Membrane lipids. Medical search

Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.

Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis (RENAL DIALYSIS), monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological CELL MEMBRANES. These membranes are also used in the process of GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION.

Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

The semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. It is known as a red cell 'ghost' after HEMOLYSIS.

Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor.

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

Detergent-insoluble CELL MEMBRANE components. They are enriched in SPHINGOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL and clustered with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

An organism originally isolated from sewage, manure, humus, and soil, but recently found as a parasite in mammals and birds.

The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. The formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. They therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. Their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension.

A darkly stained mat-like EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) that separates cell layers, such as EPITHELIUM from ENDOTHELIUM or a layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The ECM layer that supports an overlying EPITHELIUM or ENDOTHELIUM is called basal lamina. Basement membrane (BM) can be formed by the fusion of either two adjacent basal laminae or a basal lamina with an adjacent reticular lamina of connective tissue. BM, composed mainly of TYPE IV COLLAGEN; glycoprotein LAMININ; and PROTEOGLYCAN, provides barriers as well as channels between interacting cell layers.

A group of GLYCOLIPIDS in which the sugar group is GALACTOSE. They are distinguished from GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in lacking nitrogen. They constitute the majority of MEMBRANE LIPIDS in PLANTS.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.

A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.

The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).

FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.

A class of sphingolipids found largely in the brain and other nervous tissue. They contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group so therefore are the only sphingolipids classified as PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

Compounds in which one or more of the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol; one or two of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol may be esterified. These compounds have been found in various animal tissue.

Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a serine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and serine and 2 moles of fatty acids.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Cell membranes associated with synapses. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. It is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Preparation for electron microscopy of minute replicas of exposed surfaces of the cell which have been ruptured in the frozen state. The specimen is frozen, then cleaved under high vacuum at the same temperature. The exposed surface is shadowed with carbon and platinum and coated with carbon to obtain a carbon replica.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Octoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide.

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

Single membrane vesicles, generally made of PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal SYPHILIS SERODIAGNOSIS.

A class of membrane lipids that have a polar head and two nonpolar tails. They are composed of one molecule of the long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine (4-sphingenine) or one of its derivatives, one molecule of a long-chain acid, a polar head alcohol and sometimes phosphoric acid in diester linkage at the polar head group. (Lehninger et al, Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd ed)

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

Functionally and structurally differentiated, purple-pigmented regions of the cytoplasmic membrane of some strains of Halobacterium halobium. The membrane develops under anaerobic conditions and is made almost entirely of the purple pigment BACTERIORHODOPSINS. (From Singleton & Sainsbury Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the stereoselective, regioselective, or chemoselective syn-dehydrogenation reactions. They function by a mechanism that is linked directly to reduction of molecular OXYGEN.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A change of a substance from one form or state to another.

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

RED BLOOD CELL sensitivity to change in OSMOTIC PRESSURE. When exposed to a hypotonic concentration of sodium in a solution, red cells take in more water, swell until the capacity of the cell membrane is exceeded, and burst.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.

A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.

Steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane. Additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain. (IUPAC Steroid Nomenclature, 1987)

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to the hexahydroxy alcohol, myo-inositol. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid, myo-inositol, and 2 moles of fatty acids.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The thin layers of tissue that surround the developing embryo. There are four extra-embryonic membranes commonly found in VERTEBRATES, such as REPTILES; BIRDS; and MAMMALS. They are the YOLK SAC, the ALLANTOIS, the AMNION, and the CHORION. These membranes provide protection and means to transport nutrients and wastes.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.

Salts and esters of the 12-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--lauric acid.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.

Differential thermal analysis in which the sample compartment of the apparatus is a differential calorimeter, allowing an exact measure of the heat of transition independent of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other variables of the sample.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Molecules which contain an atom or a group of atoms exhibiting an unpaired electron spin that can be detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and can be bonded to another molecule. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon.

A homologous group of cyclic GLUCANS consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances.

A phosphoinositide present in all eukaryotic cells, particularly in the plasma membrane. It is the major substrate for receptor-stimulated phosphoinositidase C, with the consequent formation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol, and probably also for receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid 3-kinase. (Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Structures which are part of the CELL MEMBRANE or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. They are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of TRIGLYCERIDES and CHOLESTEROL ESTERS surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free CHOLESTEROL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and APOLIPOPROTEINS. Lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A steroid of interest both because its biosynthesis in FUNGI is a target of ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS, notably AZOLES, and because when it is present in SKIN of animals, ULTRAVIOLET RAYS break a bond to result in ERGOCALCIFEROL.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The dialdehyde of malonic acid.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.

A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds.

Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Membranous cisternae of the CHLOROPLAST containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.

Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups.

A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Vesicles that are involved in shuttling cargo from the interior of the cell to the cell surface, from the cell surface to the interior, across the cell or around the cell to various locations.

Endocytic/exocytic CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in ENDOCYTOSIS (potocytosis), transcytosis, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of CAVEOLINS.

The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. It is a major component of the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE in MITOCHONDRIA used to drive the synthesis of ATP.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

Unsaturated azacyclopropane compounds that are three-membered heterocycles of a nitrogen and two carbon atoms.

A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the basic units of SPHINGOLIPIDS. They are sphingoids attached via their amino groups to a long chain fatty acyl group. They abnormally accumulate in FABRY DISEASE.

Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

The inner layer of CHOROID, also called the lamina basalis choroideae, located adjacent to the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; (RPE) of the EYE. It is a membrane composed of the basement membranes of the choriocapillaris ENDOTHELIUM and that of the RPE. The membrane stops at the OPTIC NERVE, as does the RPE.

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES obtained by their partial hydrolysis which removes one of the fatty acid moieties.

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.

An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

Formation of lipid-linked sugar compounds in Halobacterium salinarium. Presumed intermediates in glycoprotein synthesis. (1/4162)

The ability of bacitracin to inhibit the growth of Halobacterium salinarium suggested that glycosylation of the major envelope component, a high molecular weight glycoprotein, might occur via a pathway involving lipid intermediates. This report demonstrates that the cells have enzymatic activities for formation of lipid-linked sugar compounds having the expected properties of such intermediates. Whole cell homogenate catalyzed the transfer of sugar from UDP-glucose, GDP-mannose, and UDP-N-acetyglucosamine to endogenous lipid acceptors. Two lipid products were formed from UDP-glucose, two from GDP-mannose, and one from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. Characterization of the partially purified lipids by ion exchange chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and mild acid and base hydrolysis showed the major product in each case to have the properties expected for polyisoprenyl phosphoglucose, polyisoprenyl phosphomannose, and polyisoprenyl pyrophospho-N-acetylglucosamine. Estimates of chain length by thin layer chromatography indicate that the lipid has 11 to 12 isoprene identity as a C55-60-polyisoprenyl pyrophospho-N-acetylglucosamine. The N-acetylglucosamine transferase, present in cell envelope preparations, was partially characterized. The enzyme was found to be extremely halophilic, specifically requiring a high concentration of KCl. Optimum activity was obtained at 4 m KCl and partial substitution of K+ by Na+ resulted in a decrease in activity. (+info)

Efficient binding of regulated secretory protein aggregates to membrane phospholipids at acidic pH. (2/4162)

Some regulated secretory proteins are thought to be targeted to secretory granules through an acidic-dependent aggregation in the trans-Golgi network. In this report we use pancreatic zymogens, a paradigm of regulated proteins, to test this hypothesis, because they qualitatively aggregate upon acidification in vitro. Pig zymogens were found to start to aggregate significantly at pH approximately 6.0, a pH slightly lower than that at which rat zymogens aggregate, but still compatible with the pH of the cell-sorting compartments. When pig zymogen granule membranes were mixed with the zymogens in the aggregation assay, membranes that normally floated on 1 M sucrose were observed to be pelleted by the aggregating zymogens. Rat membranes were pelleted by pig zymogens and vice versa. Igs, typical constitutively secreted proteins, which needed chemical cross-linking to serve as an aggregated protein control, pelleted membranes almost independently of pH. Corresponding cross-linked zymogen-binding ability and pH dependence was unaffected by the chemical modification. Membranes treated with sodium carbonate, pH 11, or with protease K, were still pelleted by zymogens, suggesting that the aggregated zymogens bound to membrane lipids. This hypothesis was confirmed by the efficient pelleting of unilamellar vesicles composed of granule membrane lipids. Vesicles composed of single classes of phospholipids were also pelleted, but with various efficacies. We conclude that pancreatic zymogen aggregates, formed under the acidic conditions of the secretory pathway sorting compartments, have the capacity to bind firmly to membranes through their phospholipid constituents. (+info)

Molecular dynamics on a model for nascent high-density lipoprotein: role of salt bridges. (3/4162)

The results of an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation on a discoidal complex made of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and a synthetic alpha-helical 18-mer peptide with an apolipoprotein-like charge distribution are presented. The system consists of 12 acetyl-18A-amide (Ac-18A-NH2) (. J. Biol. Chem. 260:10248-10255) molecules and 20 molecules of POPC in a bilayer, 10 in each leaflet, solvated in a sphere of water for a total of 28,522 atoms. The peptide molecules are oriented with their long axes normal to the bilayer (the "picket fence" orientation). This system is analogous to complexes formed in nascent high-density lipoprotein and to Ac-18A-NH2/phospholipid complexes observed experimentally. The simulation extended over 700 ps, with the last 493 ps used for analysis. The symmetry of this system allows for averaging over different helices to improve sampling, while maintaining explicit all-atom representation of all peptides. The complex is stable on the simulated time scale. Several possible salt bridges between and within helices were studied. A few salt bridge formations and disruptions were observed. Salt bridges provide specificity in interhelical interactions. (+info)

Surface-induced polymerization of actin. (4/4162)

Living cells contain a very large amount of membrane surface area, which potentially influences the direction, the kinetics, and the localization of biochemical reactions. This paper quantitatively evaluates the possibility that a lipid monolayer can adsorb actin from a nonpolymerizing solution, induce its polymerization, and form a 2D network of individual actin filaments, in conditions that forbid bulk polymerization. G- and F-actin solutions were studied beneath saturated Langmuir monolayers containing phosphatidylcholine (PC, neutral) and stearylamine (SA, a positively charged surfactant) at PC:SA = 3:1 molar ratio. Ellipsometry, tensiometry, shear elastic measurements, electron microscopy, and dark-field light microscopy were used to characterize the adsorption kinetics and the interfacial polymerization of actin. In all cases studied, actin follows a monoexponential reaction-limited adsorption with similar time constants (approximately 10(3) s). At a longer time scale the shear elasticity of the monomeric actin adsorbate increases only in the presence of lipids, to a 2D shear elastic modulus of mu approximately 30 mN/m, indicating the formation of a structure coupled to the monolayer. Electron microscopy shows the formation of a 2D network of actin filaments at the PC:SA surface, and several arguments strongly suggest that this network is indeed causing the observed elasticity. Adsorption of F-actin to PC:SA leads more quickly to a slightly more rigid interface with a modulus of mu approximately 50 mN/m. (+info)

Polarization-modulated FTIR spectroscopy of lipid/gramicidin monolayers at the air/water interface. (5/4162)

Monolayers of gramicidin A, pure and in mixtures with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), were studied in situ at the air/H2O and air/D2O interfaces by polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). Simulations of the entire set of amide I absorption modes were also performed, using complete parameter sets for different conformations based on published normal mode calculations. The structure of gramicidin A in the DMPC monolayer could clearly be assigned to a beta6.3 helix. Quantitative analysis of the amide I bands revealed that film pressures of up to 25-30 mN/m the helix tilt angle from the vertical in the pure gramicidin A layer exceeded 60 degrees. A marked dependence of the peptide orientation on the applied surface pressure was observed for the mixed lipid-peptide monolayers. At low pressure the helix lay flat on the surface, whereas at high pressures the helix was oriented almost parallel to the surface normal. (+info)

Differences between the trypanosomal and human GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylases of glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor biosynthesis. (6/4162)

De-N-acetylation of N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylino-sitol (GlcNAc-PI) is the second step of glycosylphosphatidylino-sitol (GPI) membrane anchor biosynthesis in eukaryotes. This step is a prerequisite for the subsequent processing of glucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol (GlcN-PI) that leads to mature GPI membrane anchor precursors, which are transferred to certain proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. In this article, we used a direct de-N-acetylase assay, based on the release of [14C]acetate from synthetic GlcN[14C]Ac-PI and analogues thereof, and an indirect assay, based on the mannosylation of GlcNAc-PI analogues, to study the substrate specificities of the GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase activities of African trypanosomes and human (HeLa) cells. The HeLa enzyme was found to be more fastidious than the trypanosomal enzyme such that, unlike the trypanosomal enzyme, it was unable to act on a GlcNAc-PI analogue containing 2-O-octyl-d- myo -inositol or on the GlcNAc-PI diastereoisomer containing l- myo -inositol (GlcNAc-P(l)I). These results suggest thatselective inhibition of the trypanosomal de-N-acetylase may be possible and that this enzyme should be considered as a possible therapeutic target. The lack of strict stereospecificity of the trypanosomal de-N-acetylase for the d- myo -inositol component was also seen for the trypanosomal GPI alpha-manno-syltransferases when GlcNAc-P(l)I was added to the trypanosome cell-free system, but not when GlcN-P(l)I was used. In an attempt to rationalize these data, we modeled the structure and dynamics of d-GlcNAcalpha1-6d- myo -inositol-1-HPO4-( sn )-3-glycerol and its diastereoisomer d-GlcNAcalpha1-6l- myo -inositol-1-HPO4-( sn )-3-glycerol. These studies indicate that the latter compound visits two energy minima, one of which resembles the low-energy conformer of former compound. Thus, it is conceivable that the trypanosomal de-N-acetylase acts on GlcNAc-P(l)I when it occupies a GlcNAc-PI-likeconformation and that GlcN-P(l)I emerging from the de-N-acetylase may be channeled to the alpha-mannosyltransferases in this conformation. (+info)

Interaction between terminal complement proteins C5b-7 and anionic phospholipids. (7/4162)

We have recently shown that C5b-6 binds to the erythrocyte membrane via an ionic interaction with sialic acid before the addition of C7 and subsequent membrane insertion. In this study we assessed the role of anionic lipids in the binding of the terminal complement proteins to the membrane and the efficiency of subsequent hemolysis. Human erythrocytes were modified by insertion of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine (DPPS), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), or dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid (DPPA). Lipid incorporation and the hemolytic assays were done in the presence of 100 micromol/L sodium orthovanadate to prevent enzymatic redistribution of lipid. We found that the neutral lipids, DPPC and DPPE, did not affect C5b-7 uptake or hemolysis by C5b-9. In contrast, the two acidic phospholipids, DPPS and DPPA, caused a dose-dependent increase in both lysis and C5b-7 uptake. We conclude that the presence of anionic lipids on the exterior face of the membrane increases C5b-7 uptake and subsequent hemolysis. It is known that sickle cell erythrocytes have increased exposure of phosphatidylserine on their external face and are abnormally sensitive to lysis by C5b-9. The data presented here provide a plausible mechanism for this increased sensitivity. (+info)

Nitric-oxide-induced apoptosis in human leukemic lines requires mitochondrial lipid degradation and cytochrome C release. (8/4162)

We have previously shown that nitric oxide (NO) stimulates apoptosis in different human neoplastic lymphoid cell lines through activation of caspases not only via CD95/CD95L interaction, but also independently of such death receptors. Here we investigated mitochondria-dependent mechanisms of NO-induced apoptosis in Jurkat leukemic cells. NO donor glycerol trinitrate (at the concentration, which induces apoptotic cell death) caused (1) a significant decrease in the concentration of cardiolipin, a major mitochondrial lipid; (2) a downregulation in respiratory chain complex activities; (3) a release of the mitochondrial protein cytochrome c into the cytosol; and (4) an activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the number of cells with low mitochondrial transmembrane potential and with a high level of reactive oxygen species production. Higher resistance of the CD95-resistant Jurkat subclone (APO-R) cells to NO-mediated apoptosis correlated with the absence of cytochrome c release and with less alterations in other mitochondrial parameters. An inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, trolox, significantly suppressed NO-mediated apoptosis in APO-S Jurkat cells, whereas bongkrekic acid (BA), which blocks mitochondrial permeability transition, provided only a moderate antiapoptotic effect. Transfection of Jurkat cells with bcl-2 led to a complete block of apoptosis due to the prevention of changes in mitochondrial functions. We suggest that the mitochondrial damage (in particular, cardiolipin degradation and cytochrome c release) induced by NO in human leukemia cells plays a crucial role in the subsequent activation of caspase and apoptosis. (+info)

Cronan JE, Rock CO (1996). "Biosynthesis of membrane lipids". In Neidhardt, F.C. (ed.). Escherichia coli and Salmonella: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-hydroxydecanoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein)_dehydratase

... membrane lipids and proteins; cellular organelles, and nucleic acids. Precipitation by a method known as salting out can ... Membrane proteins often serve as receptors or provide channels for polar or charged molecules to pass through the cell membrane ... The membrane alone has a hydrophobic core through which polar or charged molecules cannot diffuse. Membrane proteins contain ... Others are membrane proteins that act as receptors whose main function is to bind a signaling molecule and induce a biochemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein

Lipid kinases phosphorylate lipids in the cell, both on the plasma membrane as well as on the membranes of the organelles. The ... Heath CM, Stahl PD, Barbieri MA (July 2003). "Lipid kinases play crucial and multiple roles in membrane trafficking and ... Sphingolipids are ubiquitous membrane lipids. Upon activation, sphingosine kinase migrates from the cytosol to the plasma ... In its dephosphorylated form, glucose can move back and forth across the membrane very easily. Mutations in the hexokinase gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase

Annular lipid shell Collodion bag Lipid YashRoy, Rakesh c. (1991). "Protein heat denaturation and study of membrane lipid- ... Do intrinsic membrane proteins bind tightly to lipids (see annular lipid shell), and what is the nature of the layer of lipids ... Do membrane proteins have long-range effects on the order or dynamics of membrane lipids? 3) How do the lipids influence the ... Protein-lipid interaction is the influence of membrane proteins on the lipid physical state or vice versa. The questions which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–lipid_interaction

ISBN 0-7167-2009-4. Stryer L (1995). "Biosynthesis of membrane lipids and steroids.". Biochemistry (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H ... The energy released during this process is used to create a hydrogen ion (or proton) gradient across the inner membrane of the ... Cholesterol can be used as is, as a structural component of cellular membranes, or it can be used to synthesize the steroid ... However the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD+. Use is therefore made of two "shuttles" to transport ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

As the lipid bilayer of membranes is impermeable to most hydrophilic molecules (dissolved by water), cells have membrane ... During electroporation, the lipid molecules in the membrane shift position, opening up a pore (hole) that acts as a conductive ... The authors remark that montmorillonite is known to serve as a chemical catalyst, encouraging lipids to form membranes and ... Primitive reproduction can be envisioned when the clay bubbles burst, releasing the lipid membrane-bound product into the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocell

Stryer, Lubert (1995). "Biosynthesis of membrane lipids and steroids.". In: Biochemistry (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman ... Fatty acids are an integral part of the phospholipids that make up the bulk of the plasma membranes, or cell membranes, of ... All cells in the body need to manufacture and maintain their membranes and the membranes of their organelles. Whether they rely ... Phospholipids comprise the plasma membrane and other membranes that enclose all the organelles within the cells, such as the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism

Lipid Membrane lipids Sulfoquinovose Sulfoglycolysis Benson; Daniel, H; Wiser, R; et al. (1959). "A sulfolipid in plants". Proc ... CF1 bound to membranes was found to be much more resistant to heat and cold than solubilised protein. Mitochondrial coupling ... In 1959 A. A. Benson and coworkers discovered a new sulfur-containing lipid in plants and identified it as sulfoquinovosyl ... SQDGs have been found to be closely associated with certain membrane proteins. In some cases the (electrostatic) interactions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfoquinovosyl_diacylglycerol

Atif, S.M.; Salam, N.; Ahmad, N.; Hasan, I.M.; Jamal, H.S.; Sudhanshu, A.; Azevedo, V.; Owais, M. (2008). "Sperm membrane lipid ... In this regard, he has compared lipid compositions of plasma membranes of both prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cells. These ... Ahmad, N.; Masood, A. K.; Owais, M. (15 November 2001). "Fusogenic potential of prokaryotic membrane lipids". European Journal ... he demonstrated the fusogenic attributes of sperm plasma membrane lipids, and established the prophylactic potential of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owais_Mohammad

... many lipid-binding proteins are cytosolic and localize to the membrane by binding only the headgroups of lipids. Perhaps the ... "Profiling membrane lipids in plant stress responses. Role of phospholipase D alpha in freezing-induced lipid changes in ... Although some lipid-binding proteins are able to insert themselves into membranes and could hypothetically recognize the type ... At sites of membrane budding or fusion, the membrane becomes or is highly curved. A major event in the budding of vesicles, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidic_acid

amphipathic (of a molecule) Composed of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups; e.g. wetting agents and membrane lipids. amyl ... This continues until an equilibrium is reached, where neither side of the membrane is more or less concentrated than the other ... Because the solute is unable to cross the membrane, the tendency towards equilibration compels the solvent to cross the ... usually by allowing the gases to diffuse through the walls of a porous partition or membrane. atom A chemical element in its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chemistry_terms

The hopanoid diplopterol orders membranes by interacting with lipid A, a common membrane lipid in bacteria, in ways similar to ... In Bradyrhizobium, hopanoids chemically bonded to lipid A increase membrane stability and rigidity, enhancing stress tolerance ... October 2014). "Covalently linked hopanoid-lipid A improves outer-membrane resistance of a Bradyrhizobium symbiont of legumes ... Sohlenkamp C, Geiger O (January 2016). "Bacterial membrane lipids: diversity in structures and pathways". FEMS Microbiology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopanoids

The bacteria's outer membrane has endotoxin-like lipids. Their axial filaments consists of endoflagella and periplasmic ... Meningitis inflames and breaks down any protective membrane and cells surrounding the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of ... Only certain water-soluble substances can move across the blood-brain barrier, while lipid-soluble substances can easily move ... This inflammation of the membranes causes meningitis. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that is brought upon by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningeal_syphilis

Hartmann, Marie-Andrée (2003). "5 Sterol metabolism and functions in higher plants". Lipid Metabolism and Membrane Biogenesis. ... The regulation of the biosynthesis of both sterols and some specific lipids occurs during membrane biogenesis. Through 13C- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Sitosterol

To deliver the molecules to a site of action, the lipid bilayer can fuse with other bilayers such as the cell membrane, thus ... lipids,hydrophilic "Cell Membranes - Kimball's Biology Pages". 16 August 2002. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 ... A liposome has an aqueous solution core surrounded by a hydrophobic membrane, in the form of a lipid bilayer; hydrophilic ... Many bacterial toxins evolved to target specific lipids of the host cells membrane and can be baited and neutralized by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome

"Lipid oxidation in biological membranes. I. Lipid oxidation in submitochondrial particles and microsomes induced by chaotropic ... A submitochondrial particle (SMP) is an artificial vesicle made from the inner mitochondrial membrane. They can be formed by ... The process of SMP formation forces the inner mitochondrial membrane inside out, meaning that the matrix-facing leaflet becomes ... Chaotropic agents can destabilize F1 particles and cause them to dissociate from the membrane, thereby uncoupling the final ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submitochondrial_particle

Zhang, Yong-Mei; Rock, Charles O. (2008-03-01). "Membrane lipid homeostasis in bacteria". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 6 (3): ... Palmitic acid is also used to synthesize sphingosines, which play a role in cell membranes. The different types of beta- ... These uses include energy storage and creation of cell membranes. Fatty acids can also be used to synthesize prostaglandins, ... In order to adapt to their environment, bacteria alter the phospholipid composition of their membranes. Inhibiting this pathway ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-ketoacyl-ACP_synthase

"Decreased fluidity of red cell membrane lipids in abetalipoproteinemia". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 60 (1): 115-21 ... More recent research has focused on different ways to supply the patient with Vitamin E. In 2018, the Journal of Lipid Research ... and a fasting lipid panel, though these tests are not confirmatory. As the disease is rare, though a genetics test is necessary ... vacuoles containing lipids are seen in enterocytes. This disorder may also result in fat accumulation in the liver (hepatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abetalipoproteinemia

le Maire M, Champeil P, Moller JV (November 2000). "Interaction of membrane proteins and lipids with solubilizing detergents". ... It would require surfactin to self-associate inside the membrane, since it cannot span across the cellular membrane. ... "Detergent-like action of the antibiotic peptide surfactin on lipid membranes". Biophysical Journal. 81 (3): 1547-54. Bibcode: ... as it is able to create a permeable environment for the lipid bilayer and causes disruption that solubilizes the membrane. For ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactin

van Tienhoven M, Atkins J, Li Y, Glynn P (2002). "Human neuropathy target esterase catalyzes hydrolysis of membrane lipids". J ... Cytosolic phospholipase A2 associates with natural membranes in response to physiological increases in Ca2+ and selectively ... a regulatory Ca2+-dependent lipid-binding domain and a Ca2+-independent catalytic domain". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (27): 18239-18249 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysophospholipase

The membrane that surrounds anammoxosomes in anammox bacteria contains unique lipids called "ladderane" lipids, which contain a ... The anammoxosome membrane is invaginated (folded in upon itself) to increase its surface area. The existence of membrane-bound ... Sinninghe, Damste (2002). "Linearly concatenated cyclobutane lipids form a dense bacterial membrane". Nature. 419 (6908): 708- ... Scalindua have two inner membranes instead of one inner and one outer membrane surrounding the cell wall. Cells within Ca. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidatus_Scalindua

"Linearly concatenated cyclobutane lipids form a dense bacterial membrane". Nature. 419 (6908): 708-712. Bibcode:2002Natur.419.. ... The compound is found in bacteria performing the anammox process where it forms part of a tight and very dense membrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobutane

... of membrane lipids. The high abundance of ladderane lipids in the anammoxosome results in an exceptionally dense membrane with ... Anammoxosomes are enriched in the ladderane lipids shown at right. Analysis of the anammoxosome membranes from the bacterial ... "Linearly concatenated cyclobutane lipids form a dense bacterial membrane". Nature. 419 (6908): 708-712. Bibcode:2002Natur.419.. ... ladderane lipid tails and their incorporation into a full phosphatidylcholine lipid. Both routes leverage a small [2]-ladderene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladderane

Lambers JW, Terpstra W (October 1985). "Inactivation of chlorophyllase by negatively charged plant membrane lipids". Biochim. ... These two lipids cooperatively inhibit the activity of chlorophyllase, but this inhibition can be reversed by the presence of ... It is a membrane proteins commonly known as chlase (EC 3.1.1.14, CLH) with systematic name chlorophyll chlorophyllidohydrolase ... Finally, there is evidence that chlorophyllase has been found in the inner envelope membrane of chloroplast where it does not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyllase

van Tienhoven M, Atkins J, Li Y, Glynn P (2002). "Human neuropathy target esterase catalyzes hydrolysis of membrane lipids". J ... it sequentially hydrolyses both fatty acids from the major membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine, generating water-soluble ... In eukaryotic cells, NTE is anchored to the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. In mammals, it is ... J Lipid Res. 47 (9): 1940-9. doi:10.1194/jlr.M600185-JLR200. PMID 16799181. Kienesberger PC, Oberer M, Lass A, Zechner R (Apr ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathy_target_esterase

... s arise from either alterations in membrane lipids or structural proteins. Alterations in membrane lipids are seen ... "Decreased fluidity of red cell membrane lipids in abetalipoproteinemia". J. Clin. Invest. 60 (1): 115-21. doi:10.1172/JCI108747 ... Alteration in membrane structural proteins are seen in neuroacanthocytosis and McLeod syndrome. In liver dysfunction, ... In abetalipoproteinemia, there is deficiency of lipids and vitamin E causing abnormal morphology of RBCs. The diagnosis of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocyte

Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins, and membranes. Vance, Dennis E., Vance, Jean E. (5th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2008. ... She began to study the synthesis of the lipids that make up the subcellular membranes that divide the cell into compartments. ... Vance, Jean E. (4 April 2014). "MAM (mitochondria-associated membranes) in mammalian cells: lipids and beyond". Biochimica et ... "A unique mitochondria-associated membrane fraction from rat liver has a high capacity for lipid synthesis and contains pre- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Vance

Vance, Dennis E.; Vance, J. E. (6 August 1996). "Structure, assembly and secretion of lipoproteins". Biochemistry of Lipids, ... a tissue sample is first lysed to break the cell membranes and release the organelles and cytosol. The lysate is then subjected ... Lipoproteins and Membranes. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-086092-3. "Isolating PBMCs from whole blood using density gradient ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_centrifugation

Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. Elsevier. pp. 213-244. doi:10.1016/B978-044453219-0.50010-6. ISBN 978-0-444 ... The net effect is then that the PC/PE ratio decreases and this leads to impaired membrane integrity in the liver. This ... CK also plays a vital role in the production of sphingomyelin, another important membrane phospholipid and in the regulation of ... Phosphatidylcholine is the major phospholipid in eukaryotic membranes. Phosphatidylcholine is important for a variety of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline_kinase

Vance (2008). Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. pp. 18. ISBN 978-0444532190. "The LTP". Retrieved 23 February ... and has also been used in extensive studies of lipid polymorphism because this organism alters its ratio of MGlcDG ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acholeplasma

... and protecting cell membranes from oxidation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction. ... Wang X, Quinn PJ (July 1999). "Vitamin E and its function in membranes". Progress in Lipid Research. 38 (4): 309-36. doi: ... Seeds are lipid-rich, to provide energy for germination and early growth. Tocochromanols protect the seed lipids from oxidizing ... The predominant form in leaves, and hence leafy green vegetables is α-tocopherol.[24] Location is in chloroplast membranes, in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_E

The plant membrane in response to low temperature: an overview. pp. 1-24 in Lyons, J.M.; Graham, D.; Raison, J.K. (Eds.). Low ... Vegetable oils such as olive oil and palm oil provide lipids, while fruit and vegetables contribute vitamins and minerals to ... The chloroplasts of green plants are surrounded by two membranes, suggesting they originated directly from endosymbiotic ... possess chlorophylls a and b and have plastids bound by only two membranes that are capable of photosynthesis and of storing ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants

Lipid)ବାହ୍ୟ ସ୍ତର ଥାଏ ।[୨୨] ବାହାର ସ୍ତରରେ ଲିପିଡ ଓ ମାଇକୋଲିକ୍ ଅମ୍ଳ ଥିବା ଯୋଗୁ ଏହା ଗ୍ରାମ୍ ସ୍ଟେନ୍ ନିଏ ନାହିଁ ବା ଅତି ସ୍ୱଳ୍ପ ସ୍ଟେନ ନିଏ ।[ ... "Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins". Trends in Microbiology. 18 (3): 109-16. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005 ...

https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/ଯକ୍ଷ୍ମା

... leading to a lipid bilayer marked by increased membrane concentrations of cholesterol and saturated fat.[50] This is important ... Montecucco C (1986). "How Do Tetanus and Botulinum Toxins Bind to Neuronal Membranes?". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 11 (8 ... Neurotoxins inhibit neuron control over ion concentrations across the cell membrane,[6] or communication between neurons across ... Properties leading to the susceptibility of nervous tissue include a high surface area of neurons, a high lipid content which ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin

Lipids and Lipid Metabolism. 1346 (3): 305-16. doi:10.1016/s0005-2760(97)00041-6. PMID 9219915.. ... are plasma membrane ion channels on cells; these channels are known to be involved in the perception of pain caused by ... "Progress in Lipid Research. 50 (1): 115-31. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2010.10.005. PMC 3012140. PMID 20970452.. ... "Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators. 108: 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.11.001. PMC 4004677. PMID 24315875.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3

Vesicles form naturally because of the properties of lipid membranes. Vesicles can fuse with the plasma membrane, and release ... Vesicles are also more commonly known as nuclear membranes, because they're very similar to the cell membrane. ... Endocytosis is how a cell's membrane takes in a particle from the outside and brings it inside the cell with a vesicle around ... More technically, a vesicle is a small membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances in a cell. ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_

Gαq/11 stimulates the membrane-bound phospholipase C beta, which then cleaves PIP2 (a minor membrane phosphoinositol) into two ... covalently modified with lipid extensions. They may be myristoylated, palmitoylated or prenylated. ... In order to associate with the inner leaflet[clarification needed] of the plasma membrane, many G proteins and small GTPases ... Receptor-activated G proteins are bound to the inner surface of the cell membrane. They consist of the Gα and the tightly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein

It can also be caused by prelabor rupture of membranes.[3] Environmental risk factors include smoking, lead exposure, and other ... Hypoglycemia may be prevented by intravenous infusion of glucose, amino acids, and lipids.[28] These patients are also at risk ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_birth_weight

A membrane lipid cardiolipin is exclusively found in the inner mitochondrial membrane and bacterial cell membranes.[61] ... and bacterial cell membranes; that cardiolipin is found only in the inner mitochondrial membrane and bacterial cell membranes; ... The membrane of nuclear envelope and endomembrane vesicles are composed of similar membrane proteins.[47] These vesicles also ... endosymbiosis would save the cell more energy to develop a nuclear membrane than if the cell was to fold its cell membrane to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis

Illustration of a SARS-CoV-2 virion[2] Red protrusions: spike proteins (S) Grey coating: lipid bilayer envelope Yellow deposits ... envelope proteins (E) Orange deposits: membrane proteins (M) Virus classification (unranked): Virus ...

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/കൊറോണ_വൈറസ്

Tamm, Lukas K. (2005). Protein-Lipid Interactions: From Membrane Domains to Cellular Networks. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ... Cho W, Stahelin RV (2005). „Membrane-protein interactions in cell signaling and membrane trafficking". Annu Rev Biophys Biomol ... Seaton B.A. and Roberts M.F. (1996). „Peripheral membrane proteins.". u: K. Mertz and B.Roux. Biological Membranes. Birkhauser ... Goñi FM (2002). „Non-permanent proteins in membranes: when proteins come as visitors (Review)". Mol. Membr. Biol. 19 (4): 237- ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranski_protein

UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-52 - Calculated spatial positions of some Lipocalins in ... and lipids and most lipocalins are also able to bind to complexed iron (via siderophores[2] or flavonoids[3]) as well as heme.[ ... Retinol-binding protein in a calculated membrane-bound state of the protein 1kt6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipocalin

It plays an important role in lipid transposition in small intestines and calcification of bones. 50% of all the serum ALP ... When total bilirubin levels exceed 40 μmol/L, bilirubin deposition at the sclera, skin, and mucous membranes will give these ... 5' Nucleotidase (5NT) is a glycoprotein found throughout the body, in the cytoplasmic membrane, catalyzing the conversion to ... It helps in glutathione metabolism by transporting peptides across the cell membrane. Much like ALP, GGT measurements are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_function_tests

C-PC is a metal binding antioxidant as it prevents lipid peroxidation from occurring.[34] The peroxyl radicals are stabilized ... All phycobiliproteins are water-soluble, so they cannot exist within the membrane like carotenoids can. Instead, ... pigment and lipid production in Spirulina platensis". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 56 (7): 521-8. doi: ... phycobiliproteins aggregate to form clusters that adhere to the membrane called phycobilisomes. Phycocyanin is a characteristic ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycocyanin

For example, cholesterol forms part of the cellular membrane in animals, where it affects the cell membrane's fluidity and ... "Journal of Lipid Research. 24 (2): 120-30. doi:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)38005-6. PMID 6833889.. ... Membrane Structure" (Online at NIH). Molecular biology of the cell. Vol. IV. Internal Organization of the Cell. New York: ... "Journal of Lipid Research. 46 (5): 839-61. doi:10.1194/jlr.E400004-JLR200. PMID 15722563.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol

This interaction causes the viral and cellular membranes to fuse, allowing the transfer of the viral RNA into the cytoplasm, ... and the matrix protein also derived from Gag forms a shell immediately inside of the lipid bilayer. The Env polyprotein encodes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIV

The membrane-bound form of an antibody may be called a surface immunoglobulin (sIg) or a membrane immunoglobulin (mIg). It is ... on lipid rafts that isolate the BCRs from most other cell signaling receptors.[24] These patches may improve the efficiency of ... In this activated form, the B cell starts to produce antibody in a secreted form rather than a membrane-bound form. Some ... Second, some complement system components form a membrane attack complex to assist antibodies to kill the bacterium directly ( ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

"Progress in Lipid Research》 42 (6): 544-68. doi:10.1016/S0163-7827(03)00038-9. PMID 14559071.. ... "Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acids and Subsequent Breast Cancer: A Prospective Italian Study". 》Journal of the National Cancer ... in tissue lipids". 》Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids》 99: 19-23. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2015.04.005. PMID 26002802.. ... "A lipid peroxidation product 9-oxononanoic acid induces phospholipase A2 activity and thromboxane A2 production in human blood ...

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/오메가-6_지방산

Doerrler WT, Reedy MC, Raetz CR (April 2001). "An Escherichia coli mutant defective in lipid export". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (15): ... "Topology of outer membrane porins in pathogenic Neisseria spp". Infection and Immunity. 59 (9): 2963-71. doi:10.1128/IAI.59.9. ...

https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/ବ୍ଯାକ୍ଟେରୀୟ_ବାହ୍ଯଝିଲ୍ଲୀ

Acetylsalicylic acid is quickly absorbed through the cell membrane in the acidic conditions of the stomach. The increased pH ... Weylandt KH (August 2016). "Docosapentaenoic acid derived metabolites and mediators - The new world of lipid mediator medicine ... It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in cartilaginous (and hepatic) mitochondria, by diffusing from the inner membrane space ... "Resolution phase lipid mediators of inflammation: agonists of resolution". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 13 (4): 632-40. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin

Chappe B; Albrecht P; Michaelis W (1982). "Polar Lipids of Archaebacteria in Sediments and Petroleums". Science. 217 (4554): 65 ... "The ultrastructure of Ignicoccus: evidence for a novel outer membrane and for intracellular vesicle budding in an archaeon" ...

https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhed

... more of the drug is in its lipid soluble free base form, and more is absorbed through the lipid-rich cell membranes of the gut ... Amphetamine enters the presynaptic neuron across the neuronal membrane or through DAT.[70] Once inside, it binds to TAAR1 or ... Despite the challenges in determining synaptic vesicle pH, the proton gradient across the vesicle membrane is of fundamental ... a direct TA1 receptor-mediated activation of GIRK channels which produce cell membrane hyperpolarization.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine

Molecular Computer Simulations - Modeling of Lipid Membranes. *Lipids, Membranes and Vesicle Trafficking Archived 2005-06-21 at ... LIPID MAPS - Comprehensive lipid and lipid-associated gene/protein databases.. *LipidBank - Japanese database of lipids and ... Nature Lipidomics Gateway - Round-up and summaries of recent lipid research. *Lipid Library - General reference on lipid ... National Lipid Association - Professional medical education organization for health care professionals who seek to prevent ...

https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipido

It is found that anandamide prefer cholesterol and ceramide more than other membrane lipids, and cholesterol can behave as a ... Wang J, Ueda N (September 2009). "Biology of endocannabinoid synthesis system". Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators. 89 (3-4 ... Lipids and Lipid Metabolism. 712 (2): 342-355. doi:10.1016/0005-2760(82)90352-6. PMID 7126608.. ... which are mainly involved in the absorption of lipids in the small intestine - modulate its biogenesis.[28] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide

"Journal of Lipid Research. 18.4 (1977): 474-479. *^ "Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 - Schedule 2 Prohibited ... Their pupils are oval and vertically oriented.[6] Nictitating membranes are present, but move only when the eyes are closed. ... "Lipids of the anal sac secretions of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes and of the lion, Panthera leo ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox

... yarns are suitable for applications in energy and electrochemical water treatment when coated with an ion-exchange membrane.[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MWNT

... cruzi trypomastigotes appear as S or U-shaped organisms with a flagellum connected to the body by an undulating membrane. A ... such as alterations in coagulation and lipid metabolism.[17] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_disease

... blood lipid levels, and tissue fatty acid composition in humans". Lipids. 32 (4): 427-33. doi:10.1007/s11745-997-0056-6. PMID ... Among other things, arachidonic acid helps to maintain hippocampal cell membrane fluidity.[25] It also helps protect the brain ... "IUPAC Lipid nomenclature: Appendix A: names of and symbols for higher fatty acids". www.sbcs.qmul.ac.uk.. ... "Journal of Lipid Research. 35 (10): 1869-77. doi:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)39782-0. PMID 7852864.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonic_acid

"Oncogene Amplification in Growth Factor Signaling Pathways Renders Cancers Dependent on Membrane Lipid Remodeling". Cell ... including alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism that drive tumor growth, progression and drug resistance. These studies, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mischel

Lipid Res. 46 (7): 1512-6. doi:10.1194/jlr.M500048-JLR200. PMID 15863836. Hufton SE, Moerkerk PT, Meulemans EV, de Bruïne A, ... Ff phages for phage display is that they require the protein of interest to be translocated across the bacterial inner membrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display

Membrane lipids also form a matrix in which membrane proteins reside. Historically lipids were thought to merely serve a ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Membrane lipids. Membrane+lipids at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject ... lipid bilayer). The three major classes of membrane lipids are phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Lipids are ... Non-bilayer forming lipid like monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG) predominates the bulk lipids in thylakoid membranes, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_lipid

Since GPCRs are integral membrane proteins, interaction of membrane lipids with them constitutes an important area of research ... In particular, membrane cholesterol has been reported to have a modulatory role in the function of a number of GPCRs. The role ... The role of membrane cholesterol in GPCR oligomerization is highlighted. Future research in GPCR biology would offer novel ... are the largest class of molecules involved in signal transduction across cell membranes and represent major targets in the ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ab/2014/143023/

... aim to entrench basic lipid research into clinical medicine, to make its impact palpable for patients. Lipids are the … ... the scientist at the Center for Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, ... Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research learn more Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research ... We, the scientist at the Center for Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, aim to entrench basic lipid research into ...

https://tu-dresden.de/med/mf/zml?set_language=en

... Med Res Rev. 2008 Jul;28(4):569-631. doi: 10.1002/ ... A primary involvement of this aldehydic product of membrane lipid oxidation in inflammation-related events, as well as in ... Measurements of HNE and/or stable metabolites in biological fluids are already applied as lipid peroxidation/oxidative stress ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18058921/?dopt=Abstract

Buy Methods in Membrane Lipids (9781588296627): NHBS - Alex Dopico, Humana Press ... membrane lipid structure, and lipid-lipid interactions; characterization of lipid phases, lipid movements and diffusion; ... pressure between lipids, mono-, and bilayer lipid curvature and stress; lipid domains; and membrane lipid-protein/drug ... This cutting-edge volume provides protocols for studying the structure and function of membrane lipids. Topics of interest ...

https://www.nhbs.com/methods-in-membrane-lipids-book

Biological membranes are highly heterogeneous structures that are thought to use this heterogeneity to organize and modify the ... Probing membrane organization, structure, and changes therein are crucial for linking structural metrics with function in ... dynamics simulations were also compared with the experimental results to probe the insertion of BODIPY-PC into membrane lipids. ... This approach was used here to measure the orientation of fluorescent lipid analogs doped into Langmuir-Blodgett and bilayer ...

https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/5991

Many molecules interact with lipid bilayers and lead to structural and functional changes. It remains an open question which ... The potency of anesthesia was directly linked to the partitioning of the drug molecules in cell membranes by Meyer and Overton ... change in membrane properties is responsible for a poten ... increase the amount of intramembrane water in lipid membranes S ... This increase in intramembrane water may contribute to the non-specific interactions between anesthetics and lipid membranes. ...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/SM/D0SM01271H

Lipid Kinases and Trans-Golgi Network Membrane Dynamics S. Ponnambalam; S. Ponnambalam ... S. Ponnambalam, S. Clough, C.P. Downes, J.M. Lucocq, H.J. McLauchlan, M.C. Towler; Lipid Kinases and Trans-Golgi Network ... Membrane Dynamics. Biochem Soc Trans 1 June 1999; 27 (3): A77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst027a077 ...

https://portlandpress.com/biochemsoctrans/article-abstract/27/3/A77/96160/Lipid-Kinases-and-Trans-Golgi-Network-Membrane?redirectedFrom=PDF

... deduced that quinones are able to diffuse between the stacked lipid membrane layers via defect sites where the lipid membranes ... lipid membrane system is reported in which poly-l-lysine electrostatically links negatively charged lipid membranes. When ... Electron transfer between the enzymes and the electrode is mediated by the quinone pool that is present in the lipid phase. ... This assembly is akin to that of interconnected thylakoid membranes or the folded lamella of mitochondria and has significant ...

https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de/items/072fec51-10cf-4c3a-a0d2-f27f87a2d7c6

Diphytanoyl lipids as model systems for studying membrane-active peptides. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2017, 1859 (10), 1828‑1837 ... The branched chains in diphytanoyl lipids provide membranes with unique properties, such as high chemical/physical stability, ... Only lipids with choline headgroups (DPhPC) were found to form stable lipid bilayers in oriented samples, while DPhPG, DPhPE ... For the same reason, a high content of other diphytanoyl lipids besides DPhPC in mixed lipid systems is not favourable. Unlike ...

https://enamine.net/publications/829-diphytanoyl-lipids-as-model-systems-for-studying-membrane-active-peptides

Is the lipid membrane profile of the respiratory epithelium linked to colonisation and biofilm formation?. ... 1. Characterise the lipid membrane profile of ex vivo respiratory epithelial cells from CF patients and healthy controls. 2. ... 4. Investigate whether PUFA induced modification of the CF epithelial lipid membrane profile can reduce PA colonisation and ... 3. Analyse PA colonisation and biofilm formation on differentiated respiratory CF epithelium with altered lipid membrane ...

https://www.southampton.ac.uk/research/projects/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-infection-in-cystic-fibrosis-is-the-lipid-membrane-profile

Knowns and unknowns of membrane lipid synthesis in streptomycetes. ... However, some of the pathways for membrane lipid biosynthesis are still incomplete. In addition, while it has become clear that ... Knowns and unknowns of membrane lipid synthesis in streptomycetes. Journal Article (Journal Article;Review) ... Research on cellular membrane biosynthesis and turnover is lagging behind in Streptomyces compared to related organisms like ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub1254888

A kibbutz full of lipids. Lipids: Regulatory Functions in Membrane Traffic and Cell Development, Kfar Blum Kibbutz Guest House ... A kibbutz full of lipids. Lipids: Regulatory Functions in Membrane Traffic and Cell Development, Kfar Blum Kibbutz Guest House ...

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/292870

Dysregulated lipid metabolism is a prominent feature of prostate cancer that is driven by androgen receptor (AR) signaling. ... Lipidomic profiling of clinical prostate cancer reveals targetable alterations in membrane lipid composition. Abstract. ... Lipidomic profiling of clinical prostate cancer reveals targetable alterations in membrane lipid composition ... Lipidomic profiling of clinical prostate cancer reveals targetable alterations in membrane lipid composition ...

https://www.garvan.org.au/research/publications/16070

SEED LIPID DROPLET PROTEIN1, SEED LIPID DROPLET PROTEIN2 and LIPID DROPLET PLASMA MEMBRANE ADAPTOR mediate lipid droplet-plasma ... SEED LIPID DROPLET PROTEIN1, SEED LIPID DROPLET PROTEIN2 and LIPID DROPLET PLASMA MEMBRANE ADAPTOR mediate lipid droplet-plasma ... SEED LIPID DROPLET PROTEIN1, SEED LIPID DROPLET PROTEIN2 and LIPID DROPLET PLASMA MEMBRANE ADAPTOR mediate lipid droplet-plasma ... Here, we identified and characterized three proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana that form a lipid droplet (LD)-plasma membrane (PM ...

http://www.ueb.cas.cz/cs/content/seed-lipid-droplet-protein1-seed-lipid-droplet-protein2-and-lipid-droplet-plasma-membrane

Transformative stem cell-based model of Alzheimers disease and advanced analytics to study the role of membrane lipids in the ... Transformative stem cell-based model of Alzheimers disease and advanced analytics to study the role of membrane lipids in the ...

https://www.med.muni.cz/veda-a-vyzkum/projektova-podpora/resene-projekty/40806

Correction: The importance of membrane microdomains for bile salt-dependent biliary lipid secretion (doi:10.1242/jcs.211524). J ...

https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/crossref-citedby/57066

T1 - Polyunsaturated fatty acids modify the extracellular vesicle membranes and increase the production of proresolving lipid ... Polyunsaturated fatty acids modify the extracellular vesicle membranes and increase the production of proresolving lipid ... Polyunsaturated fatty acids modify the extracellular vesicle membranes and increase the production of proresolving lipid ... Polyunsaturated fatty acids modify the extracellular vesicle membranes and increase the production of proresolving lipid ...

https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-modify-the-extracellular-vesicle-memb-2

Single-cell resolution of metabolic control over HIV-1 entry and a role for membrane lipid order and tension Share Share Share ... Single-cell resolution of metabolic control over HIV-1 entry and a role for membrane lipid order and tension ...

https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/1033665

Hence, the membrane disruptive effects of P1 and its specificity for the anionic lipids found on pathogenic cell membrane ... Hence, the membrane disruptive effects of P1 and its specificity for the anionic lipids found on pathogenic cell membrane ... Hence, the membrane disruptive effects of P1 and its specificity for the anionic lipids found on pathogenic cell membrane ... Hence, the membrane disruptive effects of P1 and its specificity for the anionic lipids found on pathogenic cell membrane ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/enhancing-the-membrane-activity-of-piscidin-1-through-peptide-met

Membrane-interactive ether lipids (EL) exert toxic and antiproliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro. They appear to be ... N2 - Membrane-interactive ether lipids (EL) exert toxic and antiproliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro. They appear to ... AB - Membrane-interactive ether lipids (EL) exert toxic and antiproliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro. They appear to ... abstract = "Membrane-interactive ether lipids (EL) exert toxic and antiproliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro. They ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/role-of-cell-cholesterol-in-modulating-antineoplastic-ether-lipid

Molecular Dynamics and EPR spectroscopy on lipid bilayers: new approaches to study biological membranes. *Oganesyan, Vasily ( ... Direct prediction of EPR spectra from lipid bilayers: Understanding structure and dynamics in biological membranes. Catte, A., ...

https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/projects/molecular-dynamics-and-epr-spectroscopy-on-lipid-bilayers-new-app

A vaccine using GMMA (generalized modules for membrane antigens) fromS.Typhimurium andS.Enteritidis containing lipid A ... GMMA with penta-acylated lipid A showed the greatest reduction in the level of cytokine release from human peripheral blood ... monocytes from that for GMMA with wild-type lipid A. Deletion of the lipid A modification genesmsbBandpagPwas required to ... Toll-Like Receptor Activation by Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens from Lipid A Mutants of Salmonella enterica Serovars ...

https://www.jenner.ac.uk/publications/605841?2949b848-6d6c-11ed-855f-061b866677b4

Lipids and Membranes 1

https://www.worldofchemicals.com/chemicaltoday-tv/lecture-13-lipids-and-membranes-1/2986.html

Multichannel taste sensor using electric potential changes in lipid membranes. K. Toko, T. Matsuno, K. Yamafuji, K. Hayashi, H ... Multichannel taste sensor using electric potential changes in lipid membranes. / Toko, K.; Matsuno, T.; Yamafuji, K. et al. ... A taste sensor with a multichannel electrode was developed by using lipid membranes as a transducer of taste substances. The ... N2 - A taste sensor with a multichannel electrode was developed by using lipid membranes as a transducer of taste substances. ...

https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/multichannel-taste-sensor-using-electric-potential-changes-in-lip

Study of the drug-anionic lipid interactions in model membranes. par Goormaghtigh, Erik ;Chatelain, Pierre ;Caspers, Jacques ; ... Lipid-protein interactions regulating the canonical and the non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome par Pizzuto, Malvina , Pelegrin, ...

https://difusion.ulb.ac.be/vufind/Record/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/203827/Details

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https://www.well.ox.ac.uk/publications/352415

Oxonol VI as an optical indicator for membrane potentials in lipid vesicles. Type of Publication:. Journal article. ... Oxonol dye, ATPase, (Na+ + K+)-, Lipid vesicle, Membrane potential, Fluorescence. Link to License:. Attribution-NonCommercial- ... Oxonol VI as an optical indicator for membrane potentials in lipid vesicles. In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta / Biomembranes. ... Oxonol VI as an optical indicator for membrane potentials in lipid vesicles. * Home ...

https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/handle/123456789/7345

Indeed MCD completely blocked the clustering of CB1R at the plasma membrane. On the contrary the lysosomal localization of CB1R ... We found that CB1R is associated with cholesterol- and sphyngolipid-enriched membrane domains (rafts). Cholesterol depletion by ... is expressed on the plasma membrane in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. However, a substantial proportion of the receptor ... also impairs DRM-association of the receptor suggesting that the membrane distribution of the receptor is dependent on rafts ...

https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00167016

Cell membrane models Lipids make up around 50 % of the plasma membrane weight, with about 5 million lipids per µm2 of membrane ... Figure 1. Main lipid types in cell membranes. Membrane lipids show a hydrophobic domain toward the inner part of the membrane ... There are also proteins that can transfer single lipid molecules between membranes. They take a lipid from a membrane, hide the ... Glycerophospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids in cell membranes, more than 70 % of membrane lipids. Structurally, ...

http://mmegias.webs.uvigo.es/02-english/5-celulas/3-lipidos.php

The arrangements of lipids and various proteins, acting as receptors and channel pores in the membrane, control the entry and exit of other molecules and ions as part of the cell's metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
In order to perform physiological functions, membrane proteins are facilitated to rotate and diffuse laterally in two dimensional expanse of lipid bilayer by the presence of a shell of lipids closely attached to protein surface, called annular lipid shell. (wikipedia.org)
Membrane lipids also form a matrix in which membrane proteins reside. (wikipedia.org)
Since GPCRs are integral membrane proteins, interaction of membrane lipids with them constitutes an important area of research in GPCR biology. (hindawi.com)
GPCRs are integral membrane proteins with seven transmembrane domains. (hindawi.com)
Here, we identified and characterized three proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana that form a lipid droplet (LD)-plasma membrane (PM) tethering complex in plant cells, namely LD-localized SEED LD PROTEIN (SLDP) 1 and SLDP2 and PM-localized LD-PLASMA MEMBRANE ADAPTOR (LIPA). (cas.cz)
T he structural organization and properties of cell membranes are determined by their molecular components (lipids, proteins and carbohydrates). (uvigo.es)
Through lateral interactions, lipids can modulate the activity of the membrane proteins. (uvigo.es)
The lateral heterogeneity of cell membranes are thought to be caused by lateral lipid-lipid interactions, forming small and plastic domains of higher densely packed lipids that contain higher proportions of certain type of lipids and proteins. (uvigo.es)
These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. (liu.edu)
Sterols have a fundamental effect in membrane properties, affecting fluidity, membrane transport and function of membrane proteins. (news-medical.net)
Transient recruitment of proteins to membranes is a fundamental mechanism by which the cell exerts spatial and temporal control over proteins localization and interactions. (syr.edu)
Thus, the specificity and the kinetics of peripheral proteins membrane residence are an attribute of their function. (syr.edu)
Lipids can form bonds to proteins and carbohydrates forming lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides. (wikibooks.org)
Using GUVs to form synthetic cells is the bottom-up approach of synthetic biology, where the goal is to assemble a minimal cell which is able to demonstrate basic life-like functions (such as division, growth, etc.) from non-living components (such as lipids, DNA, and proteins). (nature.com)
The plasma membrane of a cell is a network of lipids and proteins that forms the boundary between a cells contents and the outside of the cell. (pages.dev)
The fluid mosaic model explains the structure of the plasma membrane of animal cells as a mosaic of components such as phospholipids proteins cholesterol and carbohydrates. (pages.dev)
The cell membrane is made up of mainly lipids and proteins along with the presence of carbohydrate moiety attached to these lipids and proteins. (pages.dev)
The cell membrane is populated with proteins lipids and carbohydrates. (pages.dev)
Membrane lipid composition influences the localisation of membrane proteins and regulates their activity. (edu.au)
The hundreds of chemically distinct lipids within cell membranes phase-separate to form microdomains that impact the localisation and interactions of membrane proteins. (edu.au)
Lipids and proteins in biological membranes are arranged in a mosaic of domains in the membrane. (csic.es)
They arise from the complex interactions of the heterogeneous mixtures of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins that make up all biological membranes. (csic.es)
Moreover, brain lipids play a key role in the generation and neurotoxicity of amyloidogenic proteins involved in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. (elsevier.com)
We conclude that cholesterol in the membrane is essential for CCR5 signalling via the Gai G-protein subunit, and that integrity of lipid rafts is not essential for effective CCR5 internalisation however it is crucial for proper CCR5 signal transduction via Gai G-proteins. (uea.ac.uk)
Likewise, fruits harvested in the sunny side of trees had a extra speedy accumulation of MDA, PCG, and IL during 35 days of cold storage.Horticulturae 2021, 7,ten ofHorticulturae 2021, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEWThe modify in lipids and proteins in cell membranes resulting from cold storage tension terminated ten of 11 MDA and PCG accumulation. (amparinhibitor.com)
Because oxidizing conditions rapidly destroy DNA, RNA, proteins, and cell membranes, evolutionists proposed that Earth's early environment had a reducing atmosphere with very little or zero oxygen. (icr.org)
An E-MAP measuring the growth of 142'108 double mutants generated by systematically crossing 543 hypomorphic or deletion alleles in genes encoding multispan membrane proteins, both on media with or without an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, was generated. (unifr.ch)
In vitro experiments using inverted membrane vesicles prepared from MPIase-depleted strains, and liposomes containing MPIase showed that MPIase is required for insertion of a subset of membrane proteins, which has been thought to be SecYEG-independent and YidC-dependent. (frontiersin.org)
Also, SecYEG-dependent substrate membrane proteins require MPIase in addition. (frontiersin.org)
MPIase not only cooperates with these factors but also has a molecular chaperone-like function specific to the substrate membrane proteins through direct interaction with the glycan chain. (frontiersin.org)
Thus, MPIase catalyzes membrane insertion by accepting nascent membrane proteins on the membrane through its chaperone-like function, i.e., direct interaction with the substrate proteins, and then MPIase functionally interacts with SecYEG and YidC for substrate delivery, and acts with PMF to facilitate and complete membrane insertion when necessary. (frontiersin.org)
Proteins destined to be embodied into the biological membrane or to be exported across the membrane require a specific mechanism to reach the destination to exert their function at the proper location. (frontiersin.org)
His studies on membrane translocation of presecretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) led to the proposal of the "signal hypothesis" to explain how proteins reach their final destinations ( Blobel and Dobberstein, 1975 ). (frontiersin.org)
Ribosomes-nascent chain complex (ribosomes with nascent polypeptides emerging from the ribosomes) then interacts with the protein-conducting channel (the Sec61 complex) on the ER membrane and deliver the nascent chains of precursor proteins into the channel co-translationally ( Zito and Oliver, 2003 ). (frontiersin.org)
The "signal hypothesis" can explain the molecular mechanism of membrane integration of hydrophobic membrane proteins. (frontiersin.org)
The general topic of the meeting is the interaction of synthetic polymers, nanoparticles, surfactants, proteins, small biomolecules with biological and model phospholipid membranes (check our web site ). (itn-snal.net)
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles secreted by all cells, circulate at high levels, and convey nucleic acids, peptide/proteins, lipids. (selectbiosciences.com)
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is an enveloped virus, meaning that its genetic material is packed inside an outer layer (envelope) of proteins and lipids. (cdc.gov)
called peripheral membrane proteins. (freezingblue.com)

However, in combination with other lipids and carotenoids/chlorophylls of thylakoid membranes, they too conform together as lipid bilayers. (wikipedia.org)
liposomal structures formed by total lipid extract of thylakoid membranes have been found sensitive to sucrose as it turns bilayers into micellar structures. (wikipedia.org)
Many molecules interact with lipid bilayers and lead to structural and functional changes. (rsc.org)
We studied the effect of ethanol, diethyl ether and isoflurane on the water distribution in lipid bilayers by combining all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and neutron diffraction experiments. (rsc.org)
Only lipids with choline headgroups (DPhPC) were found to form stable lipid bilayers in oriented samples, while DPhPG, DPhPE and DPhPS display non-lamellar structures. (enamine.net)
The direct visualization and quantification of interactions of single ENTH molecules with supported lipid bilayers is achieved using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) with a time resolution of 13 ms. This enables the recording of the kinetic behavior of ENTH interacting with membranes with physiologically relevant concentrations of PtdIns(4,5)P 2 despite the low effective binding affinity. (syr.edu)
The trick is that as the oil is removed the remaining lipids form monolayers at the oil-water interfaces which zip together to form bilayers and therefore lipid membranes. (nature.com)
b Molecular dynamics simulations of PS-NH 2 (16 nm) uptake by the mimic membrane bilayers. (biomedcentral.com)
Phase separation in lipid bilayers that include negatively charged lipids is examined experimentally. (tau.ac.il)
In silico study of levodopa in hydrated lipid bilayers at the atomistic level ( Grigorios Megariotis, Nikolaos Romanos, Aggelos Avramopoulos. (grnet.gr)

The three major classes of membrane lipids are phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. (wikipedia.org)
The heads of phospholipids are phosphorylated and they consist of either: Glycerol (and hence the name phosphoglycerides given to this group of lipids), or Sphingosine (e.g. sphingomyelin and ceramide). (wikipedia.org)
Synthetic diphytanoyl phospholipids are often used as model membranes for electrophysiological experiments. (enamine.net)
Metallation lowers their total charge and provides a redox center for the formation of radicals that can convert unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) into membrane-destabilizing oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs). (elsevier.com)
Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. (liu.edu)
This affects membrane properties as fatty acids are important constituents of phospholipids, which comprise many membranes. (news-medical.net)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are important as constituents of the phospholipids and form the membranes of the cells. (news-medical.net)
Sterols interact with phospholipids to stiffen and impermeabilize the membrane. (news-medical.net)
Lipids belong to a family of organic compounds which includes fats, vegetable oils, waxes, cholesterol , phospholipids, steroids, and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). They are formed by either or both carbanion-based condensation of thioesters and carbocation-based condensation of isoprene units. (wikibooks.org)
The amount of each depends upon the type of cell but in the majority of cases phospholipids are the most abundant often contributing for over 50 of all lipids in plasma membranes. (pages.dev)
The nanoparticles were incubated with or without a lipid mixture containing phospholipids in fatty acids. (biomedcentral.com)
It is a valuable tool for advanced graduate students and researchers who are interested in exploring lipid biology in more detail, and includes overviews of lipid biology in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, while also providing fundamental background on the subsequent descriptions of fatty acid synthesis, desaturation and elongation, and the pathways that lead the synthesis of complex phospholipids, sphingolipids, and their structural variants. (medicalstudyzone.com)
Barrier defects are often manifested by phospholipids present in the outer leaflet of this membrane that take up space normally occupied by lipopolysaccharide. (princeton.edu)
The decrease in cell elongation and the increase in lateral cell divisions, which are partially responsible for this syndrome, were correlated with a decrease in the tree fatty acids and in the phospholipids of the membranes of microsomal fractions of first and second internodes of mechanically stimulated plants. (agri.gov.il)
The factors inducing hardening against frost and drought, as achieved by mechanical perturbation and Ethrel treatment, are not only related to sterols or the polar head‐groups of phospholipids but may also be related to the protein components, and all may have an effect on the fluidity of a bilayer membrane model. (agri.gov.il)
Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed between the lipid bilayer of plasma membranes in which phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is confined to the inner leaflet. (jbc.org)
Phospholipids are an unique type of lipid (fat) that creates a part of every cell membrane layer as well as helps to regulate particles as well as ions passing in and also out of the cell. (kiaavto.com)
Measuring levels of fatty acids, phospholipids, and sterols in erythrocyte membranes may help predict which ultra-high-risk (UHR) individuals will experience conversion to full psychosis, new research suggests. (medscape.com)
Although analyzing individual lipids, such as linoleum acid, or phospholipids was somewhat predictive of conversion, it was only when all three groups were examined together that the researchers were able to significantly predict psychosis conversion. (medscape.com)
Additionally, krill oil is rich in phospholipids, which allow it to integrate more easily into blood cell membranes. (urbinopressaward.org)

Lipids are the primary molecules that build life - structurally by forming cell membranes, and mechanistically by regulating every aspect in cell metabolism. (tu-dresden.de)
Maria Fedorova's group "Lipid metabolism: analysis and integration" explores the complexity and dynamics of natural lipidomes and combines high resolution mass spectrometry and bioinformatics. (tu-dresden.de)
However, there is a gap in knowledge about how altered lipid metabolism is mechanistically linked to respiratory bacterial infections in CF, e.g. colonisation and biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). (southampton.ac.uk)
Dysregulated lipid metabolism is a prominent feature of prostate cancer that is driven by androgen receptor (AR) signaling. (garvan.org.au)
Using biochemical and physiological techniques, the erythrocytes of this patient were investigated to gain an insight into the relationship between the abnormalities of lipid metabolism and erythrocyte membrane fragility. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
Various disorders of lipid metabolism have characteristic patterns of organ involvement and clinical history, depending on the particular substrate that is stored. (medscape.com)
The present invention relates to a food, a drug and a feed which have lipid metabolism improving activity or anti-obesity activity. (justia.com)
The term lipid metabolism refers to the in vivo process of catabolism (decomposition) and anabolism (accumulation) of lipids, which are mainly triglycerides derived from food, and is intended to include, in the broad sense, reactions for transforming lipids into energy, biosynthesis of fatty acids, biosynthesis of acylglycerol, phospholipid metabolism, and cholesterol metabolism. (justia.com)
Thus, a need exists for a development of an effective lipid metabolism improving agent. (justia.com)
As a result, a lipid metabolism abnormality sometimes occurs in these livestock, poultry and cultivated fish. (justia.com)
However, there has been no report on lipid metabolism improving activity or anti-obesity activity thereof. (justia.com)
However, there has been no report on the above three compounds in respect of lipid metabolism improving activity or anti-obesity activity. (justia.com)
Ku happened at high concentrations just and didn't appear to be related to a primary inhibition of 5-LOX but instead because of a disruption of lipid rate of metabolism. (cancerhugs.com)

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of molecules involved in signal transduction across cell membranes and represent major targets in the development of novel drug candidates in all clinical areas. (hindawi.com)
The research of the Coskun lab focuses on membrane biochemistry in the context of cellular signaling, specifically lipid-protein interactions that they investigate with a variety of methods including protein biochemistry, structural biology and biophysics. (tu-dresden.de)
and membrane lipid-protein/drug interactions. (nhbs.com)
Multilayered or stacked lipid membranes are a common principle in biology and have various functional advantages compared to single-lipid membranes, such as their ability to spatially organize processes, compartmentalize molecules, and greatly increase surface area and hence membrane protein concentration. (tu-berlin.de)
In this report we show, by confocal analysis of indirect immunofluorescence, that the type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R), which belongs to the family of G-protein-coupled receptors, is expressed on the plasma membrane in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
By immunoelectron microscopy, canalicular vesicles were free of actin and of a 100 kDa canalicular membrane protein. (uab.edu)
Self-assembled lipid and membrane protein polyhedral nanoparticles. (ucdenver.edu)
Researchers collected diffraction data at the U.S. Department of Energy's Advanced Photon Source (APS) and examined the three-dimensional molecular interaction between the lipid-binding protein Ostreolysin A and sphingomyelin/cholesterol complexes. (berstructuralbioportal.org)
If you are at an chaired Perceval, the download biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins of the Grail( indivisible or other difference, you can link the protein cart to change a website across the lesson Climate for helpful or several husbands. (prosurv.com)
There is now considerable evidence that altered cell homeostasis, ranging from inflammatory processes to cancer, cause alterations in metabolic pathways which impact membrane lipid distributions, cell biophysical properties and membrane protein function. (edu.au)
In vitro resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein is associated with alterations in cytoplasmic membrane fluidity. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
In vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein-1 (tPMP-1) is influenced by cell membrane phospholipid composition and asymmetry. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Lipid membrane disruption was further observed after surface protein isolation in the larvae brain indicated significant changes in protein abundance. (scitechnol.com)
Depletion of cholesterol destroyed microdomains in the membrane and switched CCR5/G-protein coupling to a PTX-independent G-protein. (uea.ac.uk)
Mechanical perturbation induced an increase in the total microsomal protein and of membrane‐associated latent IDPase. (agri.gov.il)
The VPS13 protein family constitutes a novel class of bridge-like lipid transferases. (biotechmag.top)
The lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), protein oxidation (protein carbonyl Figure eight. (amparinhibitor.com)
Dowdy and his colleagues circumvent the problem by using the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) TAT protein, which can cross cell membranes. (the-scientist.com)
Biochemical characterization of some other genetic interactions shows that Cst26 is the enzyme mainly responsible for the introduction of saturated very long chain fatty acids into phosphatidylinositol and that the GPI lipid remodelase Cwh43, responsible for introducing ceramides into GPI anchors having a C26:0 fatty acid in sn-2 of the glycerol moiety can also use lyso-GPI protein anchors and various base resistant lipids as substrates. (unifr.ch)
While various factors involved in protein integration, such as SRP, SecYEG and YidC, are proteinaceous, we identified a glycolipid named MPIase (Membrane Protein Integrase), which is present in the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli . (frontiersin.org)
After insertion into the ER membrane, the signal sequence is cleaved off by a signal peptidase to give a mature protein. (frontiersin.org)
The hydrophobic transmembrane (TM) regions of nascent chain of a membrane protein are recognized by SRP through the interaction with the TM regions, the protein then being transported to the ER membrane via the SR. The process prevents aggregation of hydrophobic TM domain of nascent protein in the hydrophilic environment of cytoplasm. (frontiersin.org)
Taurursodiol recovers mitochondrial bioenergetics deficits through several mechanisms, including by preventing translocation of the Bax protein into the mitochondrial membrane, thus reducing mitochondrial permeability and increasing the cell's apoptotic threshold. (medscape.com)
protein_coding" "AAC76562","bcsF","Escherichia coli","DUF2636 family cellulose production small membrane protein [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
If replicated, clinicians would then "need to consider adding these lipid predictors to protein predictors," such as the proteomic biomarkers identified in a recent study published in JAMA Psychiatry , said Cotter, who was not involved with the research. (medscape.com)
We also utilize a selection of model membrane systems, to which we anchor cytoskeletal elements and other membrane-transforming protein machineries. (mpg.de)
The cell consists of a permeable cell membrane, DNA, protein factories called ribosomes, and a protective outer cell wall. (si.edu)
An essential periplasmic protein coordinates lipid trafficking and is required for asymmetric polar growth in mycobacteria. (nature.com)
plasma membrane of the cell, the heavy chain is called an integral membrane protein. (freezingblue.com)
We will discuss fluorescence as a general language used to read out biological phenomena as diverse as protein localization, membrane tension, surface phenomena, and enzyme activity. (coursera.org)

We use analytical, biochemical, biophysical and computational methods on one hand, and disease model systems and clinical cohorts on the other to comprehend lipid function, dysfunction, and interaction with other molecules. (tu-dresden.de)
The potency of anesthesia was directly linked to the partitioning of the drug molecules in cell membranes by Meyer and Overton. (rsc.org)
The amount of intramembrane water molecules was experimentally determined by selectively deuterium labeling lipids, anesthetic drug and water molecules in neutron diffraction experiments. (rsc.org)
Four additional water molecules per lipid were observed in the presence of ethanol. (rsc.org)
Here, we aim to provide a summary of what is known about the polar lipid composition in Streptomyces, the biosynthetic pathways of polar lipids, and to highlight current gaps in understanding function, dynamics and biosynthesis of these essential molecules. (duke.edu)
Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are interorganellar connections that allow for the direct exchange of molecules, such as lipids or Ca2+ between organelles, but can also serve to tether organelles at specific locations within cells. (cas.cz)
Sphingolipids are more abundant in the plasma membrane than in organelles, and are proposed, together with cholesterol, as main players in the lateral segregation of membrane molecules into domains such as lipid rafts. (uvigo.es)
Unlike other biological molecules that are comprised of relatively few components, lipids are complex. (news-medical.net)
Their biosynthesis involves numerous biochemical transformations, generating vast quantities of lipid molecules. (news-medical.net)
[1] Although lipids are amphiphatic molecules (containing both components of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions within the molecule), lipids are generally hydrophobic due largely in part to their large proportion of hydrocarbons to polar regions (due to oxygen containing functional groups). (wikibooks.org)
Additional biological functions include: constructing cell membranes, storing energy, and as signaling molecules. (wikibooks.org)
Typically only small molecules can cross the lipid membrane surrounding the cell. (the-scientist.com)

First, we quantify through dye leakage experiments the permeabilization of the apo- and holo-forms of P1 on model membranes containing a fixed ratio of anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine (PC) but varying amounts of Aldo-PC, an OxPL derived from the degradation of several UFAs. (elsevier.com)
Furthermore, model membranes richer in cholesterol take up EL more slowly, and cell cholesterol enrichment of HL60 cells counteracts EL biophysical membrane interaction, but not toxicity, in our experimental model. (elsevier.com)
In this study, we model the first ever full-length structures of the four human homologs VPS13A, VPS13B, VPS13C, and VPS13D in association with model membranes, to investigate their lipid transfer ability and potential structural association with membrane leaflets. (biotechmag.top)

Experiments with large unilamellar dioleoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles were carried out in order to study the effect of membrane potential on the fluorescence of Oxonol VI. (uni-konstanz.de)
Oxonol VI was found to be suitable for detecting changes of membrane potential associated with the activity of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in reconstituted vesicles. (uni-konstanz.de)
The majority of these vesicles were affixed to the luminal side of the canalicular membrane. (uab.edu)
The production of giant unilamellar vesicles by microfluidics commonly involves additives, which may interfere with the resultant membrane properties. (nature.com)
Cartoon of how microfluidics is used to form lipid vesicles (left), and how we can increase their complexity towards building synthetic cells by encapsulating various (bio)materials (right). (nature.com)
The algorithm is able to simulate the macroscopic experiments performed with lipid vesicles to assess the ion-transport ability of the synthetic transporters following a non-electrogenic uniport mechanism. (unica.it)
Molecular dynamic simulations of the vesicles were used to establish the relationship between membrane morphology and averaged cryo-EM images. (osti.gov)

Measurements of HNE and/or stable metabolites in biological fluids are already applied as lipid peroxidation/oxidative stress markers in a huge number of human disease processes, often sustained by inflammatory reactions. (nih.gov)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Effects of oxygen on ferrous sulphate induced lipid peroxidation in liposomal membrane. (who.int)
Ultraviolet radiation can cause peroxidation of lipids in cellular membranes, leading to generation of free radicals, which could stimulate melanocytes to produce excess melanin. (medscape.com)
Further study of reactive oxygen species was conducted using analysis of cellular H2O2 generation, lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes and DNA damage. (cdc.gov)
The ultrafine particles also caused significant increases in H2O2 production by monocytes and lipid peroxidation. (cdc.gov)

Significant differences in lipid composition were detected and spatially visualized in tumors compared to matched benign samples. (garvan.org.au)
Significant associations between lipid profile and malignancy were validated in unmatched samples, and phospholipid composition was characteristically altered in patient tissues that responded to AR inhibition. (garvan.org.au)
Subsequent single fluorophore tracking permits us to build up distributions of residence times and to measure ENTH dissociation rates as a function of membrane composition. (syr.edu)
The composition of the cell membrane is tightly controlled in normal cellular function. (edu.au)
Using data derived from mass spectrometry and other experimental approaches, this project will use multiscale simulation techniques to examine how changes in lipid membrane composition in cancer and other disease states impacts drug uptake. (edu.au)
These domains represent small-scale heterogeneities in composition, shape and fluidity within the plane of the membrane, over the range of hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers. (csic.es)
These findings indicate that normochromic anemia of the patient might be caused by erythrocyte fragility resulting from decreased deformity and/or abnormal shape of the cells due to abnormal lipid composition in the membrane. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
The objective of our research is to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms whereby intracellular membrane lipid composition regulates lipid and. (harvard.edu)

Plasma membrane and lysosomal localization of CB1 cannabinoid receptor are dependent on lipid rafts and regulated by anandamide in human breast cancer cells. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
We found that CB1R is associated with cholesterol- and sphyngolipid-enriched membrane domains (rafts). (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Interestingly binding of the agonist, anandamide (AEA) also impairs DRM-association of the receptor suggesting that the membrane distribution of the receptor is dependent on rafts and is possibly regulated by the agonist binding. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Alongside sphingolipids, sterols may form structures called lipid rafts which are implicated in signaling and membrane trafficking. (news-medical.net)
Finally, when DPPG (-) was added to a neutral ternary system of DOPC/DPPC/cholesterol (a conventional model of membrane rafts), a three-phase coexistence was produced. (tau.ac.il)
CCR5 has been shown to be targeted to cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich membrane microdomains termed lipid rafts or caveolae. (uea.ac.uk)
The entry of the virus into cells is conditioned by the "lipid rafts" where the virus with the ACE 2 receptors and others transmigrates for endocytosis. (comitatosanitarionazionale.it)
Engagement of GPI-linked CD48 contributes to TCR signals and cytoskeletal reorganization: a role for lipid rafts in T cell activation. (hcdm.org)

The length and the degree of unsaturation of FAs chains have a profound effect on membranes' fluidity. (wikipedia.org)
Plant thylakoid membranes maintain high fluidity, even at relatively cold environmental temperatures, due to the abundance of 18-carbon fatty acyl chains with three double bonds, linolenic acid, as has been revealed by 13-C NMR studies. (wikipedia.org)
Length and saturation of their fatty acid chains regulate fluidity and thickness of membranes. (uvigo.es)
Coincidently with the increase of lipid concentration in the culture medium, there was increase of lipid peroxide (LPO) and decrease of membrane fluidity (MF) in the smooth muscle cell (SMC). (heilpflanzen-welt.de)
The electron spin resonance technique with a fatty acid spin probe showed that the membrane fluidity was more elevated than that of normal cells in spite of the increase in cholesterol content and the cholesterol/ phospholipid ratio of the membrane of patient's erythrocytes. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)

7 The attachment of phospholipid anchors could facilitate the encapsulation with a lipid bilayer membrane for improved bioavailability. (rsc.org)
TRPM3 activity depends on the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P 2 ), but the molecular mechanism of activation by PI(4,5)P 2 is not known. (jbc.org)

Biological membranes are highly heterogeneous structures that are thought to use this heterogeneity to organize and modify the function of membrane constituents. (ku.edu)
Probing membrane organization, structure, and changes therein are crucial for linking structural metrics with function in biological membranes. (ku.edu)
Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that are essential for several biological functions, ranging from energy storage to cell signaling. (news-medical.net)
One common biological lipid is the fatty acid. (wikibooks.org)
We invite colleagues from experiments, theory and computer simulations working on membrane model systems and biological cells. (itn-snal.net)
In addition, they can modulate the biophysical properties of biological membranes. (cardiff.ac.uk)
Lipoprotein - definition, classification and involvement in the formation of biological membranes. (agrimoon.com)
Fatty acids and lipids : biological aspects / volume editors, Claudio Galli, Artemis P. Simopoulos, Elena Tremoli. (who.int)

Research on cellular membrane biosynthesis and turnover is lagging behind in Streptomyces compared to related organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (duke.edu)
However, some of the pathways for membrane lipid biosynthesis are still incomplete. (duke.edu)
2020/07/13 · converge on the outer membrane, specifically, lipid A biosynthesis and transport genes, porins, and efflux pump systems. (vdocuments.net)
English While most yeast enzymes for the biosynthesis of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and ergosterol are known, genes for several postulated transporters allowing the flopping of biosynthetic intermediates and newly made lipids from the cytosolic to the lumenal side of the membrane are still not identified. (unifr.ch)

By forming a double layer with the polar ends pointing outwards and the nonpolar ends pointing inwards membrane lipids can form a 'lipid bilayer' which keeps the watery interior of the cell separate from the watery exterior. (wikipedia.org)
The bilayer formed by membrane lipids serves as a containment unit of a living cell. (wikipedia.org)
Functional roles of lipids are in fact many: They serve as regulatory agents in cell growth and adhesion. (wikipedia.org)
Cholesterol also occurs naturally in other eukaryote cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
Cell membranes require high levels of cholesterol - typically an average of 20% cholesterol in the whole membrane, increasing locally in raft areas up to 50% cholesterol (- % is molecular ratio). (wikipedia.org)
A primary involvement of this aldehydic product of membrane lipid oxidation in inflammation-related events, as well as in regulation of cell proliferation and growth, in necrotic or apoptotic cell death, appears supported by its marked ability to modulate several major pathways of cell signaling and, consequently, gene expression. (nih.gov)
Hence, the membrane disruptive effects of P1 and its specificity for the anionic lipids found on pathogenic cell membrane surfaces are simultaneously optimized when it is metallated and the OxPL is present. (elsevier.com)
3. Cell membrane. (uvigo.es)
There are more than 1000 types of lipids distributed through the different membranes of an eukaryotic cell, with specific proportions depending on the membrane. (uvigo.es)
About 5 % of the genes of a cell are related to lipid synthesis. (uvigo.es)
Main lipid types in cell membranes. (uvigo.es)
G lycerophospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids in cell membranes, more than 70 % of membrane lipids. (uvigo.es)
Structure and types of the most abundant glycerophospholypids in cell membranes. (uvigo.es)
Glycolipids can be found mostly in animal cell membranes. (uvigo.es)
Outside of the cell membrane, sterols, particularly cholesterols, are precursor of bile acids, vitamin D and steroidal hormones. (news-medical.net)
The results improved current understanding of how these lipids interact to carry out regulatory functions vital for controlling many signaling processes within the cell such as regulating cholesterol synthesis and uptake. (berstructuralbioportal.org)
2019. "Molecular Discrimination Between Two Conformations of Sphingomyelin in Plasma Membranes," Cell 176 (5), 1040-53. (berstructuralbioportal.org)
Fats make up cell membranes store long term energymolecules. (pages.dev)
The lipids in cell membranes are highly polar but have dual characteristics. (pages.dev)
The cell membrane is an extremely pliable structure composed primarily of back-to. (pages.dev)
Since the cell membrane is mostly made of lipids only lipid soluble substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass through in this way. (pages.dev)
The cell membrane consists of three classes of amphipathic lipids. (pages.dev)
Biochemistry of Lipids: Lipoproteins and Membranes, Volume Six, contains concise chapters that cover a wide spectrum of topics in the field of lipid biochemistry and cell biology. (medicalstudyzone.com)
Also covered are sections on how bioactive lipids are involved in cell signaling with an emphasis on disease implications and pathological consequences. (medicalstudyzone.com)
Molecular interactions at the cell surface: role of glycoconjugates and membrane lipids in receptor recognition processes. (unipi.it)
PldA protects the OM barrier by both degrading mislocalized PLs and generating lipid second messengers that enable long-distance signaling that prompts the cell to restore homeostasis at a distant organelle. (princeton.edu)
IMPORTANCE The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is an effective permeability barrier that protects the cell from toxic agents, including antibiotics. (princeton.edu)
We have discovered a signaling mechanism that operates across the entire cell envelope used by the cell to detect these outer membrane defects. (princeton.edu)
Novel lipid-like peptoids can spontaneously form a membrane with similar properties to cell membranes found in nature. (materialstoday.com)
We herein demonstrated that once PtdSer was exposed on the cell surface of ATP11A −/− ATP11C −/− mouse T cell line (W3), its internalization to the inner leaflet of plasma membranes was negligible at 15 °C. (jbc.org)
W. H. GoldmannPhosphorylation of filamin (ABP-280) regulates the binding to the lipid membrane, integrin, and actinIn Cell Biol Int, volume 25, 2001. (fau.de)
The oxidized cell membrane compartment presented a considerable interaction at p 0.05 when the storage factors for instance time and fruit locations had been viewed as. (amparinhibitor.com)
The oxidized cell membrane compartment presented a substantial interaction at p 0.05 when the storage factors for instance time and fruit locations had been regarded. (amparinhibitor.com)
Nonetheless, fruits from SUN and SHA presented additional rapid accumulation and an increase in cell membrane permeability until the end with the cold storage period. (amparinhibitor.com)
Consequently, dysfunction within the cell membrane resulted in enhanced cell permeability till the finish with the experiment. (amparinhibitor.com)
Because glycosphingolipids are essential components of all cell membranes, inability to degrade these substances and their subsequent accumulation results in physiologic and morphologic alterations of specific tissues and organs that lead to characteristic clinical manifestations. (medscape.com)
Cholesterol is a crucial component of mammalian cell membranes that takes part in many vital processes. (softmat.net)
In contrast to expectations, we demonstrate that cholesterol can destabilize the membrane by creating a nanodomain around a perpendicularly embedded ultrashort carbon nanotube (CNT), and we show that cholesterol triggers the translocation of an ultrashort CNT through the cell membrane. (softmat.net)
LIPOGARD restores the lipid barrier and guarantees full cell membrane functionality. (dsm.com)
Such ligand-binding sites will be expected and then be successfully occupied by polar substances that usually do not easily combination cell buy Protopanaxatriol membranes, hence possibly deeming inositol phosphate binding storage compartments to become undruggable [23]. (immune-source.com)
Lipophilic drugs are able to penetrate though cell membranes, whereas water-soluble drugs penetrate through paracellular spaces, moving across the barrier by a combination of concentration-driven diffusion and convective volume flow along with water. (derangedphysiology.com)
material in a eukaryotic cell is called the nuclear membrane. (freezingblue.com)
K2 Zole Solution 100 ml contains Ketoconazole which works by damaging the fungal cell membranes that are essential for their survival as they prevent the entry of unwanted substances into the cells and stop the leakage of cell contents. (apollopharmacy.in)
The fungal cell membranes are essential for their survival as they prevent the entry of unwanted substances into the cells and stop the leakage of cell contents. (apollopharmacy.in)
K2 Zole Solution 100 ml destroys the fungal cell membranes and kills fungi. (apollopharmacy.in)

Specifically, sterols may eliminate this ability of membranes to transition. (news-medical.net)

The selected contributions to the meeting can be published in the web themed issue " Interaction of nano-objects with lipid membranes " in Soft Matter. (itn-snal.net)
Psychotropic drugs interaction with the lipid nanoparticle of COVID-19 mRNA therapeutics. (who.int)

As the download biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes Appendices found themselves led with immediately the sure group and there later the real-time women, the canvas of using the exceeding network learners to classify certain 1960s as Thomas Paine's 10 performance began anywhere an such one. (prosurv.com)
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In this blog post, we are going to share a free PDF download of Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes 6th Edition PDF using direct links. (medicalstudyzone.com)
Now before that we move on to sharing the free PDF download of Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes 6th Edition PDF with you, here are a few important details regarding this book which you might be interested. (medicalstudyzone.com)

M embrane lipids show a hydrophobic domain toward the inner part of the membrane and a hydrophilic domain toward the aqueous environment. (uvigo.es)
Fatty acids constitute the inner hydrophobic (water phobia or water flee) part of membranes. (uvigo.es)
The height of the hydrophobic barrier formed by a,monolayer of archaebacterial lipids is similar to that in conventional fluid bilayer membranes, and the permeability barrier width is comparable to that formed by a bilayer of C16 lipid chains. (unical.it)
This approach enables resolution of the local thickness of the hydrophobic membrane core at the 1 nm length scale. (osti.gov)
The thickness of the hydrophobic core of the pNeh-b-pNpm membranes increases linearly with the length of the hydrophobic block. (osti.gov)

The lectures will focus on fundamentals and applications of lipid membranes with deep insights into the membrane biophysics. (itn-snal.net)

This cutting-edge volume provides protocols for studying the structure and function of membrane lipids. (nhbs.com)

The Center for Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research was founded in summer 2021 and is currently under development (as of May 2022). (tu-dresden.de)

Here, a supramolecular assembly of a multilayered lipid membrane system is reported in which poly-l-lysine electrostatically links negatively charged lipid membranes. (tu-berlin.de)
In the presence of an inside-positive membrane potential, the negatively charged dye accumulates in the intravesicular aqueous space according to a Nernst equilibrium. (uni-konstanz.de)

The branched chains in diphytanoyl lipids provide membranes with unique properties, such as high chemical/physical stability, low water permeability, and no gel-to-fluid phase transition at ambient temperature. (enamine.net)
Improved mitochondrial (external) membrane permeability could be induced by different stimuli and carried out by different systems. (cancerhugs.com)

GPCRs regulate physiological responses to a variety of stimuli that include endogenous ligands such as biogenic amines, peptides, glycoproteins, lipids, nucleotides, Ca 2+ ions, and various exogenous ligands for sensory perception such as odorants, pheromones, and even photons. (hindawi.com)
These characteristic features must therefore be taken into consideration, both, in electrophysiological studies, and when interpreting the structural behaviour of membrane-active peptides in such lipid environment. (enamine.net)

At our weekly group meetings, the question of how much these additives would affect the biophysical properties membranes often came up. (nature.com)

To conclude the book, the authors present new ideas that can drive innovative therapeutic strategies based on the knowledge of the role of lipids in brain disorders. (elsevier.com)

A consequence of having odd number of transmembrane passes is that the amino and carboxy terminals are localized on opposite sides of the cellular membrane. (hindawi.com)

Notably, tumors featured higher proportions of monounsaturated lipids overall and elongated fatty acid chains in phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine lipids. (garvan.org.au)
Each double bond makes a permanent bend in the fatty acid chain and, although rotation of these chains is restricted, the increase of unsaturated fatty acids makes membranes more fluid because the lipids are more separated between each other. (uvigo.es)
Corresponding to FadB impact on lipid remodeling, membrane fatty acid analyses showed that the snoD mutant contained more short chain anteiso-, but fewer short chain iso-branched chain fatty acids under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions vs. the parental strain. (helmholtz-hzi.de)

Hence, the experimental temperature and hydration are crucial factors when using supported diphytanoyl lipids, as both parameters must be maintained in an appropriate range to avoid the formation of non-bilayer structures. (enamine.net)
The diversity of lipids is reflected in the variety of natural structures. (news-medical.net)
We observed phase-separated structures and determined the membrane miscibility temperatures in several binary and ternary lipid mixtures of unsaturated neutral lipid, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), saturated neutral lipid, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), unsaturated charged lipid, dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG (-) ), saturated charged lipid, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG (-) ), and cholesterol. (tau.ac.il)
The aim of this book is to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of brain lipid structures, and to explain the roles of these lipids in synaptic function, and in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob's and Parkinson's. (elsevier.com)
For years numerous reports have been focused on this area to establish a comprehensive understanding of membrane structures. (itn-snal.net)

For example, phosphatidylcholine accounts for more than 50 % of the lipids of the eukaryote membranes. (uvigo.es)
For comparison, similar measurements have been carried out on aqueous dispersions of diacyl reference lipid dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and also of diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine, which has methyl-branched chains. (unical.it)
At a mole ratio of 1:2, the tetraether P2 lipids mix well with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine lipids and stabilize conventional bilayer membranes. (unical.it)
In the membrane lipids of the patient's erythrocytes, cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine increased, and phosphatidylethanolamine decreased. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
We have demonstrated that Aβ binds to the phosphatidylcholine membrane in the lamellar gel phase but not in the liquid crystalline phase by using fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. (elsevier.com)
Tightly packed phosphatidylcholine membranes appear to serve as a platform for non-electrostatic binding and self-association of Aβ.We have also examined Zn (II) and Cu (II) binding modes of Aβ by Raman spectroscopy. (elsevier.com)

Here, we describe the membrane interactions of the interfacial epsin N-terminal homology (ENTH) domain with its target lipid phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P 2 ). (syr.edu)
Blast-1 possesses a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchor, is related to LFA-3 and OX-45, and maps to chromosome 1q21-23. (hcdm.org)

Single-molecule fluorescence studies were used to measure membrane structure at the molecular level. (ku.edu)
Molecular dynamics simulations were also compared with the experimental results to probe the insertion of BODIPY-PC into membrane lipids. (ku.edu)
Molecular structure of some abundant sphingolipids of eukaryotic membranes. (uvigo.es)
Lipid storage disorders are a family of diverse diseases related by their molecular pathology. (medscape.com)

To evaluate whether these sturdy lipids are also suitable for solid-state NMR, we have examined their interactions with a typical amphiphilic peptide in comparison with straight-chain lipids. (enamine.net)
Biomacromolecules, (2014) Article ASAP DOI: 10.1021/bm501266x Marco Werner and Jens-Uwe Sommer We investigate adsorption and passive translocation of random amphiphilic copolymers interacting with a self-assembled lipid bilayer membrane. (softmat.net)

Some Conjectures about the download biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and of Printing on Western Society and Thought: A anesthetic Report( Full first-order). (prosurv.com)
comment in individual download biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and in journals, including in a particular key review of 5 Quarterly months. (prosurv.com)
Magna Carta and the download biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and of Nature,' 62 Loyola Law Review recent Comprehensive Brendan Brown Lecture). (prosurv.com)

Several lines of evidence suggest that physiologically abundant lipid membranes and metal ions are involved in this step. (elsevier.com)
Lipids are the most abundant organic compounds found in the brain, accounting for up to 50% of its dry weight. (elsevier.com)

We postulate that this secretion mechanism involves lumenal bile salt-induced vesiculation of lipid microdomains in the exoplasmic hemileaflet of the canalicular membrane. (uab.edu)

Components of plasma membranes are. (pages.dev)
ATP11A and ATP11C, type IV P-Type ATPases in plasma membranes, flip PtdSer from the outer to the inner leaflet, but involvement of other P4-ATPases is unclear. (jbc.org)

The session will cover a wide range of biochemical, biophysical and cellular approaches to study lipid signaling, in line with the organizers' approach for their successful ASBMB Lipid Research Division Seminar Series . (asbmb.org)
The biochemical basis of lipid storage disorders is well characterized and includes determining properties of enzymatic activities and various storage products. (medscape.com)
They have a very important role for the biochemical and physical properties of the membrane," Frajerman said. (medscape.com)

Most of membrane glycolipids , which are those containing sugar in the hydrophilic domain, are sphingolipids. (uvigo.es)
1, 2] Lipid substrates share a common structure, including a ceramide backbone (2-N-acyl-sphingosine), in which various sphingolipids are derived by substitution of hexoses, phosphorylcholine, or one or more sialic acid residues on terminal hydroxyl groups of the ceramide molecule. (medscape.com)

In synaptic membranes, brain lipids specifically interact with neurotransmitter receptors and control their activity. (elsevier.com)

The present report has described studies using a particular receptor--the TSH receptor--to raise questions concerned with the role of glycolipids and glycoproteins in receptor recognition events and the relevance of lipid modulation of these components in regard to their functional expression. (unipi.it)

Furthermore, lipids may work as second messengers , leaving membranes and diffusing to intracellular compartments to trigger cellular responses. (uvigo.es)

A new approach for characterizing the vesicle membrane morphology based on low-dose cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is described. (osti.gov)

Third, we show using oriented-sample 15 N solid-state NMR that the helical portion of P1 lies parallel to the bilayer surface in both lipid systems. (elsevier.com)

This will include an understanding of elasticity, membrane dynamics, phases and energetics and basic knowledge of measurement and simulation techniques. (itn-snal.net)

Membrane lipids are a group of compounds (structurally similar to fats and oils) which form the double-layered surface of all cells (lipid bilayer). (wikipedia.org)

A specific set of nomenclature, chemical representation, and a classification system are therefore necessary to not only comprehensively characterize lipids, but also enable bioinformatic databases, tools and methodologies to study their role on a systems-biology level. (news-medical.net)
Lipids have several functions in biology. (wikibooks.org)

In addition to reducing cholesterol, krill oil supplementation may reduce other lipid levels, such as phosphatidylserine and LDL cholesterol. (urbinopressaward.org)

Using atomic force microscopy, CV, and fluorescence microscopy it is deduced that quinones are able to diffuse between the stacked lipid membrane layers via defect sites where the lipid membranes are inter-connected. (tu-berlin.de)
This leads to an increased adsorption of dye to the inner lipid monolayer and to a concomitant increase of fluorescence. (uni-konstanz.de)
the whole influence of voltage on the fluorescence results from voltage-dependent partitioning of the dye between water and membrane. (uni-konstanz.de)

We hypothesise that an altered lipid profile in CF respiratory epithelial cells promotes PA colonisation and biofilm formation. (southampton.ac.uk)
Membrane-interactive ether lipids (EL) exert toxic and antiproliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro. (elsevier.com)
Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic pathogen that can utilize chitin as a carbon source, through its ability to produce chitin-degrading enzymes to digest chitin and membrane transporters to transport the degradation products (chitooligosaccharides) into the cells. (jbc.org)
In the treatise, Prof. Brera introduces the theory of relativity of virus entry into cells through an alteration of the membrane structure induced by cholesterol and the consequences, even fatal, of infection, due to atherosclerosis resulting in innate and adaptive immunity depression and an abnormal reaction induced by the immune phenotype to viral antigen stimuli. (comitatosanitarionazionale.it)
When epidermal cells age and become Keratins, which have only calcium and shell left, Lipids and Ceramides seep between them and bond them strongly. (kbeautyforarabs.com)

The outer membrane (OM) bilayer of Gram-negative bacteria is biologically unique in its asymmetrical organization of lipids, with an inner leaflet composed of glycerophospholipids (PLs) and a surface-exposed outer leaflet composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). (princeton.edu)
Outer membrane lipoprotein LolB [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)

Historically lipids were thought to merely serve a structural role. (wikipedia.org)
First, their phase properties were monitored using 31 P-NMR, and the structural behaviour of the antimicrobial peptide PGLa was studied by 19 F-NMR and circular dichroism in oriented membrane samples. (enamine.net)
Thus, peptide-induced membrane activity is boosted by properties intrinsic to the peptide (e.g., charge and structural changes associated with metallation) and bilayer (e.g., reversal of sn-2 chain due to oxidation). (elsevier.com)

Here pure lipid GUVs are prepared which exclude residual surfactants and other additives. (nature.com)
Cholesterol decreases the thickness and order of lipids and increases the fluctuations with respect to a pure lipid bilayer. (softmat.net)

Lipids are essential for membranes because they spatially organize in lipid bi-layers , i.e., cellular membranes, and can modulate membrane properties since there are more than 1000 different lipid species in eukaryote membranes. (uvigo.es)

Non-bilayer forming lipid like monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG) predominates the bulk lipids in thylakoid membranes, which when hydrated alone, forms reverse hexagonal cylindrical phase. (wikipedia.org)
This assembly is akin to that of interconnected thylakoid membranes or the folded lamella of mitochondria and has significant potential for mimicry in biotechnology applications such as energy production or biosensing. (tu-berlin.de)
Simultaneously, a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane is generated and drives the ATP synthase to produce ATP 3 . (nature.com)

This approach was used here to measure the orientation of fluorescent lipid analogs doped into Langmuir-Blodgett and bilayer films of DPPC and DPPC/sterol mixed monolayers. (ku.edu)

A taste sensor with a multichannel electrode was developed by using lipid membranes as a transducer of taste substances. (elsevier.com)
Part of the lipid is ionic and therefore dissolves in water whereas the rest has a hydrocarbon structure and therefore dissolves in nonpolar substances. (pages.dev)
When evaluating the plausibility of abiogenesis scenarios, it's critical to carefully consider the substances that would be needed for the formation of the first biomolecules: purines, pyrimidines, amino acids, sugars, and lipids. (icr.org)

Anatomy41

Organisms12

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs108

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes60

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture7

Information Science3

Health Care3

Formation of lipid-linked sugar compounds in Halobacterium salinarium. Presumed intermediates in glycoprotein synthesis. (1/4162)

Efficient binding of regulated secretory protein aggregates to membrane phospholipids at acidic pH. (2/4162)

Molecular dynamics on a model for nascent high-density lipoprotein: role of salt bridges. (3/4162)

Surface-induced polymerization of actin. (4/4162)

Polarization-modulated FTIR spectroscopy of lipid/gramicidin monolayers at the air/water interface. (5/4162)

Differences between the trypanosomal and human GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylases of glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor biosynthesis. (6/4162)

Interaction between terminal complement proteins C5b-7 and anionic phospholipids. (7/4162)

Nitric-oxide-induced apoptosis in human leukemic lines requires mitochondrial lipid degradation and cytochrome C release. (8/4162)

Membrane Lipids

Lipids

Cell Membrane

Lipid Metabolism

Membranes

Lipid Bilayers

Membrane Fluidity

Intracellular Membranes

Membranes, Artificial

Lipid A

Membrane Potentials

Erythrocyte Membrane

Lipid Peroxidation

Phospholipids

Phosphatidylcholines

Cell Membrane Permeability

Membrane Microdomains

Fatty Acids

Liposomes

Acholeplasma laidlawii

Cholesterol

Lipid Peroxides

Basement Membrane

Galactolipids

Temperature

Phosphatidylethanolamines

Membrane Transport Proteins

Phosphatidylglycerols

Microscopy, Electron

Protein Transport

Detergents

Protein Binding

Models, Biological

Cell Line

Membrane Glycoproteins

beta-Cyclodextrins

Diphenylhexatriene

Mitochondrial Membranes

Fatty Acids, Unsaturated

Sphingomyelins

Glyceryl Ethers

Glycolipids

Escherichia coli

Molecular Sequence Data

Phosphatidylserines

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Cell Fractionation

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Cells, Cultured

Synaptic Membranes

Fluorescent Dyes

Carrier Proteins

Mutation

Calcium

Fluorescence Polarization

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Erythrocytes

Kinetics

Amino Acid Sequence

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Freeze Fracturing

Bacterial Proteins

Time Factors

Chromatography, Thin Layer

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Octoxynol

Diffusion

Unilamellar Liposomes

Golgi Apparatus

Models, Molecular

Cardiolipins

Sphingolipids

Signal Transduction

Spectrometry, Fluorescence

Purple Membrane

Cattle

Fatty Acid Desaturases

Endocytosis

Filipin

Microscopy, Confocal