Membrane Proteins
Cell Membrane
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Membranes
Intracellular Membranes
Membrane Lipids
Membrane Potentials
Membranes, Artificial
Erythrocyte Membrane
Membrane Fluidity
Molecular Sequence Data
Amino Acid Sequence
Membrane Transport Proteins
Cell Membrane Permeability
Basement Membrane
Protein Transport
Lipid Bilayers
Detergents
Escherichia coli
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Protein Binding
Porins
Protein Structure, Tertiary
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Carrier Proteins
Microscopy, Electron
Viral Matrix Proteins
Mutation
Golgi Apparatus
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Mitochondrial Membranes
Base Sequence
Protein Structure, Secondary
Cell Fractionation
Protein Conformation
Liposomes
Models, Biological
Cloning, Molecular
Models, Molecular
Solubility
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Synaptic Membranes
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Cells, Cultured
Protein Sorting Signals
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Calcium
Subcellular Fractions
Binding Sites
Cytoplasm
Lysosome-Associated Membrane Glycoproteins
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Erythrocytes
Endocytosis
Microscopy, Immunoelectron
Rabbits
Temperature
Blotting, Western
Micelles
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Phosphatidylcholines
Endosomes
Freeze Fracturing
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Immunoblotting
Peptides
Cattle
Mitochondria
Bacteriorhodopsins
Vacuoles
Cricetinae
Biological Transport, Active
Microscopy, Confocal
Ion Channels
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Sequence Alignment
Receptors, Cell Surface
Transfection
Signal Transduction
Plasmids
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Octoxynol
Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte
Lysosomes
Cytosol
Microsomes
Nuclear Envelope
Purple Membrane
Extraembryonic Membranes
Cell Membrane Structures
Exocytosis
Adenosine Triphosphate
HeLa Cells
Diffusion
Biological Transport
Glycosylation
Glycoproteins
Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2
Proteolipids
Potassium
COS Cells
Fluorescent Dyes
Structure-Activity Relationship
Peptide Fragments
Dogs
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols
CHO Cells
Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2
Herpesvirus 4, Human
Spectrin
Organelles
Periplasm
Sodium
Cell Polarity
Transport Vesicles
Proteins
Phosphatidylethanolamines
Qa-SNARE Proteins
Monosaccharide Transport Proteins
RNA, Messenger
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
Permeability
R-SNARE Proteins
Cholesterol
Luminescent Proteins
Cercopithecus aethiops
Macromolecular Substances
Trypsin
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
DNA, Complementary
Amino Acid Motifs
Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins
Antigens, Surface
Cross-Linking Reagents
Epithelial Cells
Lipids
Aquaporins
Water
Precipitin Tests
Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial
Polyethylene Glycols
DNA Primers
Gene Expression
Cytoskeleton
Mitochondrial Proteins
Immunohistochemistry
Endopeptidases
Glycophorin
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Surface-Active Agents
Crystallization
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Crystallography, X-Ray
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
Phosphatidylserines
Amino Acids
Proton-Translocating ATPases
Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
Kidney
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Brefeldin A
Liver
Antibodies
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
Actins
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase
Species Specificity
Thermodynamics
Models, Chemical
Alkaline Phosphatase
Blood Proteins
Vesicular Transport Proteins
Ankyrins
Gene Deletion
GTP-Binding Proteins
Phenotype
Nictitating Membrane
Bruch Membrane
Membrane-tethered Drosophila Armadillo cannot transduce Wingless signal on its own. (1/57141)
Drosophila Armadillo and its vertebrate homolog beta-catenin are key effectors of Wingless/Wnt signaling. In the current model, Wingless/Wnt signal stabilizes Armadillo/beta-catenin, which then accumulates in nuclei and binds TCF/LEF family proteins, forming bipartite transcription factors which activate transcription of Wingless/Wnt responsive genes. This model was recently challenged. Overexpression in Xenopus of membrane-tethered beta-catenin or its paralog plakoglobin activates Wnt signaling, suggesting that nuclear localization of Armadillo/beta-catenin is not essential for signaling. Tethered plakoglobin or beta-catenin might signal on their own or might act indirectly by elevating levels of endogenous beta-catenin. We tested these hypotheses in Drosophila by removing endogenous Armadillo. We generated a series of mutant Armadillo proteins with altered intracellular localizations, and expressed these in wild-type and armadillo mutant backgrounds. We found that membrane-tethered Armadillo cannot signal on its own; however it can function in adherens junctions. We also created mutant forms of Armadillo carrying heterologous nuclear localization or nuclear export signals. Although these signals alter the subcellular localization of Arm when overexpressed in Xenopus, in Drosophila they have little effect on localization and only subtle effects on signaling. This supports a model in which Armadillo's nuclear localization is key for signaling, but in which Armadillo intracellular localization is controlled by the availability and affinity of its binding partners. (+info)Membrane fusion: structure snared at last. (2/57141)
The structure of the core of the neuronal 'SNARE complex', involved in neurotransmitter release, has been determined recently. Its topological similarity to viral fusion proteins suggests how the SNARE complex might facilitate membrane fusion. (+info)The hematopoietic-specific adaptor protein gads functions in T-cell signaling via interactions with the SLP-76 and LAT adaptors. (3/57141)
BACKGROUND: The adaptor protein Gads is a Grb2-related protein originally identified on the basis of its interaction with the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the docking protein Shc. Gads protein expression is restricted to hematopoietic tissues and cell lines. Gads contains a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, which has previously been shown to have a similar binding specificity to that of Grb2. Gads also possesses two SH3 domains, but these have a distinct binding specificity to those of Grb2, as Gads does not bind to known Grb2 SH3 domain targets. Here, we investigated whether Gads is involved in T-cell signaling. RESULTS: We found that Gads is highly expressed in T cells and that the SLP-76 adaptor protein is a major Gads-associated protein in vivo. The constitutive interaction between Gads and SLP-76 was mediated by the carboxy-terminal SH3 domain of Gads and a 20 amino-acid proline-rich region in SLP-76. Gads also coimmunoprecipitated the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the linker for activated T cells (LAT) adaptor protein following cross-linking of the T-cell receptor; this interaction was mediated by the Gads SH2 domain. Overexpression of Gads and SLP-76 resulted in a synergistic augmentation of T-cell signaling, as measured by activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and this cooperation required a functional Gads SH2 domain. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that Gads plays an important role in T-cell signaling via its association with SLP-76 and LAT. Gads may promote cross-talk between the LAT and SLP-76 signaling complexes, thereby coupling membrane-proximal events to downstream signaling pathways. (+info)Sonic hedgehog signaling by the patched-smoothened receptor complex. (4/57141)
BACKGROUND: The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins is involved in a number of developmental processes as well as in cancer. Genetic and biochemical data suggest that the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) receptor is composed of at least two proteins: the tumor suppressor protein Patched (Ptc) and the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo). RESULTS: Using a biochemical assay for activation of the transcription factor Gli, a downstream component of the Hh pathway, we show here that Smo functions as the signaling component of the Shh receptor, and that this activity can be blocked by Ptc. The inhibition of Smo by Ptc can be relieved by the addition of Shh. Furthermore, oncogenic forms of Smo are insensitive to Ptc repression in this assay. Mapping of the Smo domains required for binding to Ptc and for signaling revealed that the Smo-Ptc interaction involves mainly the amino terminus of Smo, and that the third intracellular loop and the seventh transmembrane domain are required for signaling. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that Smo is the signaling component of a multicomponent Hh receptor complex and that Ptc is a ligand-regulated inhibitor of Smo. Different domains of Smo are involved in Ptc binding and activation of a Gli reporter construct. The latter requires the third intracellular loop and the seventh transmembrane domain of Smo, regions often involved in coupling to G proteins. No changes in the levels of cyclic AMP or calcium associated with such pathways could be detected following receptor activation, however. (+info)Alzheimer's disease: clues from flies and worms. (5/57141)
Presenilin mutations give rise to familial Alzheimer's disease and result in elevated production of amyloid beta peptide. Recent evidence that presenilins act in developmental signalling pathways may be the key to understanding how senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and apoptosis are all biochemically linked. (+info)Vac1p coordinates Rab and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in Vps45p-dependent vesicle docking/fusion at the endosome. (6/57141)
The vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mediates transport of vacuolar protein precursors from the late Golgi to the lysosome-like vacuole. Sorting of some vacuolar proteins occurs via a prevacuolar endosomal compartment and mutations in a subset of VPS genes (the class D VPS genes) interfere with the Golgi-to-endosome transport step. Several of the encoded proteins, including Pep12p/Vps6p (an endosomal target (t) SNARE) and Vps45p (a Sec1p homologue), bind each other directly [1]. Another of these proteins, Vac1p/Pep7p/Vps19p, associates with Pep12p and binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P), the product of the Vps34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) [1] [2]. Here, we demonstrate that Vac1p genetically and physically interacts with the activated, GTP-bound form of Vps21p, a Rab GTPase that functions in Golgi-to-endosome transport, and with Vps45p. These results implicate Vac1p as an effector of Vps21p and as a novel Sec1p-family-binding protein. We suggest that Vac1p functions as a multivalent adaptor protein that ensures the high fidelity of vesicle docking and fusion by integrating both phosphoinositide (Vps34p) and GTPase (Vps21p) signals, which are essential for Pep12p- and Vps45p-dependent targeting of Golgi-derived vesicles to the prevacuolar endosome. (+info)Role of alphavbeta3 integrin in the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. (7/57141)
Interaction between integrin alphavbeta3 and extracellular matrix is crucial for endothelial cells sprouting from capillaries and for angiogenesis. Furthermore, integrin-mediated outside-in signals co-operate with growth factor receptors to promote cell proliferation and motility. To determine a potential regulation of angiogenic inducer receptors by the integrin system, we investigated the interaction between alphavbeta3 integrin and tyrosine kinase vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) in human endothelial cells. We report that tyrosine-phosphorylated VEGFR-2 co-immunoprecipitated with beta3 integrin subunit, but not with beta1 or beta5, from cells stimulated with VEGF-A165. VEGFR-2 phosphorylation and mitogenicity induced by VEGF-A165 were enhanced in cells plated on the alphavbeta3 ligand, vitronectin, compared with cells plated on the alpha5beta1 ligand, fibronectin or the alpha2beta1 ligand, collagen. BV4 anti-beta3 integrin mAb, which does not interfere with endothelial cell adhesion to vitronectin, reduced (i) the tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR-2; (ii) the activation of downstream transductor phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase; and (iii) biological effects triggered by VEGF-A165. These results indicate a new role for alphavbeta3 integrin in the activation of an in vitro angiogenic program in endothelial cells. Besides being the most important survival system for nascent vessels by regulating cell adhesion to matrix, alphavbeta3 integrin participates in the full activation of VEGFR-2 triggered by VEGF-A, which is an important angiogenic inducer in tumors, inflammation and tissue regeneration. (+info)Cell growth inhibition by farnesyltransferase inhibitors is mediated by gain of geranylgeranylated RhoB. (8/57141)
Recent results have shown that the ability of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) to inhibit malignant cell transformation and Ras prenylation can be separated. We proposed previously that farnesylated Rho proteins are important targets for alternation by FTIs, based on studies of RhoB (the FTI-Rho hypothesis). Cells treated with FTIs exhibit a loss of farnesylated RhoB but a gain of geranylgeranylated RhoB (RhoB-GG), which is associated with loss of growth-promoting activity. In this study, we tested whether the gain of RhoB-GG elicited by FTI treatment was sufficient to mediate FTI-induced cell growth inhibition. In support of this hypothesis, when expressed in Ras-transformed cells RhoB-GG induced phenotypic reversion, cell growth inhibition, and activation of the cell cycle kinase inhibitor p21WAF1. RhoB-GG did not affect the phenotype or growth of normal cells. These effects were similar to FTI treatment insofar as they were all induced in transformed cells but not in normal cells. RhoB-GG did not promote anoikis of Ras-transformed cells, implying that this response to FTIs involves loss-of-function effects. Our findings corroborate the FTI-Rho hypothesis and demonstrate that gain-of-function effects on Rho are part of the drug mechanism. Gain of RhoB-GG may explain how FTIs inhibit the growth of human tumor cells that lack Ras mutations. (+info)Premature rupture of fetal membranes is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, ultrasound, and laboratory tests. Treatment options for PROM include:
1. Expectant management: In this approach, the woman is monitored closely without immediately inducing labor. This option is usually chosen if the baby is not yet ready to be born and the mother has no signs of infection or preterm labor.
2. Induction of labor: If the baby is mature enough to be born, labor may be induced to avoid the risks associated with preterm birth.
3. Cesarean delivery: In some cases, a cesarean section may be performed if the woman has signs of infection or if the baby is in distress.
4. Antibiotics: If the PROM is caused by an infection, antibiotics may be given to treat the infection and prevent complications.
5. Steroids: If the baby is less than 24 hours old, steroids may be given to help mature the lungs and reduce the risk of respiratory distress syndrome.
Prevention of premature rupture of fetal membranes includes good prenatal care, avoiding activities that can cause trauma to the abdomen, and avoiding infections such as group B strep. Early detection and management of PROM are crucial to prevent complications for the baby.
There are two main types of hemolysis:
1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.
Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.
Some common causes of hemolysis include:
1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.
Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.
Also known as: Hereditary spherocytosis (HSS)
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Most nasopharyngeal neoplasms are rare and tend to affect children and young adults more frequently than older adults. The most common types of nasopharyngeal neoplasms include:
1. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC): This is the most common type of malignant nasopharyngeal neoplasm and tends to affect young adults in Southeast Asia more frequently than other populations.
2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This is a rare, slow-growing tumor that usually affects the nasopharynx and salivary glands.
3. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma: This is a type of cancer that originates in another part of the body (usually the head and neck) and spreads to the nasopharynx.
4. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can occur in the nasopharynx.
5. Benign tumors: These include benign growths such as papillomas, fibromas, and meningiomas.
Symptoms of nasopharyngeal neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor but may include:
* Difficulty swallowing
* Nosebleeds
* Headaches
* Facial pain or numbness
* Trouble breathing through the nose
* Hoarseness or voice changes
* Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck
Diagnosis of nasopharyngeal neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, endoscopy (insertion of a flexible tube with a camera into the nose and throat), and biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope).
Treatment of nasopharyngeal neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor but may include:
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Targeted therapy to attack specific molecules on cancer cells
Prognosis for nasopharyngeal neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor but in general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a successful outcome.
1. Activation of oncogenes: Some viruses contain genes that code for proteins that can activate existing oncogenes in the host cell, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: Other viruses may contain genes that inhibit the expression of tumor suppressor genes, allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. Insertional mutagenesis: Some viruses can insert their own DNA into the host cell's genome, leading to disruptions in normal cellular function and potentially causing cancer.
4. Epigenetic changes: Viral infection can also cause epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, that can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of oncogenes.
Viral cell transformation is a key factor in the development of many types of cancer, including cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In addition, some viruses are specifically known to cause cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).
Early detection and treatment of viral infections can help prevent the development of cancer. Vaccines are also available for some viruses that are known to cause cancer, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Additionally, antiviral therapy can be used to treat existing infections and may help reduce the risk of cancer development.
The disease is characterized by the presence of hyaline membranes in the distal air spaces of the lungs, which are composed of extracellular material, including surfactant proteins, lipids, and other substances. These membranes impair the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air in the lungs, leading to respiratory failure.
The symptoms of HMD can range from mild to severe and may include:
* Respiratory distress
* Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
* Cyanosis (blue coloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to lack of oxygen)
* Poor feeding
* Apnea (pauses in breathing)
HMD is usually diagnosed based on clinical findings and chest X-rays. Treatment typically involves providing supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, and surfactant replacement therapy to help restore normal lung function. In severe cases, HMD can lead to respiratory failure and death if left untreated.
Prevention of HMD includes:
* Proper management of maternal health during pregnancy
* Avoiding smoking and other harmful substances during pregnancy
* Ensuring proper prenatal care and regular check-ups
* Delivering the baby in a medical facility equipped to handle high-risk deliveries
Early recognition and treatment of HMD are critical to preventing complications and improving outcomes for affected newborns.
Symptoms of EBV infection can vary widely, ranging from asymptomatic to severe, and may include:
* Fatigue
* Fever
* Sore throat
* Swollen lymph nodes in the neck and armpits
* Swollen liver or spleen
* Rash
* Headaches
* Muscle weakness
In some cases, EBV can lead to more serious complications such as infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, which can cause:
* Enlarged liver and spleen
* Splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen)
* Hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver)
* Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
* Anemia (low red blood cell count)
* Leukopenia (low white blood cell count)
EBV is also associated with an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, including Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
There is no specific treatment for EBV infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few weeks. Antiviral medications may be prescribed in severe cases or to prevent complications. Rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relief medication can help alleviate symptoms.
Also known as Burkitt's Lymphoma.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
Epidemiology of Haemophilus Infections:
* Incidence: Hib disease was once a major cause of childhood meningitis and sepsis, but the introduction of Hib vaccines in the 1980s has significantly reduced the incidence of invasive Hib disease. Non-invasive Hib disease, such as otitis media, is still common.
* Prevalence: Hib is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children under the age of 5 worldwide. In developed countries, the prevalence of invasive Hib disease has decreased significantly since the introduction of vaccines, but it remains a significant public health problem in developing countries.
* Risk factors: young age, poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and poor sanitation and hygiene are risk factors for Hib disease. Children under the age of 5, especially those under the age of 2, are at highest risk for invasive Hib disease.
Pathophysiology of Haemophilus Infections:
* Mechanisms of infection: H. influenzae can cause both respiratory and non-respiratory infections by colonizing the nasopharynx and other mucosal surfaces. The bacteria can then disseminate to other parts of the body, causing invasive disease.
* Immune response: the immune response to Hib infection involves both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Antibodies play a crucial role in protecting against reinfection, while T cells and macrophages help to clear the bacteria from the body.
Clinical Presentation of Haemophilus Infections:
* Respiratory infections: H. influenzae can cause various respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis, pneumonia, and sinusitis. Symptoms may include fever, cough, sore throat, and difficulty breathing.
* Non-respiratory infections: Hib can cause a range of non-respiratory infections, including meningitis, epiglottitis, and septic arthritis. These infections can have more severe symptoms and may require prompt medical attention.
Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections:
* Diagnostic tests: diagnosis of Hib disease is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and radiologic studies. Blood cultures, lumbar puncture, and chest x-rays may be used to confirm the presence of the bacteria and assess the extent of infection.
* Laboratory testing: identification of Hib is based on its distinctive gram stain appearance and biochemical characteristics. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing are also used to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment and Prevention of Haemophilus Infections:
* Antibiotics: Hib infections are treated with antibiotics, such as amoxicillin or ceftriaxone. The choice of antibiotic depends on the severity and location of the infection.
* Vaccination: the Hib vaccine is recommended for children under 5 years old to prevent Hib disease. The vaccine is given in a series of 3-4 doses, with the first dose given at 2 months of age.
* Good hygiene practices: good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and proper cleaning and disinfection, can help prevent the spread of Hib bacteria.
Complications of Haemophilus Infections:
* Meningitis: Hib meningitis can have serious complications, including hearing loss, learning disabilities, and seizures.
* Permanent brain damage: Hib infections can cause permanent brain damage, including cognitive and behavioral impairments.
* Respiratory failure: severe Hib pneumonia can lead to respiratory failure, which may require mechanical ventilation.
* Death: Hib infections can be life-threatening, especially in young children and those with underlying medical conditions.
In conclusion, Haemophilus infections are a serious public health concern, particularly for young children and those with underlying medical conditions. Prevention through vaccination and good hygiene practices is essential to reduce the risk of infection. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent complications and improve outcomes.
The symptoms of chlamydia infections can vary depending on the location of the infection. In genital infections, symptoms may include:
* Discharge from the penis or vagina
* Painful urination
* Abnormal bleeding or spotting
* Painful sex
* Testicular pain in men
* Pelvic pain in women
In eye infections, symptoms can include:
* Redness and swelling of the eye
* Discharge from the eye
* Pain or sensitivity to light
In respiratory infections, symptoms may include:
* Cough
* Fever
* Shortness of breath or wheezing
If left untreated, chlamydia infections can lead to serious complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and epididymitis in men. Chlamydia infections can also increase the risk of infertility and other long-term health problems.
Chlamydia infections are typically diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) or a culture test. Treatment for chlamydia infections typically involves antibiotics, which can effectively cure the infection. It is important to note that sexual partners of someone with a chlamydia infection should also be tested and treated, as they may also have the infection.
Prevention methods for chlamydia infections include safe sex practices such as using condoms and dental dams, as well as regular screening and testing for the infection. It is important to note that chlamydia infections can be asymptomatic, so regular testing is crucial for early detection and treatment.
In conclusion, chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted bacterial infection that can cause serious complications if left untreated. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing long-term health problems and the spread of the infection. Safe sex practices and regular screening are also important for preventing chlamydia infections.
The main symptoms of hereditary elliptocytosis are mild anemia, fatigue, jaundice, and splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen). The disorder can also cause recurrent infections, including bacterial infections such as pneumonia and urinary tract infections. In severe cases, hereditary elliptocytosis can lead to a condition called hemolytic anemia, which is characterized by the premature destruction of RBCs.
Hereditary elliptocytosis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including blood smears and genetic analysis. Treatment for the disorder is generally focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include blood transfusions, antibiotics to treat infections, and splenectomy (removal of the spleen) in severe cases.
The prognosis for hereditary elliptocytosis is generally good, with most individuals leading normal lives with proper management and care. However, the disorder can be inherited by children of affected parents, and genetic counseling may be helpful for families who have a history of the condition.
The hallmark of anti-GBM disease is the presence of circulating anti-GBM antibodies and immune complexes, which are deposited in the glomeruli and lung alveoli, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. The disease can progress rapidly and lead to ESRD if left untreated.
The symptoms of anti-GBM disease vary depending on the severity of the disease and may include:
* Hematuria (blood in urine)
* Proteinuria (excess protein in urine)
* Reduced kidney function
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Shortness of breath
* Cough
The diagnosis of anti-GBM disease is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and kidney biopsy. Laboratory tests may include:
* Detection of anti-GBM antibodies in the blood
* Presence of immune complexes in the urine or lung tissue
* Abnormal liver enzymes
* Low complement levels
Treatment of anti-GBM disease typically involves a combination of steroids, immunosuppressive medications, and plasmapheresis (a process that removes harmful antibodies from the blood). In severe cases, kidney transplantation may be necessary. The prognosis for anti-GBM disease is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 50%.
Symptoms of hemolytic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches, and pale or yellowish skin. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include blood transfusions, medication to suppress the immune system, antibiotics for infections, and removal of the spleen (splenectomy) in severe cases.
Prevention strategies for hemolytic anemia include avoiding triggers such as certain medications or infections, maintaining good hygiene practices, and seeking early medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
It is important to note that while hemolytic anemia can be managed with proper treatment, it may not be curable in all cases, and ongoing monitoring and care are necessary to prevent complications and improve quality of life.
1. Gonorrhea: a sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae that can affect the reproductive tract, eyes, and throat.
2. Meningococcal disease: a serious and potentially life-threatening infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis that can affect the lining of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis) or the bloodstream (sepsis).
3. Pneumonia: an infection of the lung tissue caused by Neisseria species, often occurring in people with weakened immune systems or pre-existing medical conditions.
4. Peritonitis: an infection of the lining of the abdominal cavity caused by Neisseria species, often occurring in people with perforated ulcers or other injuries to the abdominal wall.
5. Endocarditis: an infection of the heart valves caused by Neisseria species, which can occur in people with pre-existing heart conditions.
Neisseriaceae infections are typically treated with antibiotics, and early treatment is important to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes. Prevention measures include practicing safe sex, getting vaccinated against meningococcal disease, and seeking medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
Symptoms of ehrlichiosis typically begin within one to two weeks after the tick bite and may include fever, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, and rash. In severe cases, the infection can spread to the bloodstream and cause more serious complications, such as respiratory distress, liver failure, and kidney failure.
Ehrlichiosis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to detect the bacterial DNA in the blood. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, such as doxycycline or azithromycin, which are effective against the bacteria that cause ehrlichiosis.
Prevention of ehrlichiosis primarily involves avoiding tick habitats and using tick-repellent clothing and insecticides to prevent tick bites. Early detection and treatment of ehrlichiosis can help reduce the risk of serious complications and improve outcomes for infected individuals.
The disorder is caused by mutations in the HBB gene that codes for the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. These mutations result in the production of abnormal hemoglobins that are unstable and prone to breakdown, leading to the release of free hemoglobin into the urine.
HP is classified into two types based on the severity of symptoms:
1. Type 1 HP: This is the most common form of the disorder and is characterized by mild to moderate anemia, occasional hemoglobinuria, and a normal life expectancy.
2. Type 2 HP: This is a more severe form of the disorder and is characterized by severe anemia, recurrent hemoglobinuria, and a shorter life expectancy.
There is no cure for HP, but treatment options are available to manage symptoms and prevent complications. These may include blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, and medications to reduce the frequency and severity of hemoglobinuria episodes.
Examples of experimental liver neoplasms include:
1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and can be induced experimentally by injecting carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) into the liver tissue of animals.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer originates in the bile ducts within the liver and can be induced experimentally by injecting chemical carcinogens such as DEN or DMBA into the bile ducts of animals.
3. Hepatoblastoma: This is a rare type of liver cancer that primarily affects children and can be induced experimentally by administering chemotherapy drugs to newborn mice or rats.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that originate in other parts of the body and spread to the liver through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Experimental models of metastatic tumors can be studied by injecting cancer cells into the liver tissue of animals.
The study of experimental liver neoplasms is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms of liver cancer development and progression, as well as identifying potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease. Animal models can be used to test the efficacy of new drugs or therapies before they are tested in humans, which can help to accelerate the development of new treatments for liver cancer.
The most common form of this disease is Meningococcal Group B (MenB). Symptoms often develop within hours or days after exposure, but can be nonspecific, such as fever, headache, and muscle aches.
Early signs that are more specific and suggestive of the diagnosis include neck stiffness, confusion, seizures, and rash. Diagnosis is by culture or PCR of a sterile site. Treatment consists of antibiotics that cover Neisseria meningitidis, which should be initiated promptly after recognition of the signs and symptoms.
Prevention with vaccines is recommended for infants at 2 months of age; boosters are given at 4 months, 6 months, and 12 to 15 months of age.
There are several types of brucellosis, including:
1. Brucella abortus: This type is primarily found in cattle and is the most common form of the disease in humans.
2. Brucella suis: This type is found in pigs and is less common in humans.
3. Brucella melitensis: This type is found in sheep, goats, and other animals, and is more virulent than B. abortus.
4. Brucella canis: This type is found in dogs and is rare in humans.
The symptoms of brucellosis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the individual's overall health. Common symptoms include:
1. Fever
2. Headache
3. Joint pain
4. Muscle pain
5. Swelling of the lymph nodes and spleen
6. Fatigue
7. Loss of appetite
8. Weight loss
In severe cases, brucellosis can cause complications such as:
1. Endocarditis (infection of the heart valves)
2. Meningitis (inflammation of the lining around the brain and spinal cord)
3. Osteomyelitis (infection of the bone)
4. Testicular inflammation in men
5. Epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis, a tube that carries sperm from the testicle to the penis)
6. Inflammation of the heart muscle and valves
7. Pneumonia
8. Inflammation of the liver and spleen
Brucellosis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, and early treatment can help prevent complications. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with infected animals and ensuring proper hygiene practices when handling livestock or wild game.
Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.
Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.
In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.
It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.
See also: Cancer, Tumor
Word count: 190
Neuroblastoma is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the development and growth of nerve cells. The cancerous cells are often sensitive to chemotherapy, but they can be difficult to remove surgically because they are deeply embedded in the nervous system.
There are several different types of neuroblastoma, including:
1. Infantile neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in children under the age of one and is often more aggressive than other types of the cancer.
2. Juvenile neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in children between the ages of one and five and tends to be less aggressive than infantile neuroblastoma.
3. Adult neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in adults and is rare.
4. Metastatic neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma has spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones or liver.
Symptoms of neuroblastoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:
* Abdominal pain
* Fever
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Bone pain
* Swelling in the abdomen or neck
* Constipation
* Increased heart rate
Diagnosis of neuroblastoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRI scans, and biopsies to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment for neuroblastoma usually involves a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for neuroblastoma varies depending on the type of cancer, the age of the child, and the stage of the disease. In general, the younger the child and the more aggressive the treatment, the better the prognosis.
Some common effects of chromosomal deletions include:
1. Genetic disorders: Chromosomal deletions can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, which is caused by a deletion of a portion of chromosome 21. Other examples include Prader-Willi syndrome (deletion of chromosome 15), and Williams syndrome (deletion of chromosome 7).
2. Birth defects: Chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of birth defects, such as heart defects, cleft palate, and limb abnormalities.
3. Developmental delays: Children with chromosomal deletions may experience developmental delays, learning disabilities, and intellectual disability.
4. Increased cancer risk: Some chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and breast cancer.
5. Reproductive problems: Chromosomal deletions can lead to reproductive problems, such as infertility or recurrent miscarriage.
Chromosomal deletions can be diagnosed through a variety of techniques, including karyotyping (examination of the chromosomes), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and microarray analysis. Treatment options for chromosomal deletions depend on the specific effects of the deletion and may include medication, surgery, or other forms of therapy.
Psittacosis is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted between animals and humans. It is important to take precautions when handling birds or their droppings to avoid infection. Treatment of psittacosis typically involves antibiotics, and early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.
Psittacosis is a rare disease, but it is important for veterinarians, avian specialists, and other professionals who work with birds to be aware of the risk of transmission and take appropriate precautions to protect themselves and others.
There are several types of lymphoma, including:
1. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of lymphoma that originates in the white blood cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It is characterized by the presence of giant cells with multiple nucleoli.
2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): This is a type of lymphoma that does not meet the criteria for Hodgkin lymphoma. There are many subtypes of NHL, each with its own unique characteristics and behaviors.
3. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of lymphoma affects the skin and can take several forms, including cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
4. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma: This is a rare type of lymphoma that develops in the brain or spinal cord.
5. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): This is a type of lymphoma that develops in people who have undergone an organ transplant, often as a result of immunosuppressive therapy.
The symptoms of lymphoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching
Lymphoma is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or PET scans), and biopsies. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on the type and stage of the cancer, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.
Overall, lymphoma is a complex and diverse group of cancers that can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. While it can be challenging to diagnose and treat, advances in medical technology and research have improved the outlook for many patients with lymphoma.
The disorder is caused by mutations in the PEX1, PEX2, or PEX3 genes, which are involved in the peroxisomal biogenesis pathway. The defective peroxisomes are unable to function properly, leading to a wide range of symptoms and complications.
Zellweger syndrome typically affects infants and children, and the symptoms may include:
1. Developmental delays and intellectual disability
2. Hypotonia (low muscle tone)
3. Ataxia (poor coordination)
4. Cerebellar atrophy (shrinkage of the cerebellum)
5. Seizures
6. Hydrocephalus (fluid accumulation in the brain)
7. Hepatic dysfunction (liver problems)
8. Nephropathy (kidney damage)
9. Retinal degeneration (vision loss)
10. Skeletal abnormalities, such as short stature and joint deformities.
There is no cure for Zellweger syndrome, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary. The prognosis for the disorder is generally poor, and many individuals with Zellweger syndrome do not survive beyond early childhood.
Zellweger syndrome is a rare disorder, and its prevalence is unknown. However, it is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 50,000 newborns worldwide. The disorder is often diagnosed during infancy or early childhood, based on a combination of clinical features and laboratory tests, such as genetic analysis.
Overall, Zellweger syndrome is a severe and debilitating disorder that affects multiple systems in the body. While there is no cure for the disorder, early diagnosis and appropriate management can help improve the quality of life for affected individuals.
The symptoms of anaplasmosis can range from mild to severe and typically develop within 1-2 weeks after a tick bite. Mild symptoms may include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Severe symptoms can include bleeding disorders, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), renal failure, respiratory distress, and cardiovascular complications.
Anaplasmosis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and medical imaging. Laboratory tests may include blood smears, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests, and serologic tests to detect the presence of antibodies against the bacteria.
Treatment for anaplasmosis typically involves the use of antimicrobial drugs, such as doxycycline or azithromycin, which are effective against the bacteria. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications such as respiratory distress, renal failure, and cardiovascular problems.
Prevention of anaplasmosis includes avoiding tick habitats, using protective clothing and insect repellents when outdoors, and conducting regular tick checks on oneself and pets. It is also important to be aware of the risks of anaplasmosis in areas where the disease is prevalent and to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms develop after a tick bite.
Prevalence: Anemia, hemolytic, congenital is a rare disorder, affecting approximately 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 200,000 births.
Causes: The condition is caused by mutations in genes that code for proteins involved in hemoglobin synthesis or red blood cell membrane structure. These mutations can lead to abnormal hemoglobin formation, red blood cell membrane instability, and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, which can result in hemolytic anemia.
Symptoms: Symptoms of anemia, hemolytic, congenital may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, the condition can lead to life-threatening complications such as anemia, infections, and kidney failure.
Diagnosis: Anemia, hemolytic, congenital is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including blood smear examination, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and mutation analysis.
Treatment: Treatment for anemia, hemolytic, congenital depends on the specific underlying genetic cause and may include blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, antibiotics, and/or surgery to remove the spleen. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary.
Prognosis: The prognosis for anemia, hemolytic, congenital varies depending on the specific underlying genetic cause and the severity of the condition. With appropriate treatment, many individuals with this condition can lead relatively normal lives, but in severe cases, the condition can be life-threatening.
Falciparum malaria can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, the disease can lead to anemia, organ failure, and death.
Diagnosis of falciparum malaria typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to detect the presence of parasites in the blood or other bodily fluids. Treatment usually involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) or quinine, which can effectively cure the disease if administered promptly.
Prevention of falciparum malaria is critical to reducing the risk of infection, and this includes the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying (IRS), and preventive medications for travelers to high-risk areas. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities can also help reduce the number of mosquitoes and the spread of the disease.
In summary, falciparum malaria is a severe and life-threatening form of malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, which is responsible for the majority of malaria-related deaths worldwide. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and death from this disease. Prevention measures include the use of bed nets, indoor spraying, and preventive medications, as well as reducing standing water around homes and communities.
* Earache (otalgia)
* Fever
* Hearing loss or muffled hearing
* Discharge from the ear
* Redness and swelling around the ear drum
* Fussiness or irritability in infants
* Loss of appetite or difficulty eating
* Difficulty sleeping
Otitis media is caused by a virus or bacteria that enters the middle ear through the Eustachian tube, which connects the back of the throat to the middle ear. The infection can spread quickly and cause inflammation in the middle ear, leading to hearing loss and other symptoms.
There are several types of otitis media, including:
* Acute otitis media: This is a sudden and severe infection that can develop over a few days. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics.
* Otitis media with effusion (OME): This is a condition where fluid accumulates in the middle ear without an infection present. It can cause hearing loss and other symptoms but does not respond to antibiotics.
* Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM): This is a long-term infection that can cause persistent discharge, hearing loss, and other symptoms. It may require ongoing treatment with antibiotics and other therapies.
Otitis media can be diagnosed through a physical examination of the ear and a review of the patient's medical history. A doctor may also use tests such as a tympanocentesis (insertion of a small tube into the ear to collect fluid) or an otoscopic exam to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment for otitis media depends on the type and severity of the infection, but may include:
* Antibiotics: To treat bacterial infections
* Pain relief medication: To help manage ear pain and fever
* Eardrops: To help clear fluid from the middle ear and reduce discharge
* Tympanocentesis: To collect fluid from the middle ear for testing or to relieve pressure
* Ventilation tubes: Small tubes that are inserted into the ear drum to allow air to enter the middle ear and help drain fluid.
It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms of otitis media persist or worsen over time, as untreated infections can lead to complications such as mastoiditis (an infection of the bones behind the ear) or meningitis (an infection of the lining around the brain and spinal cord). With prompt and appropriate treatment, however, most cases of otitis media can be effectively managed and hearing loss can be prevented.
Sheep diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and environmental factors. Here are some common sheep diseases and their meanings:
1. Scrapie: A fatal neurological disorder that affects sheep and goats, caused by a prion.
2. Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP): A contagious respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium ovipneumoniae.
3. Maedi-Visna: A slow-progressing pneumonia caused by a retrovirus, which can lead to OPP.
4. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including sheep and goats.
5. Bloat: A condition caused by gas accumulation in the rumen, which can lead to abdominal pain and death if not treated promptly.
6. Pneumonia: An inflammation of the lungs, often caused by bacteria or viruses.
7. Cryptosporidiosis: A diarrheal disease caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, which can be fatal in young lambs.
8. Babesiosis: A blood parasitic disease caused by Babesia oviparasites, which can lead to anemia and death if left untreated.
9. Fascioliasis: A liver fluke infection that can cause anemia, jaundice, and liver damage.
10. Anthrax: A serious bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, which can be fatal if left untreated.
Sheep diseases can have a significant impact on the health and productivity of flocks, as well as the economy of sheep farming. It is important for sheep farmers to be aware of these diseases and take appropriate measures to prevent and control them.
Necrosis is a type of cell death that occurs when cells are exposed to excessive stress, injury, or inflammation, leading to damage to the cell membrane and the release of cellular contents into the surrounding tissue. This can lead to the formation of gangrene, which is the death of body tissue due to lack of blood supply.
There are several types of necrosis, including:
1. Coagulative necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is a lack of blood supply to the tissues, leading to the formation of a firm, white plaque on the surface of the affected area.
2. Liquefactive necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is an infection or inflammation that causes the death of cells and the formation of pus.
3. Caseous necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is a chronic infection, such as tuberculosis, and the affected tissue becomes soft and cheese-like.
4. Fat necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is trauma to fatty tissue, leading to the formation of firm, yellowish nodules.
5. Necrotizing fasciitis: This is a severe and life-threatening form of necrosis that affects the skin and underlying tissues, often as a result of bacterial infection.
The diagnosis of necrosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests such as biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the necrosis and may include antibiotics, surgical debridement, or amputation in severe cases.
Outer membrane efflux proteins
Membrane protein
Orientations of Proteins in Membranes database
Integral membrane protein
Membrane-bound protein
Membrane transport protein
Peripheral membrane protein
Coronavirus membrane protein
Membrane fusion protein
Peroxisomal membrane protein PMP34
Outer membrane protein OpcA
Outer membrane protein G
Membrane-associated transporter protein
Vesicle-associated membrane protein
Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
Single-pass membrane protein
Inner nuclear membrane protein
SecDF protein-export membrane protein
Outer membrane protein W family
Vesicle-associated membrane protein 8
Membrane Protein Structural Dynamics Consortium
Small integral membrane protein 14
Endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex
Limbic system-associated membrane protein
Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration
FadL outer membrane protein transport family
Virulence-related outer membrane protein family
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1
Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1
Mpv17 mitochondrial inner membrane protein like 2
Camelpox
Atrioventricular node
Phage display
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src
Kir2.6
Rhomboid-related protein 2
TRPML
Choriogenesis
Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein
Prokaryotic DNA replication
Papillary carcinomas of the breast
CLINT1
Halobacterium salinarum
SLC2A13
LILRA3
ENTH domain
Papillary tumors of the pineal region
SGCA
Metabolism
WIPI2
GNLY
Phosphate-transporting ATPase
Childbirth
BMF (gene)
Catenin
ODAM (gene)
Equine anatomy
Myelin-associated glycoprotein
Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology | NHLBI, NIH
PA-06-119: Structural Biology of Membrane Proteins (R01)
NIH Guide: STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS
Epithelial Membrane Protein 2 Governs Transepithelial Migration of Neutrophils into the Airspace
Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration: MedlinePlus Genetics
Collecting Proteins in Gel Membranes | NIAMS
NIH VideoCast - How Cells Make Membrane Proteins
Protein-mediated membrane fusion - PubMed
Membrane protein prediction methods - PubMed
Mycobacterial dynamin-like protein IniA mediates membrane fission
Call for papers - Membrane and Protein Trafficking
Frontiers | Membrane Interactions of the Peroxisomal Proteins PEX5 and PEX14
Structural Biology - Mid-Course Review - Report on the Structural Biology Working Group Membrane Proteins
PA-06-076: Protein Interactions Governing Membrane Transport in Pulmonary Health and Disease (R01)
MedlinePlus - Search Results for: HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE MENINGOCOCCAL OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN...
Membrane Binding of HIV-1 Matrix Protein: Dependence on Bilayer Composition and Protein Lipidation | NIST
Orphanet: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2
DailyMed - HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B CONJUGATE HIB- haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide meningococcal...
Mouse Membrane Proteins | Zyagen | UK & Europe Distribution
Electrostatics of Membranes and Proteins | NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human...
Liverpool researchers use JPK's NanoWizard AFM system to study biological membrane structures, protein dynamics
Membrane interactions of mitochondrial lipid transfer proteins | bioRxiv
Retraction Note to: SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion | Cellular & Molecular...
Altered membrane proteins of monkey erythrocytes infected with simian malaria / by Donald F. H. Wallach, Margaret Conley
Estimation of Membrane Proteins in the Human Proteome - IOS Press
Search: protein class:TMHMM predicted membrane proteins - The Human Protein Atlas
Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases | Protocol (Translated to French)
A framework for protein and membrane interactions
- Aalborg University's Research Portal
Lipids5
- The distal end of its Trunk domain exists as a lipid-interacting (LI) loop, which binds to negatively charged lipids for membrane attachment. (nih.gov)
- Originating from the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi system, vesicles transport cargo - macromolecules, proteins and lipids - to various organelles, as well as the extracellular space through exocytosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Furthermore, formation of vesicles via endocytosis plays a key role in recycling of plasma membrane proteins and lipids through the endolysomal pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hence, our results demonstrate that Ups1 specifically binds to membrane regions where extraction and insertion of lipids is enhanced. (biorxiv.org)
- These include the transfer of lipids between different membrane structures, a role in surfactant recycling and homeostasis, and involvement in modulation of the innate defense system. (ucm.es)
Cell Membrane1
- In humans, there are 23 enzymes embedded in the cell membrane that belong to the DHHC family of protein acyltransferases, a group of enzymes that link a certain type of fat molecule to other proteins in the cell. (nih.gov)
Important membrane proteins3
- The Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, led by Dr. Jiansen Jiang, studies the structures and mechanisms of some important membrane proteins, such as solute carriers, that are linked to human disease or drug transport. (nih.gov)
- The general interests in Dr. Jiang's laboratory is to elucidate the structures and mechanisms of important membrane proteins associated with membrane transport. (nih.gov)
- Projects that will lead in the near term to determining the structures of biologically important membrane proteins are also encouraged. (nih.gov)
Integral membrane3
- Our genomes encode ~5000 integral membrane proteins. (nih.gov)
- Here, we utilized five topology prediction methods (TMHMM, SOSUI, waveTM, HMMTOP, and TopPred II) in order to estimate the ratio of integral membrane proteins in the human proteome. (iospress.com)
- Such a broad range of prediction depends on the selectivity of the individual method in predicting integral membrane proteins. (iospress.com)
Cellular6
- An increase in the number of known membrane protein structures will contribute to an enhanced understanding of many basic phenomena underlying cellular functions essential to human health. (nih.gov)
- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Membrane proteins play a crucial role in many cellular and physiological processes. (nih.gov)
- During his PhD, Dr Carosi studied how autophagy - a powerful cellular 'waste disposal' system - removes and destroys toxic proteins that accumulate in the brains of people with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- Phospholipid molecules, building blocks of cellular membranes, mostly contain zwitterionic or negatively charged headgroups exposed on the membrane/water interface. (nih.gov)
- In this process, it employs multiple signals - electrostatic, hydrophobic and lipid-specific interactions conferred by the matrix domain - to recruit the protein to the proper cellular location and assist protein-protein interactions located on full-length Gag in lattice formation. (nist.gov)
- The mitochondrial inner membrane is an integral part of the cellular lipid biosynthesis network. (biorxiv.org)
Mitochondrial membrane3
- Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) is a disorder of the nervous system. (medlineplus.gov)
- Dogu O, Krebs CE, Kaleagasi H, Demirtas Z, Oksuz N, Walker RH, Paisan-Ruiz C. Rapid disease progression in adult-onset mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration. (medlineplus.gov)
- Hartig M, Prokisch H, Meitinger T, Klopstock T. Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN). (medlineplus.gov)
Erythrocyte membrane protein1
- The major virulence factor and variant surface protein PfEMP1 (P falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1) acts as a ligand to adhere to endothelial receptors avoiding splenic clearance. (edu.au)
Binds3
- We thus observe that the isolated matrix protein, in the absence of protein-protein interaction conferred by the full-length Gag, binds the membrane with sub-micromolar affinities. (nist.gov)
- Ups1 predominantly binds to membrane domains of positive curvature. (biorxiv.org)
- After detergent solubilization the purified protein binds to laminin-coated Sepharose beads at a higher rate than to beads coated with either fibronectin or collagen types I and IV. (nih.gov)
Vesicles3
- Here we report a bacterial protein with BAR domain-like activity, BdpA, from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, known to produce redox-active membrane vesicles and micrometer-scale outer membrane extensions (OMEs). (elifesciences.org)
- BdpA is required for uniform size distribution of membrane vesicles and influences scaffolding of OMEs into a consistent diameter and curvature. (elifesciences.org)
- The interaction of the protein, called LB 68, with laminin was also studied after incorporation into synthetic lecithin vesicles. (nih.gov)
Centers8
- This FOA solicits applications to establish Centers for Membrane Protein Structure Determination that will become a vital component in fulfilling the expanded goals of the NIGMS PSI:Biology network for high-throughput-enabled structural biology. (nih.gov)
- The panel members listed above met on January 4, 2008 to conduct a mid-course review of the two Centers for Innovation in Membrane Protein Production that were awarded by the Structural Biology Roadmap Working Group to address bottlenecks in membrane protein structural biology. (nih.gov)
- The two Centers are staffed by extraordinarily talented scientists and they are doing state of the art research on membrane protein structural biology. (nih.gov)
- We were impressed with the breadth of experiments conducted, and also with the diversity of approaches taken by the Centers to improve membrane protein production. (nih.gov)
- While the Centers were formed just three years ago, they are likely to have a major influence nationally and internationally on membrane protein research. (nih.gov)
- The community would benefit from learning which approaches work and which do not, and we suggest several solutions: updating/expanding the websites to educate the community, expansion of the very successful Membrane Protein Production and Technologies meeting to include membrane protein structural biologists not funded through the Roadmap program, and establishing training workshops that would teach 'students' the various techniques and approaches employed at the Centers. (nih.gov)
- Producing sufficient quantities of functional and homogeneous membrane proteins was the limiting factor for structural studies when the Centers were established and it remains so today. (nih.gov)
- Even though the Centers are making significant progress, membrane protein production is still very challenging and much more must be learned to significantly advance the field. (nih.gov)
Biogenesis2
- By studying how this chaperone functions, we revealed a new conceptual framework for membrane protein biogenesis. (nih.gov)
- Bin/Amphiphysin/RVS (BAR) domain proteins belong to a superfamily of coiled-coil proteins influencing membrane curvature in eukaryotes and are associated with vesicle biogenesis, vesicle-mediated protein trafficking, and intracellular signaling. (elifesciences.org)
Transmembrane segment1
- The methods covered include: sequence alignment, motif search, functional residue identification, transmembrane segment and protein topology predictions, homology and ab initio modeling. (nih.gov)
Include membrane1
- Applications include membrane proteins, including surface proteins and receptors. (avivasysbio.com)
Target membrane2
- The target membrane proteins we are working on are small, fully embedded in the lipid membrane without a large extramembrane domain, and/or dynamic. (nih.gov)
- These processes must be carefully orchestrated from vesicle formation to transportation along the cytoskeletal network and fusion with the target membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
Complex membrane2
- Our research aims to understand how such complex membrane proteins are made correctly. (nih.gov)
- We report the interaction of non-lipidated and myristoylated HIV-1 Gag matrix domains with bilayers composed of purified lipid components to dissect these complex membrane signals and quantify their contributions to the overall interaction. (nist.gov)
Endoplasmic reticulum1
- Newly made membrane proteins are first inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. (nih.gov)
Curvature1
- We show that Ups1 interacts with membranes in a membrane curvature dependent manner. (biorxiv.org)
Eukaryotic cells1
- All eukaryotic cells rely on intracellular vesicle trafficking for the maintenance of membranes and organelles. (biomedcentral.com)
Interactions7
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute invites research grant applications to delineate the protein interactions and pathways governing membrane trafficking pathways operative in pulmonary health and disease and develop novel therapeutic interventions. (nih.gov)
- Here, we characterize the membrane interactions of the PEX5 NTD and PEX14 NTD in vitro by membrane mimicking bicelles and nanodiscs using NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. (frontiersin.org)
- Charge-charge interactions in the absence of the phosphatidylinositide PI(4,5)P 2 attract the protein to acidic membrane surfaces, and myristoylation increases the affinity by a factor of 10, arguing against a PI(4,5)P 2 -trigger of myristate exposure. (nist.gov)
- Lipid-specific interactions wit the PI(4,5)P 2 , the major signal lipid in the inner plasma membrane, increase membrane attraction at a similar level as the protein lipidation. (nist.gov)
- While cholesterol does not directly engage in interactions, it augments protein affinity strongly, apparently by unlocking steric obstacles to efficient myristate insertion and PI(4,5)P 2 binding. (nist.gov)
- We introduce the BioBeta Framework, a meta-model for both protein-level and membrane-level interactions of living cells. (aau.dk)
- in particular, higher-level (e.g. membrane) activities can be given a formal biological justification in terms of low-level (i.e., protein) interactions. (aau.dk)
Purification2
- The SBRWG initiative is successfully promoting research on membrane protein expression, purification, characterization, and structure determination. (nih.gov)
- We have developed the exclusive Magicâ„¢ platform that allows both cell-based and cell-free protein expression and purification. (prunderground.com)
Crystallization1
- However, in the recent past, advances in methods for crystallization and analysis of proteins by x-ray and electron diffraction methods, and improvements in NMR methods, have led to new opportunities. (nih.gov)
Characterization1
- Biophysical Characterization of Membrane Proteins. (bvsalud.org)
Molecules6
- Membrane transport, a collection of transport of diverse molecules, is mostly carried out by membrane proteins in a tightly regulated way. (nih.gov)
- 1) How do membrane proteins (channels or transporters) select their substrate molecules or ions? (nih.gov)
- o Methods to elucidate the organization of lipid and detergent molecules within protein crystalline arrays (e.g., neutron diffraction). (nih.gov)
- Although its function is unknown, researchers suggest that the C19orf12 protein plays a role in the maintenance of fat (lipid) molecules, a process known as lipid homeostasis. (medlineplus.gov)
- Membrane proteins are valuable assets to drug discovery as their functions are involved in extensive biological processes in the human body, such as ligand-receptor binding, signal transduction, transportation of molecules, and intracellular recognition. (prunderground.com)
- Using a clever experimental trick, the team also uncovered the structure of human DHHC20 when it is linked to a fat molecule, a development which offers insights into how DHHC enzymes bind to fat molecules before latching onto other proteins. (nih.gov)
Bacterial3
- The structures reveal that IniA folds as a bacterial dynamin-like protein (BDLP) with a canonical GTPase domain followed by two helix-bundles (HBs), named Neck and Trunk. (nih.gov)
- In addition, the AFM (located in the Centre for Cell Imaging) is used to explore the assembly dynamics of bacterial microcompartment shell proteins and the formation process of shell facets. (news-medical.net)
- Based on the ability of BdpA to alter membrane architecture in vivo , we propose that BdpA and its homologs comprise a newly identified class of bacterial BAR domain-like proteins. (elifesciences.org)
Soluble3
- However, during this same decade the rate of soluble protein structure solution has accelerated greatly and there remains a gap between the understanding of membrane proteins and their soluble protein counterparts. (nih.gov)
- PEX5 is a soluble receptor for cargo enzymes comprised of an N-terminal intrinsically disordered domain (NTD) and a C-terminal tetratricopeptide (TPR) domain, which recognizes peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1) peptide motif in cargo proteins. (frontiersin.org)
- PEX5 cycles between a soluble and a membrane associated state. (frontiersin.org)
Https1
- Retrieved on May 28, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/news/20160323/Liverpool-researchers-use-JPKs-NanoWizard-AFM-system-to-study-biological-membrane-structures-protein-dynamics.aspx. (news-medical.net)
Interacts1
- The PEX14 NTD weakly interacts with membrane mimicking bicelles with a surface that partially overlaps with the WxxxF/Y binding site. (frontiersin.org)
Humans1
- These methods can play a critical role in determining protein structure and, hence, identifying suitable drug targets in humans. (iospress.com)
Functional2
- The majority of these membrane proteins have to be weaved back and forth multiple times across the lipid bilayer, folded into a functional three-dimensional structure, and sometimes assembled with other subunits. (nih.gov)
- In general, predictions of functional and structural features of membrane proteins are improving, although progress is hampered by the limited amount of high-resolution experimental information available. (nih.gov)
Structures and mechanisms1
- Despite the importance of membrane proteins, the knowledge of their high resolution structures and mechanisms of action has lagged far behind the knowledge of these properties of proteins in general. (nih.gov)
Plasmodium2
- Many membrane transport proteins (MTP) are essential for Plasmodium infection and gain importance as candidate drug targets in malaria therapy, whereas the physiological functions often remain enigmatic. (hu-berlin.de)
- Skeleton-binding protein 1 functions at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane to traffic PfEMP1 to the Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte surface. (edu.au)
Dissect1
- We have taken a biochemical approach to identify and mechanistically dissect the factors involved in membrane protein targeting, insertion, folding, and assembly. (nih.gov)
Structural2
- These difficulties have led to a reluctance of many investigators to pursue high resolution structural studies of membrane proteins. (nih.gov)
- Retroviral Gag polyprotein is the structural determinant that assembles in a protein lattice on the host's plasma membrane to trigger formation of the viral protein/membrane shell. (nist.gov)
ANTIGEN1
- Creative Biolabs provides a one-stop membrane protein antibody discovery solution covering from antigen preparation to the following antibody generation stages. (prunderground.com)
Plasma5
- These results confirm the membrane remodeling activity of BDLP and suggest that IniA mediates TB drug-resistance through fission activity to maintain plasma membrane integrity. (nih.gov)
- A class of proteins of special interest is membrane proteins, in particular plasma membrane proteins. (iospress.com)
- Despite their biological and medical significance, the 3-dimensional structures of less than 1% of plasma membrane proteins have been determined. (iospress.com)
- In order to identify laminin-binding components in the muscle cell surface, plasma membranes from mouse thigh muscle and from rat L6 myoblasts were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose paper by electroblotting. (nih.gov)
- was isolated by affinity chromatography of muscle cell plasma membranes on laminin-Sepharose. (nih.gov)
Dimers1
- The results suggest that SP-C dimerizes in pulmonary surfactant membranes, forming dimers of different topologies. (ucm.es)
Peroxisomes1
- As peroxisomes lack a protein synthesis machinery, peroxisomal matrix proteins need to be imported into the organelle post-translationally. (frontiersin.org)
Biological4
- JPK Instruments, a world-leading manufacturer of nanoanalytic instrumentation for research in life sciences and soft matter, reports on the use of their NanoWizard ® ULTRA Speed AFM system at the University of Liverpool in the group of Dr Luning Liu of the Institute of Integrative Biology to study biological membrane structures and protein dynamics. (news-medical.net)
- Using interdisciplinary approaches, the Liu Lab aims to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the self-assembly, dynamics and regulation of biological membranes and macromolecular protein complexes. (news-medical.net)
- The Group applies the JPK ULTRA Speed AFM to study biological membrane structures and protein dynamics. (news-medical.net)
- Creative Biolabs has been exploring antibody and protein discovery and engineering dedicatedly for decades and has established high-end technical platforms to help global customers with their research projects involving such biological reagents in a one-stop manner. (prunderground.com)
Targets4
- Membrane proteins are the targets of a large number of pharmacologically and toxicologically active substances and are responsible, in part, for their uptake, metabolism, and clearance. (nih.gov)
- Creative Biolabs, possessing industry-leading technology platforms and professional experience in protein discovery, provides full-set solutions for research involving membrane proteins, one of the most critical targets for therapeutics and diagnostics discovery. (prunderground.com)
- Our exclusiveness lies in cell-free protein expression that is flat-out robust to produce tricky targets in a highly controllable manner, including complex, toxic, and unstable proteins. (prunderground.com)
- Membrane proteins are responsible for a large variety of tasks in organisms and of particular interesting as drug targets. (bvsalud.org)
Affinity1
- This demonstrates that docking of PEX5 to PEX14 at the membrane does not reduce the overall binding affinity between the two proteins, providing insights into the initial phase of PEX5-PEX14 docking in the assembly of the peroxisome translocon. (frontiersin.org)
Regulation1
- Membrane surface potential is an important determinant in regulation of membrane transport, cell-cell recognition, and membrane bound enzymes. (nih.gov)
Approaches2
Search4
- While predictions of transmembrane segments and protein topology rank among the most accurate methods in computational biology, more attention and effort will be required in the future to ameliorate database search, homology and ab initio modeling. (nih.gov)
- If this search returns at least one good match (template) with a high-resolution structure, it will be possible to apply homology modeling techniques to obtain a model for the target proteins whose resolution will in general depend on the similarity with the template. (nih.gov)
- View conserved domains detected in this protein sequence using CD-search. (nih.gov)
- Stephen F. Altschul, Thomas L. Madden, Alejandro A. Schäffer, Jinghui Zhang, Zheng Zhang, Webb Miller, and David J. Lipman (1997), "Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs", Nucleic Acids Res. (nih.gov)
Pathway1
- This pathway is facilitated by designated protein complexes in the intermembrane space. (biorxiv.org)
Dependent2
Transport7
- thus it is vital for cells to transport substances across the membranes. (nih.gov)
- Dysfunctions associated with membrane transport may lead to adverse effects or disease. (nih.gov)
- We are particularly interested in two questions concerning membrane transport. (nih.gov)
- These proteins are essential for sensing the environment, communication with other cells, transport of nutrients and metabolites, neurotransmission, and countless other physiologic processes. (nih.gov)
- Creative Biolabs is a conscientious contract research organization working in biotechnology areas with a particular emphasis on protein discovery, which helps design and engineer proteins for diverse research objectives, including immunogens and membrane transport proteins . (prunderground.com)
- Because the erythrocyte is devoid of protein transport machinery, the parasite provides infrastructure for trafficking across membranes it traverses. (edu.au)
- In this study, we show that the P falciparum skeleton-binding protein 1 (PfSBP1) is required for transport of PfEMP1 to the P falciparum-infected erythrocyte surface. (edu.au)
Pulmonary2
- Completion of the Human Genome Project and technological advances now make it possible to probe the molecular pathology of rare and common pulmonary diseases associated with disorders in membrane trafficking pathways. (nih.gov)
- Surfactant protein C (SP-C) has several functions in pulmonary surfactant. (ucm.es)
Isolation1
- Isolation of a laminin-binding protein from muscle cell membranes. (nih.gov)
Processes1
- Protein palmitoylation impacts a wide range of physiological processes and DHHC enzymes have been linked to a number of diseases, particularly neuropsychiatric diseases and cancer. (nih.gov)
Structure8
- This PA solicits applications to develop research and methods to enhance the rate of membrane protein structure determination and to determine specific membrane protein structures. (nih.gov)
- Considerable research is ongoing in the area of membrane protein structure and function, yet relatively few investigators have applied the techniques of x-ray crystallography, electron diffraction, or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study directly the structures of their proteins. (nih.gov)
- http://www.nigms.nih.gov/funding/psi.html ) proposes to accelerate the rate of protein structure solution even more. (nih.gov)
- and 2) To encourage additional research to further develop methods for studying the structure of membrane proteins at atomic resolution. (nih.gov)
- Predicting structure and function for a protein experimentally known to be an IMP. (nih.gov)
- Drug treatments against tuberculosis (TB) induce expression of several mycobacterial proteins, including IniA, but its structure and function remain poorly understood. (nih.gov)
- Due to the low abundance in the nature and intricate structure, it has always been a challenge for the industry to artificially develop membrane proteins with native conformations and satisfactory bioactivities. (prunderground.com)
- IRP researchers, led by Anirban Banerjee, Ph.D. , undertook the challenge of determining the high-resolution atomic structure of two different DHHC proteins, DHHC15 and DHHC20. (nih.gov)
Recognition1
- Fatty acyl recognition and transfer by an integral membrane S-acyltransferase. (nih.gov)
Shuttles1
- Intramitochondrial lipid transfer shuttles specific lipid species between the two mitochondrial membranes. (biorxiv.org)
Computational1
- In order to aid in identification of membrane proteins, a number of computational methods have been developed. (iospress.com)