Membrane potentials. Medical search

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. It is a major component of the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE in MITOCHONDRIA used to drive the synthesis of ATP.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.

Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.

Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis (RENAL DIALYSIS), monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological CELL MEMBRANES. These membranes are also used in the process of GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

The semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. It is known as a red cell 'ghost' after HEMOLYSIS.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

A darkly stained mat-like EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) that separates cell layers, such as EPITHELIUM from ENDOTHELIUM or a layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The ECM layer that supports an overlying EPITHELIUM or ENDOTHELIUM is called basal lamina. Basement membrane (BM) can be formed by the fusion of either two adjacent basal laminae or a basal lamina with an adjacent reticular lamina of connective tissue. BM, composed mainly of TYPE IV COLLAGEN; glycoprotein LAMININ; and PROTEOGLYCAN, provides barriers as well as channels between interacting cell layers.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).

A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.

Cell membranes associated with synapses. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters.

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.

Ions with the suffix -onium, indicating cations with coordination number 4 of the type RxA+ which are analogous to QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (H4N+). Ions include phosphonium R4P+, oxonium R3O+, sulfonium R3S+, chloronium R2Cl+

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.

A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.

Proteins involved in the transport of specific substances across the membranes of the MITOCHONDRIA.

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The thin layers of tissue that surround the developing embryo. There are four extra-embryonic membranes commonly found in VERTEBRATES, such as REPTILES; BIRDS; and MAMMALS. They are the YOLK SAC, the ALLANTOIS, the AMNION, and the CHORION. These membranes provide protection and means to transport nutrients and wastes.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

Multisubunit enzymes that reversibly synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. They are coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.

A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Preparation for electron microscopy of minute replicas of exposed surfaces of the cell which have been ruptured in the frozen state. The specimen is frozen, then cleaved under high vacuum at the same temperature. The exposed surface is shadowed with carbon and platinum and coated with carbon to obtain a carbon replica.

One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for P-glycoprotein and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of P-glycoprotein in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30)

Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.

An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a serine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and serine and 2 moles of fatty acids.

The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. Nonselective blockers include FENAMATES; ETHACRYNIC ACID; and TAMOXIFEN.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often one of the ION EXCHANGE RESINS, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Structures which are part of the CELL MEMBRANE or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A family of 3,6-di(substituted-amino)-9-benzoate derivatives of xanthene that are used as dyes and as indicators for various metals; also used as fluorescent tracers in histochemistry.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Potassium channels where the flow of K+ ions into the cell is greater than the outward flow.

The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A superorder of CEPHALOPODS comprised of squid, cuttlefish, and their relatives. Their distinguishing feature is the modification of their fourth pair of arms into tentacles, resulting in 10 limbs.

Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.

Potassium channels that contain two pores in tandem. They are responsible for baseline or leak currents and may be the most numerous of all K channels.

Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.

An increase in MITOCHONDRIAL VOLUME due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Functionally and structurally differentiated, purple-pigmented regions of the cytoplasmic membrane of some strains of Halobacterium halobium. The membrane develops under anaerobic conditions and is made almost entirely of the purple pigment BACTERIORHODOPSINS. (From Singleton & Sainsbury Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.

The fluid inside CELLS.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

The mitochondria of the myocardium.

An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

The measurement of frequency or oscillation changes.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.

The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

A large subphylum of mostly marine ARTHROPODS containing over 42,000 species. They include familiar arthropods such as lobsters (NEPHROPIDAE), crabs (BRACHYURA), shrimp (PENAEIDAE), and barnacles (THORACICA).

The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

A fold of the mucous membrane of the CONJUNCTIVA in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the CORNEA.

A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.

The inner layer of CHOROID, also called the lamina basalis choroideae, located adjacent to the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; (RPE) of the EYE. It is a membrane composed of the basement membranes of the choriocapillaris ENDOTHELIUM and that of the RPE. The membrane stops at the OPTIC NERVE, as does the RPE.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Porins are protein molecules that were originally found in the outer membrane of GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA and that form multi-meric channels for the passive DIFFUSION of WATER; IONS; or other small molecules. Porins are present in bacterial CELL WALLS, as well as in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate CELL MEMBRANES and MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES.

Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane. This transport can be linked to the hydrolysis of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. What is referred to as proton pump inhibitors frequently is about POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.

A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.

Automatic activity in depolarized guinea pig ventricular myocardium. Characteristics and mechanisms. (1/24936)

Membrane potential was changed uniformly in segments, 0.7-1.0 mm long, of guinea pig papillary muscles excised from the right ventricle by using extracellular polarizing current pulses applied across two electrically insulated cf preparations superfused with Tyrode's solution at maximum diastolic membrane potentials ranging from-35.2+/-7.5 (threshold) to +4.0+/-9.2 mV. The average maximum dV/dt of RAD ranged from 17.1 to 18.0 V/sec within a membrane potential range of -40 to +20 mV. Raising extracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]0 from 1.8 to 6.8 mM, or application of isoproterenol (10(-6)g/ml) enhanced the rate of RAD, but lowering [Ca2+]0 to 0.4 mM or exposure to MnCl2 (6 mM) abolished RAD. RAD were enhanced by lowering extracellular K+ concentration [K+]0 from 5.4 to 1.5 mM. RAD were suppressed in 40% of fibers by raising [K+]0 to 15.4 mM, and in all fibers by raising [K+]0 to 40.4 mM. This suppression was due to increased [K+]0 and not to K-induced depolarization because it persisted when membrane potential was held by means of a conditioning hyperpolarizing puled gradually after maximum repolarization. These observations suggest that the development of RAD in depolarized myocardium is associated with a time-dependent decrease in outward current (probably K current) and with increase in the background inward current, presumably flowing through the slow cha-nel carrying Ca or Na ions, or both. (+info)

Effect of electrotonic potentials on pacemaker activity of canine Purkinje fibers in relation to parasystole. (2/24936)

Isolated false tendons excised form dog hearts were mounted in a three-chamber tissue bath. Isotonic sucrose solution was perfused in the central chamber to provide a region of depressed conductivity between the fiber segments in chambers 1 and 3, which were perfused with Tyrode's solution. The electrotonic influence of spontaneous or driven responses evoked in chamber 3 during the first half of the spontaneous cycle of a chamber 1 peacemaker delayed the next spontaneous discharge. This effect changed to acceleration when the chamber 3 segment fired during the second half of the spontaneous cycle. We found that subthreshold depolarizing current pulses 50-300 msec applied across the sucrose gap caused similar degrees of delay or acceleration. Furthermore, hyperpolarizing currents caused the reverse pattern. The results indicate that the discharge pattern of a parasystolic focus may be altered by the electrotonic influence of activity in the surrounding tissue. The significance of these findings is considered in relation to the mechanism of production of parasystolic rhythms. (+info)

Effect of paracetamol (acetaminophen) on gastric ionic fluxes and potential difference in man. (3/24936)

Paracetamol has replaced aspirin as the analgesic of choice in many situations. The major reason is the damaging effect of aspirin on gastric mucosa. Alterations in gastric ionic fluxes and potential difference provide measures of aspirin-induced structural damage. We studied the effect of large doses of paracetamol (acetaminophen 2-0 g) on gastric ionic fluxes in man. In addition, the effect of 2-0 g paracetamol on gastric potential difference was compared with that of 600 mg aspirin. In contrast with salicylates, paracetamol caused no significant alteration in movement of H+ and Na+ ions over control periods. Aspirin causes a significant fall in transmucosal potential difference (PD) across gastric mucosa of 15 mv, while paracetamol cuased no significant change. Paracetamol in a dose four times that recommended does not alter gastric ionic fluxes or potential difference. These studies support choice of paracetamol as analgesic over aspirin where damage to gastric mucosa may be critical. (+info)

Dopamine stimulates salivary duct cells in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. (4/24936)

This study examines whether the salivary duct cells of the cockroach Periplaneta americana can be stimulated by the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. We have carried out digital Ca2+-imaging experiments using the Ca2+-sensitive dye fura-2 and conventional intracellular recordings from isolated salivary glands. Dopamine evokes a slow, almost tonic, and reversible dose-dependent elevation in [Ca2+]i in the duct cells. Upon stimulation with 10(-)6 mol l-1 dopamine, [Ca2+]i rises from 48+/-4 nmol l-1 to 311+/-43 nmol l-1 (mean +/- s.e.m., N=18) within 200-300 s. The dopamine-induced elevation in [Ca2+]i is absent in Ca2+-free saline and is blocked by 10(-)4 mol l-1 La3+, indicating that dopamine induces an influx of Ca2+ across the basolateral membrane of the duct cells. Stimulation with 10(-)6 mol l-1 dopamine causes the basolateral membrane to depolarize from -67+/-1 to -41+/-2 mV (N=10). This depolarization is also blocked by La3+ and is abolished when Na+ in the bath solution is reduced to 10 mmol l-1. Serotonin affects neither [Ca2+]i nor the basolateral membrane potential of the duct cells. These data indicate that the neurotransmitter dopamine, which has previously been shown to stimulate fluid secretion from the glands, also stimulates the salivary duct cells, suggesting that dopamine controls their most probable function, the modification of primary saliva. (+info)

Trans-synaptically induced bursts in regular spiking non-pyramidal cells in deep layers of the cat motor cortex. (5/24936)

In deep layers of the cat motor cortex, we have investigated the properties of neurons displaying trans-synaptically induced bursts. In in vivo experiments, extracellularly recorded burst neurons were separated into two subtypes based on their dependence on stimulation sites, the medullary pyramid or the ventrolateral (VL) thalamic nucleus, from which bursts of 10-20 spikes were triggered. The spike amplitude attenuation and frequency adaptation during a burst were more prominent in pyramid-dependent burst neurons than in VL-dependent burst neurons. Intracellular recordings in in vivo experiments revealed that pyramid-dependent bursts emerged from a long-lasting depolarization, while each spike during a VL-dependent burst was narrow in half-width and was followed by a fast AHP, similar to fast spiking neurons. In in vitro slice experiments, intracellular recordings were obtained from neurons that displayed a burst of attenuated spikes emerging from a long-lasting depolarization, and were also obtained from fast spiking neurons. They were morphologically recovered to be multipolar cells with sparsely spiny dendrites and local axonal networks, suggesting that they are inhibitory interneurons. The multipolar neurons displaying bursts of attenuated spikes may mediate the recurrent inhibition of pyramidal tract cells. (+info)

Low resting potential and postnatal upregulation of NMDA receptors may cause Cajal-Retzius cell death. (6/24936)

Using in situ patch-clamp techniques in rat telencephalic slices, we have followed resting potential (RP) properties and the functional expression of NMDA receptors in neocortical Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells from embryonic day 18 to postnatal day 13, the time around which these cells normally disappear. We find that throughout their lives CR cells have a relatively depolarized RP (approximately -50 mV), which can be made more hyperpolarized (approximately -70 mV) by stimulation of the Na/K pump with intracellular ATP. The NMDA receptors of CR cells are subjected to intense postnatal upregulation, but their similar properties (EC50, Hill number, sensitivity to antagonists, conductance, and kinetics) throughout development suggest that their subunit composition remains relatively homogeneous. The low RP of CR cells is within a range that allows for the relief of NMDA channels from Mg2+ blockade. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CR cells may degenerate and die subsequent to uncontrolled overload of intracellular Ca2+ via NMDA receptor activation by ambient glutamate. In support of this hypothesis we have obtained evidence showing the protection of CR cells via in vivo blockade of NMDA receptors with dizocilpine. (+info)

UCP4, a novel brain-specific mitochondrial protein that reduces membrane potential in mammalian cells. (7/24936)

Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are a family of mitochondrial transporter proteins that have been implicated in thermoregulatory heat production and maintenance of the basal metabolic rate. We have identified and partially characterized a novel member of the human uncoupling protein family, termed uncoupling protein-4 (UCP4). Protein sequence analyses showed that UCP4 is most related to UCP3 and possesses features characteristic of mitochondrial transporter proteins. Unlike other known UCPs, UCP4 transcripts are exclusively expressed in both fetal and adult brain tissues. UCP4 maps to human chromosome 6p11.2-q12. Consistent with its potential role as an uncoupling protein, UCP4 is localized to the mitochondria and its ectopic expression in mammalian cells reduces mitochondrial membrane potential. These findings suggest that UCP4 may be involved in thermoregulatory heat production and metabolism in the brain. (+info)

Individual subunits contribute independently to slow gating of bovine EAG potassium channels. (8/24936)

The bovine ether a go-go gene encodes a delayed rectifier potassium channel. In contrast to other delayed rectifiers, its activation kinetics is largely determined by the holding potential and the concentration of extracellular Mg2+, giving rise to slowly activating currents with a characteristic sigmoidal rising phase. Replacement of a single amino acid in the extracellular linker between transmembrane segments S3 and S4 (L322H) strongly reduced the prepulse dependence and accelerated activation by 1 order of magnitude. In addition, compared with the wild type, the half-activation voltage of this mutant was shifted by more than 30 mV to more negative potentials. We used dimeric and tetrameric constructs of the bovine eag1 gene to analyze channels with defined stoichiometry of mutated and wild-type subunits within the tetrameric channel complexes. With increasing numbers of mutated subunits, the channel activation was progressively accelerated, and the sigmoidicity of the current traces was reduced. Based on a quantitative analysis, we show that the slow gating, typical for EAG channels, is mediated by independent conformational transitions of individual subunits, which gain their voltage dependence from the S4 segment. At a given voltage, external Mg2+ increases the probability of a channel subunit to be in the slowly activating conformation, whereas mutation L322H strongly reduces this probability. (+info)

... (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the ... the resting membrane potential is merely the membrane potential that results from the membrane permeabilities that predominate ... This term is used for the membrane potential of non-excitable cells, but also for the membrane potential of excitable cells in ... Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_potential

... are membrane oscillations that do not directly trigger an action potential since ... these subthreshold membrane potential oscillations do not trigger action potentials, since the firing of an action potential is ... Neurons produce action potentials when their membrane potential increases past a critical threshold. In order for neurons to ... Subthreshold membrane potential oscillations do not create an action potential; however, neurons do experience bursting when ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subthreshold_membrane_potential_oscillations

Some cells or organelles have the same membrane potential throughout; neurons generally have different potentials at different ... Biological membrane potentials. The value of the signal is an electric potential (voltage). The domain is more difficult to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal

Action potential B05XA16 (WHO) Cardiopulmonary bypass Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest Membrane potential Resting potential ... "CV Physiology: Membrane Potentials". Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016. Hensley F, ... However, the removal of Na+ does not alter the resting membrane potential of the cell. Likewise, removal of extracellular Ca2+ ... Membrane inactivation gates, or h Na+ gates, are voltage dependent. The less negative the membrane voltage, the more h gates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardioplegia

... and injury potential (potential difference between injured and intact membrane/epithelium). The injury potential was, in fact, ... Oviedo, N. J; Nicolas, C. L; Adams, D. S; Levin, M (2008). "Live Imaging of Planarian Membrane Potential Using DiBAC4(3)". Cold ... Levin, M; Thorlin, T; Robinson, K. R; Nogi, T; Mercola, M (2002). "Asymmetries in H+/K+-ATPase and cell membrane potentials ... In non-excitable cells, the resting potential across the plasma membrane (Vmem) of individual cells propagate across distances ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioelectricity

Pidot, A. L.; Diamond, J. M. (1964). "Streaming Potentials in a Biological Membrane". Nature. 201 (4920): 701-702. Bibcode: ... Cooke, I. M.; Diamond, J. M.; Grinnell, A. D.; Hagiwara, S.; Sakata, H. (1968). "Suppression of the action potential in nerve ... Clausen, C.; Machen, T. E.; Diamond, J. M. (1982). "Changes in the Cell Membranes of the Bullfrog Gastric Mucosa with Acid ... Loo, D. D.; Lewis, S. A.; Ifshin, M. S.; Diamond, J. M. (1983). "Turnover, membrane insertion, and degradation of sodium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Diamond_bibliography

Araya R, Jiang J, Eisenthal KB, Yuste R (November 2006). "The spine neck filters membrane potentials". Proceedings of the ... The number of ion channels on the post-synaptic membrane affects the strength of the synapse. Research suggests that the ... These processes, and by extension the number of receptors on the membrane, can be altered by synaptic activity. Experiments ... Also, these signals recruit additional receptors into the post-synaptic membrane, stimulating the production of a modified ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity

Araya, R.; Jiang, J.; Eisenthal, K. B.; Yuste, R. (2006). "The spine neck filters membrane potentials". Proceedings of the ... Araya, R.; Nikolenko, V.; Eisenthal, K. B.; Yuste, R. (2007). "Sodium channels amplify spine potentials". Proceedings of the ... "Label-free probe of HIV-1 TAT peptide binding to mimetic membranes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (35 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_B._Eisenthal

July 2018). "Mitochondrial membrane potential". Analytical Biochemistry. 552: 50-59. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2017.07.009. PMC 5792320 ... This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM). It allows ATP ... These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials, or to successively decreased potential differences ... by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain

Resting Membrane Potential - Online lecture notes on the resting membrane potential The Origin of the Resting Membrane ... The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as ... The resting membrane potential is not an equilibrium potential as it relies on the constant expenditure of energy (for ionic ... A relatively static membrane potential which is usually referred to as the ground value for trans-membrane voltage. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resting_potential

2. Membrane-potentials, apparent resistances, and mechanisms. Mechanism of the light peak and other responses originating at ... 1. Membrane-potentials, apparent resistances, and mechanisms". Journal of Neuroscience 9 (6) 1968-1976 (1989) Cited 42 times. ... "Effects of dopamine on the chick retinal-pigment epithelium - membrane-potentials and light-evoked responses". Investigative ... "Light-evoked modulation of basolateral membrane Cl− conductance in chick retinal-pigment epithelium - the light peak and fast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Gallemore

The action potential actually occurs because of the synaptic potential across the membrane of the neuron. The potential ... Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) depolarize the membrane and move the potential closer to the threshold for an ... Synaptic potential refers to the potential difference across the postsynaptic membrane that results from the action of ... Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) hyperpolarize the membrane and move the potential farther away from the threshold, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_potential

As an example, the cardiac action potential illustrates how differently shaped action potentials can be generated on membranes ... is a position on the membrane, σinside and φinside are the conductivity and potential just within the membrane, and σoutside ... Thus, given these σ and φ values on the membrane, the extracellular potential φ(x) can be calculated for any position x; in ... Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952). "The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant axon of Loligo". J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_models_of_the_action_potential

Zeiger, E., W. Moody, P. Hepler and F. Varela (1977). "Light-sensitive membrane potentials in onion guard cells". Nature. 270 ( ... Hepler, P. K., S. M. Wick and S. M. Wolniak (1981). The structure and role of membranes in the mitotic apparatus. in: ... Hepler postulates that the extracellular influx of calcium is not governed by the plasma membrane but by changes in the ion- ... Wolniak, S. M., P. K. Hepler, and W. T. Jackson (1980). "Detection of the membrane-calcium distribution during mitosis in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_K._Hepler

See the Membrane potential article. Free radical reactions are redox reactions that occur as a part of homeostasis and killing ... The electrode potential of each half-reaction is also known as its reduction potential Eo red, or potential when the half- ... Each half-reaction has a standard electrode potential (Eo cell), which is equal to the potential difference or voltage at ... the potential difference is: Eo cell = Eo cathode - Eo anode However, the potential of the reaction at the anode is sometimes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox

Also in this purview, the source of trans-membrane potential (TMP) results due to difference of concentration of ions across ... Nicholls DG (February 2004). "Mitochondrial membrane potential and aging". Aging Cell. 3 (1): 35-40. doi:10.1111/j.1474- ... Manoj KM, Gideon DA, Parashar A (March 2021). "What is the Role of Lipid Membrane-embedded Quinones in Mitochondria and ... Manoj KM, Gideon DA, Jaeken L (March 2022). "Interaction of membrane-embedded cytochrome b-complexes with quinols: Classical Q- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murburn_concept

Palmer LM, Stuart GJ (May 2009). "Membrane potential changes in dendritic spines during action potentials and synaptic input". ... It also makes possible the measurement of spatial and temporal variations in membrane potential along the surface of single ... Many physiological processes are accompanied by changes in cell membrane potential which can be detected with voltage sensitive ... Cohen LB, Salzberg BM (1978). "Optical measurement of membrane potential". Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-sensitive_dye

"Membrane Potential and Action Potential". From Molecules to Networks. Elsevier. pp. 351-376. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397179- ... creating an action potential. Membrane transporter "Membrane Channels". Cell Biology. Elsevier. 2017. pp. 261-284. doi:10.1016/ ... A polarized membrane is a lipid membrane that has a positive electrical charge on one side and a negative charge on another ... side, which produces the resting potential in living cells. Whether or not a membrane is polarized is determined by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarized_membrane

They include diverse potentials such as receptor potentials, electrotonic potentials, subthreshold membrane potential ... This shows the temporary and reversible nature of graded potentials. Graded potentials that make the membrane potential more ... The resting membrane potential is usually around -70 mV. The typical neuron has a threshold potential ranging from -40 mV to - ... Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded_potential

Postsynaptic potentials are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse. Postsynaptic ... If the cell is receiving two excitatory postsynaptic potentials, they combine so that the membrane potential is depolarized by ... Action potential Electrophysiology Goldman equation Membrane potential Nernst equation Neuron Neurotransmission Postsynaptic ... the combined activity of afferent neurons can cause large fluctuations in membrane potential or subthreshold membrane potential ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postsynaptic_potential

Goldman DE (September 1943). "Potential, Impedance, and Rectification in Membranes". The Journal of General Physiology. 27 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Goldman

"Imaging membrane potential in dendritic spines". PNAS. 103 (3): 786-790. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..786N. doi:10.1073/pnas. ... It has also been used to prove that backpropagating action potentials invade dendritic spines without voltage attenuation, ... which allows SH microscopy to image surface potentials without any labeling molecules. The SHG pattern is mainly determined by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-harmonic_imaging_microscopy

"Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Living Cells". Annual Review of Cell Biology. Lan Bo Chen, Andrew Murray, Rosalind A. Segal ... Chen, Lan Bo (1988-11-01). "Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Living Cells". Annual Review of Cell Biology. 4 (1): 155-181. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Lan-bo

Bernstein was also the first to introduce the Nernst equation for resting potential across the membrane. In 1907, Louis ... Bernstein's hypothesis about the action potential was confirmed by Cole and Howard Curtis, who showed that membrane conductance ... Goldman DE (September 1943). "Potential, Impedance, and Rectification in Membranes". The Journal of General Physiology. 27 (1 ... Bernstein advanced the hypothesis that the action potential resulted from a change in the permeability of the axonal membrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_neuroscience

Rhoades, Rodney A.; Bell, David R. (2012). "Plasma membrane. membrane transport, and resting membrane potential". Medical ... they are repelled by the hydrophobic sections of permeable membrane, therefore they need to be assisted by the membrane ... where the substances travel through the cell passing through both the apical membrane and basolateral membrane 2. Renal ... Facilitated diffusion is the movement of polar molecules down the concentration gradient with the assistance of membrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcellular_transport

When the membrane potential from the dendrites exceeds the resting membrane potential, a pulse is generated by the neuron cell ... If the stimulus drives the membrane to a positive potential, it is an excitatory neuron; and if it drives the resting potential ... When the cumulative postsynaptic potential exceeds the resting potential, an action potential is generated by the cell body or ... action potential). The resting potential for potassium-sodium channels in a neuron is about -65 millivolts. The membrane model ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system_network_models

Ahmad, N.; Masood, A. K.; Owais, M. (15 November 2001). "Fusogenic potential of prokaryotic membrane lipids". European Journal ... he demonstrated the fusogenic attributes of sperm plasma membrane lipids, and established the prophylactic potential of ... "Fusogenic potential of sperm membrane lipids: Nature's wisdom to accomplish targeted gene delivery". FEBS Letters. 580 (9): ... Correlation with membrane-membrane fusion events. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 May 20;1669(2):170-81. Younus H, Owais M, Rao DN, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owais_Mohammad

"Mitochondrial membrane potential in living cells."Annu Rev Cell Biol. 4 (1988) 155-181 Darzynkiewicz Z, Traganos F, Staiano- ... This use relies on the fact that rhodamine 123 accumulates in membranes in a manner which is dependent on membrane polarization ... Rhodamine fluorescence can also be used as a measure of membrane polarization in live cell assays both within mitochondria and ... "Mitochondrial inner membrane electrophysiology assessed by rhodamine-123 transport and fluorescence" Annals of Biomedical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodamine_123

Thus, the membrane potential affects the permeability, which then further affects the membrane potential. This sets up the ... The membrane potential goes below the resting membrane potential. Hence, there is an undershoot or hyperpolarization, termed an ... Each excitable patch of membrane has two important levels of membrane potential: the resting potential, which is the value the ... a rise in the membrane potential can cause ion channels to open, thereby causing a further rise in the membrane potential. An ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential

Stämpfli, R. (1954). "A new method for measuring membrane potentials with external electrodes". Experientia. 10 (12): 508-509. ... The sucrose gap is introduced by Robert Stämpfli for the reliable measurement of action potential in nerve fibers. 10th General ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_in_science

"Factors limiting display of foreign peptides on the major coat protein of filamentous bacteriophage capsids and a potential ... Ff phages for phage display is that they require the protein of interest to be translocated across the bacterial inner membrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display

PTGS (COX, which can be confused with "cytochrome oxidase") enzymes are monotopic membrane proteins; the membrane-binding ... Brueggemeier RW, Díaz-Cruz ES (March 2006). "Relationship between aromatase and cyclooxygenases in breast cancer: potential for ... Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM (January 1994). "The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1 ... Increased expression of the PTGS2 gene in the fetal membranes is connected to the presence of inflammation, causing uterine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin-endoperoxide_synthase_2

... and membrane potentials in colloidal systems. Science 112: 164-167. Clorpt History of Soil Science Pedogenesis SCORPAN Day, ... Parent material and relief define the initial state for soil development, regional climate, and potential biota determine the ... potential biota, r - relief; p - parent material; t - time. Jenny left the ellipsis open to indicate that there might be other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Jenny_(pedologist)

Kaplan JM, Varmus HE, Bishop JM (March 1990). "The src protein contains multiple domains for specific attachment to membranes ... Amsberg GK, Koschmieder S (2013). "Profile of bosutinib and its clinical potential in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia ... migration and invasive potential. So the use of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor is a possible way of reducing the progression of ... and metastatic potential of tumors. EGFR activates c-Src while EGF also increases the activity of c-Src. In addition, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-oncogene_tyrosine-protein_kinase_Src

Inwardly rectifying potassium channels, such as Kir2.6, maintain resting membrane potential in excitable cells and aid in ... Membrane protein stubs, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine, Ion channels ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kir2.6

"Transient Receptor Potential Channels". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Membrane proteins, Ion channels). ... TRPML (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily) comprises a group of three evolutionarily related ... ISBN 978-94-007-0264-6. Noben-Trauth K (January 2011). "Chapter 13: TRPML3". In Islam MS (ed.). Transient Receptor Potential ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPML

In addition to its interactions with RNA, N forms protein-protein interactions with the coronavirus membrane protein (M) during ... and producing a strong T-cell response have led to it being studied as a potential target for coronavirus vaccines. The vaccine ... proteolysis during SARS-CoV-2 infection identifies viral cleavage sites and cellular targets with therapeutic potential". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_nucleocapsid_protein

There are several special leak test methods available to test the integrity of an LNG vessel's membrane cargo tanks. The ... Some scientists and local residents have raised concerns about the potential effect of Poland's underground LNG storage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas

Schnitt SJ, Fend F, Decker T (January 2022). "Breast carcinomas of low malignant potential". Virchows Archiv. 480 (1): 5-19. ... cells that normally rest on the basement membrane of mammary gland ducts and function to contract and thereby expel milk from ... Clinical-Pathologic Features and Basement Membrane Studies of 50 Cases". Pathobiology. 88 (5): 359-373. doi:10.1159/000517189. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillary_carcinomas_of_the_breast

This causes an ion exchange in the outer solvated layer at the glass membrane, so a change in potential is generated which can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_base_number

This specific type of tumor appears to have a high potential for local recurrence with a high tumor bed recurrence rate during ... The cells of this tumor usually show a columnar to cuboidal cytoplasm with a well-defined cytoplasmic membrane. Vacuolated, or ... epithelial membrane antigen) → - GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) → + Synaptophysin → - Chromogranin → - NSE (neuron- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillary_tumors_of_the_pineal_region

Their main structural uses are as part of biological membranes both internal and external, such as the cell membrane. Their ... Ions are also critical for nerve and muscle function, as action potentials in these tissues are produced by the exchange of ... This is done in eukaryotes by a series of proteins in the membranes of mitochondria called the electron transport chain. In ... These proteins use the energy from reduced molecules like NADH to pump protons across a membrane. Pumping protons out of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... and hence cannot usually be written in terms of a scalar potential. However, it can be written in terms of a vector potential, ... field expressed the deformation of some underlying medium-the luminiferous aether-much like the tension in a rubber membrane. ... The retarded potential formalism requires one to choose the Lorenz gauge. John Gribbin (1998). Q is for Quantum: Particle ... A set of integral equations known as retarded potentials allow one to calculate V and A from ρ and J, and from there the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(physics)

VEGF-B treatment of hepatoma carcinoma cells can cause α-catenin to move from its normal location on the membrane into the ... Lab studies have also implicated potential therapeutic targets for future clinical studies. VEGFR-1 and EMT mediators may be ... thus enhancing the invasive potential of LNCaP cells (human prostate cancer cells). As a result, it is possible that the EMT ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin

... giving the potential for 360° hearing without having to move the head. Often, the eye of the horse is looking in the same ... which is thought to equalize air pressure on the tympanic membrane. Located between the mandibles but below the occiput, it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_anatomy

RIG-G has shown the capacity to inhibit NF-κB and STAT3 signaling in lung cancer cells, which demonstrates the potential of ... such as membrane bound toll like receptors or the cytoplasmic receptors RIG-I or MDA5, can trigger release of IFNs. Toll Like ... However, the infected cell can protect neighboring cells against a potential infection of the virus by releasing interferons. ... with a system that involved the inhibition of the growth of live influenza virus in chicken embryo chorioallantoic membranes by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

... all the hardware as well as the sorbents and membrane must be thoroughly cleaned so that any potential interference is removed ... Second, the contaminant must transport across the membrane either through the water-filled pores or through the membrane itself ... The membrane resists biofouling because the polyethersulphone used in the design is less prone than other materials. The POCIS ... The PES membrane acts as a semipermeable barrier between the sorbent and surrounding aquatic environment. It allows dissolved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_organic_chemical_integrative_sampler

Synovial membrane is divided into two compartments - the outer layer (subintima) and the inner layer (intima). The inner layer ... The cell-intrinsic hallmarks are: reduced apoptosis, impaired contact inhibition, increased migratory invasive potential, ... The inner lining of the joint consists of the synovium (also called the synovial membrane), a thin layer located between the ... During the progression of this disease the synovial membrane becomes a place where constant inflammatory processes take place, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast-like_synoviocyte

L-arginine, a naturally occurring amino acid, has been proposed as a potential therapy for CADASIL, but as of 2017 there are no ... cause an abnormal accumulation of Notch 3 at the cytoplasmic membrane of vascular smooth muscle cells both in cerebral and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADASIL

Lipid peroxidation of the inner mitochondrial membrane reduces the electric potential and the ability to generate energy. It is ... These processes termed oxidative stress are linked to the potential benefits of dietary polyphenol antioxidants, for example in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescence

At this time, the parasite causes oral and nasal lesions causing severe damage to the mucus membranes. Visceral Leishmaniasis ... reported a skin condition that has the potential of being Leishmaniasis. It is also possible that in combination with a lack of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmania_braziliensis

The membrane potential alters the conformation of the channel proteins, regulating their opening and closing. Cell membranes ... when a potential difference is introduced over the membrane, the associated electric field induces a conformational change in ... which are located on the inner surface of the cell membrane and do not cross the membrane, and which are coassembled with the α ... The membrane-spanning segments, designated S1-S6, all take the form of alpha helices with specialized functions. The fifth and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel

Retrieved 2013-12-04 Hygrothermal Performance and Drying Potential of Wood Frame Rainscreen Walls in Vancouver's Coastal ... building paper or air barrier membrane) that is designed to prevent water drops from passing through, but allow water vapour ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky_condo_crisis

This corresponds to a higher capacitance than a stiff membrane. A charged capacitor stores potential energy, analogously to a ... This is just as when water flow moves the rubber membrane, it increases the amount of water on one side of the membrane, and ... A capacitor is like a rubber membrane sealed inside a pipe. Water molecules cannot pass through the membrane, but some water ... The elasticity of the membrane is analogous to capacitance. A very stretchy, flexible membrane will expand more with a given ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor

... which offer potential for high specific capacities and low electrochemical potentials. Unfortunately, these electrodes are ... Alan Hatton on stimuli responsive gas membranes. Broadly speaking, her work considers the design of new materials that allow ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayuan_Liu

... for potassium in the membrane, thus the voltage across the plasma membrane is close to the Nernst potential of potassium. Even ... In order to maintain the cell membrane potential, cells keep a low concentration of sodium ions and high levels of potassium ... For instance, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase found in the membrane of heart cells is an important target of cardiac glycosides (for example ... The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase helps maintain resting potential, affects transport, and regulates cellular volume. It also functions as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium–potassium_pump

The strong immune reaction in response to exposure to the salivary protein indicates the protein's potential use in the field ... Heme acts as a toxic molecule that can generate oxygen-reactive species and bypass membranes due to its high permeability. ... The strong immune reaction in response to exposure to the salivary protein indicates the protein's potential use in the field ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutzomyia_longipalpis

... which allows neurons to intrinsically fire action potentials at sub-threshold membrane potentials. Studies have shown that the ... Unlike the fast and transient sodium current, the persistent sodium current (INaP) is activated at very low membrane potentials ... In CS pacemakers, NE increases only the amplitude of the depolarizing drive potential and the number of action potentials ... L-type calcium channels are known to increase the frequency of action potentials in some neurons, which might be the reason ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Bötzinger_complex

June 2013). "Potential roles of zinc in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder". Neuroscience and ... protein ZIP4 was first identified as the mechanism for absorption of zinc in the gut across the basolateral membrane of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_deficiency

Greywater has potential to cause adverse environmental effects because of concentrations of nutrients and other oxygen- ... Modern cruise ships are most commonly installed with a membrane bioreactor type treatment plant for all blackwater and ... The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species has identified ocean noise as a potential threat to marine life. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping

Here, we map the electrical potentials along the membrane of di … ... A possible reason could be that channels experience nonuniform electrical potentials along the plasmalemma. ... We find that the intramembrane potential gradient is indeed more positive in the membranes of neurites than in the membranes of ... Here, we map the electrical potentials along the membrane of differentiated N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells with a potential- ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7946355/

Jia, X.; Bennett, T.D.; Cowan, M.G. Gas Permeation of Sulfur Thin-Films and Potential as a Barrier Material. Membranes 2019, 9 ... Jia, X.; Bennett, T.D.; Cowan, M.G. Gas Permeation of Sulfur Thin-Films and Potential as a Barrier Material. Membranes 2019, 9 ... and after membrane testing lasting ca. 35 days (right). Note the whitening of the aged membrane, suggestive of reversion of the ... and after membrane testing lasting ca. 35 days (right). Note the whitening of the aged membrane, suggestive of reversion of the ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/9/6/72

"Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Membrane Potential, ... "Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial" by people in Profiles. ... Quantification of Myocardial Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Using PET. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2021 05 10; 23(6):70. ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Membrane%20Potential,%20Mitochondrial

For example, the lipid bilayer is the fundamental structure of cell membranes, and the structure and dynamic of bilayer ... membranes govern the transport of materials and information in and out of cells. ... Graphene could play an important role in the modelling of cell membranes. ... Graphene shows potential for modelling cell membrane systems. (Nanowerk News) The intriguing properties of graphene-a single ...

https://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=24630.php

membrane potential. violin and bow.jpg. Type. post. Author. Michael Denton. Date. October 26, 2020. Categorized. Intelligent ... membrane potential, nerve transmission, prior fitness in nature, Robert Clark, Rosalind Franklin, selective stickiness, teapot ... ATP, ATP Synthase, cell membrane, DNA, Francis Crick, Goldilocks examples, Goldilocks Zone, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, James ...

https://idthefuture.com/t/membrane-potential/

Resting membrane potential (C), membrane resistance (Rm) (D), and action potentials (E) of granule cells at DIV 10-14 were ... and membrane resistances (Rm) of granule cells at four stages are indicated. The resting membrane potential and membrane ... Resting membrane potentials (Vrest) and action potentials evoked by injecting the indicated currents for 600 ms were measured ... there was no difference in resting membrane potential or membrane resistance between granule cells cultured at 5 or 25 mm KCl ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/9/2938

Characterisation of potential therapeutic molecules for neuroblastoma using chick chorioallantoic membrane xenograft model ... First, we validated the chick embryo model using retinoic acid and then investigated the potential of CDK inhibitors on ... Neuroblastoma cell lines were engrafted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryos and allowed to form tumours over ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.762778

An optimal membrane would show minimal flux decline as time goes on. ... Fouling is an important factor to consider when selecting a membrane for any given separation process. ... Fouling Potential in Pressure Driven Membrane Processes. Fouling potential is an important factor to consider when selecting a ... Membrane fouling can easily be examined through monitoring permeate flux [of a compacted membrane], with both pressure and ...

https://synderfiltration.com/learning-center/articles/membranes/fouling-potential-in-pressure-driven-membrane-processes/

Critical Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Korean Mistletoe Lectin-Induced Apoptosis in ... Critical Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Korean Mistletoe Lectin-Induced Apoptosis in ... Critical Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Korean Mistletoe Lectin-Induced Apoptosis in ... Critical Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Korean Mistletoe Lectin-Induced Apoptosis in ...

https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/66/6/1383/tab-figures-data

Hollow-fiber membrane technology: Characterization and proposed use as a potential mimic of skin vascularization towards the ... Dataset for Hollow-fiber membrane technology: Characterization and proposed use as a potential mimic of skin vascularization ...

https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/datasets/dataset-for-hollow-fiber-membrane-technology-characterization-and-2/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle

Marhl et als 1997 model of the interrelations between calcium oscillations and ER membrane potential oscillations. ,/dc:title ... Modelling the interrelations between calcium oscillations and ER membrane potential oscillations ,/dc:title, ,bqs:volume,57,/ ... Modelling the interellations between calcium oscillations and ER membrane potential oscillations, Marko Marhl, Stefan Schuster ... Modelling the Interellations Between Calcium Oscillations and ER Membrane Potential Oscillations,/title, ,author, ,firstname, ...

http://models.cellml.org/exposure/2293d197c76ac4c8d0c29e8831c9a327/marhl_schuster_brumen_heinrich_1997.cellml/source_text

After the build-up of the membrane potential, a quasi-stationary state is reached in which the pump current is compensated by a ... After the build-up of the membrane potential, a quasi-stationary state is reached in which the pump current is compensated by a ... Oxonol VI as an optical indicator for membrane potentials in lipid vesicles. Type of Publication:. Journal article. ... Oxonol VI was found to be suitable for detecting changes of membrane potential associated with the activity of the (Na+ + K+)- ...

https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/handle/123456789/7345

... all affect lateral mobility of cell surface antigens in a manner consistent with a common effect on membrane potential. ... Effect of membrane potential on lateral diffusion.. J Cell Biol 1 November 1977; 75 (2): 483-489. doi: https://doi.org/10.1083/ ... are altered by exposing either heterokaryons or their parent cells to conditions that change cell surface membrane potential. ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/75/2/483/18771/Diffusion-rates-of-cell-surface-antigens-of-mouse

Multichannel taste sensor using electric potential changes in lipid membranes. K. Toko, T. Matsuno, K. Yamafuji, K. Hayashi, H ... Multichannel taste sensor using electric potential changes in lipid membranes. / Toko, K.; Matsuno, T.; Yamafuji, K. et al. ... Multichannel taste sensor using electric potential changes in lipid membranes. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 1994;9(4-5):359- ... Multichannel taste sensor using electric potential changes in lipid membranes. In: Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 1994 ; Vol. 9 ...

https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/multichannel-taste-sensor-using-electric-potential-changes-in-lip

Membrane potential was measured (and clamped) in single isolated type I cells using the perforated-patch (amphotericin B) whole ... anoxia induced a reversible membrane depolarization (or receptor potential) accompanied, in many cases, by trains of action ... When cells were voltage clamped close to their resting potential (-40 to -60 mV), the [Ca2+]i response to anoxia was greatly ... potentials. These electrical events were coincident with a rapid rise of [Ca2+]i. ...

https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/312275?be172d26-76fd-11ed-a56d-061ab7f93640

Walsh, G. M., Blaylock, M., & Sexton, D. (2008). Caspase activation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential precedes ... Walsh GM, Blaylock M, Sexton D. Caspase activation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential precedes phosphatidylserine ... Walsh, GM, Blaylock, M & Sexton, D 2008, Caspase activation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential precedes ... T1 - Caspase activation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential precedes phosphatidylserine exposure in CD45-dependent ...

https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/caspase-activation-and-loss-of-mitochondrial-membrane-potential-p

... of pores induced by the dimerization of gramicidin molecules by monitoring changes in the membrane and action potentials of ... It forms monovalent cation-specific channel in the lipid bilayer of a cellular membrane with limited permeability to anions or ... This methodology could be used for the study of peptide interactions with neuronal cellular membranes. © 2007 IEEE. ... "The effect of gramicidin on the membrane potential of neurons in the CNS of L. stagnalis." Proceedings of the IEEE Annual ...

https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/phys_facpubs/407/

The membrane potentials in the hypertonic group polarized back to near normal- -78 mv-compared to no changes in the normal ... The membrane potentials in the hypertonic group polarized back to near normal- -78 mv-compared to no changes in the normal ... The membrane potentials in the hypertonic group polarized back to near normal- -78 mv-compared to no changes in the normal ... The membrane potentials in the hypertonic group polarized back to near normal- -78 mv-compared to no changes in the normal ...

https://researchexperts.utmb.edu/en/publications/infusion-of-very-hypertonic-saline-to-bled-rats-membrane-potentia

Correction to: The role of microglia membrane potential in chemotaxis. Access & Citations. * 810 Article Accesses. ...

https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-021-02093-3/metrics

"Membrane Potentials/drug effects". Ras reduces L-type calcium channel current in cardiac myocytes. Corrective effects of L- ... To evaluate the potential effects of Ras on [Ca(2+)](i), we … ...

https://www.glembotskilab.org/tag/membrane-potentials/drug-effects/

... mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Addition of ,i,N,/i,-acetylcysteine and allopurinol together caused nearly complete ... The potential molecular cytotoxic mechanisms of AZA towards isolated rat hepatocytes were investigated in this study using &# ... Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) Assay. The uptake of the cationic fluorescent dye, rhodamine 123, has been used for the ... mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Addition of N-acetylcysteine and allopurinol together caused nearly complete ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/379748/

Angiogenic potential of extracellular matrix of human amniotic membrane. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 13 ( 3 ... The ECM featured in human amniotic membrane (HAM) provides a suitable niche for the cells to adhere, grow, proliferate, migrate ... investigate the behavior of ECM components especially on the stromal side of HAM and further explore the angiogenic potential ...

http://irep.iium.edu.my/51083/

Mitochondrial assessment indicated reduced inner mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and metabolic plasticity in the SOD1- ... Zorova, L. et al. Functional significance of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Biochem. (Mosc) Suppl. Ser. A: Membr. Cell ... The mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) of diseased and WT myotubes was assessed because the ΔΨm has been shown to be vital ... Mitochondrial membrane potential assessment. Mutant and WT iPSC-derived myoblasts were plated at 50 cells/mm2 on Collagen I- ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-70510-3?error=cookies_not_supported

... by using clay material in sample as a membrane in an electrochemical cell. System includes a quick load core holder with ... to ensure no diffusion between high and low salinity brines which is critical to measure liquid/liquid junction potential (U0 ... The Membrane Potential system is designed to measure potential difference (∆U or emf) in millivolts between high and low ... The Membrane Potential system is designed to measure potential difference (∆U or emf) in millivolts between high and low ...

https://www.metarocklab.com/product-page/membrane-potential-system

Smith, T. C. (1982). The use of flurescent dyes to measure membrane potentials: A response. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 112 ... Smith, Thomas C. / The use of flurescent dyes to measure membrane potentials : A response. In: Journal of Cellular Physiology. ... Smith, TC 1982, The use of flurescent dyes to measure membrane potentials: A response, Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. ... The use of flurescent dyes to measure membrane potentials: A response. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 1982 Aug;112(2):302-305 ...

https://scholars.uthscsa.edu/en/publications/the-use-of-flurescent-dyes-to-measure-membrane-potentials-a-respo

... and action potentials. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. ...

https://tests-hub.com/quiz/6-neural-physiology-membrane-graded-and-action-potentials-616e462bfa2011468a41e454

This plasma membrane-enriched proteome analysis created a data base of more than 500 breast cancer cell line proteins, 27% of ... Tumor-derived cell lines were used to ensure an enrichment for cancer cell-specific plasma membrane proteins because it is ... We describe here a proteomics process that comprehensively annotates the protein content of breast tumor cell membranes and ... Proteins associated with cancer cell plasma membranes are rich in known drug and antibody targets as well as other proteins ...

https://www.imm.ox.ac.uk/publications/125125

Kudo S, Morigaki R, Ikeda M, Oka K, Tanishita K. Effect of shear stress on mitochondrial membrane potential of cultured ... Kudo, S, Morigaki, R, Ikeda, M, Oka, K & Tanishita, K 1997, Effect of shear stress on mitochondrial membrane potential of ... Kudo, S., Morigaki, R., Ikeda, M., Oka, K., & Tanishita, K. (1997). Effect of shear stress on mitochondrial membrane potential ... Effect of shear stress on mitochondrial membrane potential of cultured endothelial cells. / Kudo, Susumu; Morigaki, Ryoma; ...

https://waseda.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/effect-of-shear-stress-on-mitochondrial-membrane-potential-of-cul

Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Is a Potential Antiangiogenic Target in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Submitted by als2076 on ... Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Is a Potential Antiangiogenic Target in Adrenocortical Carcinoma.. ... OBJECTIVE: Assess prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression as a potential novel therapeutic target for ACC. ... PSMA expression can be used to image ACC metastases in vivo and may be considered as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic ...

https://elementolab.weill.cornell.edu/publications/prostate-specific-membrane-antigen-potential-antiangiogenic-target-adrenocortical

Activation of this recombinant channel, by membrane hyperpolarization, generate … ... Membrane Potentials / drug effects * Patch-Clamp Techniques * Potassium / pharmacology * Potassium Channels * Pyrimidines / ... Activation of this recombinant channel, by membrane hyperpolarization, generated a slowly activating, noninactivating inward ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15351778/

Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
Quantification of Myocardial Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Using PET. (harvard.edu)
Xanthine oxidase inhibition by allopurinol decreased AZA-induced cytotoxicity, ROS, and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) formation and increased % mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). (hindawi.com)
Mitochondrial assessment indicated reduced inner mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and metabolic plasticity in the SOD1-iPSC derived myotubes. (nature.com)
The mitochondria are composed of outer mitochondrial membrane, inner mitochondrial membrane, intermembrane space (space between outer and inner membrane), and matrix (space within inner mitochondrial membrane). (hindawi.com)
This particular kit is designed to detect cell apoptosis by measuring the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). (aatbio.com)
The collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential coincides with the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pores, leading to the release of cytochrome C into the cytosol, which in turn triggers other downstream events in the apoptotic cascade. (aatbio.com)
This fluorimetric assay uses our proprietary cationic MitoLite™ Orange for the detection of the mitochondrial membrane potential change in cells. (aatbio.com)
Our Cell Meter™ Orange Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Assay Kit provides all the essential components with an optimized assay method. (aatbio.com)
Further mechanistic study have shown that anticancer activity of PSN-A in prostate cancer cells is associated with ROS generation, Bcl-2 family proteins modulation, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption and ultimately activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP. (medsci.org)
Mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed using JC-1 dye staining. (aacrjournals.org)
Conversely, depletion of COX6B2 attenuates OXPHOS and collapses mitochondrial membrane potential leading to cell death or senescence. (elifesciences.org)
The disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding adenylate kinase 2 (AK2), a mitochondrial protein important for regulating intracellular levels of adenosine diphosphate and maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential. (cdc.gov)
MitoTracker labeling in primary neuronal and astrocytic cultures: influence of mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidants. (org.ua)
The PQ-mediated decline of mitochondrial membrane potential or nuclear condensation were prevented by the OGG1 activators. (luciolepharma.com)
830 nm laser irradiation induces varicosity formation, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential and blocks fast axonal flow in small and medium diameter rat dorsal root ganglion neurons: implications for the analgesic effects of 830 nm laser. (bvsalud.org)

It gives an overview of membrane proteins, with particular emphasis on peripheral and integral proteins. (merlot.org)
The user will learn about membrane proteins, their structures, and how they contribute towards cell function. (merlot.org)
Comprehensive proteomic analysis of breast cancer cell membranes reveals unique proteins with potential roles in clinical cancer. (ox.ac.uk)
Proteins associated with cancer cell plasma membranes are rich in known drug and antibody targets as well as other proteins known to play key roles in the abnormal signal transduction processes required for carcinogenesis. (ox.ac.uk)
We describe here a proteomics process that comprehensively annotates the protein content of breast tumor cell membranes and defines the clinical relevance of such proteins. (ox.ac.uk)
Tumor-derived cell lines were used to ensure an enrichment for cancer cell-specific plasma membrane proteins because it is difficult to purify cancer cells and then obtain good membrane preparations from clinical material. (ox.ac.uk)
This plasma membrane-enriched proteome analysis created a data base of more than 500 breast cancer cell line proteins, 27% of which were of unknown function. (ox.ac.uk)
The value of our approach is demonstrated by further detailed analyses of three previously uncharacterized proteins whose clinical relevance has been defined by their unique cancer expression profiles and the identification of protein-binding partners that elucidate potential functionality in cancer. (ox.ac.uk)
The presence of negatively charged intracellular proteins, whose large molecular weight and charge mean that they are unable to cross the cell membrane. (aneskey.com)
Periodontal regenerative potential of space-providing expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes and recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins. (elsevier.com)
The outer membrane is a smooth phospholipid bilayer, with different types of proteins imbedded in it [ 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
The most important of them are the porins, which freely allow the transport (export and import) of the molecules (proteins, ions, nutrients, and ATP) less than 10 kDa across the membranes. (hindawi.com)
The GPI anchor attaches (binds) to various proteins and then binds them to the outer surface of the cell membrane, ensuring that they are available when needed. (medlineplus.gov)
GPI anchor-associated proteins that cannot attach to the cell membrane are released from the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
It is unclear how PGAP2 gene mutations lead to the other features of Mabry syndrome, but these signs and symptoms are likely due to a lack of proper GPI anchoring of proteins to cell membranes. (medlineplus.gov)
The shape and duration of each action potential are determined by the activity of ion channel protein complexes in the membranes of individual cells, and the genes encoding most of these proteins and their regulators have now been identified. (mhmedical.com)

The effect of gramicidin on the membrane potential of neurons in the C" by John DiCecco, Michael Segala et al. (uri.edu)
DiCecco, John, Michael Segala, Oleg Andreev, Yana Reshetnyak, and Ying Sun. "The effect of gramicidin on the membrane potential of neurons in the CNS of L. stagnalis. (uri.edu)
In neurons , the cell membrane is relatively impermeable to Cl‾: permeability to Cl‾ is about 1000 times less than that of K + , and therefore its contribution is often ignored. (aneskey.com)
Whereas Na V 1.7 plays a pivotal role in the modulation of action potential threshold, Na V 1.8 channel is the predominant channel driving and shaping TTX-resistant action potentials (AP) in DRG neurons. (nanion.de)
2. In neocortical slices taken from kindled rats, low-intensity electrical stimulation evoked generation of prolonged (hundreds of milliseconds) paroxysmal extracellular field potentials and intracellular depolarizing potentials, indicating synchronized activity of large populations of neurons. (haifa.ac.il)
By contrast, in superficial (layer II/III) neurons the same stimulus evoked an EPSP that was followed by a prolonged response whose late component reversed at subthreshold membrane potentials (between -50 and -80 mV). (haifa.ac.il)
Trade-off between dendritic democracy and independence in neurons with intrinsic subthreshold membrane potential oscillatio. (ens.fr)
For proper functioning of neurons and muscles during action potentials, voltage-gated sodium channels direct sodium ion diffusion for membrane depolarization. (utsouthwestern.edu)

Effects of hypoxia on membrane potential and intracellular calcium in rat neonatal carotid body type I cells. (ox.ac.uk)
The cell membrane provides a selectively permeant electrical barrier between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. (aneskey.com)
the intracellular K + concentration is normally greater (150 mmol/L) than the extracellular K + concentration (5 mmol/L). The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane itself is impermeable to K + ions, as they are polar. (aneskey.com)
Models fitted to intracellular spike and membrane potential recordings from frog (Rana temporaria). (yale.edu)
Fujita M, Kinoshita T. GPI-anchor remodeling: potential functions of GPI-anchors in intracellular trafficking and membrane dynamics. (medlineplus.gov)
Action potentials in turn provide the primary signals to release Ca 2+ from intracellular stores (sarcoplasmic reticulum) and to thereby initiate contraction. (mhmedical.com)

During this period, the resting membrane potential of immature granule cells is relatively depolarized, but it becomes hyperpolarized in mature cells. (jneurosci.org)
In many neuronal cells, the resting membrane potential shifts from a relatively depolarized state to a more hyperpolarized one during development [ Nakanishi and Okazawa (2006) , and references therein]. (jneurosci.org)
A quiescent cell typically has a negative resting membrane potential (RMP). (aneskey.com)
Although Na V 1.9 probably does not contribute to action potential amplitude, it most likely acts as a threshold channel, contributing to resting membrane potential and lowering the threshold for action potentials thereby increasing repetitive firing 4 . (nanion.de)

We addressed how persistent membrane depolarization influences the developmental and maturation processes of granule cells by depolarizing organotypic cultures with high KCl. (jneurosci.org)
5. Under voltage recording conditions, anoxia induced a reversible membrane depolarization (or receptor potential) accompanied, in many cases, by trains of action potentials. (ox.ac.uk)
PAF caused a rapid transient depolarization of the granulocyte membranes in the presence of extracellular Na+. (cdc.gov)
Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization). (bvsalud.org)
Cardiac cells undergo depolarization and repolarization about 60 times per minute to form and propagate cardiac action potentials. (mhmedical.com)

In the presence of an inside-positive membrane potential, the negatively charged dye accumulates in the intravesicular aqueous space according to a Nernst equilibrium. (uni-konstanz.de)
The electrical potential across the membrane will be zero when there are exactly equal numbers of positively and negatively charged ions on either side of the cell membrane. (aneskey.com)
2017), a novel technique employing an Uzigirs dip cell arrangement used in conjunction with Laser Doppler Electrophoresis was used to characterize the surface of several negatively charged membranes. (swan.ac.uk)

for the resting potential of isolated squid axons is less than that of other excitable cells (Hodgkin, 1951) and isprobably lowerthanthat intheliving animal. (1library.net)
For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. (bvsalud.org)

Positively charged nanofiltration membranes: Review of current fabrication methods and introduction of a novel approach by: Christopher Wright, et al. (swan.ac.uk)
Review of the dielectric properties of nanofiltration membranes and verification of the single oriented layer approximation by: Paul Williams, et al. (swan.ac.uk)
Nanofiltration membranes and processes: A review of research trends over the past decade by: Darren Oatley-Radcliffe, et al. (swan.ac.uk)

Subsequent observation with an atomic force fluorescence microscopy (Fig.1B) and revealed the presence of two planar DOPC bilayer membranes stacked on GO with the assistance of calcium ion (5 mM), and that the DOPC bilayers on GO were fluid and continuous with the surrounding DOPC bilayers on the bare SiO 2 surfaces (Fig. 1C). (nanowerk.com)
DESCRIPTION : This file contains a CellML description of Marhl et al's 1997 model of the interrelations between calcium oscillations and ER membrane potential oscillations. (cellml.org)

Smith, TC 1982, ' The use of flurescent dyes to measure membrane potentials: A response ', Journal of Cellular Physiology , vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 302-305. (uthscsa.edu)

For example, the lipid bilayer is the fundamental structure of cell membranes, and the structure and dynamic of bilayer membranes govern the transport of materials and information in and out of cells. (nanowerk.com)
Artificial lipid bilayers on graphene and its derivatives could be a new cell membrane model system for the researche on fundamental processes in cell membrane reactions. (nanowerk.com)
A taste sensor with a multichannel electrode was developed by using lipid membranes as a transducer of taste substances. (elsevier.com)

This investigation has demonstrated that alteration of the membrane potential and its downstream calcineurin signaling play a pivotal role in triggering the maturation program for the synaptic organization of postnatally developing granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
These problems include: (1) alteration of the membrane potential (E m ) and factors involved in establishing E m by the dyes themselves, (2) the effect of altered energy metabolism on the fluorescent response of the dyes and on E m , and (3) calibration of dye fluorescence. (uthscsa.edu)

Experiments with large unilamellar dioleoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles were carried out in order to study the effect of membrane potential on the fluorescence of Oxonol VI. (uni-konstanz.de)
The fluorescence change can be calibrated as a function of transmembrane voltage by generating a potassium diffusion potential in the presence of valinomycin. (uni-konstanz.de)
the whole influence of voltage on the fluorescence results from voltage-dependent partitioning of the dye between water and membrane. (uni-konstanz.de)
Under this condition, fluorescence changes corresponding to (inside-positive) potentials of up to 150-200 mV are observed. (uni-konstanz.de)
Ross B, Loew LM, Baker B . Decision letter: Optical estimation of absolute membrane potential using fluorescence lifetime imaging Elife . (neurotree.org)
The effects on transmembrane potential and hydrogen -peroxide release were determined by fluorescence techniques. (cdc.gov)

Media containing unphysiological concentrations of potassium ion, drugs, affecting the Na+,K+ ATPase, or a channel-forming antibiotic, gramicidin, all affect lateral mobility of cell surface antigens in a manner consistent with a common effect on membrane potential. (rupress.org)
In the absence of Na+, PAF had no effect on membrane potential. (cdc.gov)

Hence, it is necessary to record from neuronal dendrites, which generate dendritic action potentials (DAP) and profoundly influence neural computation and plasticity. (biorxiv.org)
Mapping of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of neuronal populations in hippocampal slices using the GEVI, ArcLight. (neurotree.org)

Direct measurements of electroviscous phenomena in nafion membranes. (au.dk)

Here, we map the electrical potentials along the membrane of differentiated N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells with a potential-sensitive dye. (nih.gov)
This investigation was conducted to examine the role of this alteration in membrane potential and its downstream signaling mechanism in development and maturation of granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
Two important questions, however, still remain to be clarified by studying primary cultures of dissociated granule cells: (1) Are the development and maturation of granule cells regulated by altered membrane potential and its downstream CaN signaling during the functional network formation of the postnatal cerebellum? (jneurosci.org)
These restrictions are altered by exposing either heterokaryons or their parent cells to conditions that change cell surface membrane potential. (rupress.org)
1. We have studied the effects of hypoxia on membrane potential and [Ca2+]i in enzymically isolated type I cells of the neonatal rat carotid body (the principal respiratory O2 chemosensor). (ox.ac.uk)
Indo-1 was loaded into cells using the esterified form indo-1 AM. Membrane potential was measured (and clamped) in single isolated type I cells using the perforated-patch (amphotericin B) whole-cell recording technique. (ox.ac.uk)
When cells were voltage clamped close to their resting potential (-40 to -60 mV), the [Ca2+]i response to anoxia was greatly reduced and its onset was much slower. (ox.ac.uk)
The ECM featured in human amniotic membrane (HAM) provides a suitable niche for the cells to adhere, grow, proliferate, migrate and differentiate, and could possibly contribute to the production of angiogenic micro-environment indirectly. (iium.edu.my)
imaging in mammalian prostate cancer cells that an early step in the signal cascade is direct action on the cell membrane potential. (sophion.com)
Wnts thus act as ligands for ion channel activation in mammalian cells and membrane potential is an early indicator of control of transcription. (sophion.com)
Hesperidin Preferentially Stimulates Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1, Leading to NO Production and Mas Receptor Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. (nih.gov)
They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. (bvsalud.org)
To investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of estrogen modified human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSC) on high glucose (HG)-induced injury of vascular endothelial cells. (magtech.com.cn)
Behavioral and neural responses of toads to salt solutions correlate with basolateral membrane potential of epidermal cells of the skin. (bvsalud.org)
Researchers at RPI have developed a prototype hydrocarbon-based membrane for use in AE fuel cells and electrolyzers. (rpi.edu)
Interestingly, the new compound 3 exhibited more sensitivity on cancer cells than normal cells, highlighting its potential as a novel anti-cancer agent. (bvsalud.org)
Asbestos fiber dose, cellular microenvironment, and aberrations of the cell plasma membrane and/or cell cytoskeleton (i.e., microtubules and filaments) are discussed as potential factors in the changes noted in type II cells. (cdc.gov)

The outer membrane surrounds the inner membrane creating an intermembrane space that contains molecules such as Cyt-C, SMAC/Diablo, and endonuclease G. It also acts as a buffer zone between the outer membrane and the inner membrane of mitochondria. (hindawi.com)
The inner membrane of mitochondria allows the free transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. (hindawi.com)

We measured neocortical sub- and supra-threshold dendritic membrane potential (DMP) from putative distal-most dendrites using tetrodes in freely behaving rats over multiple days with a high degree of stability and sub-millisecond temporal resolution. (biorxiv.org)
One Sentence Summary Measurement of cortical dendritic membrane potential for several days in freely behaving rats reveals disproportionate dendritic spiking and analog and digital coding. (biorxiv.org)

Many types of single ply membranes deteriorate under water, Duro-Last PVC is warranted for ponding water and it does NOT cause deterioration. (damschroderroofing.com)
As TPO roofing gradually makes its way to the top of the single-ply membrane market, more commercial owners are getting curious and asking, "What is TPO? (coxroofing.com)
This type of single-ply membrane is produced using ethylene propylene and a mix of fillers, including fiberglass and talc. (coxroofing.com)

The use of fluorescent cyanine dyes to estimate membrane potential in cell suspensions has been considered. (uthscsa.edu)

We herein review studies using the critical size supraalveolar periodontal defect model in which clinically meaningful periodontal regeneration was achieved following reconstructive surgery, including space provision by reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes or including surgical implantation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. (elsevier.com)
The movement of water through membranes is suggested to be controlled by aquaporins channel protein [ 22 , 23 ] though a report suggested otherwise [ 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
As a result, the PGAP2 protein cannot efficiently modify the GPI anchor, likely impairing the anchor's ability to attach itself and its associated protein to the cell membrane. (medlineplus.gov)

Nor do they provide much quantitative evidence about the influence of membrane potential onthe process responsible for inactivation. (1library.net)
Due to its relatively depolarized voltage dependence of inactivation, Na V 1.8 can contribute to action potential generation even at depolarized membrane potentials which may occur during nerve injury or pain signalling 3 . (nanion.de)

Membrane fouling can easily be examined through monitoring permeate flux [of a compacted membrane], with both pressure and temperature held constant. (synderfiltration.com)
The Membrane Potential system is designed to measure potential difference (∆U or emf) in millivolts between high and low salinity in shale sands at ambient temperature. (metarocklab.com)
Experimental investigation is done in the following cell with cation exchange membrane at a temperature of 25oC CATION Ag/AgCl/MCL (aqC1) /EXCHANGE/MCL (aqC1)/AgCl/Ag MEMBRANE This is done for the aqueous electrolyte solutions MCL, were M is the alkali metal cation Li+, Na+ and K+. (ac.ke)

When the chemical and electrical gradients are equal in magnitude, the ion is said to be in electrochemical equilibrium, and the membrane potential that is established at equilibrium is said to be the equilibrium potential ( V eq. ) for that ion under the existing concentration gradient. (physiologyweb.com)

In filtration tests, while adding ~ 10 wt% graphene/Teflon to the glass fibre membrane decreased the flow rate by × 100, the selectivity improved by × 10 3 compared to the neat glass fibre membrane. (nature.com)
Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) created a 3D computer simulation tool to assess the behavior/interaction of a hydrophobic membrane material with waste/feed water particles to assist membrane manufacturers/end-users in identifying a high performing membrane filtration/separation system. (rpi.edu)

Thus they giveno information about the rate at whichrepolarization restores the abilityof the membrane torespond withits characteristic increase of sodium conductance. (1library.net)
The influence of a small change in membrane potential on the abilityofthe membrane to undergo its increase in sodium permeability is illustrated by Fig. 1. (1library.net)

The inner membrane is highly convoluted into structures called cristae, which increases the surface area of the membrane and are the seats of respiratory complexes. (hindawi.com)
Effects of platelet activating factor on membrane potential and respiratory burst activity of human granulocytes. (cdc.gov)

Oxonol VI was found to be suitable for detecting changes of membrane potential associated with the activity of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in reconstituted vesicles. (uni-konstanz.de)

A low-intensity stimulus to the white matter evoked an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) followed with variable latency by a paroxysmal depolarizing shift that reversed at suprathreshold membrane potentials and on which superimposed repetitive firing was always evident. (haifa.ac.il)
The reversal potential of the response shifted toward suprathreshold membrane potentials and subsequently superimposed repetitive firing became evident. (haifa.ac.il)
This study also indicated a potential beneficial role of repetitive elements in the human genome. (jcbose.ac.in)

First, we validated the chick embryo model using retinoic acid and then investigated the potential of CDK inhibitors on neuroblastoma cell differentiation, tumour progression and metastasis. (bl.uk)

Successful characterization of membranes is of paramount importance for the development and improvement of novel membranes and membrane processes. (swan.ac.uk)

Activation of this recombinant channel, by membrane hyperpolarization, generated a slowly activating, noninactivating inward current. (nih.gov)

Although originally prescribed to treat cardiac failure, more recently they have been rediscovered for their potential anticancer activity. (medsci.org)

In this paper, positively charged modified PTFE membranes are fabricated and the novel zeta potential measurement technique is utilised to quantify the resultant membrane charge by use of a positively charged amidine tracer particle. (swan.ac.uk)
Annealing the resultant composites leads to coalescence of the Teflon, resulting in very stable membranes with significantly enhanced mechanical properties. (nature.com)

However, the equilibrium potential is typically reported in millivolts (mV). (physiologyweb.com)
The characterisation of membrane charge is key to understanding charge interactions between the process stream and the membrane and is typically represen. (swan.ac.uk)
TPO membranes typically come in white, black, and grey color variations. (coxroofing.com)

A possible reason could be that channels experience nonuniform electrical potentials along the plasmalemma. (nih.gov)
However, the cell membrane contains open K + leak channels 1 that permit K + to pass down its concentration gradient from the ICF to the ECF. (aneskey.com)
Muscle contains open membrane Cl‾ channels. (aneskey.com)
1 ) ion concentration gradient across the membrane, and ( 2 ) selective ion channels in the membrane. (physiologyweb.com)
The Nernst equation allows us to calculate the potential that will be established across the membrane based on the valence and concentration gradient of K + (provided that only K + channels are present). (physiologyweb.com)
If only one ionic species is present in the system and channels for only the ionic species are present (and open), then V eq. will also be the membrane potential ( V m ). (physiologyweb.com)

A negative membrane potential is produced when there is a greater number of positively charged ions on the outside of the cell membrane relative to the inside. (aneskey.com)
However, membrane depolarisation results in a positively charged cell interior, producing a Cl‾ influx. (aneskey.com)
Characterisation and application of a novel positively charged nanofiltration membrane for the treatment of textile industry wastewaters by: Paul Williams, et al. (swan.ac.uk)

Operations in which aerosols may have been generated were carried out in biological safety cabinets to reduce the potential for inhalation exposure. (cdc.gov)
Although some aerosols may have been released during the few reported rotor-seal failures involving the continuous-flow zonal centrifuge, the potential for contact exposure was greater. (cdc.gov)
An important potential occupational route of exposure to opioids occurs by breathing air contaminated with airborne opioid particles. (cdc.gov)
Standard Precautions include hand hygiene and the use of specific personal protective equipment (PPE) determined by the potential for exposure to blood, body fluids, and infectious material. (cdc.gov)

After the build-up of the membrane potential, a quasi-stationary state is reached in which the pump current is compensated by a back-flow of charge through passive conductance pathways. (uni-konstanz.de)

The voltage dependence of the apparent partition coefficient can be quantitatively described by a three-capacitor model in which the dye is assumed to bind to adsorption planes located on the hydrocarbon side of the membrane / solution interface. (uni-konstanz.de)
The membrane potential of a cell is the electrical voltage of its interior relative to its exterior. (aneskey.com)
Variable Consequences of Membrane Targeting Motifs for Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators Biophysical Journal . (neurotree.org)
The voltage differences across a membrane. (bvsalud.org)
For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. (bvsalud.org)

A non-zero membrane potential arises from inequalities in the distribution of charged ions across the cell membrane. (aneskey.com)
The selective permeability of the cell membrane to the different ions. (aneskey.com)
The ISE makes use of the unique properties of certain membrane materials to develop an electrical potential for the measurement of ions in solution. (cdc.gov)

c) Clinical investigation is needed to evaluate propolis potential in patients or healthy individuals, to understand under which conditions propolis may promote health. (blogspot.com)

Silver - silver Chloride electrodes are prepared and used for the measurements of the streaming potentials. (ac.ke)
A comparative analysis was made between the novel laser Doppler electrophoresis measurements and tangential streaming potential measurements for the positive membrane and the agreement was good. (swan.ac.uk)

Serum electrolyte and red blood cell membrane potential of hypertensive patients in Owerri metropolis were investigated. (who.int)
The observed alterations in the parameters investigated in hypertensive subjects in the present study could be as a result of a host of derangements involving electrolyte metabolism, altered membrane transport and a possible increase in membrane fragility. (who.int)
This study has shown the serum electrolyte and red blood cell membrane potential of hypertensive patients in Owerri metropolis. (who.int)

This combination of selectively and flow rate was significantly better than any commercial membrane tested under similar circumstances. (nature.com)

Since propolis-containing products have been marketed and humans have used propolis for different purposes, the goal of this review is to discuss the potential of propolis for the development of new drugs, by comparing data from the literature that suggest candidate areas for the establishment of drugs against tumors, infections, allergy, diabetes, ulcers and with immunomodulatory action. (blogspot.com)
Phase-resetting curves and neuromodulation of action potential dynamics in the cortex. (ens.fr)

Neuroblastoma cell lines were engrafted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryos and allowed to form tumours over a 7 day period. (bl.uk)

Fouling potential is an important factor to consider when selecting a membrane for any given separation process. (synderfiltration.com)
We learned that the movement of an ion across the membrane that is not balanced by the movement of a counter ion leads to charge separation across the membrane, and that this charge separation forms the basis for the establishment of a potential difference across the plasma membrane (i.e., membrane potential, V m ). (physiologyweb.com)
Charge separation across the membrane leads to the establishment of an electrical gradient that grows in magnitude until it exactly balances the chemical gradient. (physiologyweb.com)

The sensor can detect the taste in a similar manner to the human gustatory sensation by response patterns of electric potential to taste substances. (elsevier.com)
The same taste as that elicited by some commercial aqueous drink was reproduced by making aqueous solution mixed from four kinds of basic taste substances, the concentrations of which were determined so that the electric-potential pattern of this mixed solution could agree well with the pattern by the drink. (elsevier.com)

Anatomy49

Organisms18

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes57

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science3

Health Care1

Automatic activity in depolarized guinea pig ventricular myocardium. Characteristics and mechanisms. (1/24936)

Effect of electrotonic potentials on pacemaker activity of canine Purkinje fibers in relation to parasystole. (2/24936)

Effect of paracetamol (acetaminophen) on gastric ionic fluxes and potential difference in man. (3/24936)

Dopamine stimulates salivary duct cells in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. (4/24936)

Trans-synaptically induced bursts in regular spiking non-pyramidal cells in deep layers of the cat motor cortex. (5/24936)

Low resting potential and postnatal upregulation of NMDA receptors may cause Cajal-Retzius cell death. (6/24936)

UCP4, a novel brain-specific mitochondrial protein that reduces membrane potential in mammalian cells. (7/24936)

Individual subunits contribute independently to slow gating of bovine EAG potassium channels. (8/24936)

Membrane Potentials

Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial

Cell Membrane

Membranes

Intracellular Membranes

Membrane Lipids

Membranes, Artificial

Cell Membrane Permeability

Potassium

Erythrocyte Membrane

Mitochondria

Calcium

Membrane Fluidity

Sodium

Electrophysiology

Electric Conductivity

Basement Membrane

Action Potentials

Mitochondrial Membranes

Valinomycin

Ion Channels

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Potassium Channels

Membrane Transport Proteins

Chlorides

Adenosine Triphosphate

Cells, Cultured

Neurons

Lipid Bilayers

Cell Line

Models, Biological

Membrane Glycoproteins

Trityl Compounds

Fluorescent Dyes

Guinea Pigs

Biological Transport, Active

Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone

Kinetics

Time Factors

Microscopy, Electron

Protein Transport

Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone

Synaptic Membranes

Liposomes

Microelectrodes

Tetrodotoxin

Carrier Proteins

Electric Stimulation

Apoptosis

Ouabain

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Carbocyanines

Ion Channel Gating

Protein Binding

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Rabbits

Barium

Onium Compounds

Permeability

Nigericin

Microscopy, Confocal

Escherichia coli

Cell Fractionation

Mutation

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Tetraethylammonium Compounds

Temperature

Potassium Channel Blockers

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Reactive Oxygen Species

Tetraethylammonium

Calcium Channels

Molecular Sequence Data

Cytosol

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rats, Wistar

Cesium

Protons

Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase