caused by several members of the BUNYAVIRIDAE family and transmitted mostly by the bloodsucking sandfly Phlebotomus papatasii.
Passive agglutination tests in which antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles which then clump in the presence of antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
A well-circumscribed mass composed of tuberculous granulation tissue that may occur in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem, or perimeningeal spaces. Multiple lesions are quite common. Management of intracranial manifestations vary with lesion site. Intracranial tuberculomas may be associated with SEIZURES, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Spinal cord tuberculomas may be associated with localized or radicular pain, weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. Tuberculomas may arise as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS, but also occur in immunocompetent individuals.
A republic in southern Africa east of ZAMBIA and MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Lilongwe. It was formerly called Nyasaland.
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly found in the alimentary tract of cows, sheep, and other ruminants. It occasionally is encountered in cases of human endocarditis. This species is nonhemolytic.
Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.
Leakage and accumulation of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID in the subdural space which may be associated with an infectious process; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION; and other conditions.
Non-susceptibility of an organism to the action of the cephalosporins.
Brain tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur.
Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; SPINAL CORD; and ischemia (see also SPINAL CORD VASCULAR DISEASES). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Beta-lactam antibiotics that differ from PENICILLINS in having the thiazolidine sulfur atom replaced by carbon, the sulfur then becoming the first atom in the side chain. They are unstable chemically, but have a very broad antibacterial spectrum. Thienamycin and its more stable derivatives are proposed for use in combinations with enzyme inhibitors.
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.
The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.
The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Exotoxins produced by certain strains of streptococci, particularly those of group A (STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES), that cause HEMOLYSIS.
A species in the genus PHLEBOVIRUS causing PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER, an influenza-like illness. Related serotypes include Toscana virus and Tehran virus.
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
The type species of RUBULAVIRUS that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection.
Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.
The presence of parasites in food and food products. For the presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food, FOOD MICROBIOLOGY is available.
Africa is a continent with diverse populations and unique health challenges, including infectious diseases, malnutrition, and non-communicable diseases.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."
Inflammation of blood vessels within the central nervous system. Primary vasculitis is usually caused by autoimmune or idiopathic factors, while secondary vasculitis is caused by existing disease process. Clinical manifestations are highly variable but include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; behavioral alterations; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; and BRAIN INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp856-61)
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.
A mitosporic fungal genus which causes COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.
Child hospitalized for short term care.
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.
Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.

Nocardia osteomyelitis in a pachymeningitis patient: an example of a difficult case to treat with antimicrobial agents. (1/898)

Antimicrobial agents played a miraculous role in the treatment of bacterial infections until resistant bacteria became widespread. Besides antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, many factors can influence the cure of infection. Nocardia infection may be a good example which is difficult to cure with antimicrobial agents alone. A 66-year-old man developed soft tissue infection of the right buttock and thigh. He was given prednisolone and azathioprine for pachymeningitis 3 months prior to admission. Despite surgical and antimicrobial treatment (sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim), the infection spread to the femur and osteomyelitis developed. The case showed that treatment of bacterial infection is not always as successful as was once thought because recent isolates of bacteria are more often resistant to various antimicrobial agents, intracellular parasites are difficult to eliminate even with the active drug in vitro, and infections in some sites such as bone are refractory to treatment especially when the patient is in a compromised state. In conclusion, for the treatment of infections, clinicians need to rely on laboratory tests more than before and have to consider the influence of various host factors.  (+info)

Meningitis caused by an alkali-producing pseudomonad. (2/898)

The clinical and microbiological features of a case of meningitis, due to an alkali-producing pseudomonad which closely resembles Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, are described. A respiratory infection and a course of antibiotic therapy before admission to hospital may have been predisposing factors to opportunistic infection by this normally saprophytic organism. The problems of identifying alkali-producing pseudomonads are discussed.  (+info)

Citrobacter koseri meningitis in a special care baby unit. (3/898)

An outbreak of meningitis due to Citrobacter koseri in a special care baby unit is described. The organism showed a high capacity for spread among the babies on the unit and although the intestinal carriage rate was high, the clinical case:carrier ratio was low.  (+info)

Free sialic acid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis. (4/898)

The free and bound sialic acid content of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with positive evidence (by CSF culture) of pyogenic and tuberculous meningitis was determined. The free sialic acid content was significantly raised only in cases of pyogenic meningitis, but not in tuberculous or other types of the disease.  (+info)

Ultrasound-enhanced latex immunoagglutination and PCR as complementary methods for non-culture-based confirmation of meningococcal disease. (5/898)

Preadmission administration of antibiotics to patients with suspected meningococcal infection has decreased the likelihood of obtaining an isolate and has stimulated development of rapid and reliable non-culture-based diagnostic methods. The sensitivity of the conventional test card latex agglutination test (TCLAT) for detection of capsular polysaccharide has been reported to be suboptimal. In the United Kingdom meningococcal DNA detection by PCR has become readily available and is now used as a first-line investigation. Recently, the performance of latex antigen detection has been markedly improved by ultrasound enhancement. Three tests for laboratory confirmation of meningococcal infection, (i) PCR assays, (ii) TCLAT, and (iii) ultrasound-enhanced latex agglutination test (USELAT), were compared in a retrospective study of 125 specimens (serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid specimens) from 90 patients in whom meningococcal disease was suspected on clinical grounds. Samples were from patients with (i) culture-confirmed meningococcal disease, (ii) culture-negative but PCR-confirmed meningococcal disease, and (iii) clinically suspected but non-laboratory-confirmed meningococcal disease. USELAT was found to be nearly five times more sensitive than TCLAT. Serogroup characterization was obtained by both PCR and USELAT for 44 samples; all results were concordant and agreed with the serogroups determined for the isolates when the serogroups were available. For 12 samples negative by USELAT, the serogroup was determined by PCR; however, for 12 other specimens for which PCR had failed to indicate the serogroup, USELAT gave a result. USELAT is a rapid, low-cost method which can confirm a diagnosis, identify serogroups, and guide appropriate management of meningococcal disease contacts. A complementary non-culture-based confirmation strategy of USELAT for local use supported by a centralized PCR assay service for detection of meningococci would give the benefits of timely information and improved epidemiological data.  (+info)

Intrathecal antibiotic therapy for neonatal meningitis. (6/898)

Twenty infants with neonatal meningitis were treated with systemic and lumbar intrathecal antibiotics upon initial diagnosis. Failure to sterilize the CSF in 2-3 days was associated with evidence of ventriculitis in these infants who were then treated with intraventricular antibiotics. 4 infants died, but only 2 of them may be regarded as treatment failure. It is suggested that many deaths from neonatal meningitis may be preventable by early detection and treatment of ventriculitis with intraventricular antibiotics.  (+info)

Magnetization transfer MR imaging in CNS tuberculosis. (7/898)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: CNS tuberculosis may simulate other granulomas and meningitis on MR images. The purpose of this study was to improve the characterization of lesions in CNS tuberculosis and to assess the disease load using magnetization transfer (MT) imaging. METHODS: A total of 107 tuberculomas in seven patients with or without meningitis and 15 patients with tuberculosis meningitis alone were studied. Fifteen patients with cysticercus granulomas with T2 hypointensity, five patients each with viral and pyogenic meningitis, and two patients with cryptococcal meningitis were also studied. The MT ratios were calculated from tuberculomas, cysticercus granulomas, and thickened meninges in tuberculous, viral, pyogenic, and cryptococcal meningitis and were compared within each pathologic group and with the MT ratio of different regions of normal brain parenchyma. Detectability of lesions on T1-weighted MT spin-echo (SE) images was compared with that on conventional SE and postcontrast MT-SE images. RESULTS: Thickened meninges appeared hyperintense relative to surrounding brain parenchyma in the basal and supratentorial cisterns on precontrast MT-SE images in all 18 patients with tuberculosis meningitis. These meninges were not seen or were barely visible on conventional SE images, and enhanced on postcontrast MT-SE images. The MT ratio from the thickened meninges of tuberculous meningitis was significantly lower than that from the meninges in cryptococcal and pyogenic disease and significantly higher than the meninges in viral meningoencephalitis. The MT ratio from T2 visible and invisible tuberculomas appeared to be significantly lower than that of normal white matter. The MT ratio of T2 hypointense cysticercus granuloma was significantly higher than that of T2 hypointense tuberculoma. CONCLUSION: Precontrast MT-SE imaging helps to better assess the disease load in CNS tuberculosis by improving the detectability of the lesions. With the use of MT ratios, it may be possible to differentiate tuberculosis from similar-appearing infective lesions on MR images.  (+info)

Sclerosing spinal pachymeningitis. A complication of intrathecal administration of Depo-Medrol for multiple sclerosis. (8/898)

Reported complications of intrathecal steroid therapy include aseptic meningitis, infectious meningitis, and arachnoiditis. We report a case of sclerosing spinal pachymeningitis complicating the attempted intrathecal administration of Depo-Medrol for multiple sclerosis. The lesion is characterised by concentric laminar proliferation of neomembranes within the subdural space of the entire spinal cord and cauda equina, resulting from repeated episodes of injury and repair to the spinal dura mater by Depo-Medrol. There is clinical and laboratory evidence that Depo-Medrol produces meningeal irritation and that the vehicle is the necrotising fraction.  (+info)

Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections, as well as certain autoimmune diseases or reactions to medications. The symptoms of meningitis can vary depending on the cause and severity of the inflammation, but common signs include fever, headache, neck stiffness, sensitivity to light, and a rash. In severe cases, meningitis can lead to complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, seizures, and even death. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of meningitis are crucial to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or antiviral medications, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent dehydration.

Meningitis, bacterial is an infection of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. It is caused by bacteria, most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). The symptoms of bacterial meningitis can include fever, headache, neck stiffness, sensitivity to light, vomiting, and a rash. In severe cases, it can lead to seizures, confusion, and even coma or death if not treated promptly. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics. Vaccines are available to prevent some types of bacterial meningitis, including Hib and meningococcal meningitis.

Meningitis, Pneumococcal is a serious bacterial infection that affects the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus. The infection can cause inflammation and swelling of the meninges, leading to symptoms such as severe headache, fever, neck stiffness, sensitivity to light, and vomiting. In severe cases, meningitis can lead to complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, seizures, and even death. Pneumococcal meningitis is typically treated with antibiotics, which are given intravenously to quickly eliminate the bacteria from the body. In some cases, additional supportive care may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Prevention of pneumococcal meningitis is also important, and can be achieved through vaccination. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) is recommended for infants and young children, while the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) is recommended for older adults and individuals with certain medical conditions.

Meningitis, aseptic, is a type of inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges) that is caused by a non-infectious agent, such as a reaction to a medication or a traumatic injury. It is also known as aseptic meningitis or non-infectious meningitis. Aseptic meningitis is usually characterized by fever, headache, and neck stiffness, as well as other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light. The inflammation of the meninges can cause a headache that is severe and persistent, and may be accompanied by neck stiffness and a sensitivity to light. The cause of aseptic meningitis can vary, but it is often related to the use of certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or antibiotics. It can also be caused by a traumatic injury to the head or neck, or by certain medical conditions, such as cancer or lupus. Aseptic meningitis is usually treated with medications to relieve symptoms and reduce inflammation. In most cases, the condition resolves on its own within a few days to a week. However, in severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Meningitis, viral, is an inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused by a viral infection. The symptoms of viral meningitis can include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and a stiff neck. The condition is usually self-limiting and can be treated with supportive care, such as pain relief and fluids. However, in some cases, more severe complications may occur, such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or hearing loss. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or someone you know may have viral meningitis.

Meningitis, fungal refers to an infection of the meninges, the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, caused by fungi. Fungal meningitis is a rare but serious condition that can lead to inflammation, swelling, and damage to the brain and spinal cord. Fungal meningitis can be caused by a variety of fungi, including Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and Candida. Cryptococcal meningitis is the most common form of fungal meningitis and is often associated with HIV/AIDS. Symptoms of fungal meningitis can include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and confusion. In severe cases, fungal meningitis can lead to seizures, coma, and death. Diagnosis of fungal meningitis typically involves a lumbar puncture to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, which may be administered intravenously or orally. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or drain excess fluid from the brain or spinal cord. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a favorable outcome.

Meningitis, Haemophilus is a type of bacterial meningitis caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. It is a serious infection that affects the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. The disease can be life-threatening if not treated promptly with antibiotics. Haemophilus influenzae meningitis can occur in both children and adults, but it is more common in infants and young children. The bacteria can enter the body through the nose or throat and spread to the bloodstream, where it can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause meningitis. Symptoms of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, and a rash. In severe cases, the infection can cause seizures, coma, and even death. Treatment for Haemophilus influenzae meningitis typically involves antibiotics, which are given intravenously to kill the bacteria and prevent further spread of the infection. In some cases, additional supportive care may be necessary, such as fluid replacement and treatment for seizures or other complications.

Meningitis, Meningococcal is a serious bacterial infection that affects the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which can spread through close contact with an infected person's respiratory secretions, such as saliva or mucus. The symptoms of meningococcal meningitis can include fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, nausea and vomiting, and a rash. In severe cases, the infection can lead to seizures, coma, and even death. Meningococcal meningitis is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment with antibiotics. Vaccines are available to prevent the disease, and it is recommended for certain high-risk groups, such as adolescents and young adults, and people with certain medical conditions or who live in close quarters with others.

Meningitis, cryptococcal is a type of fungal meningitis caused by the Cryptococcus neoformans fungus. It is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection that affects the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. Cryptococcal meningitis is most commonly seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation. It can also occur in people with no underlying health conditions, but this is less common. Symptoms of cryptococcal meningitis may include headache, fever, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light, confusion, and altered mental status. In severe cases, the infection can lead to seizures, coma, and death. Diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis typically involves a lumbar puncture to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B, flucytosine, and fluconazole, given intravenously or orally. Supportive care, such as hydration and pain management, is also important. Prevention of cryptococcal meningitis involves avoiding exposure to the Cryptococcus neoformans fungus, which is commonly found in soil and. This can be achieved by avoiding contact with and other potential sources of the fungus, and by wearing protective clothing and gloves when working in areas where the fungus is present.

Tuberculosis meningitis, also known as meningitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by the same bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB) in other parts of the body, such as the lungs. Tuberculosis meningitis is a rare form of the disease, accounting for only a small percentage of all TB cases. However, it is one of the most severe forms of the disease and can be difficult to diagnose and treat. Symptoms of tuberculosis meningitis may include fever, headache, neck stiffness, sensitivity to light, and changes in mental status, such as confusion or altered consciousness. In some cases, the disease may progress rapidly and cause seizures, coma, or death. Diagnosis of tuberculosis meningitis typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves a long course of antibiotics, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and complications. Prevention of tuberculosis meningitis involves vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, as well as prompt diagnosis and treatment of TB in other parts of the body to prevent the spread of the bacteria to the brain and spinal cord.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless liquid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is produced by the choroid plexuses, which are specialized structures located in the ventricles of the brain. CSF serves several important functions in the body, including: 1. Providing cushioning and support for the brain and spinal cord 2. Maintaining the proper pressure within the skull and spinal canal 3. Removing waste products and excess fluids from the brain and spinal cord 4. Protecting the brain and spinal cord from injury CSF is constantly being produced and absorbed by the body, and its composition and pressure can provide important clues about the health of the brain and spinal cord. In some cases, problems with the production, absorption, or circulation of CSF can lead to serious medical conditions, such as hydrocephalus or meningitis.

Meningitis, Listeria is a type of bacterial meningitis caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. It is a rare but serious infection that affects the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. Listeria meningitis can occur in people of all ages, but it is more common in infants, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. Symptoms of Listeria meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, and confusion or altered mental status. In severe cases, the infection can lead to seizures, coma, and even death. Listeria meningitis is typically treated with antibiotics, but prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes. It is important to note that Listeria meningitis is preventable through proper food handling and hygiene practices, as Listeria monocytogenes can be found in certain foods and environments.

Meningitis, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a serious bacterial infection that affects the meninges, which are the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. E. coli is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the gut of humans and animals, but some strains can cause illness when they enter other parts of the body, such as the bloodstream or the urinary tract. In meningitis, E. coli can spread from the bloodstream to the meninges, causing inflammation and swelling. Symptoms of meningitis, E. coli may include fever, headache, neck stiffness, sensitivity to light, and a rash. In severe cases, meningitis can lead to seizures, coma, and even death. Meningitis, E. coli is most commonly seen in young children, particularly those under the age of 2. It can also occur in adults, especially those with weakened immune systems. Treatment for meningitis, E. coli typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a good outcome.

Echovirus infections are a type of viral infection caused by the echoviruses, which are a group of enteroviruses. These viruses are transmitted through the fecal-oral route, meaning that they can be spread through contaminated food, water, or surfaces, or by coming into contact with an infected person's bodily fluids. Echovirus infections can affect people of all ages, but they are most common in children. The symptoms of echovirus infections can vary depending on the specific type of virus and the age and overall health of the person infected. Common symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash. In some cases, echovirus infections can cause more serious complications, such as meningitis or encephalitis. Echovirus infections are typically treated with supportive care, such as rest, fluids, and medications to manage symptoms. There is no specific antiviral medication available to treat echovirus infections, and the viruses cannot be eradicated from the body once a person is infected. However, most people recover from echovirus infections within a few days to a week.

Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode (roundworm) that can cause a serious infection in humans called angiostrongyliasis or rat lungworm disease. The parasite is commonly found in rats, snails, and slugs, and is transmitted to humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked infected food or water. The infection can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, and neck stiffness. In severe cases, the infection can lead to meningitis, which can be life-threatening if left untreated. Angiostrongylus cantonensis is found in many parts of the world, including Asia, the Pacific, and the Caribbean. Prevention of infection involves avoiding the consumption of raw or undercooked snails, slugs, or other foods that may be contaminated with the parasite, as well as avoiding contact with rats and other potential hosts.

Ceftriaxone is an antibiotic medication that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which means that it works by stopping the growth of bacteria. Ceftriaxone is often used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin, as well as infections that affect the bones and joints, blood, and central nervous system. It is usually given by injection, although it is also available in an oral form. Ceftriaxone is a powerful antibiotic and can be effective against many types of bacteria, but it is important to use it only as directed by a healthcare provider to avoid the development of antibiotic resistance.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins are proteins that are present in the cerebrospinal fluid, which is the clear, watery fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. These proteins play important roles in maintaining the health and function of the central nervous system. There are several different types of proteins that can be found in CSF, including albumin, immunoglobulins, and complement proteins. Albumin is the most abundant protein in CSF and is produced by the liver. Immunoglobulins are proteins that are produced by the immune system in response to infections or other foreign substances. Complement proteins are part of the body's immune system and help to destroy pathogens. Abnormal levels of CSF proteins can be an indication of a variety of medical conditions, including infections, inflammation, and neurological disorders. For example, an increase in the level of albumin in CSF may be a sign of inflammation or damage to the blood-brain barrier, while an increase in the level of immunoglobulins may be a sign of an infection or autoimmune disorder.

Streptococcal infections are a group of illnesses caused by bacteria of the genus Streptococcus. These bacteria can cause a wide range of infections, including throat infections (strep throat), skin infections (impetigo), ear infections, and pneumonia. Streptococcal infections are typically spread through contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces, and they can be treated with antibiotics. Some types of streptococcal infections can also cause more serious complications, such as rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, which can damage the kidneys.

Meningoencephalitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of both the meninges, which are the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, and the brain itself. This inflammation can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, or certain medications. Symptoms of meningoencephalitis can include fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light, confusion, seizures, and changes in mental status. In severe cases, meningoencephalitis can lead to coma or even death. Diagnosis of meningoencephalitis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood tests, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and imaging studies like MRI or CT scans. Treatment for meningoencephalitis depends on the underlying cause and can include antiviral or antibiotic medications, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria, thereby preventing the spread of the infection. There are several types of anti-bacterial agents, including: 1. Penicillins: These are the first antibiotics discovered and are effective against a wide range of bacteria. 2. Cephalosporins: These are similar to penicillins and are effective against many of the same types of bacteria. 3. Macrolides: These antibiotics are effective against bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics. 4. Tetracyclines: These antibiotics are effective against a wide range of bacteria and are often used to treat acne. 5. Fluoroquinolones: These antibiotics are effective against a wide range of bacteria and are often used to treat respiratory infections. It is important to note that antibiotics are only effective against bacterial infections and are not effective against viral infections such as the common cold or flu. Additionally, overuse or misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which can be more difficult to treat.

Enterovirus infections are a group of viral infections caused by enteroviruses, which are a type of RNA virus that primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system. These viruses are highly contagious and can be transmitted through contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, or respiratory droplets. Enterovirus infections can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash. In some cases, enterovirus infections can lead to more serious complications, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and paralysis. There is no specific treatment for enterovirus infections, as the viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and providing supportive care, such as fluids and pain relief. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary. Prevention of enterovirus infections involves practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding contact with infected individuals or surfaces. Vaccines are not currently available for all types of enteroviruses, but some vaccines are in development.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a type of fungus that can cause a serious infection in humans and animals. It is commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil and bird droppings, and can be inhaled into the lungs. The fungus can also cause infections in other parts of the body, such as the brain and spinal cord, and can be life-threatening if left untreated. Infections caused by Cryptococcus neoformans are typically treated with antifungal medications.

Meningeal carcinomatosis is a condition in which cancer cells spread to the meninges, the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. These cancer cells can cause inflammation and damage to the meninges, leading to a variety of symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and changes in mental status. Meningeal carcinomatosis can occur in people with cancer that has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, breast, or prostate. It can also occur in people with primary brain tumors, such as glioblastoma multiforme. Treatment for meningeal carcinomatosis may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery to remove any tumors that are present. However, the prognosis for people with this condition is generally poor, as the cancer cells are difficult to treat and can quickly spread throughout the brain and spinal cord.

Ampicillin is a type of antibiotic medication that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It is a penicillin antibiotic, which means that it works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria by interfering with their ability to make cell walls. Ampicillin is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Escherichia coli. It is often used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin and soft tissues. Ampicillin is usually administered orally or intravenously, and it is generally well-tolerated by most people. However, like all antibiotics, it can cause side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, and allergic reactions.

Leukocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood. The normal range of white blood cells in the blood is typically between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per microliter (µL) of blood. When the number of white blood cells exceeds this range, it is considered leukocytosis. Leukocytosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, inflammation, stress, and certain medications. In some cases, leukocytosis may be a normal response to an infection or injury, but in other cases, it may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition. Leukocytosis can be classified into two types: absolute leukocytosis and relative leukocytosis. Absolute leukocytosis refers to an increase in the actual number of white blood cells in the blood, while relative leukocytosis refers to an increase in the proportion of white blood cells in the blood compared to other types of blood cells. Leukocytosis can be detected through a complete blood count (CBC) test, which measures the number and types of cells in the blood. Treatment for leukocytosis depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, or other therapies.

Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by the Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii species of yeast. It can affect the lungs, brain, and other organs in the body. Cryptococcosis is commonly found in soil and bird droppings, and can be transmitted to humans through the inhalation of spores. The infection can also be acquired through contact with contaminated food or water, or through the transplantation of contaminated tissue or organs. Symptoms of cryptococcosis can include fever, cough, headache, and fatigue. In severe cases, the infection can lead to meningitis or other life-threatening complications. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, and may also include surgery or other supportive care.

Strongylida infections refer to a group of parasitic worm infections caused by members of the family Strongylida. These worms are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tracts of horses, sheep, goats, and cattle, and can also infect humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated soil. Strongylida infections can cause a range of clinical signs and symptoms, depending on the species of worm and the severity of the infection. These may include diarrhea, weight loss, colic, abdominal pain, and anemia. In severe cases, the infection can lead to death. Diagnosis of strongylida infections typically involves a combination of clinical examination, fecal egg counts, and other diagnostic tests such as blood tests or endoscopy. Treatment typically involves the use of anthelmintic drugs to kill the worms, although in some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove large or obstructing worms. Prevention of strongylida infections involves regular deworming of infected animals, proper sanitation and hygiene practices, and avoiding contact with infected animals or contaminated soil.

Hydrocephalus is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain, leading to increased pressure within the skull. This pressure can cause damage to the brain and result in a range of symptoms, including headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, difficulty walking, and cognitive impairment. Hydrocephalus can be caused by a variety of factors, including brain injury, infection, tumors, genetic disorders, and bleeding in the brain. Treatment typically involves the insertion of a shunt, which is a tube that drains excess CSF from the brain to another part of the body where it can be absorbed or eliminated. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the underlying cause of the hydrocephalus or to repair damage to the brain or spinal cord.

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by the Coccidioides species of fungi. It is also known as Valley fever or San Joaquin Valley fever. The infection is typically acquired by inhaling fungal spores that are present in the soil, particularly in areas of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. The symptoms of coccidioidomycosis can vary widely and may include fever, cough, chest pain, fatigue, and joint pain. In some cases, the infection can cause more serious complications, such as pneumonia, meningitis, and disseminated disease, which can affect multiple organs and systems in the body. Diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood tests and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, which can help to control the infection and prevent complications. In severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care may be necessary.

Cefotaxime is an antibiotic medication that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea. It is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which means that it works by stopping the growth of bacteria. Cefotaxime is typically administered intravenously, although it may also be available as an oral medication. It is important to note that cefotaxime is only effective against bacterial infections and will not work against viral infections. It is also important to follow the dosing instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to complete the full course of treatment, even if you start to feel better before the medication is finished.

Antifungal agents are medications used to treat fungal infections. These infections can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, nails, hair, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract. Antifungal agents work by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of fungi, either by disrupting their cell walls or by interfering with their metabolism. There are several types of antifungal agents, including: 1. Azoles: These are the most commonly used antifungal agents and include fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole. They work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes. 2. Polyenes: These include amphotericin B and nystatin and work by disrupting the fungal cell membrane. 3. Echinocandins: These include caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin and work by inhibiting the synthesis of β-1,3-glucan, a component of the fungal cell wall. 4. Allylamines: This includes terbinafine and works by inhibiting the synthesis of squalene, a precursor to ergosterol. Antifungal agents are typically prescribed based on the type of fungal infection, the severity of the infection, and the patient's overall health. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and duration of treatment to ensure effective treatment and prevent the development of drug-resistant fungal strains.

Meningeal neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the meninges, which are the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Meningeal neoplasms can occur in any part of the meninges, including the dura mater (outermost layer), arachnoid mater (middle layer), and pia mater (innermost layer). They can also occur in the leptomeninges, which are the delicate membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of meningeal neoplasms can include headache, nausea, vomiting, double vision, weakness or numbness in the extremities, and changes in mental status. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of a tumor. Treatment for meningeal neoplasms depends on the type, location, and size of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Pneumococcal infections are a group of illnesses caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. These infections can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, sinuses, ears, bloodstream, and brain. The most common type of pneumococcal infection is pneumonia, which is an inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria. Other types of pneumococcal infections include meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord), otitis media (middle ear infection), sinusitis (sinus infection), and bacteremia (presence of bacteria in the bloodstream). Pneumococcal infections can be serious, especially in people with weakened immune systems, such as young children, older adults, and people with chronic medical conditions. Vaccines are available to prevent some types of pneumococcal infections, and antibiotics are used to treat them.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections (AROIs) are infections that occur when the immune system is weakened due to HIV/AIDS. The immune system is responsible for fighting off infections and diseases, but when it is weakened, it is unable to effectively fight off these infections. As a result, people with HIV/AIDS are more susceptible to a variety of infections that would not normally cause illness in people with a healthy immune system. These infections are called opportunistic infections because they take advantage of the weakened immune system to cause illness. Some common AROIs include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and yeast infections. Treatment for AROIs typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control the HIV infection and medications to treat the specific infection.

I'm sorry, but I'm not aware of any specific medical term or condition related to Burkina Faso. Burkina Faso is a landlocked country located in West Africa, and it is not typically associated with any particular medical condition or disease. However, like any other country, Burkina Faso may have its own unique health challenges and medical issues that are specific to its population and environment. If you have a specific medical question or concern related to Burkina Faso, I would be happy to try to help you to the best of my ability.

Sepsis is a serious medical condition that occurs when the body's response to an infection causes widespread inflammation throughout the body. It is a life-threatening condition that can lead to organ failure, septic shock, and even death if not treated promptly and effectively. Sepsis can develop from any type of infection, including bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections. The body's immune system responds to the infection by releasing chemicals called cytokines, which can cause inflammation throughout the body. This inflammation can damage tissues and organs, leading to a range of symptoms, including fever, chills, rapid heartbeat, rapid breathing, confusion, and decreased urine output. Diagnosis of sepsis typically involves a combination of clinical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to treat the underlying infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, treatment may include fluid resuscitation, vasopressors to maintain blood pressure, and organ support. Early recognition and prompt treatment of sepsis are critical for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of death.

Cryptococcus is a genus of fungi that can cause a variety of infections in humans and animals. Cryptococcus species are commonly found in soil, bird droppings, and the air, and can be transmitted to humans through inhalation of spores or by contact with contaminated surfaces. Cryptococcosis is the medical term used to describe infections caused by Cryptococcus. The most common form of cryptococcosis is cryptococcal meningitis, which occurs when the fungus enters the brain and spinal cord through the bloodstream. Other forms of cryptococcosis include pulmonary cryptococcosis (infection of the lungs), disseminated cryptococcosis (infection of multiple organs), and cryptococcal skin infections. Cryptococcosis can be a serious and potentially life-threatening infection, particularly in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or cancer. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as fluconazole or amphotericin B, and may also include supportive care to manage symptoms and complications.

Meningococcal infections are a group of bacterial infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis, a type of bacteria that can cause meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and sepsis (blood poisoning). The bacteria can also cause infections of the skin, joints, and other body tissues. Meningococcal infections can be life-threatening if left untreated. Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis can include fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, and a rash. Symptoms of meningococcal sepsis can include fever, chills, rapid heartbeat, and confusion. There are several types of meningococcal vaccines available that can help prevent meningococcal infections. These vaccines are recommended for certain high-risk groups, such as infants, children, and young adults. If you suspect you or someone you know may have a meningococcal infection, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.

Flucytosine is an antifungal medication that is used to treat fungal infections, particularly those caused by the yeast Candida. It works by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of the fungus. Flucytosine is usually given in combination with other antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B or azoles, to increase its effectiveness. It is typically administered orally in the form of a tablet or capsule, although it can also be given intravenously in severe cases. Flucytosine is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It is important to take this medication exactly as prescribed by a healthcare provider to ensure that it is effective and to minimize the risk of side effects.

Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea is a medical condition in which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks from the brain into the nasal cavity, causing clear or yellowish discharge from the nose. This can occur due to injury, surgery, or a congenital defect in the skull or nasal cavity. Symptoms may include a runny nose, nasal congestion, facial swelling, and a sensation of fullness in the head. Treatment options may include conservative measures such as bed rest and head elevation, or surgical repair of the leak.

Fluconazole is an antifungal medication that is used to treat a variety of fungal infections, including candidiasis (a yeast infection), cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis (a lung infection caused by a fungus). It is available in both oral and intravenous forms and is often used to treat fungal infections that are resistant to other antifungal medications. Fluconazole works by inhibiting the growth of fungi and preventing them from multiplying in the body. It is generally well-tolerated, but like all medications, it can cause side effects in some people. These may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

Meningococcal vaccines are vaccines that are designed to protect against meningococcal disease, which is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. There are currently two types of meningococcal vaccines available: meningococcal conjugate vaccines and meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines. Meningococcal conjugate vaccines are made by linking the meningococcal bacteria to a carrier protein, which helps the immune system recognize and respond to the bacteria. These vaccines are typically given to children as part of their routine childhood vaccination schedule, and are also recommended for certain high-risk groups, such as college students living in dormitories. Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines, on the other hand, contain the polysaccharide capsule of the meningococcal bacteria. These vaccines are typically given to older children and adults, and are recommended for certain high-risk groups, such as people with certain medical conditions or people who live or work in close proximity to others. Both types of meningococcal vaccines are highly effective at preventing meningococcal disease, and are an important tool in the prevention of this serious and potentially life-threatening illness.

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and spinal cord. It is formed by specialized endothelial cells that line the walls of the blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord, along with astrocytes and pericytes that support and regulate the BBB. The BBB plays a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis of the brain by regulating the transport of molecules and ions into and out of the brain. It acts as a barrier to prevent harmful substances, such as toxins and pathogens, from entering the brain, while allowing essential nutrients and signaling molecules to pass through. The BBB is also involved in the regulation of immune responses in the brain and spinal cord, and plays a role in the development and progression of neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke.

Arachnoiditis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the arachnoid membrane, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the spinal cord and brain. The inflammation can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, injury, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to certain medications or toxins. Symptoms of arachnoiditis can vary depending on the location and severity of the inflammation, but may include back or neck pain, headache, numbness or tingling in the extremities, difficulty walking or standing, and changes in bowel or bladder function. In some cases, arachnoiditis can lead to more serious complications, such as spinal cord compression or hydrocephalus (buildup of fluid in the brain). Treatment for arachnoiditis typically involves managing symptoms and addressing any underlying causes of the inflammation. This may include medications to reduce pain and inflammation, physical therapy to improve mobility and strength, and in some cases, surgery to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or brain.

Bacteremia is a medical condition in which bacteria are present in the bloodstream. It is a serious condition that can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body's response to an infection causes widespread inflammation and organ damage. Bacteremia can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. It can be diagnosed through blood cultures, which involve taking a sample of blood and growing the bacteria in a laboratory to confirm the presence of the bacteria. Treatment for bacteremia typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria and manage the symptoms of the infection.

Haemophilus infections are a group of bacterial infections caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. These infections can affect various parts of the body, including the respiratory tract, joints, and bloodstream. Haemophilus influenzae is a common cause of respiratory tract infections, such as bronchitis and pneumonia, particularly in children. It can also cause ear infections, meningitis, and sepsis. There are two main types of Haemophilus influenzae: type b (Hib) and non-type b (NTHi). Hib is the most serious type and can cause severe infections, including meningitis and sepsis, particularly in young children. NTHi is less serious but can still cause respiratory tract infections and other illnesses. Haemophilus infections are typically treated with antibiotics, such as amoxicillin or ceftriaxone. Vaccines are available to prevent Hib infections, but not NTHi infections. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or someone you know may have a Haemophilus infection, as prompt treatment is crucial for a successful outcome.

Cronobacter sakazakii is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the environment, including soil, water, and food. It is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family and is known to cause serious infections, particularly in neonates and immunocompromised individuals. Infections caused by C. sakazakii are typically associated with the consumption of contaminated food or water, particularly powdered infant formula and other powdered foods. The bacteria can survive in these environments for extended periods of time and can cause severe infections, including meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Symptoms of C. sakazakii infection can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the age and immune status of the affected individual. In neonates, symptoms may include fever, seizures, and poor feeding, while in adults, symptoms may include fever, nausea, and diarrhea. Diagnosis of C. sakazakii infection typically involves the isolation of the bacteria from clinical samples, such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or stool. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics, although the specific antibiotics used may depend on the severity of the infection and the patient's overall health. Prevention of C. sakazakii infection involves strict food safety practices, particularly in the production and handling of powdered infant formula and other powdered foods.

Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication that is used to treat a variety of fungal infections, including systemic candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and histoplasmosis. It is a polyene antifungal agent that works by disrupting the fungal cell membrane, leading to cell death. Amphotericin B is available in both intravenous and oral forms. The intravenous form is typically used for severe or life-threatening infections, while the oral form is used for less severe infections or as a maintenance therapy. Amphotericin B can cause serious side effects, including kidney damage, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and allergic reactions. It is therefore typically administered under close medical supervision, and the dosage and duration of treatment are carefully adjusted based on the patient's response and the severity of the infection.

Lyme neuroborreliosis, also known as Lyme meningitis, is a neurological complication of Lyme disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. It occurs when the bacteria spread from the skin to the nervous system, typically through the bloodstream. The symptoms of Lyme neuroborreliosis can vary widely and may include headache, neck stiffness, fever, chills, fatigue, and muscle and joint pain. In more severe cases, the condition can cause meningitis, which is an inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This can lead to symptoms such as severe headache, nausea and vomiting, confusion, and altered mental status. Lyme neuroborreliosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of clinical presentation, laboratory testing, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, such as doxycycline or amoxicillin, which can help to eliminate the bacteria from the body and prevent further neurological damage. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for a successful outcome.

Meningocele is a medical condition in which a sac of the meninges, the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, protrudes through a weakened spot in the skull or spine. This sac contains the spinal cord and its protective coverings, and can cause a range of symptoms depending on the size and location of the meningocele. Meningoceles can occur at any point along the spinal cord, but are most commonly found in the lower back or neck. They can be present at birth (congenital) or may develop later in life (acquired). Symptoms of meningoceles can include back or neck pain, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, difficulty walking, and problems with bladder or bowel control. In some cases, meningoceles can cause more serious complications, such as meningitis or spinal cord compression. Treatment for meningoceles typically involves surgical repair of the weakened spot in the skull or spine to prevent further damage to the spinal cord. In some cases, additional procedures may be necessary to address any associated neurological problems.

A brain abscess is a collection of pus that forms in the brain or spinal cord. It is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Brain abscesses can be caused by bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections, as well as by injury or inflammation. Symptoms of a brain abscess may include headache, fever, nausea and vomiting, seizures, confusion, and changes in consciousness. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to treat the underlying infection, as well as surgery to drain the abscess and remove any infected tissue.,,。

Haemophilus vaccines are vaccines that are used to prevent infections caused by Haemophilus bacteria. Haemophilus bacteria are a group of gram-negative bacteria that can cause a variety of infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, and ear infections. There are several different types of Haemophilus vaccines that are available, including: 1. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine: This vaccine is used to prevent infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b, which is a type of Haemophilus bacteria that can cause meningitis, pneumonia, and other serious infections. 2. Haemophilus influenzae type a (Hia) vaccine: This vaccine is used to prevent infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type a, which is a type of Haemophilus bacteria that can cause meningitis and other serious infections. 3. Haemophilus ducreyi vaccine: This vaccine is used to prevent infections caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, which is a type of Haemophilus bacteria that can cause genital sores (chancroid). Haemophilus vaccines are typically given to children as part of their routine childhood vaccination schedule. They are usually given as a combination vaccine, along with other vaccines such as the diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) vaccine and the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV).

Miliary tuberculosis is a severe form of tuberculosis (TB) that affects multiple organs in the body. It is characterized by the presence of small, scattered (miliary) lesions in the lungs and other organs, such as the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. These lesions are caused by the spread of TB bacteria through the bloodstream. Miliary tuberculosis is a medical emergency and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. It is more common in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, and in children. Symptoms of miliary tuberculosis may include fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and coughing up blood. A chest X-ray or CT scan can help diagnose miliary tuberculosis, and treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics.

Pneumococcal vaccines are vaccines that are designed to protect against infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus. Pneumococcus is a common cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and other serious infections, particularly in young children, older adults, and people with certain medical conditions. There are currently two types of pneumococcal vaccines available: pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV). PCV is recommended for infants and young children, while PPSV is recommended for older adults and people with certain medical conditions. Pneumococcal vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can recognize and fight off pneumococcal bacteria. This can help prevent the bacteria from causing infections, or can help the body respond more effectively if it does become infected. It is important to note that while pneumococcal vaccines are highly effective at preventing serious infections, they are not 100% effective. Additionally, some strains of pneumococcus may not be covered by the vaccines, so it is still possible to get infected even if you have been vaccinated.

Encephalitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the brain. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to certain toxins. Symptoms of encephalitis can vary widely and may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and changes in behavior or personality. In severe cases, encephalitis can lead to long-term neurological damage or even death. Treatment for encephalitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation and providing supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Cranial nerve diseases refer to disorders or injuries that affect the cranial nerves, which are a group of 12 nerves that originate from the brain and control various functions of the head and neck. These nerves are responsible for controlling movement, sensation, and other functions such as hearing, taste, and smell. Cranial nerve diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, tumors, trauma, degenerative diseases, and genetic disorders. Some common examples of cranial nerve diseases include: 1. Bell's palsy: A condition that affects the seventh cranial nerve, causing facial paralysis or weakness on one side of the face. 2. Meningitis: An infection of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, which can affect any of the cranial nerves. 3. Trigeminal neuralgia: A condition that causes severe pain in the face, typically triggered by simple activities such as chewing or talking. 4. Multiple sclerosis: A chronic autoimmune disorder that can affect any part of the body, including the cranial nerves, causing symptoms such as numbness, weakness, and vision problems. 5. Acoustic neuroma: A benign tumor that grows on the eighth cranial nerve, which controls hearing and balance. 6. Optic neuritis: An inflammation of the optic nerve that can cause vision loss or double vision. 7. Guillain-Barré syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis, including weakness in the cranial nerves that control eye movement and facial expression. Treatment for cranial nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and the specific symptoms experienced by the patient. Treatment options may include medications, surgery, physical therapy, or other interventions.

Sphenoid sinusitis is an inflammation of the sphenoid sinus, which is one of the four paired air-filled cavities located in the skull. The sphenoid sinus is located behind the ethmoid sinuses and between the orbits of the eyes. It is a complex sinus that communicates with several other sinuses and the nasal cavity. Sphenoid sinusitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial or viral infections, allergies, fungal infections, and structural abnormalities of the sinuses. Symptoms of sphenoid sinusitis may include facial pain or pressure, headache, fever, nasal congestion, runny nose, and postnasal drip. In some cases, sphenoid sinusitis can lead to more serious complications, such as meningitis or brain abscess. Diagnosis of sphenoid sinusitis typically involves a physical examination, imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause of the inflammation. Treatment of sphenoid sinusitis depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, antifungal medications, decongestants, nasal sprays, and corticosteroids. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or open up blocked sinuses.

Penicillins are a group of antibiotics that are derived from the Penicillium fungi. They are one of the most widely used antibiotics in the medical field and are effective against a variety of bacterial infections, including pneumonia, strep throat, and urinary tract infections. Penicillins work by inhibiting the production of cell walls in bacteria, which causes the bacteria to burst and die. There are several different types of penicillins, including penicillin G, penicillin V, amoxicillin, and cephalosporins, which have different properties and are used to treat different types of infections. Penicillins are generally well-tolerated by most people, but can cause side effects such as allergic reactions, diarrhea, and nausea. It is important to take penicillins exactly as prescribed by a healthcare provider and to finish the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished.

In the medical field, the brain is the most complex and vital organ in the human body. It is responsible for controlling and coordinating all bodily functions, including movement, sensation, thought, emotion, and memory. The brain is located in the skull and is protected by the skull bones and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is composed of billions of nerve cells, or neurons, which communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals. These neurons are organized into different regions of the brain, each with its own specific functions. The brain is also divided into two hemispheres, the left and right, which are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. Damage to the brain can result in a wide range of neurological disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Treatment for brain disorders often involves medications, surgery, and rehabilitation therapies to help restore function and improve quality of life.

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) is a laboratory technique used to detect and identify specific proteins, such as antibodies, in a sample. It is a type of immunoelectrophoresis, which is a group of techniques that use the principles of electrophoresis to separate and analyze proteins based on their size and charge. In CIE, a sample containing the protein of interest is mixed with an antiserum (a solution containing antibodies that are specific to the protein) and then subjected to an electric field. The protein and antibodies will migrate through the gel at different rates, depending on their size and charge. The antibodies will form a line, or "precipitin line," on the gel, which can be visualized using a stain. The position of the precipitin line relative to the sample and antiserum lanes can be used to identify the protein and determine its concentration. CIE is commonly used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, such as syphilis and Lyme disease, as well as in the detection of autoimmune disorders and other conditions. It is a sensitive and specific technique that can provide valuable information about the presence and concentration of specific proteins in a sample.

In the medical field, a headache is a common symptom that can be described as a pain or discomfort in the head, neck, or scalp. Headaches can range in severity from mild to severe and can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). There are many different types of headaches, including tension headaches, migraine headaches, cluster headaches, and sinus headaches. Each type of headache has its own set of characteristics and may be caused by different factors. Headaches can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, dehydration, lack of sleep, eye strain, certain foods or drinks, hormonal changes, and medical conditions such as high blood pressure or meningitis. Diagnosis and treatment of headaches depend on the type of headache and the underlying cause. Treatment options may include medication, lifestyle changes, and other therapies.

Mumps is a viral infection caused by the mumps virus. It is a highly contagious disease that primarily affects children and young adults, although it can occur in people of all ages. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes. The symptoms of mumps typically include fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, and loss of appetite. The most distinctive sign of mumps is swelling of the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands, which are located in front of the ears. This swelling can cause pain and difficulty swallowing, and may also lead to other complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, and hearing loss. Mumps is usually treated with rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary. There is no specific antiviral treatment for mumps, but vaccination is the most effective way to prevent the disease. The mumps vaccine is typically given as part of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is recommended for children at 12-15 months of age and again at 4-6 years of age.

Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics that are derived from the mold species Cephalosporium acremonium. They are commonly used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, skin infections, urinary tract infections, and infections of the bones and joints. Cephalosporins work by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, which leads to the death of the bacteria. They are generally well-tolerated and have a broad spectrum of activity against many types of bacteria. There are several different classes of cephalosporins, each with its own specific characteristics and uses. The most commonly used classes are first-generation cephalosporins, second-generation cephalosporins, third-generation cephalosporins, and fourth-generation cephalosporins. The choice of which cephalosporin to use depends on the type of infection being treated, the severity of the infection, and the specific characteristics of the bacteria causing the infection.

Pneumocephalus is a medical condition in which air or gas enters the cranial cavity, causing the brain to be surrounded by air. This can occur due to a variety of causes, including head trauma, surgery, or spontaneous rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. Symptoms of pneumocephalus may include headache, nausea, vomiting, double vision, and hearing loss. Treatment typically involves the removal of the air or gas from the cranial cavity, either through a surgical procedure or by using a procedure called a decompressive craniectomy.

Bacterial capsules are a protective layer that surrounds the cell wall of certain bacteria. The capsule is composed of polysaccharides, which are complex carbohydrates that provide a physical barrier against the host's immune system and other environmental stresses. The presence of a capsule can have significant implications for the pathogenicity of bacteria. Capsules can help bacteria evade the host's immune system by preventing antibodies and immune cells from binding to the bacterial surface. They can also help bacteria resist phagocytosis, a process by which immune cells engulf and destroy bacteria. Bacterial capsules are commonly found in pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis. They are also found in some non-pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella. In the medical field, the presence of bacterial capsules is often studied in the context of infectious diseases. Understanding the role of bacterial capsules in pathogenesis can help researchers develop new strategies for preventing and treating infections caused by these bacteria.

Eosinophilia is a medical condition characterized by an increase in the number of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in the blood. Eosinophils are a type of granulocyte, which are immune cells that play a role in fighting off infections and parasites. Eosinophilia can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergies, parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain types of cancer. It can also be a side effect of certain medications, such as corticosteroids and some chemotherapy drugs. Eosinophilia can be classified as either absolute eosinophilia, which is an increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood regardless of the total number of white blood cells, or relative eosinophilia, which is an increase in the proportion of eosinophils to other types of white blood cells. Eosinophilia can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, and it is important to identify and treat the underlying cause in order to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment may involve medications to reduce inflammation or to target the underlying cause of the eosinophilia, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms.

Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone that is used in the medical field as an anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and antipyretic agent. It is a potent corticosteroid that has a wide range of therapeutic applications, including the treatment of allergic reactions, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Dexamethasone is available in various forms, including tablets, injections, and inhalers, and is used to treat a variety of conditions, such as asthma, COPD, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. It is also used to treat severe cases of COVID-19, as it has been shown to reduce inflammation and improve outcomes in patients with severe illness. However, dexamethasone is a potent drug that can have significant side effects, including weight gain, fluid retention, high blood pressure, increased risk of infection, and mood changes. Therefore, it is typically prescribed only when other treatments have failed or when the potential benefits outweigh the risks.

In the medical field, "Infant, Newborn, Diseases" refers to illnesses or medical conditions that affect infants and newborns. These diseases can range from minor infections to more serious conditions that require immediate medical attention. Some common diseases that can affect infants and newborns include respiratory infections, such as pneumonia and bronchitis, gastrointestinal infections, such as diarrhea and vomiting, and infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Other conditions that can affect infants and newborns include jaundice, congenital anomalies, and birth defects. Infants and newborns are particularly vulnerable to infections and diseases because their immune systems are not fully developed, and they may not have the same level of protection as older children and adults. As a result, it is important for healthcare providers to closely monitor infants and newborns for any signs of illness or disease and to provide prompt and appropriate medical care when necessary.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections refer to illnesses caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli. E. coli is a common type of bacteria that is found in the gut of humans and animals. Most strains of E. coli are harmless and even beneficial to our health, but some strains can cause illness. E. coli infections can be classified into several types, including: 1. Foodborne illness: This type of infection occurs when a person consumes contaminated food or water that contains E. coli bacteria. Symptoms may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. 2. Urinary tract infection (UTI): E. coli bacteria can enter the urinary tract through the urethra and cause an infection. Symptoms may include a strong, persistent urge to urinate, pain or burning during urination, and cloudy or strong-smelling urine. 3. Bloodstream infection (sepsis): In rare cases, E. coli bacteria can enter the bloodstream and cause a serious infection called sepsis. Symptoms may include fever, chills, rapid heartbeat, and confusion. 4. Infections in other parts of the body: E. coli bacteria can also cause infections in other parts of the body, such as the abdomen, skin, and joints. Treatment for E. coli infections typically involves antibiotics, although some strains of E. coli are becoming resistant to antibiotics. Prevention measures include proper hand hygiene, safe food handling and preparation, and avoiding contaminated water.

Nervous system diseases refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the nervous system, which is responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the body. These diseases can affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. Some examples of nervous system diseases include: 1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are conditions that cause the progressive loss of nerve cells and their functions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. 2. Neuromuscular diseases: These are conditions that affect the muscles and nerves that control movement, such as muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis. 3. Neurological disorders: These are conditions that affect the brain and nervous system, such as epilepsy, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. 4. Neuropsychiatric disorders: These are conditions that affect the brain and behavior, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. 5. Infections of the nervous system: These are conditions caused by infections, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and neurocysticercosis. Treatment for nervous system diseases depends on the specific condition and can include medications, surgery, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes and managing symptoms.

Vaccines, conjugate are a type of vaccine that uses a carrier protein to enhance the immune response to a specific bacterial or viral pathogen. The carrier protein is usually a protein that is found in the body, such as diphtheria toxin or tetanus toxin, and is conjugated to a small piece of the pathogen, such as a polysaccharide or protein. This conjugation helps the immune system recognize and respond to the pathogen more effectively, particularly in young children whose immune systems may not be as developed as those of adults. Conjugate vaccines are used to prevent a variety of bacterial and viral diseases, including pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and pneumococcal disease.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea is a medical condition in which cerebrospinal fluid leaks into the ear canal. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including head injury, surgery on the skull or spine, or a congenital defect in the skull or spine. Symptoms of CSF otorrhea may include a sensation of fullness or pressure in the ear, hearing loss, and a discharge from the ear that may be clear or yellowish in color. Treatment for CSF otorrhea typically involves identifying and repairing the source of the leak, as well as managing any associated symptoms. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the leak and prevent further complications.

Tuberculoma is a type of granuloma, which is a collection of immune cells that form in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses. In the case of tuberculoma, it is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is the same bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). Tuberculoma is a type of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), which means that the bacteria are present in the body but not causing active disease. Tuberculoma is usually asymptomatic and is often discovered incidentally on imaging studies, such as chest X-rays or CT scans. Tuberculoma can occur anywhere in the body, but it is most commonly found in the lungs. It is usually treated with antibiotics, such as isoniazid and rifampin, for several months to several years, depending on the size and location of the tuberculoma. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the tuberculoma.

Meningism is a set of symptoms and signs that suggest meningitis or meningismus, which are inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Meningism can be caused by various infections, such as bacterial, viral, or fungal, as well as by non-infectious conditions, such as head trauma or certain medications. The symptoms of meningism may include severe headache, neck stiffness, fever, photophobia (sensitivity to light), and a rash. Other signs may include vomiting, confusion, seizures, and altered mental status. In severe cases, meningism can lead to coma or death if not treated promptly. Diagnosis of meningism typically involves a physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies, such as a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis. Treatment of meningism depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, antiviral drugs, or other medications, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Phlebotomus fever is a group of infectious diseases caused by several species of sandflies, which are blood-sucking insects found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The most common species associated with phlebotomus fever is Phlebotomus papatasi. The diseases caused by phlebotomus fever are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected sandflies. The most common symptoms of phlebotomus fever include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, the disease can lead to liver damage, jaundice, and even death. There are several types of phlebotomus fever, including: 1. Sandfly fever orientalium: This is the most common type of phlebotomus fever and is caused by the bite of Phlebotomus papatasi. It is found in parts of Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. 2. Sandfly fever donovani: This type of phlebotomus fever is caused by the bite of Phlebotomus sergenti and is found in parts of the Middle East and North Africa. 3. Sandfly fever irani: This type of phlebotomus fever is caused by the bite of Phlebotomus kandelakii and is found in parts of Iran. 4. Sandfly fever sicilianum: This type of phlebotomus fever is caused by the bite of Phlebotomus neglectus and is found in parts of Italy and Greece. Treatment for phlebotomus fever typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, antiviral or antifungal medications may be used to treat the underlying infection. Prevention of phlebotomus fever involves avoiding areas where sandflies are known to be present and using insect repellent and protective clothing when in these areas.

Intracranial tuberculoma is a type of brain abscess caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. It is a form of tuberculosis that affects the brain and central nervous system. The abscess is usually located in the brain parenchyma, but it can also occur in the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, or other parts of the brain. The symptoms of intracranial tuberculoma can include headache, fever, seizures, and changes in mental status. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove the abscess.

Central Nervous System (CNS) infections refer to infections that affect the brain and spinal cord. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, and can result in a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and changes in mental status or behavior. CNS infections can be classified into two main categories: primary and secondary. Primary CNS infections occur when the pathogen directly enters the brain or spinal cord, while secondary CNS infections occur when the pathogen enters the bloodstream and spreads to the brain or spinal cord. Some common examples of primary CNS infections include meningitis (inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and brain abscess (a localized collection of pus in the brain). Secondary CNS infections can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus), viruses (such as herpes simplex virus or varicella-zoster virus), and fungi (such as Cryptococcus neoformans). Treatment for CNS infections typically involves the use of antibiotics, antiviral drugs, or antifungal medications, depending on the specific pathogen causing the infection. In some cases, surgery may also be necessary to remove infected tissue or drain abscesses. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing complications and improving outcomes.

Subdural effusion is a medical condition in which there is a collection of fluid between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the brain) and the arachnoid mater (the middle layer of the brain). This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which normally surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. Subdural effusion can occur due to various reasons, including head injury, bleeding, infection, or inflammation. It can also be a complication of certain medical conditions, such as meningitis or hydrocephalus. Symptoms of subdural effusion may include headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, it can lead to brain swelling, which can be life-threatening. Treatment for subdural effusion depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, it may require surgical intervention to remove the excess fluid and relieve pressure on the brain. In other cases, it may be treated with medications or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Cephalosporin resistance refers to the ability of bacteria to resist the effects of cephalosporin antibiotics, a class of drugs commonly used to treat bacterial infections. This resistance can occur due to various mechanisms, such as the production of enzymes that inactivate the antibiotic, changes in the bacterial cell wall that prevent the antibiotic from entering the cell, or mutations in the bacterial DNA that alter the target site of the antibiotic. Cephalosporin resistance is a growing concern in the medical field because it can make infections more difficult to treat and can lead to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Infections caused by cephalosporin-resistant bacteria may require more expensive and toxic antibiotics, longer hospital stays, and increased risk of complications and death. Therefore, it is important to use cephalosporin antibiotics judiciously and to follow appropriate infection control measures to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Encephalocele is a medical condition in which a portion of the brain or spinal cord extends through a defect in the skull or vertebral column. This can occur when the neural tube, which forms the brain and spinal cord, fails to close properly during fetal development. Encephaloceles can be classified based on the location of the defect and the extent of the brain or spinal cord that is exposed. They can be present at birth or may not be diagnosed until later in life. Encephaloceles can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the size and location of the defect and the extent of brain or spinal cord involvement. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the defect to reduce the risk of complications and improve the quality of life for the affected individual.

Anti-infective agents, also known as antimicrobial agents, are drugs that are used to treat infections caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These agents work by either killing the microorganisms or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several types of anti-infective agents, including antibiotics, antiviral drugs, antifungal drugs, and antiparasitic drugs. Antibiotics are the most commonly used anti-infective agents and are used to treat bacterial infections. Antiviral drugs are used to treat viral infections, while antifungal drugs are used to treat fungal infections. Antiparasitic drugs are used to treat parasitic infections. The use of anti-infective agents is an important part of modern medicine, as they are essential for treating a wide range of infections and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. However, the overuse and misuse of these agents can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which can be difficult to treat and can pose a serious threat to public health.

Hearing loss is a condition in which an individual is unable to hear sounds or perceive them at a normal level. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, exposure to loud noises, infections, aging, and certain medical conditions. There are several types of hearing loss, including conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound waves cannot pass through the outer or middle ear, while sensorineural hearing loss occurs when the inner ear or auditory nerve is damaged. Mixed hearing loss is a combination of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Hearing loss can affect an individual's ability to communicate, socialize, and perform daily activities. It can also lead to feelings of isolation and depression. Treatment options for hearing loss include hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive devices, as well as surgery in some cases.

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic medication that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including pneumonia, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria in the body. Chloramphenicol is available in both oral and injectable forms and is typically prescribed by a healthcare provider. It is important to note that chloramphenicol may not be effective against all types of bacteria and can cause serious side effects, including bone marrow suppression and allergic reactions. Therefore, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

Encephalitis, viral refers to an inflammation of the brain caused by a viral infection. The virus can affect any part of the brain, but it most commonly affects the temporal lobe, which is responsible for memory and speech. Symptoms of viral encephalitis can include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and changes in behavior or personality. In severe cases, it can lead to coma or even death. Treatment typically involves antiviral medications, supportive care, and rehabilitation to help manage symptoms and improve outcomes.

Myelitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the spinal cord, which is a bundle of nerves that runs from the brain down through the back of the neck and back to the pelvis. The inflammation can cause damage to the spinal cord, leading to a range of symptoms, including pain, weakness, numbness, and tingling sensations in the affected area. Myelitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. Some common causes of myelitis include viral infections such as herpes simplex virus, West Nile virus, and poliovirus, as well as bacterial infections such as tuberculosis and Lyme disease. Autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica can also cause myelitis. The symptoms of myelitis can vary depending on the location and severity of the inflammation. In some cases, the symptoms may be mild and resolve on their own, while in other cases, they can be severe and require medical treatment. Treatment for myelitis typically involves managing symptoms and addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation. This may include medications, physical therapy, and other supportive care.

In the medical field, "Antigens, Bacterial" refers to substances that are produced by bacteria and can trigger an immune response in the body. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, or nucleic acids that are unique to a particular bacterial species or strain. When bacteria enter the body, the immune system recognizes these antigens as foreign and mounts a defense against them. This response can include the production of antibodies by B cells, which can neutralize the bacteria or mark them for destruction by other immune cells. The immune response to bacterial antigens is an important part of the body's defense against bacterial infections. Bacterial antigens are used in a variety of medical applications, including the development of vaccines to prevent bacterial infections. By introducing a small amount of a bacterial antigen into the body, vaccines can stimulate the immune system to produce a response that will protect against future infections by the same bacteria.

Vancomycin is an antibiotic medication that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including severe skin infections, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections. It is particularly effective against bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Vancomycin works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of their cell walls. It is typically administered intravenously, although it can also be given orally in some cases. Vancomycin is a powerful antibiotic, and it is important to use it only when it is necessary and to follow the prescribed dosage and duration of treatment. Overuse or misuse of vancomycin can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which can be more difficult to treat.

Thienamycins are a class of antibiotics that are derived from the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. They are structurally related to penicillin and have a similar mechanism of action, which is to inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Thienamycins are effective against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). They are also active against some Gram-negative bacteria, such as Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Thienamycins are typically administered intravenously and are used to treat severe bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. They are also used to treat skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, and urinary tract infections. Thienamycins are considered to be broad-spectrum antibiotics and are effective against a wide range of bacterial pathogens.

Bacterial infections are caused by bacteria, which are single-celled microorganisms that can be found almost everywhere in the environment, including on our skin and in our digestive tracts. When bacteria enter the body and multiply, they can cause illness and disease. Bacterial infections can affect any part of the body and can range from mild to severe. Some common examples of bacterial infections include strep throat, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, meningitis, and skin infections. Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics, which are medications that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. However, it is important to use antibiotics properly and only when necessary, as overuse can lead to antibiotic resistance, which makes it more difficult to treat bacterial infections in the future.

In the medical field, blood refers to the liquid component of the circulatory system that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are part of the immune system and help protect the body against infections and diseases. Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are involved in blood clotting and help prevent excessive bleeding. Plasma is the liquid portion of blood that contains water, proteins, electrolytes, and other substances. Blood is collected through a process called phlebotomy, which involves drawing blood from a vein using a needle. Blood can be used for a variety of medical tests and procedures, including blood typing, blood transfusions, and the diagnosis of various medical conditions.

In the medical field, an acute disease is a condition that develops suddenly and progresses rapidly over a short period of time. Acute diseases are typically characterized by severe symptoms and a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Examples of acute diseases include pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and heart attacks. These diseases require prompt medical attention and treatment to prevent complications and improve outcomes. In contrast, chronic diseases are long-term conditions that develop gradually over time and may persist for years or even decades.

Streptolysins are a group of enzymes produced by certain strains of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes (also known as Group A Streptococcus or GAS). These enzymes are capable of breaking down the cell walls of other bacteria, which can lead to the lysis (rupture) of the bacterial cells. Streptolysins are classified into two main types: Streptolysin O (SLO) and Streptolysin S (SLS). SLO is the more common of the two and is responsible for the majority of the lysis caused by GAS. SLS is less common and is thought to play a role in the invasion of host cells by GAS. Streptolysins are important virulence factors for GAS, meaning they contribute to the ability of the bacteria to cause disease. They are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of a variety of GAS infections, including strep throat, scarlet fever, and necrotizing fasciitis (a severe skin infection). In addition, streptolysins have been shown to have potential therapeutic applications, such as in the treatment of bacterial infections and as adjuvants in vaccines.

Pneumonia, Pneumococcal is a type of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is a common respiratory infection that can affect people of all ages, but it is most common in children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. The symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia can include fever, cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and fatigue. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia-related death. Pneumococcal pneumonia can be treated with antibiotics, but it is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect you or someone you know may have this infection. Vaccines are also available to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia, and they are recommended for certain high-risk groups such as children, older adults, and people with certain medical conditions.

Moxalactam is an antibiotic medication that is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It is a member of a class of antibiotics called the beta-lactam antibiotics, which work by inhibiting the production of bacterial cell walls, leading to bacterial cell death. Moxalactam is typically used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin and soft tissues. It is usually administered intravenously, although it is also available in an oral form. Moxalactam is not effective against all types of bacteria, and it may not be appropriate for everyone. It is important to discuss the potential benefits and risks of moxalactam with a healthcare provider before starting treatment.

In the medical field, "Africa" typically refers to the continent of Africa and its population. The medical issues and challenges faced by people in Africa are diverse and complex, and include infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, as well as non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. There are also significant disparities in access to healthcare and medical resources across the continent, with many people living in rural areas or in low-income countries lacking access to basic medical care. Medical research and public health initiatives in Africa often focus on addressing these challenges and improving health outcomes for people living on the continent.

Seizures are abnormal electrical discharges in the brain that can cause a variety of symptoms, including convulsions, muscle spasms, loss of consciousness, and changes in behavior or sensation. Seizures can be caused by a variety of factors, including brain injury, infection, genetic disorders, and certain medications. They can be classified into different types based on their symptoms and the part of the brain affected. Treatment for seizures may include medications, surgery, or other interventions, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the seizures.

Vasculitis, Central Nervous System (CNS) is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels, which can lead to damage to the surrounding tissues and cause a range of neurological symptoms. The exact cause of vasculitis, CNS is not fully understood, but it is thought to be triggered by an abnormal immune response in which the body's immune system attacks its own blood vessels. This can lead to the formation of blood clots, which can obstruct blood flow and cause damage to the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of vasculitis, CNS can vary widely depending on the location and severity of the inflammation. Common symptoms include headache, dizziness, confusion, memory loss, weakness, numbness, and tingling in the extremities. In severe cases, vasculitis, CNS can lead to stroke, seizures, and even death. Diagnosis of vasculitis, CNS typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and blood tests to look for signs of inflammation. Treatment typically involves the use of immunosuppressive medications to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the blood vessels. In some cases, corticosteroids may also be used to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases refer to disorders that affect the brain and spinal cord. These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, infections, injuries, and degenerative processes. Some common examples of CNS diseases include: 1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are disorders that cause the progressive loss of brain cells and function, leading to cognitive decline and physical disability. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. 2. Infections: Infections caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites can affect the brain and spinal cord, leading to a range of symptoms such as fever, headache, seizures, and paralysis. 3. Trauma: Traumatic injuries to the brain and spinal cord, such as those caused by car accidents, falls, or sports injuries, can result in a range of neurological symptoms. 4. Genetic disorders: Some genetic disorders can affect the development and function of the brain and spinal cord, leading to a range of symptoms such as intellectual disability, movement disorders, and seizures. 5. Autoimmune disorders: Autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, can cause inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, leading to a range of neurological symptoms. Overall, CNS diseases can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and can be challenging to diagnose and treat.

Enterobacteriaceae infections refer to a group of bacterial infections caused by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. This family includes a wide range of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia, among others. Enterobacteriaceae infections can affect various parts of the body, including the urinary tract, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and bloodstream. They can cause a range of infections, from mild to severe, including urinary tract infections, pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and wound infections. Enterobacteriaceae infections are typically treated with antibiotics, although antibiotic resistance is becoming an increasingly serious problem. Proper hygiene and infection control measures are also important in preventing the spread of these infections.

Coccidioides is a genus of fungi that is commonly found in soil in certain parts of the world, particularly in the southwestern United States and parts of Mexico. The fungi are responsible for causing a disease called coccidioidomycosis, which is also known as valley fever. This is a respiratory infection that can cause flu-like symptoms, such as fever, cough, and fatigue, and in severe cases, can lead to more serious complications, such as pneumonia, meningitis, and even death. Coccidioides is typically spread through the air when the fungi are kicked up into the air by wind or other disturbances, and can be contracted by inhaling the spores. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of this infection and its potential complications, as it can be difficult to diagnose and treat.

In the medical field, "Child, Hospitalized" refers to a child who is currently being treated as an inpatient in a hospital. This means that the child is staying overnight or for an extended period of time at the hospital to receive medical care and treatment for an illness or injury. Being hospitalized can be a stressful and challenging experience for both the child and their family, as it often involves being away from home and loved ones, receiving medical procedures and treatments, and being surrounded by medical equipment and staff. However, hospitalization is often necessary to provide the child with the necessary medical care and support to recover from their illness or injury. During their hospital stay, the child may receive a range of medical treatments and interventions, such as medication, surgery, physical therapy, or other forms of rehabilitation. The child's hospital stay may also involve regular check-ups and monitoring by medical staff to ensure that their condition is improving and that they are responding well to treatment. Overall, "Child, Hospitalized" is a term used to describe a child who is receiving medical treatment as an inpatient in a hospital, and it highlights the importance of providing specialized care and support to help the child recover and return to good health.

In the medical field, a coma is a state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person is unresponsive to their environment and cannot be awakened. Comas can be caused by a variety of factors, including head injuries, brain infections, drug overdose, and certain medical conditions such as stroke or heart attack. During a coma, a person's brain activity is significantly reduced, and they may show little to no signs of awareness or responsiveness. They may also experience changes in their vital signs, such as a slower heart rate and lower blood pressure. The duration of a coma can vary widely, from a few hours to several weeks or even months. In some cases, a person may emerge from a coma with no lasting effects, while in other cases, they may experience permanent brain damage or disability. Treatment for a coma typically involves addressing the underlying cause and providing supportive care to help the person's body recover.

Community-acquired infections (CAIs) are infections that are acquired by an individual in the community, rather than in a healthcare setting. These infections can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. CAIs can be transmitted through various means, such as person-to-person contact, contaminated food or water, or contact with contaminated surfaces. Examples of CAIs include the common cold, influenza, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin infections. These infections can be treated with antibiotics, antiviral medications, or antifungal medications, depending on the specific cause of the infection. It is important to note that CAIs can be serious and can lead to hospitalization or even death, particularly in vulnerable populations such as the elderly, young children, and people with weakened immune systems.

... is a very rare form of parasitic meningitis that causes a fatal brain infection. The parasite enters the body through the nose ... Various parasites can cause meningitis or can affect the brain or nervous system in other ways. Overall, parasitic meningitis ... Some parasites can cause a rare form of meningitis called eosinophilic meningitis, eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, or EM. ... As with meningitis caused by other infections, people who develop symptomatic EM from these parasites can have ...
Health Information on Meningitis: MedlinePlus Multiple Languages Collection ... Meningitis: MedlinePlus Health Topic - English Meningitis: Tema de salud de MedlinePlus - español (Spanish) ... URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/languages/meningitis.html Other topics A-Z. ...
The persistence of neonatal meningitis results from increases in the numbers of infants surviving premature delivery ... ... neonatal meningitis continues to contribute substantially to neurological disability worldwide. ... 21] No problems were reported in 65% of babies who survived GBS meningitis and in 41.5% of those who survived E coli meningitis ... Bacterial meningitis. In developed countries, mortality from bacterial meningitis among neonates declined from almost 50% in ...
Meningococcal meningitis. In this section:. *Number of suspected meningitis cases reported. *Number of suspected meningitis ...
... which causes meningococcal meningitis in humans, who are the only natural hosts in which it causes disease. Meningococci may ... enter the nasopharynx and cause no symptoms, or they may enter the bloodstream and produce symptoms of meningitis. ... Infections of the lining of the brain and spinal cord in the central nervous system can result in meningococcal meningitis. ... meningococcus, the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningococcal meningitis in humans, who are the only natural ...
Meningitis and septicaemia often happen together. Meningitis can happen to anyone.. Do you know the signs?. Fever/vomiting, ... Further information can be found at Meningitis Now.. For more information on Student Awareness of Meningitis please visit the ... If you suspect meningitis or septicaemia, get medical help immediately.. Do not assume its COVID-19. It might be COVID-19, but ... Meningitis vaccination. The Men ACWY vaccine is part of childhood immunisations in the UK. For more information visit NHS ...
... meningitis - Sharing our stories on preparing for and responding to public health events ... Tags CDC, meningitis, outbreak, princeton, vaccination Outbreak Investigation: Meningitis. One Case Sparks National Action ... Outbreak of Meningitis Causing Health Officials to Look Overseas for Help. By Thomas Clark, MD, MPH This time last year public ... Now officials are trying to rein in a different outbreak of meningitis, more specifically meningococcal disease, popping up on ...
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Quick treatment of ... Viral Meningitis. Viral meningitis (also called aseptic meningitis) is more common than bacterial meningitis and usually less ... Meningitis. What Is Meningitis?. Meningitis is inflammation of membranes around the brain and spinal cord called the meninges ( ... What Causes Meningitis?. Meningitis is most often caused by a virus (viral meningitis), but sometimes is caused by bacteria ( ...
Meningitis is an infection of the thin lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord called the meninges. ... Meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial form of meningitis.. The use of the MenAfriVac® vaccine to prevent meningitis A ... Meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial form of meningitis, a serious infection of the thin lining that surrounds the brain and ... Meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial form of meningitis, a serious infection of the meninges that affects the brain membrane ...
Update on Fungal Meningitisexternal icon *Archive of Updates on Fungal Meningitis Outbreakexternal icon ... The investigation includes fungal meningitis (a form of meningitis that is not contagious), localized spinal or paraspinal ... Meningitis Outbreak: Voriconazole and Liposomal Amphotericin B Availability Informationexternal icon. Related FDA Resources. * ... All relevant materials for patients and clinicians concerning the multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis and other infections ...
IMD is caused by bacteria (Neisseria meningitidis) that can cause meningitis or bloodstream infections. ...
Meningitis. Meningitis is a life-threatening infection of the meninges (the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal ... Meningococcal meningitis is of particular importance due to its potential to cause large epidemics. Twelve types of N. ... A newly developed meningococcal A conjugate vaccine led to a decrease in the number of meningitis cases in Sudan, the only ... The largest disease burden occurs in an area of sub-Saharan Africa known as the meningitis belt, which stretches from Senegal ...
Read and listen to the experiences of people who have been personally affected by Meningitis and Septicaemia. ... I think the combination led up to the meningitis. I opened my eyes at 8am to my 3 year old daughter shouting mummy its ... I was told after a lumbar puncture I had viral meningitis and I stayed in the hospital for two weeks hardly able to move and ... 2017 - 2023 Meningitis Research Foundation. A charity registered in England and Wales no 1091105, in Scotland no SC037586, & in ...
... risk score can be used to identify patients with a high risk for unfavorable outcome in adults with bacterial meningitis within ... A risk score for unfavorable outcome in adults with bacterial meningitis Ann Neurol. 2008 Jan;63(1):90-7. doi: 10.1002/ana. ... Results: Unfavorable outcome occurred in 237 of 696 episodes (34%) in the Dutch Meningitis Cohort; 143 patients (21%) died. In ... Objective: To derive and validate a bedside risk score for adverse outcome in adults with bacterial meningitis. ...
In Pediatric Sepsis and Bacterial Meningitis, Procalcitonin Predicts Poor Outcomes. * In Neonatal Sepsis, When are Empiric ... In the United States, multiple meningococcal serogroup A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) conjugate vaccines as well as meningitis ... Infants who contract group B streptococcus (GBS) meningitis have higher mortality rates-and GBS survivors are at greater risk ... The US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends routine MenACWY vaccination to adolescents and meningitis ...
... to eliminate outbreaks of bacterial meningitis across Africa by 2030. ... Meningitis has the potential to cause epidemics and it can lead to death within 24 hours, while one in five patients are left ... Meningitis is a serious infection of the membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord, according to WHO. It is caused by " ... Bacterial meningitis is the most deadly, according to the WHO.. Carriers can spread the disease through respiratory or throat ...
Patients with meningitis may be at risk for neurologic sequelae or death. How much do you know about this potentially serious ... A New Study Highlights the Need for the Meningitis B Vaccine for Children in New Zealand 1.0 CME / ABIM MOC Credits Journal ... Patients with meningitis who present with an impaired level of consciousness are at increased risk for neurologic sequelae or ... Meningitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the meninges, the three layers of membranes that enclose the ...
ICD-10 code G00.2 for Streptococcal meningitis is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -Inflammatory ... ICD-10-CM Code for Streptococcal meningitis G00.2 ICD-10 code G00.2 for Streptococcal meningitis is a medical classification as ... bacterial meningitis. bacterial pachymeningitis. Excludes1: bacterial meningoencephalitis (G04.2). bacterial meningomyelitis ( ...
This news piece reports on a patient who may have been misdiagnosed with a stroke after receiving a contaminated steroid injection.
Meningitis findes i hele verden også i Danmark, og optræder ofte i epidemier. Meningokok-meningitis er især hyppig i et bælte ... Meningitis eller hjernehindebetændelse skyldes en bakterie, der overføres mellem mennesker gennem luften. Symptomerne kommer ... Meningitis er livstruende og antibiotikabehandling hurtigst muligt er absolut nødvendigt.. ...
Meningitis. Viral meningitis. Viral meningitis is a fairly common condition throughout many areas of the world. Its rarely a ... Meningitis treatments. The type of meningitis treatment that you receive from your doctor will depend on the type of meningitis ... Spinal meningitis. Perhaps you have heard the horror stories about spinal meningitis. A mother drops her son off for his first ... Although meningitis can be caused by a few medications or other illnesses, meningitis is typically caused by a virus (known as ...
... for immunization against meningococcal meningitis, the inflammation of the brain and spinal cord caused by a viral infection, ... "Meningococcal meningitis can take ones life in as little as one day and leave survivors with severe permanent disabilities. In ... for immunization against meningococcal meningitis, the inflammation of the brain and spinal cord caused by a viral infection, ...
Prognosis of bacterial meningitis may depend on the severity of the disease and causative agent.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] ... Bacterial meningitis may be classified according to the age group, causative agent, severity, and duration of disease.[1][2][3] ... There is no specific classification system for bacterial meningitis. However, it may be classified according to the age group, ... "Acute bacterial meningitis". Emerg Med Clin North Am. 26 (2): 281-317, viii. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2008.02.002. PMID 18406976 ...
... lawyer asked a panel of Alberta Court of Appeal judges to overturn the couples convictions in connection with the meningitis ... David and Collet Stephan supporters fill courtroom for conviction appeal in sons meningitis death. Dozens of David and Collet ... But jurors heard from a nurse who testified that she suggested to the Stephans that Ezekiel might have meningitis. ... Ezekiel died from bacterial meningitis in 2012. During the trial, court heard that, rather than seek medical treatment, the ...
... search for a CT scan to ensure one 13-year-old girl received an accurate diagnosis and lifesaving care for TB meningitis in ... In Sierra Leone, 13-Year-Old Girl Recovers from TB Meningitis PIH connects patient with treatment, care, and accompaniment over ... Nnanna, however, had other suspicions: meningitis and, likely, a brain tumor. "I examined Emma and found that she had neck ... Kadie* (left) and Emma (right),13-year-old twin sisters, are reunited after Emmas long battle with TB meningitis.Photo by Jon ...
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Kumpulan Berita terbaru dan terhangat tentang vaksin-meningitis-masih-diwajibkan hanya di republika.co.id ... Arab Saudi Disebut Masih Wajibkan Vaksin Meningitis untuk Umroh, KJRI Cek Kebenarannya. ...
If fungal meningitis is suspected, treatment should be initiated as soon as possible after obtaining CSF; treatment should not ... The fungal biomarker (1,3)-beta-D-glucan can help in the diagnosis of fungal meningitis; however, this test has several ... As of May 12, 2023, five patients have been diagnosed with suspected fungal meningitis; all have been hospitalized, and one has ... Meningitis - Resources for Healthcare Professionals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed 17 May 2023. ...
  • As cases of neonatal enteroviral sepsis and aseptic meningitis come to be more frequently recognized, reporting and identification of more virulent serotypes as they affect infants are likely to play a growing role. (medscape.com)
  • Viral meningitis (also called aseptic meningitis) is more common than bacterial meningitis and usually less serious. (kidshealth.org)
  • Serum procalcitonin level and other biological markers to distinguish between bacterial and aseptic meningitis in children: a European multicenter case cohort study. (medscape.com)
  • meningococcus , the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis , which causes meningococcal meningitis in humans, who are the only natural hosts in which it causes disease. (britannica.com)
  • IMD is caused by bacteria (Neisseria meningitidis) that can cause meningitis or bloodstream infections. (stfx.ca)
  • Both diseases are caused by the bacterium Neisseria Meningitidis (more commonly known as meningococcus), although meningitis has additional nonbacterial causes (see below). (who.int)
  • This review focuses on common presentations of treatable bacterial and viral meningitis in the neonatal period, defined as the period from birth to 44 weeks after conception. (medscape.com)
  • Meningitis is most often caused by a virus (viral meningitis), but sometimes is caused by bacteria (bacterial meningitis). (kidshealth.org)
  • Most cases of viral meningitis end within 7 to 10 days. (kidshealth.org)
  • In the week leading up to me getting viral meningitis I had had tonsillitis and been under stress. (meningitis.org)
  • I was told after a lumbar puncture I had viral meningitis and I stayed in the hospital for two weeks hardly able to move and vomiting every time I tried to move. (meningitis.org)
  • Viral meningitis is a fairly common condition throughout many areas of the world. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Three additional infants had viral meningitis or meningoencephalitis. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, the absence of specific clinical findings makes diagnosis of meningitis more difficult in neonates than in older children and adults. (medscape.com)
  • The CSF Borrelia antibody index came back cases of BMD diagnosed in Sweden, including 1 case of weakly positive for IgM (Table) and, under the diagnosis meningitis in an apparently immunocompetent patient. (cdc.gov)
  • The problem with meningitis is that if the diagnosis is delayed, the brain swelling persists and ultimately can result in permanent brain damage or even death. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • Enhanced diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis with use of the Binax NOW immunochromatographic test of Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen: a multisite study. (medscape.com)
  • The study authors emphasize one of the bigger limitations of their study-the fact that the diagnosis of meningitis was so rare that with only approximately 200 infants in the study, it was difficult to develop a predictive model for who might have acute bacterial meningitis. (medscape.com)
  • The clinical diagnosis for meningitis etiology still presents major challenges. (bvsalud.org)
  • Infections of the lining of the brain and spinal cord in the central nervous system can result in meningococcal meningitis. (britannica.com)
  • Meningitis is an infection of the thin lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord called the meninges. (who.int)
  • Meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial form of meningitis, a serious infection of the thin lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. (who.int)
  • Meningitis is a life-threatening infection of the meninges (the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord) that affects the brain and spinal cord. (who.int)
  • Meningitis is a serious infection of the membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord, according to WHO. (clickondetroit.com)
  • Meningitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the meninges, the three layers of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • Sanofi announced on Nov. 23, 2020 that the European Commission (EC) approved MenQuadfi (meningococcal [groups A, C, Y, W] conjugate vaccine) for immunization against meningococcal meningitis, the inflammation of the brain and spinal cord caused by a viral infection, in patients from the age of 12 months and older. (pharmtech.com)
  • Meningitis is an infection that causes inflammation of the meninges, which is a layer of tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord. (unr.edu)
  • The use of the MenAfriVac® vaccine to prevent meningitis A epidemics in the African Region is one of the greatest vaccination success stories in public health history and highlights what partners can accomplish when unified by a compelling cause. (who.int)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) now recommends the conjugate meningitis A vaccine MenAfriVac® to be introduced in routine immunization schedules in sub-Saharan Africa. (who.int)
  • The World Health Organization on Thursday Sept. 8, 2022 said it is launching a $1.5 billion campaign, hopefully including a new vaccine, to eliminate outbreaks of bacterial meningitis across Africa by 2030. (clickondetroit.com)
  • In a race against time, WHO regional director for Africa Matshidiso Moeti said that a next generation vaccine against meningitis will be rolled out in 26 African countries most affected by the disease. (clickondetroit.com)
  • Moeti said the vaccine, "has shown in clinical trials to be safe and effective against multiple forms of meningitis. (clickondetroit.com)
  • The vaccine could be rolled out next year and administered in widespread drives until 2030, when the WHO hopes to have stopped bacterial meningitis outbreaks in the continent of 54 countries and 1.3 billion people, she said. (clickondetroit.com)
  • Før pilgrimsrejse til Mekka kræver sundhedsmyndighederne i Saudi-Arabien endvidere, at man er vaccineret med en vaccine, der indeholder fire typer (A, C, Y og W135), fordi typerne W135 og Y har givet anledning til alvorlige meningitisepidemier i Mekka. (vaccination.dk)
  • Until recently, the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children was Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib), which has been almost eradicated due to a vaccine that was developed at Boston Children's Hospital in 1990. (unr.edu)
  • The most effective way to protect you and your child against certain types of bacterial meningitis is to complete the recommended vaccine schedule (CDC, 2012). (unr.edu)
  • In 2016, this meningitis A vaccination was introduced into the country's routine immunization programme. (who.int)
  • The US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends routine MenACWY vaccination to adolescents and meningitis serogroup B (MenB) vaccines to certain high-risk groups. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Canada and Cuba are the only other North American countries that recommend routine meningitis vaccination. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Although no new cases of meningitis A have been recorded in the past five years on the continent due to a robust vaccination program, the outbreak of the COVID -19 pandemic and attendant restrictions has left "hundreds of millions" of Africans at risk, said Moeti. (clickondetroit.com)
  • Meningitis and septicaemia often happen together. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Meningococcal bacteria can cause meningitis and septicaemia (blood poisoning). (strath.ac.uk)
  • Someone with meningitis or septicaemia can get a lot worse very quickly. (strath.ac.uk)
  • If you suspect meningitis or septicaemia, get medical help immediately. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Meningococcal diseases include meningococcal meningitis (see below) and meningococcaemia (also known as meningococcal septicaemia), which is an infection of the blood. (who.int)
  • Routine immunization can go a long way toward preventing meningitis. (kidshealth.org)
  • Before 2010 and the mass preventive immunization campaigns, Group A meningococcus accounted for an estimated 80-85% of all cases in the meningitis belt, with epidemics occurring at intervals of 7-14 years. (who.int)
  • These data summarize country introduction status of Meningococcal meningitis vaccines (all strains) in the national immunization programme. (who.int)
  • Some parasites can cause a rare form of meningitis called eosinophilic meningitis, eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, or EM . (cdc.gov)
  • Meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial form of meningitis. (who.int)
  • The investigation includes fungal meningitis (a form of meningitis that is not contagious), localized spinal or paraspinal infections, such as epidural abscess and arachnoiditis, and infections associated with injections in a peripheral joint space, such as a knee, shoulder, or ankle. (cdc.gov)
  • Additional causes of meningitis include fungal infection, chemical irritation, bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain, and cancer. (who.int)
  • In the case of meningococcal meningitis, other symptoms can include stiff neck , vomiting , confusion, and photophobia (increased sensitivity of the eyes to light). (britannica.com)
  • The most common symptoms of meningitis are a stiff neck, high fever, sensitivity to light, confusion, headaches and vomiting. (who.int)
  • Healthcare providers and the public should be aware that patients who underwent medical or surgical procedures under epidural anesthesia in Matamoros, Mexico, and who have developed signs or symptoms of possible meningitis (e.g., fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, altered mental status) should promptly seek evaluation by a healthcare provider and convey that medical history. (cdc.gov)
  • Meningitis infection may show up in a person by a sudden onset of fever, headache, and stiff neck. (unr.edu)
  • If the doctor thinks it might be meningitis, they'll likely order a lumbar puncture ( spinal tap ) to collect a sample of spinal fluid. (kidshealth.org)
  • Computed tomography of the head before lumbar puncture in adults with suspected meningitis. (medscape.com)
  • This should bias toward overestimating the frequency of acute bacterial meningitis in these patients, because children who were more ill-appearing were more likely to have undergone lumbar puncture. (medscape.com)
  • If a doctor suspects meningitis, he or she may collect samples of blood or cerebrospinal fluid. (cdc.gov)
  • Correlation of interleukin-1 beta and cachectin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and outcome from bacterial meningitis. (medscape.com)
  • Children with any bacterial growth on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture had "definite" acute bacterial meningitis. (medscape.com)
  • Meningitis caused by bacteria is usually severe. (unr.edu)
  • Although CDC has received reports of illness in patients who have received the medications listed in the table below, including some patients who had evidence of meningeal inflammation, CDC and public health officials have no reports of laboratory-confirmed bacterial or fungal meningitis, spinal, or paraspinal infections caused by these products. (cdc.gov)
  • Perhaps you have heard the horror stories about spinal meningitis. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Spinal meningitis is a disease that develops when the protective membrane covering the brain become inflamed because of bacteria or viruses. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • Spinal tap carries some risk of herniation of the medulla in any instance when intracranial pressure (ICP) is increased (eg, TBM), but if meningitis is suspected, the procedure must be performed regardless of the risk. (medscape.com)
  • By Thomas Clark, MD, MPH This time last year public health officials were grappling with a meningitis outbreak linked to fungus found in tainted medication. (cdc.gov)
  • Now officials are trying to rein in a different outbreak of meningitis, more specifically meningococcal disease, popping up on a college campus, including Princeton University. (cdc.gov)
  • All relevant materials for patients and clinicians concerning the multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis and other infections are located on this page. (cdc.gov)
  • In September 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in collaboration with state and local health departments and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) external icon , began investigating a multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis and other infections among patients who received contaminated preservative-free MPA steroid injections from the New England Compounding Center in Framingham, Massachusetts. (cdc.gov)
  • On September 26, 2012 , NECC voluntarily recalled three lots of preservative-free MPA associated with the multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis and other infections. (cdc.gov)
  • WHO says its reports show that meningitis control activities were reduced by 50% in 2020 compared to 2019 before the COVID-19 outbreak in Africa, although "a slight improvement" was recorded in 2021. (clickondetroit.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is issuing this Health Alert Network Health Advisory about an outbreak of suspected fungal meningitis among U.S. patients hospitalized in Texas after undergoing cosmetic procedures under epidural anesthesia in the city of Matamoros, state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. (cdc.gov)
  • Earlier this month, the Florida Department of Health and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention both detected an ongoing outbreak of meningococcal disease (meningitis) in Florida, with the number of cases so far this year already surpassing the 5-year average. (smh.com)
  • We sat with Dr. Gordillo to learn more about meningitis and how we can protect ourselves during this latest outbreak. (smh.com)
  • Bacterial meningitis can develop from eating food contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. (unr.edu)
  • Although the occurrence of neonatal meningitis is uncommon, it remains a devastating infection with high mortality and high morbidity. (medscape.com)
  • People of any age can get bacterial meningitis, but it spreads easily among those living in close quarters, so teens, college students, and boarding-school students are at higher risk for infection. (kidshealth.org)
  • Meningitis symptoms vary, depending on the person's age and the cause of the infection. (kidshealth.org)
  • In some cases, doctors may give antibiotics to anyone who's been around a person who has bacterial meningitis to help prevent infection. (kidshealth.org)
  • The infection may also spread through the body and cause meningitis, and must be treated immediately with antibiotics. (who.int)
  • Meningitis has the potential to cause epidemics and it can lead to death within 24 hours, while one in five patients are left with lifelong disability after infection, according to the WHO. (clickondetroit.com)
  • The type of meningitis treatment that you receive from your doctor will depend on the type of meningitis that you have, your age and how widespread the infection has become. (ihealthdirectory.com)
  • In Emma's case, TB was living in her brain-causing her seizures, as well as secondary infection of meningitis. (pih.org)
  • Meningitis is an infection from bacteria or viruses that get into the brain. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • Possible permanent effects associated with a bacterial meningitis infection include brain damage, hearing loss, vision loss, and intellectual disability. (unr.edu)
  • To determine the frequency of concomitant acute bacterial meningitis in neonates with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI), a recent study [ 1 ] reviewed outcomes for children evaluated from 2005 through 2013 at Texas Children's Hospital. (medscape.com)
  • The Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia has been associated with two major outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis caused by N. meningitidis serogroups A and W135, resulting in the global dissemination of meningococcal disease in 1987 and also in 2000 respectively. (who.int)
  • Meningococcal disease-meningococcal meningitis or meningococcal septicemia, which are the two forms of this disease-are diseases that reappear from time to time. (smh.com)
  • For more information on Student Awareness of Meningitis please visit the Meningitis Now Universities webpage . (strath.ac.uk)
  • Despite the development of effective vaccines, useful tools for rapid identification of pathogens and potent antimicrobial drugs, neonatal meningitis continues to contribute substantially to neurological disability worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Many colleges require their students to get meningitis vaccines. (kidshealth.org)
  • In the United States, multiple meningococcal serogroup A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) conjugate vaccines as well as meningitis serogroup B vaccines are licensed. (medpagetoday.com)
  • In response to community concerns, the AIDS Health Foundation announced Sunday that it will provide free meningitis vaccines to gay, bisexual, and men who have sex with men at several of its Los Angeles locations. (advocate.com)
  • Introduction status of Meningococcal meningitis vaccines (all strains) over time. (who.int)
  • TBM must be differentiated not only from other forms of acute and subacute meningitis but also from conditions such as viral infections and cerebral abscess. (medscape.com)
  • Two definitions of acute bacterial meningitis were applied. (medscape.com)
  • In the study cohort, no infant met the criteria for acute bacterial meningitis, and 0.8% met the criteria for probable meningitis: one with a CSF white blood cell count of 25 cells/µL and the other with 183 cells/µL. (medscape.com)
  • The authors conclude that their study suggests that acute bacterial meningitis is uncommon among infants with a febrile UTI. (medscape.com)
  • Are meningitis outbreaks common? (smh.com)
  • What should people do to protect themselves from meningitis outbreaks? (smh.com)
  • Two additional female patients hospitalized in Texas developed suspected fungal meningitis 1-8 weeks after undergoing cosmetic procedures under epidural anesthesia at Clinica K-3 in Matamoros, Mexico. (cdc.gov)
  • Multiple pathogens can cause healthcare-associated fungal meningitis, and infections may involve multiple pathogens at once. (cdc.gov)
  • Because some patients with fungal meningitis may initially present with mild or non-specific symptoms, healthcare providers should have a low threshold for performing brain imaging and LP. (cdc.gov)
  • New understandings on the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. (medscape.com)
  • Neonatal meningitis is often caused by group B streptococcus and is associated with prematurity, gestational age, postnatal age, and geographic region. (medscape.com)
  • Meningitis caused by germs like bacteria or viruses often starts in another part of the body. (kidshealth.org)
  • Many of the viruses that cause meningitis are common, such as those that cause colds , diarrhea, cold sores , and the flu . (kidshealth.org)
  • Viruses and bacteria can cause meningitis. (unr.edu)
  • Both kinds of meningitis spread to other people like most other common infections do - someone who's infected touches, kisses, or coughs or sneezes on someone who isn't infected. (kidshealth.org)
  • Viral and bacterial infections are the most common cause but bacterial meningitis is much more serious due to its rapid onset and poses a significant risk of death. (who.int)
  • Is meningitis exasperated by COVID or flu or other respiratory infections? (smh.com)
  • Meningitis is the leading infectious syndrome that affects the central nervous system, and most cases are caused by viral infections, mainly enterovirus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus and Gnathostoma species. (medscape.com)
  • The persistence of neonatal meningitis results from increases in the numbers of infants surviving premature delivery and from limited access to medical resources in developing countries. (medscape.com)
  • This recommendation ensures that infants are protected against meningitis and population-wide immunity is maintained. (who.int)
  • Newborns and infants, do not always display the classic symptoms of bacterial meningitis. (unr.edu)
  • In young infants, doctors may look for a bulging fontanelle (soft spot on infant's head) or abnormal reflexes, which can also be signs of meningitis. (unr.edu)
  • Meningococcal meningitis is of particular importance due to its potential to cause large epidemics. (who.int)
  • Bacterial meningitis is treated with antibiotics, typically administered during hospitalization. (unr.edu)
  • The parameters of the CSF in patients with enteroviral meningitis showed similar median concentrations to those found in the literature. (bvsalud.org)
  • Worsøe L, Cayé-Thomasen P, Brandt CT, Thomsen J, Østergaard C. Factors associated with the occurrence of hearing loss after pneumococcal meningitis. (medscape.com)
  • Ginsberg L, Kidd D. Chronic and recurrent meningitis. (medscape.com)
  • Meningitis vaccinations for more than 50 million children in Africa have been delayed amid the COVID-19 pandemic, prompting fears of a resurgence of the deadly disease. (clickondetroit.com)
  • Bacterial meningitis is a true emergency and requires early recognition and treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • To derive and validate a bedside risk score for adverse outcome in adults with bacterial meningitis. (nih.gov)
  • This bedside risk score can be used to identify patients with a high risk for unfavorable outcome in adults with bacterial meningitis within 1 hour after the initial presentation. (nih.gov)
  • Validation of a Dutch risk score predicting poor outcome in adults with bacterial meningitis in Vietnam and Malawi. (medscape.com)
  • van de Beek D, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, Weisfelt M, Reitsma JB, Vermeulen M. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnostic accuracy of Kernig's sign, Brudzinski's sign, and nuchal rigidity in adults with suspected meningitis. (medscape.com)
  • Get medical care right away if you think that you could have meningitis or you have symptoms such as vomiting, headache, tiredness or confusion, neck stiffness, rash, and fever. (kidshealth.org)
  • For meningitis, you get hit with a very severe headache, fever, and body aches. (smh.com)
  • Febrile Neonate With Probable UTI: The Likelihood of Meningitis - Medscape - Aug 07, 2017. (medscape.com)
  • Meningitides caused by HIV and fungi are excluded, as are those caused by other organisms implicated in congenital CNS damage (eg, cytomegalovirus [CMV] and Toxoplasma ). (medscape.com)
  • Prognosis of bacterial meningitis may depend on the severity of the disease and causative agent. (wikidoc.org)
  • How contagious is meningitis? (smh.com)
  • The germs that cause bacterial meningitis can be communicable. (unr.edu)
  • Prolonged contact with a sick person in the same household or childcare center, or if there is direct contact with another person's oral secretions (such as a boyfriend or girlfriend), is likely to result in person-to-person transmission of germs that can lead to bacterial meningitis. (unr.edu)
  • Children are most threatened according to WHO data that shows about half of meningitis cases and deaths occur in children under 5 years of age. (clickondetroit.com)
  • Patients with meningitis who present with an impaired level of consciousness are at increased risk for neurologic sequelae or death. (medscape.com)