Membrane fusion. Medical search

The adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes.

Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells.

Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.

Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.

Proteins that catalyze MEMBRANE FUSION.

Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

A superfamily of small proteins which are involved in the MEMBRANE FUSION events, intracellular protein trafficking and secretory processes. They share a homologous SNARE motif. The SNARE proteins are divided into subfamilies: QA-SNARES; QB-SNARES; QC-SNARES; and R-SNARES. The formation of a SNARE complex (composed of one each of the four different types SNARE domains (Qa, Qb, Qc, and R)) mediates MEMBRANE FUSION. Following membrane fusion SNARE complexes are dissociated by the NSFs (N-ETHYLMALEIMIDE-SENSITIVE FACTORS), in conjunction with SOLUBLE NSF ATTACHMENT PROTEIN, i.e., SNAPs (no relation to SNAP 25.)

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The entering of cells by viruses following VIRUS ATTACHMENT. This is achieved by ENDOCYTOSIS, by direct MEMBRANE FUSION of the viral membrane with the CELL MEMBRANE, or by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane.

Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis (RENAL DIALYSIS), monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological CELL MEMBRANES. These membranes are also used in the process of GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.

A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.

A subfamily of Q-SNARE PROTEINS which occupy the same position as syntaxin 1A in the SNARE complex and which also are most similar to syntaxin 1A in their AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. This subfamily is also known as the syntaxins, although a few so called syntaxins are Qc-SNARES.

The semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. It is known as a red cell 'ghost' after HEMOLYSIS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A ubiquitous target SNARE protein that interacts with SYNTAXIN and SYNAPTOBREVIN. It is a core component of the machinery for intracellular MEMBRANE FUSION. The sequence contains 2 SNARE domains, one is the prototype for the Qb-SNARES, and the other is the prototype for the Qc-SNARES.

The GENETIC RECOMBINATION of the parts of two or more GENES resulting in a gene with different or additional regulatory regions, or a new chimeric gene product. ONCOGENE FUSION includes an ONCOGENE as at least one of the fusion partners and such gene fusions are often detected in neoplastic cells and are transcribed into ONCOGENE FUSION PROTEINS. ARTIFICIAL GENE FUSION is carried out in vitro by RECOMBINANT DNA technology.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A darkly stained mat-like EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) that separates cell layers, such as EPITHELIUM from ENDOTHELIUM or a layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The ECM layer that supports an overlying EPITHELIUM or ENDOTHELIUM is called basal lamina. Basement membrane (BM) can be formed by the fusion of either two adjacent basal laminae or a basal lamina with an adjacent reticular lamina of connective tissue. BM, composed mainly of TYPE IV COLLAGEN; glycoprotein LAMININ; and PROTEOGLYCAN, provides barriers as well as channels between interacting cell layers.

SNARE proteins where the central amino acid residue of the SNARE motif is an ARGININE. They are classified separately from the Q-SNARE PROTEINS where the central amino acid residue of the SNARE motif is a GLUTAMINE. This subfamily contains the vesicle associated membrane proteins (VAMPs) based on similarity to the prototype for the R-SNAREs, VAMP2 (synaptobrevin 2).

An annexin family member that plays a role in MEMBRANE FUSION and signaling via VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT CALCIUM CHANNELS.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

ATPases that are members of the AAA protein superfamily (ATPase family Associated with various cellular Activities). The NSFs functions, acting in conjunction with SOLUBLE NSF ATTACHMENT PROTEINS (i.e. SNAPs, which have no relation to SNAP 25), are to dissociate SNARE complexes.

A family of proteins involved in intracellular membrane trafficking. They interact with SYNTAXINS and play important roles in vesicular docking and fusion during EXOCYTOSIS. Their name derives from the fact that they are related to Unc-18 protein, C elegans.

SNARE binding proteins that facilitate the ATP hydrolysis-driven dissociation of the SNARE complex. They are required for the binding of N-ETHYLMALEIMIDE-SENSITIVE PROTEIN (NSF) to the SNARE complex which also stimulates the ATPASE activity of NSF. They are unrelated structurally to SNAP-25 PROTEIN.

Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus.

Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 41,000 and is glycosylated. The N-terminal part of gp41 is thought to be involved in CELL FUSION with the CD4 ANTIGENS of T4 LYMPHOCYTES, leading to syncytial formation. Gp41 is one of the most common HIV antigens detected by IMMUNOBLOTTING.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A neuronal cell membrane protein that combines with SNAP-25 and SYNAPTOBREVIN 2 to form a SNARE complex that leads to EXOCYTOSIS.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from INFLUENZA A VIRUS; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.

A subfamily of Q-SNARE PROTEINS which occupy the same position in the SNARE complex as the C-terminal SNARE domain of SNAP-25 and which also are most similar to the C-terminal region of SNAP-25 in their AMINO ACID SEQUENCE.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Preparation for electron microscopy of minute replicas of exposed surfaces of the cell which have been ruptured in the frozen state. The specimen is frozen, then cleaved under high vacuum at the same temperature. The exposed surface is shadowed with carbon and platinum and coated with carbon to obtain a carbon replica.

The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A synaptic membrane protein involved in MEMBRANE FUSION of SYNAPTIC VESICLES with the presynaptic membranes. It is the prototype member of the R-SNARE PROTEINS.

A subfamily of Q-SNARE PROTEINS which occupy the same position in the SNARE complex as the N-terminal SNARE domain of SNAP-25 and which also are most similar to the N-terminal region of SNAP-25 in their AMINO ACID SEQUENCE.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

The GENETIC TRANSLATION products of the fusion between an ONCOGENE and another gene. The latter may be of viral or cellular origin.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

A species of ALPHAVIRUS isolated in central, eastern, and southern Africa.

Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

Cell membranes associated with synapses. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

Vesicles derived from the GOLGI APPARATUS containing material to be released at the cell surface.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Vesicles that are involved in shuttling cargo from the interior of the cell to the cell surface, from the cell surface to the interior, across the cell or around the cell to various locations.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

A family of vesicular transport proteins characterized by an N-terminal transmembrane region and two C-terminal calcium-binding domains.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a serine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and serine and 2 moles of fatty acids.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Inhibitors of the fusion of HIV to host cells, preventing viral entry. This includes compounds that block attachment of HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 to CD4 RECEPTORS.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that play a key role in cellular secretory and endocytic pathways. EC 3.6.1.-.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

A genus of ciliate protozoa that is often large enough to be seen by the naked eye. Paramecia are commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

A species of ARENAVIRUS, part of the New World Arenaviruses (ARENAVIRUSES, NEW WORLD), causing Argentinian hemorrhagic fever. The disease is characterized by congestion, edema, generalized lymphadenopathy and hemorrhagic necrosis and is sometimes fatal.

Single membrane vesicles, generally made of PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

A family of RNA viruses causing INFLUENZA and other diseases. There are five recognized genera: INFLUENZAVIRUS A; INFLUENZAVIRUS B; INFLUENZAVIRUS C; ISAVIRUS; and THOGOTOVIRUS.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A subfamily of PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. Genera include RUBULAVIRUS; RESPIROVIRUS; MORBILLIVIRUS; HENIPAVIRUS; and AVULAVIRUS.

Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A vesicular transport protein expressed predominately in NEURONS. Synaptotagmin helps regulate EXOCYTOSIS of SYNAPTIC VESICLES and appears to serve as a calcium sensor to trigger NEUROTRANSMITTER release. It also acts as a nerve cell receptor for certain BOTULINUM TOXINS.

Condensed areas of cellular material that may be bounded by a membrane.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Biological properties, processes, and activities of VIRUSES.

The cap-like structure covering the anterior portion of SPERM HEAD. Acrosome, derived from LYSOSOMES, is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the required hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes necessary for sperm penetration of the egg in FERTILIZATION.

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

The binding of virus particles to receptors on the host cell surface. For enveloped viruses, the virion ligand is usually a surface glycoprotein as is the cellular receptor. For non-enveloped viruses, the virus CAPSID serves as the ligand.

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Protein-digesting and milk-clotting enzymes found in PINEAPPLE fruit juice and stem tissue. Enzymes from the two sources are distinguished as fruit bromelain and stem bromelain. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Glycoprotein from Sendai, para-influenza, Newcastle Disease, and other viruses that participates in binding the virus to cell-surface receptors. The HN protein possesses both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity.

The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

The membrane system of the CELL NUCLEUS that surrounds the nucleoplasm. It consists of two concentric membranes separated by the perinuclear space. The structures of the envelope where it opens to the cytoplasm are called the nuclear pores (NUCLEAR PORE).

Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents.

The GENETIC RECOMBINATION of the parts of two or more GENES, including an ONCOGENE as at least one of the fusion partners. Such gene fusions are often detected in neoplastic cells and are transcribed into ONCOGENE FUSION PROTEINS.

Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

A class I viral fusion protein that forms the characteristic spikes, or peplomers, found on the viral surface that mediate virus attachment, fusion, and entry into the host cell. During virus maturation, it is cleaved into two subunits: S1, which binds to receptors in the host cell, and S2, which mediates membrane fusion.

Interactive processes between the oocyte (OVUM) and the sperm (SPERMATOZOA) including sperm adhesion, ACROSOME REACTION, sperm penetration of the ZONA PELLUCIDA, and events leading to FERTILIZATION.

A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The thin layers of tissue that surround the developing embryo. There are four extra-embryonic membranes commonly found in VERTEBRATES, such as REPTILES; BIRDS; and MAMMALS. They are the YOLK SAC, the ALLANTOIS, the AMNION, and the CHORION. These membranes provide protection and means to transport nutrients and wastes.

A species of HENIPAVIRUS, closely related to HENDRA VIRUS, which emerged in Peninsular Malaysia in 1998. It causes a severe febrile VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS in humans and also encephalitis and RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS in pigs. Fruit bats (PTEROPUS) are the natural host.

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.

A species of RESPIROVIRUS also called hemadsorption virus 2 (HA2), which causes laryngotracheitis in humans, especially children.

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Octoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 120 kDa and contains numerous glycosylation sites. Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

A phosphoinositide present in all eukaryotic cells, particularly in the plasma membrane. It is the major substrate for receptor-stimulated phosphoinositidase C, with the consequent formation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol, and probably also for receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid 3-kinase. (Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS that causes encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers and is found in eastern and western Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is transmitted by TICKS and there is an associated milk-borne transmission from viremic cattle, goats, and sheep.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Structures which are part of the CELL MEMBRANE or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure.

A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; therapeutic dried yeast is YEAST, DRIED.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

Membrane-limited structures derived from the plasma membrane or various intracellular membranes which function in storage, transport or metabolism.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES obtained by their partial hydrolysis which removes one of the fatty acid moieties.

A genetically related subfamily of RAB GTP-BINDING PROTEINS involved in transport from the cell membrane to early endosomes. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

Protein-lipid combinations abundant in brain tissue, but also present in a wide variety of animal and plant tissues. In contrast to lipoproteins, they are insoluble in water, but soluble in a chloroform-methanol mixture. The protein moiety has a high content of hydrophobic amino acids. The associated lipids consist of a mixture of GLYCEROPHOSPHATES; CEREBROSIDES; and SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS; while lipoproteins contain PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and TRIGLYCERIDES.

Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (PARAGANGLIA, CHROMAFFIN) of the sympathetic nervous system.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.

A member of the vesicle associated membrane protein family. It has a broad tissue distribution and is involved in MEMBRANE FUSION events of the endocytic pathways.

Membrane fusion: structure snared at last. (1/3607)

The structure of the core of the neuronal 'SNARE complex', involved in neurotransmitter release, has been determined recently. Its topological similarity to viral fusion proteins suggests how the SNARE complex might facilitate membrane fusion. (+info)

Biophysical characterization of the structure of the amino-terminal region of gp41 of HIV-1. Implications on viral fusion mechanism. (2/3607)

A peptide of 51 amino acids corresponding to the NH2-terminal region (5-55) of the glycoprotein gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 was synthesized to study its conformation and assembly. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments indicated the sequence NH2-terminal to the leucine zipper-like domain of gp41 was induced into helix in the micellar solution, in agreement with circular dichroism data. Light scattering experiment showed that the peptide molecules self-assembled in water into trimeric structure on average. That the peptide molecules oligomerize in aqueous solution was supported by gel filtration and diffusion coefficient experiments. Molecular dynamics simulation based on the NMR data revealed a flexible region adjacent to the hydrophobic NH2 terminus of gp41. The biological significance of the present findings on the conformational flexibility and the propensity of oligomerization of the peptide may be envisioned by a proposed model for the interaction of gp41 with membranes during fusion process. (+info)

SNARE interactions are not selective. Implications for membrane fusion specificity. (3/3607)

The SNARE hypothesis proposes that membrane trafficking specificity is mediated by preferential high affinity interactions between particular v (vesicle membrane)- and t (target membrane)-SNARE combinations. The specificity of interactions among a diverse set of SNAREs, however, is unknown. We have tested the SNARE hypothesis by analyzing potential SNARE complexes between five proteins of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) family, three members of the synaptosome-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25) family and three members of the syntaxin family. All of the 21 combinations of SNAREs tested formed stable complexes. Sixteen were resistant to SDS denaturation, and most complexes thermally denatured between 70 and 90 degreesC. These results suggest that the specificity of membrane fusion is not encoded by the interactions between SNAREs. (+info)

Treatment of mouse oocytes with PI-PLC releases 70-kDa (pI 5) and 35- to 45-kDa (pI 5.5) protein clusters from the egg surface and inhibits sperm-oolemma binding and fusion. (4/3607)

The effect of phosphatidyinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) on mouse sperm-egg interaction was investigated in this study to determine if glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are involved in mammalian fertilization. When both sperm and zona-intact oocytes were pretreated with a highly purified preparation of PI-PLC and coincubated, there was no significant effect on sperm-zona pellucida binding; however, fertilization was reduced from 59.6% (control group) to 2.8% (treatment group). A similar reduction in fertilization rates was found when zona-intact oocytes were treated with PI-PLC and washed prior to incubation with untreated sperm. The effect of PI-PLC on sperm binding and fusion with zona-free oocytes was then investigated. Treatment of sperm with PI-PLC had no significant effect on sperm-egg binding or fusion. However, treatment of eggs with PI-PLC significantly reduced sperm-egg binding and fusion from 6.2 bound and 2.1 fused sperm per egg in the control group to 2.1 bound and 0.02 fused sperm per egg in the treatment group. This decrease in sperm-egg binding and fusion depended on the dose of PI-PLC employed, with a maximal inhibitory effect on binding and fusion at 5 and 1 U/ml, respectively. PI-PLC-treated oocytes could be artificially activated by calcium ionophore, demonstrating that the oocytes were functionally viable following treatment. Furthermore, treatment of oocytes with PI-PLC did not reduce the immunoreactivity of the non-GPI-anchored egg surface integrin, alpha6beta1. Taken together, these observations support the hypothesis that PI-PLC affects fertilization by specifically releasing GPI-anchored proteins from the oolemma. In order to identify the oolemmal GPI-anchored proteins involved in fertilization, egg surface proteins were labeled with sulfo-NHS biotin, treated with PI-PLC, and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by avidin blotting. A prominent high-molecular-weight protein cluster (approximately 70 kDa, pI 5) and a lower molecular weight (approximately 35-45 kDa, pI 5.5) protein cluster were released from the oolemmal surface as a result of PI-PLC treatment. It is likely that these GPI-anchored egg surface proteins are required for sperm-egg binding and fusion. (+info)

Genetic interactions between KAR7/SEC71, KAR8/JEM1, KAR5, and KAR2 during nuclear fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (5/3607)

During mating of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two nuclei fuse to produce a single diploid nucleus. Two genes, KAR7 and KAR8, were previously identified by mutations that cause defects in nuclear membrane fusion. KAR7 is allelic to SEC71, a gene involved in protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. Two other translocation mutants, sec63-1 and sec72Delta, also exhibited moderate karyogamy defects. Membranes from kar7/sec71Delta and sec72Delta, but not sec63-1, exhibited reduced membrane fusion in vitro, but only at elevated temperatures. Genetic interactions between kar7 and kar5 mutations were suggestive of protein-protein interactions. Moreover, in sec71 mutants, Kar5p was absent from the SPB and was not detected by Western blot or immunoprecipitation of pulse-labeled protein. KAR8 is allelic to JEMI, encoding an endoplasmic reticulum resident DnaJ protein required for nuclear fusion. Overexpression of KAR8/JEM1 (but not SEC63) strongly suppressed the mating defect of kar2-1, suggesting that Kar2p interacts with Kar8/Jem1p for nuclear fusion. Electron microscopy analysis of kar8 mutant zygotes revealed a nuclear fusion defect different from kar2, kar5, and kar7/sec71 mutants. Analysis of double mutants suggested that Kar5p acts before Kar8/Jem1p. We propose the existence of a nuclear envelope fusion chaperone complex in which Kar2p, Kar5p, and Kar8/Jem1p are key components and Sec71p and Sec72p play auxiliary roles. (+info)

Rat liver GTP-binding proteins mediate changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and organelle fusion. (6/3607)

The variety of mitochondrial morphology in healthy and diseased cells can be explained by regulated mitochondrial fusion. Previously, a mitochondrial outer membrane fraction containing fusogenic, aluminum fluoride (AlF4)-sensitive GTP-binding proteins (mtg) was separated from rat liver (J. D. Cortese, Exp. Cell Res. 240: 122-133, 1998). Quantitative confocal microscopy now reveals that mtg transiently increases mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi) when added to permeabilized rat hepatocytes (15%), rat fibroblasts (19%), and rabbit myocytes (10%). This large mtg-induced DeltaPsi increment is blocked by fusogenic GTPase-specific modulators such as guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), excess GTP (>100 microM), and AlF4, suggesting a linkage between DeltaPsi and mitochondrial fusion. Accordingly, stereometric analysis shows that decreasing DeltaPsi or ATP synthesis with respiratory inhibitors limits mtg- and AlF4-induced mitochondrial fusion. Also, a specific G protein inhibitor (Bordetella pertussis toxin) hyperpolarizes mitochondria and leads to a loss of AlF4-dependent mitochondrial fusion. These results place mtg-induced DeltaPsi changes upstream of AlF4-induced mitochondrial fusion, suggesting that GTPases exert DeltaPsi-dependent control of the fusion process. Mammalian mitochondrial morphology thus can be modulated by cellular energetics. (+info)

Liposomes fuse with sperm cells and induce activation by delivery of impermeant agents. (7/3607)

Sperm cell activation is a critical step in fertilization. To directly investigate the cell signaling events leading to sperm activation it is necessary to deliver membrane impermeant agents into the cytoplasm. In this study, the use of liposomes as possible agent-loading vectors was examined using (1) the octadecylrhodamine B (R18) and NBD phosphatidylethanolamine (NBD DHPE)/rhodamine phosphatidylethanolamine (rhod DHPE) fusion assays in bulk samples, (2) membrane transfer of fluorescence from liposome membranes labeled with R18 and rhodamine-tagged phosphatidylethanolamine (TRITC DHPE), and (3) lumenal transfer of impermeant calcium ions from liposomes to sperm cells, a process that stimulated sperm cell activation. Intermediate-sized unilamellar liposomes (98.17+/-15.34 nm) were prepared by the detergent-removal technique using sodium cholate as the detergent and a phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine/cholesterol (2:1:1 mole ratio) lipid composition. In the R18 fusion assays, self-quenching increased logarithmically with increasing concentrations of R18 in the liposome membranes; addition of unlabeled sperm to R18-labeled liposomes lead to a rapid release of self-quenching. In the NBD DHPE/rhod DHPE resonance energy transfer (RET) fusion assay, RET was rapidly reduced under similar conditions. In addition, individual sperm became fluorescent when TRITC DHPE-labeled liposomes were incubated with unlabeled sperm cells. Incubation of sperm cells with empty liposomes did not significantly affect sperm cell activation and did not alter cell morphology. However, incubation with Ca (10 mM)-loaded liposomes resulted in a time-dependent increase in sperm cell activation (7.5-fold over controls after 15 min). We conclude that liposomes can be used for direct loading of membrane-impermeant agents into sea squirt sperm cell cytoplasm, and that delivery occurs via fusion and content intermixing. (+info)

Effects of double-site mutations of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G on membrane fusion activity. (8/3607)

Site-directed mutagenesis of specific amino acids within a conserved amino-terminal region (H2) and a conserved carboxyl-terminal region (H10/A4) of the fusion protein G of vesicular stomatitis virus have previously identified these two segments as an internal fusion peptide and a region influencing low-pH induced conformational change, respectively. Here, we combined a number of the substitution mutants in the H2 and H10/A4 regions to produce a series of double-site mutants and determined the effect of these mutations on membrane fusion activity at acid pH and on pH-dependent conformational change. The results show that most of the double-site mutants have decreased cell-cell fusion activity and that the effects appeared to be additive in terms of inhibition of fusion, except for one mutant, which appeared to be a revertant. The double-site mutants also had pH optima for fusion that were lower than those observed with wild-type G but same as the pH optima for the parent fusion peptide (H2) mutants. The results suggest that although the H2 and H10/A4 sites may affect membrane fusion independently, a possible interaction between these two sites cannot be ruled out. (+info)

Interbilayer forces in membrane fusion Viral membrane fusion proteins Classification of viral fusion proteins in TCDB database ... not to be confused with chimeric or fusion proteins) are proteins that cause fusion of biological membranes. Membrane fusion is ... Domain 1 contains the catalytic site for membrane fusion. Class IV fusion proteins, better known as fusion-associated small ... which encode products involved in driving membrane fusion. While adult somatic cells do not typically undergo membrane fusion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_fusion_protein

Random fusion can result in severe problems to the normal functioning of the human body. Fusion of biological membranes is ... Membrane fusion is a key biophysical process that is essential for the functioning of life itself. It is defined as the event ... In living beings, cells are made of an outer coat made of lipid bilayers; which then cause fusion to take place in events such ... biological phenomena including folding and stabilization of macromolecules such as proteins and fusion of cell membranes. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbilayer_forces_in_membrane_fusion

Harrison, Stephen C. (May 2015). "Viral membrane fusion". Virology. 479-480: 498-507. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.043. PMC ... 33 Many spike proteins are membrane fusion proteins. Being exposed on the surface of the virion, spike proteins can be antigens ... Spike proteins are membrane proteins with typically large external ectodomains, a single transmembrane domain that anchors the ... S is a class I fusion protein and is responsible for mediating viral entry as the first step in viral infection. It is highly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_protein

Membrane Fusion Technique. Gulf Professional Publishing. July 1993. pp. 42-. ISBN 978-0-12-182122-7. Robert Blumenthal; Debi P ... "Dilation of the influenza hemagglutinin fusion pore revealed by the kinetics of individual cell-cell fusion events". Journal of ... "Sendai virus recruits cellular villin to remodel actin cytoskeleton during fusion with hepatocytes". Mol. Biol. Cell. 28 (26): ... "Initial stages of influenza hemagglutinin-induced cell fusion monitored simultaneously by two fluorescent events: cytoplasmic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debi_Prasad_Sarkar

Furthermore, IFITM proteins reduced membrane fluidity and affected membrane curvature to restrict viral membrane fusion with ... IFITM proteins inhibit viral membrane and cellular endosomal or lysosomal vesicle membrane fusion by modifying their lipid ... which in turn blocks viral membrane and vesicle membrane fusion. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000185885 - Ensembl, May ... Harrison, Stephen C (July 2008). "Viral membrane fusion". Nat Struct Mol Biol. 15 (7): 690-8. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1456. PMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFITM1

Morgan A, Burgoyne RD (November 2004). "Membrane traffic: controlling membrane fusion by modifying NSF". Current Biology. 14 ( ... as well as in the disassembly following a vesicle fusion event. Following membrane fusion, the tethering SNARE proteins complex ... The existence of these ATP primed vesicles for fusion at the pre-synaptic membrane is facilitated by the interactions of SNAP ... The suspected mechanism may involve priming of the SNARE-SNAP-NSF complex to increase vesicle fusion at the membranes, however ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluble_NSF_attachment_protein

Cevc, G; Richardsen, H (1993). "Lipid vesicles and membrane fusion". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 38 (3): 207-232. doi: ... protons can pass through some membranes), the drug will also be neutralized, allowing it to freely pass through a membrane. ... To deliver the molecules to a site of action, the lipid bilayer can fuse with other bilayers such as the cell membrane, thus ... By preparing liposomes in a solution of DNA or drugs (which would normally be unable to diffuse through the membrane) they can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome

Moss B (December 2016). "Membrane fusion during poxvirus entry". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 60: 89-96. doi: ... Protein synthesis allows for the ER membrane of the factory to dismantle, while small two lipid bilayer membranes will appear ... The monkeypox virus, like other poxviruses, is oval shaped, with a lipoprotein outer membrane. The outer membrane protects the ... Virus entry into the host cell plasma membrane is dependent on a neutral pH, otherwise entry occurs via a low-pH dependent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeypox_virus

Fusion with the plasma membrane; ribonucleocapsid is released in the cytoplasm. Sequential transcription, viral mRNAs are ... The ribonucleocapsid binds to the matrix protein and buds via the host ESCRT complexes occurs at the plasma membrane host ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaparamyxovirus

Cholesterol is also necessary for the Alphavirus to undergo fusion. This fusion of the endosomal membrane to the viral envelope ... The E1 gene is a membrane fusion protein that is important in viral entry and release. Together, E1 and E2 are the ... After being taken in through endocytosis, a low pH triggers a membrane fusion, which delivers the viral RNA genomes into the ... Kielian, Margaret; Chanel-Vos, Chantal; Liao, Maofu (2010-03-26). "Alphavirus Entry and Membrane Fusion". Viruses. 2 (4): 796- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelburg_virus

Receptor binding and membrane fusion. Attachment glycoprotein G is a tetrameric transmembrane domain protein that has a short ... All domains of the fusion protein are conserved by NiV, HeV, and GhV as the protein contains a fusion cleavage sequence, fusion ... The Fusion protein F is synthesized as an inactive precursor F0 form before being cleaved by cellular proteases into the active ... While HeV and NiV have strong fusion activity with a variety of host cells, GhV is restricted to a limited host range and only ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_bat_henipavirus

... has also been used to study membrane fusion, an essential event for viral infection and a wide range of biological ... The development of models to predict the mechanisms of membrane fusion will assist in the scientific understanding of how to ... This fusion involves conformational changes of viral fusion proteins and protein docking, but the exact molecular mechanisms ... "Model systems for membrane fusion". Chemical Society Reviews (review). 40 (3): 1572-1585. doi:10.1039/c0cs00115e. PMID 21152599 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[email protected]

... minimal machinery for membrane fusion". Cell. 92 (6): 759-72. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81404-x. PMID 9529252. Zemelman, BV; ... began working in the laboratory of James Rothman on SNARE proteins and their influence on the intracellular membrane fusion. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Zemelman

... minimal machinery for membrane fusion". Cell. 92 (6): 759-72. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81404-X. PMID 9529252. S2CID 5637048. ... SNARE proteins are the key components of the molecular machinery that drives fusion of membranes in exocytosis. Their function ... Bock JB, Scheller RH (October 1999). "SNARE proteins mediate lipid bilayer fusion". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (22): ... Fasshauer D, Sutton RB, Brunger AT, Jahn R (December 1998). "Conserved structural features of the synaptic fusion complex: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptobrevin

Exosomes are released eventually due to fusion of this endosome with plasma membrane of cell. Hijacking of exosomal machinery ... This forces the vesicle membrane against the membrane of the target complex (or the outer membrane of the cell) and causes the ... Papahadjopoulos D, Nir S, Düzgünes N (April 1990). "Molecular mechanisms of calcium-induced membrane fusion". Journal of ... It takes place in the form of Golgi membrane-bound micro-sized vesicles, termed membrane vesicles (MVs). In this process, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_vesicle_trafficking

Wilson DW, Whiteheart SW, Wiedmann M, Brunner M, Rothman JE (May 1992). "A multisubunit particle implicated in membrane fusion ... Hanson PI, Otto H, Barton N, Jahn R (July 1995). "The N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein and alpha-SNAP induce a ... Hanson PI, Otto H, Barton N, Jahn R (July 1995). "The N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein and alpha-SNAP induce a ... Hao JC, Salem N, Peng XR, Kelly RB, Bennett MK (March 1997). "Effect of mutations in vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX1A

... to the site of membrane fusion, thereby forming the 20S fusion complex. Alpha- and gamma-SNAP are found in a wide range of ... The 'SNARE hypothesis' is a model explaining the process of docking and fusion of vesicles to their target membranes. According ... Clary DO, Griff IC, Rothman JE (1990). "SNAPs, a family of NSF attachment proteins involved in intracellular membrane fusion in ... Wilson DW, Whiteheart SW, Wiedmann M, Brunner M, Rothman JE (1992). "A multisubunit particle implicated in membrane fusion". J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAPA_(gene)

VIR-576 is a synthesized peptide which binds to gp41, preventing fusion of the virus with a cell membrane. ITX5061 for ... Xiao, Tianshu; Cai, Yongfei; Chen, Bing (2021). "HIV-1 entry and membrane fusion inhibitors". Viruses. 13 (5): 735. doi:10.3390 ... Fusion Inhibitor Resource Center HIV+Fusion+Inhibitors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ( ... which approximates the membrane of HIV and the T cell and promotes their fusion The entry of the viral core into the cell Entry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entry_inhibitor

Fusion between the viral envelope (surrounding the viral capsid) and the cell membrane of the target cell is inhibited. This ... Umifenovir inhibits membrane fusion of influenza virus. Umifenovir prevents contact between the virus and target host cells. ... Boriskin YS, Leneva IA, Pécheur EI, Polyak SJ (2008). "Arbidol: a broad-spectrum antiviral compound that blocks viral fusion". ... Kadam, Rameshwar U.; Wilson, Ian A. (2017). "Structural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umifenovir

"Involvement of BNIP1 in apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum membrane fusion". The EMBO Journal. 23 (16): 3216-26. doi:10.1038/ ... "Topological restriction of SNARE-dependent membrane fusion". Nature. 407 (6801): 194-8. Bibcode:2000Natur.407..194P. doi: ... membranes from brefeldin A-treated HepG2 cells identifies ERGIC-32, a new cycling protein that interacts with human Erv46". The ... "Implication of ZW10 in membrane trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi". The EMBO Journal. 23 (6): 1267-78. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC22B

Consequently, to this fusion so called lomasome-like accumulations are visible. These lomasome-like structures are membrane- ... At the basal septum vesicle fusion is observable. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hülle_cell

These glycoproteins allow for attachment and fusion of viral and cellular membranes. Fusion of these membranes allows the viral ... Weissenhorn W, Dessen A, Calder LJ, Harrison SC, Skehel JJ, Wiley DC (1999). "Structural basis for membrane fusion by enveloped ... These viruses also contain proteins on the surface of the cell membrane called glycoproteins. Type A and B have two ... effect of influenza virus glycoproteins on the membrane association of M1 protein". J. Virol. 74 (18): 8709-19. doi:10.1128/jvi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_D_virus

... vesicle-associated membrane protein 7) form an active SNARE complex for early macropinocytic compartment fusion in ... "SNAREs contribute to the specificity of membrane fusion". Neuron. 26 (2): 457-64. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81177-0. PMID ... Antonin W, Holroyd C, Fasshauer D, Pabst S, Von Mollard GF, Jahn R (December 2000). "A SNARE complex mediating fusion of late ... Antonin W, Holroyd C, Fasshauer D, Pabst S, Von Mollard GF, Jahn R (December 2000). "A SNARE complex mediating fusion of late ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX7

... vesicle-associated membrane protein 7) form an active SNARE complex for early macropinocytic compartment fusion in ... "SNAREs contribute to the specificity of membrane fusion". Neuron. 26 (2): 457-64. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81177-0. PMID ... These function as the machinery for the homotypic fusion of late endosomes. Model organisms have been used in the study of STX8 ... Antonin W, Holroyd C, Fasshauer D, Pabst S, Von Mollard GF, Jahn R (Dec 2000). "A SNARE complex mediating fusion of late ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX8

It is an essential component of the high affinity receptor for the general membrane fusion machinery and is an important ... Mollinedo F, Lazo PA (Feb 1997). "Identification of two isoforms of the vesicle-membrane fusion protein SNAP-23 in human ... form a complex which serves as a binding site for the general membrane fusion machinery. Synaptobrevin/VAMP and syntaxin are ... a component of the membrane fusion machinery". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 11 (10): 3485-94. doi:10.1091/mbc.11.10.3485. PMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAP23

F-protein, as other paramyxoviral fusion proteins, is a trimeric class I viral membrane fusion protein. It is produced in the ... uses host cellular membrane lipid bilayer for viral capsid membrane formation. Binding to a host cell membrane of viral ... Two of SeV proteins: HA and F, after their binding directly to a cellular membrane, promote a cell-cell fusion, which leads to ... This cleavage promotes the fusion of the viral lipid envelope with the cell outer membrane. In the lipid envelope of the virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_respirovirus

... encode proteins that bind a syntaxin protein and mediate synaptic vesicle membrane docking and fusion to the plasma membrane. ... Scales SJ, Chen YA, Yoo BY, Patel SM, Doung YC, Scheller RH (2000). "SNAREs contribute to the specificity of membrane fusion". ... While the protein is mostly membrane-bound, a significant fraction of it is found free in the cytoplasm. Use of multiple ... This gene, a member of the SNAP25 gene family, encodes a protein involved in multiple membrane trafficking steps. Two other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAP29

1992). "A multisubunit particle implicated in membrane fusion". J. Cell Biol. 117 (3): 531-8. doi:10.1083/jcb.117.3.531. PMC ... Prekeris R, Klumperman J, Chen YA, Scheller RH (1998). "Syntaxin 13 mediates cycling of plasma membrane proteins via ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAPB

Nichols BJ, Pelham HR (Aug 1998). "SNAREs and membrane fusion in the Golgi apparatus". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - ... a novel essential factor for p97/p47-mediated membrane fusion, is required for Golgi and ER assembly in vivo". The Journal of ... "Distinct SNARE complexes mediating membrane fusion in Golgi transport based on combinatorial specificity". Proceedings of the ... "Implication of ZW10 in membrane trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi". The EMBO Journal. 23 (6): 1267-78. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX5

1992). "A multisubunit particle implicated in membrane fusion". J. Cell Biol. 117 (3): 531-8. doi:10.1083/jcb.117.3.531. PMC ... NAPG mediates platelet exocytosis and controls the membrane fusion events of this process. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... NSF and SNAPs (NSF attachment proteins) are general elements of the cellular membrane transport apparatus. The sequence of the ... 1992). "Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment proteins (SNAPs) bind to a multi-SNAP receptor complex in Golgi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAPG

"Mitelman Database of Chromosome Aberrations and Gene Fusions in Cancer". cgap.nci.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-27. Nathanson, ... "Oncogene Amplification in Growth Factor Signaling Pathways Renders Cancers Dependent on Membrane Lipid Remodeling". Cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mischel

There are some examples of pitch which do not have an "edge" on the basilar membrane, which this would account for-e.g., white ... "Binaural pitch fusion: Comparison of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplacusis

In five out of six occasions, pVII and pIX fusions without pelB was more efficient than pIII fusions in affinity selection ... Ff phages for phage display is that they require the protein of interest to be translocated across the bacterial inner membrane ... However, using pIII as the fusion partner can lead to a decrease in phage infectivity leading to problems such as selection ... In all cases, phage display levels were lower than using pIII fusion. However, lower display might be more favorable for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display

... and from this point a fine platinized platinum wire extends through the lumen of the tube and is held in place by fusion to a ... life processes of cell membranes, the importance of pH control, the role of iodine in human health, and specifically its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Francis_McClendon

... the ventral part of the cloacal membrane becomes the urogenital membrane. Mesoderm extends to the midventral line for some ... This fusion of the paramesonephric ducts begins in the third month, and the septum formed by their fused medial walls ... Even after differentiation can be seen between the sexes, some stages are common, e.g. the disappearing of the membrane. On the ... The remainder of the phallic portion is for a time tubular, and then, by the absorption of the urogenital membrane, it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_reproductive_system

Nd:glass lasers are usually frequency tripled to the third harmonic at 351 nm in laser fusion devices. Uranyl acetate has been ... Neodymium dust and salts are very irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes, and moderately irritating to skin. Breathing the ... These lasers have been used in extremely high-power applications, such as experiments in inertial confinement fusion. Neodymium ... multiple beam systems for inertial confinement fusion. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium

This causes the host cell membrane to protrude outward and invaginate the membrane of an adjacent cell. The bacteria are then ... For this reason, as well as to avoid phagolysosomal fusion and death, rickettsiae must escape from the phagosome. To escape ... This species of Rickettsia uses an abundant cell surface protein called OmpB to attach to a host cell membrane protein called ... "Rickettsial Outer-Membrane Protein B (rOmpB) Mediates Bacterial Invasion through Ku70 in an Actin, c-Cbl, Clathrin and Caveolin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever

The t(9;22) translocation results in the head-to-tail fusion of the BCR and ABL1 genes, leading to a fusion gene present in ... 3 domain-binding protein suggests a general mechanism of association of tyrosine kinases with the spectrin-based membrane ... This new fusion gene, BCR-ABL, encodes an unregulated, cytoplasm-targeted tyrosine kinase that allows the cells to proliferate ... This gene is a partner in a fusion gene with the BCR gene in the Philadelphia chromosome, a characteristic abnormality in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABL_(gene)

This is just as when water flow moves the rubber membrane, it increases the amount of water on one side of the membrane, and ... fusion research, and particle accelerators. Large capacitor banks (reservoir) are used as energy sources for the exploding- ... A capacitor is like a rubber membrane sealed inside a pipe. Water molecules cannot pass through the membrane, but some water ... The elasticity of the membrane is analogous to capacitance. A very stretchy, flexible membrane will expand more with a given ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor

Pallavi, B.; Nagaraj, R. (2003). "Palmitoylated peptides from the cysteine- rich domain of SNAP-23 cause membrane fusion ... Sitaram, N.; Nagaraj, R. (1999). "Interaction of antimicrobial peptides with biological and model membranes: structural and ... "Interaction of synthetic peptides corresponding to the scaffolding domain of Caveolin-3 with model membranes". Biopolymers. 84 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishnan_Nagaraj

S2 mediates the membrane fusion of the virus to its potential cell host via the H1 and HR2, which are heptad repeat regions. ... The largest droplets of respiratory fluid do not travel far, but can be inhaled or land on mucous membranes on the eyes, nose, ... The structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 include membrane glycoprotein (M), envelope protein (E), nucleocapsid protein (N), and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19

Mitosis is immediately followed by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two ... these fusions are fragments that contain a nuclear localization signal and ubiquitination sites for degradation, but are not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle

Fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane releases the viral core into the host cytoplasm. Expression of early- ... In this latter case, the virion is transported to the plasma membrane via microtubules. Natural hosts of orthopoxviruses are ... or can acquire a second membrane from the Golgi apparatus and bud as extracellular enveloped virions. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopoxvirus

Whether the virus enters specifically through endocytosis or membrane fusion is still not known in all cases; it is believed to ... The virus is transported to the Golgi apparatus and subsequently released from the cell's membrane The effects infection has ... Glycoprotein complexes embedded within the viral envelope of these viruses attach to receptors within the host cell's membrane ... allowing the budding of the newly formed virus through the inner lamella of the nuclear membrane to begin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranid_herpesvirus_1

In E. coli, DMSOR is embedded within the membrane and has three unique subunits, one of which includes the characteristic ... A study of lacZ fusions (reporter genes) to corresponding dorS, dorR, and dorC promoters concluded that expression of DorR and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMSO_reductase

Biomimetic interfaces comprised of S-layer proteins, lipid membranes and membrane proteins. J. R. Soc. Interface 11 (2014) ... S-layer fusion proteins - construction principles and applications. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 22(6) (2011) 824-831. Schuster, B., U. ... These results were also the basis for the production of large S-layer ultrafiltration membranes with strictly defined ... and lipid membranes including liposomes and emulsomes in the form of regular lattices. Due to their unique repetitive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_B._Sleytr

Fusion of myoblasts generates myotubes, in a process linked to androgen receptor levels. Higher androgen levels lead to ... Androgens have also been found to signal through membrane androgen receptors, which are distinct from the classical nuclear ... Lang F, Alevizopoulos K, Stournaras C (2013). "Targeting membrane androgen receptors in tumors". Expert Opin. Ther. Targets. 17 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

One model predicts that the vesicle undergoes complete fusion with the presynaptic cellular membrane once all its contents have ... It then must retrieve vesicular membrane from other sites which could take up to tens of seconds. The second model tries to ... Recycling of synaptic-vesicle membrane proteins is rapid, as indicated by the ability of many neurons to fire fifty times a ... as they do during endocytosis of plasma-membrane proteins in other cells (see Figure 17-46). Rather, the recycled vesicles are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_fatigue

... to a plasma membrane H+ gradient". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (43): 36239-50. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.403550. PMC ... identification of Na+/H+ exchanger domain containing 2 and its role in osteoclast fusion". Proteomics. 8 (13): 2625-39. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC9B2

Huang H, Ball JM, Billheimer JT, Schroeder F (1999). "The sterol carrier protein-2 amino terminus: a membrane interaction ... evidence for a gene fusion in SCPx". DNA Cell Biol. 10 (9): 695-8. doi:10.1089/dna.1991.10.695. PMID 1755959. Schroeder F, ... 1995). "Sterol carrier protein-2 stimulates intermembrane sterol transfer by direct membrane interaction". Chem. Phys. Lipids. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCP2

In the nuclear fusion process, the nuclear content mix together after the dissolution of the membranes of each nucleus, and ... The invagination of the plasma membrane of ascus generates the two unit membranes that consist of the ascus vesicle. Then ... Following nuclear fusion, the oogonium expands and about three ascogenous hyphae would develop from it and give rise to asci ... The inner delimiting membrane became the primary wall with a consistent structure and no ornamentation. The ascospores would ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascodesmis_nigricans

v-Crk, a transforming oncoprotein from avian sarcoma viruses, is a fusion of viral "gag" protein with the SH2 and SH3 domains ... Abassi YA, Vuori K (2002). "Tyrosine 221 in Crk regulates adhesion-dependent membrane localization of Crk and Rac and ... 1996). "DOCK180, a major CRK-binding protein, alters cell morphology upon translocation to the cell membrane". Mol. Cell. Biol ... alters cell morphology upon translocation to the cell membrane". Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (4): 1770-6. doi:10.1128/MCB.16.4.1770. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter_molecule_crk

Under the microscope, scientists observed the virus enter the amoeba through fusion with membrane vacuoles, and integrate their ... Pandoravirus enters amoebas through phagocytic vacuoles, then fuses with the membrane vacuole of the amoeba. This leads to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoravirus

Chodorge, M (3 December 2018). "Engineering of a GLP-1 analogue peptide/anti-PCSK9 antibody fusion for type 2 diabetes ... "Aquaporin-1 is expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells and mediates rapid water transport across vascular cell membranes". J ... 2019 Engineering of a GLP-1 analogue peptide/anti-PCSK9 antibody fusion for type 2 diabetes treatment, Sci Rep, 2018 A novel in ... 1999 Aquaporin-1 is expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells and mediates rapid water transport across vascular cell membranes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Osbourn

In fungi, the sexual fusion of haploid cells is called karyogamy. The result of karyogamy is the formation of a diploid cell ... first the nucleus of the parent divides into two and then the cell membrane also cleaves, becoming two "daughter" Amoebae. ... After approximately 30 hours from the time of fertilization, a fusion of the pronuclei and immediate mitotic division produce ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygote

TMPRSS2-ETS gene family fusion, specifically TMPRSS2-ERG or TMPRSS2-ETV1/4 promotes cancer cell growth. These fusions can arise ... Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) stimulates cancer development by increasing folate levels, helping the cancer cells ... As of 2011, MRI was used to identify targets for prostate biopsy using fusion MRI with ultrasound (US) or MRI-guidance alone. ... December 2009). "[Fusion genes and prostate cancer. From discovery to prognosis and therapeutic perspectives]". Progres en ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer

... membrane glycoprotein - membrane protein - membrane topology - membrane transport - memory B cell - memory T cell - Mendelian ... fusion oncogene protein G protein - G protein-coupled receptor - G3P - GABA - GABA receptor - GABA-A receptor - gag-onc fusion ... cell membrane - cell membrane transport - cell nucleus - cell surface receptor - cellular respiration - cellulose - centriole ... plasma membrane - plasmid - plasmin - plasminogen - platelet glycoprotein GPIb-IX complex - platelet membrane glycoprotein - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

The homodimeric tRNA-intron lyase, α′2 is composed of two α′ subunits that appear to be a fusion protein made up of two α ... "Precise excision of intervening sequences from precursor tRNAs by a membrane-associated yeast endonuclease". Cell. 32 (2): 525- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA-intron_endonuclease

H. somni vaccines are usually killed cells or specific outer membrane proteins but have not been proven to be effective at ... "Histophilus somni Survives in Bovine Macrophages by Interfering with Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion but Requires IbpA for Optimal ... It has been suggested that pathogenesis begins when the bacteria invades and crosses the pulmonary alveolar membrane or that it ... Histophilus somni is a commensal bacteria of mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and reproductive tract with a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histophilus_somni

... on the surface of coronaviruses and are crucial for engagement of host cell receptors and the initiation of membrane fusion in ... "Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein". Nature. 531 (7592): 118-121. doi:10.1038/nature17200. ISSN 1476- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzmekia_Corbett

This thesis is concerned with studies on two aspects of membrane fusion. The first aspect is the mechanism of membrane fusion ... The conditions that favour hemi-fusion as opposed to complete fusion were characterised, and the possibility that hemi-fusion ... The second aspect is the mechanism of membrane fusion induced by fusogenic viral peptides. Evidence was found from both ... between the observed secondary structures and orientation of these fusion peptides and how they may induce membrane fusion are ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.807052

Their ectodomains drive fusion by undergoing large-scale refolding, but little is known about the functionally important ... regions located within or near the membrane. Here we report the crystal structure of full-length glycoprotei … ... Viral fusogens merge viral and cell membranes during cell penetration. ... Structural basis for membrane anchoring and fusion regulation of the herpes simplex virus fusogen gB Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2018 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29728654/

Here, we show that synthetic amphiphile membranes also undergo fusion, mediated by the protein machinery for synaptic secretion ... Here, the authors show that synthetic amphiphile membranes undergo SNARE-mediated fusion, and determine bending rigidity ... We determined bending rigidity and pore edge tension as key parameters for fusion and described its plausible progression ... Yet natural membranes are also dynamically remodeled in multiple cellular processes. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-25294-z?error=cookies_not_supported&code=e5febcca-f930-4651-a419-d848a579a9dd

The complex mitochondrial network is the result of the two ongoing forces of fusion and fission of inner and outer membranes. ... They catalyze nucleotide-dependent membrane remodeling and are widely conserved from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. Although ... modeling in conjunction with biochemical data can be an asset in progressing the still challenging field of membrane dynamics. ... The complex mitochondrial network is the result of the two ongoing forces of fusion and fission of inner and outer membranes. ...

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02345040

Role of Mechanical Properties of Cell Mediated Vesicles in Membrane Fusion. D. Vorselen, W.H. Roos, J.J.W.A. van Loon, G.J.L. ... Role of Mechanical Properties of Cell Mediated Vesicles in Membrane Fusion. / Vorselen, D.; Roos, W.H.; van Loon, J.J.W.A. et ... Role of Mechanical Properties of Cell Mediated Vesicles in Membrane Fusion. In: Biophysical Journal. 2013 ; Vol. 104, No. 2. pp ... Role of Mechanical Properties of Cell Mediated Vesicles in Membrane Fusion. Biophysical Journal. 2013;104(2):620A-620A. https ...

https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/role-of-mechanical-properties-of-cell-mediated-vesicles-in-membra

Bos1p, an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum to golgi transport vesicles, is required for their fusion ... VAMP3/Syb and YKT6 are required for the fusion of constitutive secretory carriers with the plasma membrane. Plos Genetics 13(4 ... Myosin VI and its binding partner optineurin are involved in secretory vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane. Molecular Biology ... membrane protein 2 and acidic phospholipids may modulate the fusion of transport vesicles with the plasma membrane. Molecular ...

https://eurekamag.com/research/053/616/053616453.php

title = "Spatial regulation of membrane fusion controlled by modification of phosphoinositides",. abstract = "Membrane fusion ... facilitate fusion. However, the specific role of lipids in membrane fusion of natural membranes is not well established. ... facilitate fusion. However, the specific role of lipids in membrane fusion of natural membranes is not well established. ... facilitate fusion. However, the specific role of lipids in membrane fusion of natural membranes is not well established. ...

https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/spatial-regulation-of-membrane-fusion-controlled-by-modification-

regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion Show ... negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma ... positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma ... by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. ...

https://www.zfin.org/action/ontology/term-detail/GO:0000768

Mechanisms of membrane fusion. Fasshauer, D., Schuette, C. G., & Jahn, R. (2001). Mechanisms of membrane fusion. B. I. F. ...

https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_599932

... the increase in vesicle membrane size or membrane growth to mimic cell growth could occur by vesicle-vesicle fusion initiated ... Rapid growth and fusion of protocells in surface-adhered membrane networks. Elif S. Köksal, Susanne Liese, Lin Xue, Ruslan ... The membrane component is essential, since bilayer membranes that surround all types of cells as we know them today are thought ... They observe fusion events on vesicles predominantly present on the same nanotube. However, they go on to identify the fusion ...

https://prelights.biologists.com/highlights/rapid-growth-and-fusion-of-protocells-in-surface-adhered-membrane-networks/

From this state the fusion pore could open again leading to the complex fusion behavior of a flickering fusion pore. In summary ... The fusion of neurotransmitter filled vesicles with the presynaptic membrane is the key step in the neuronal signaling cascade ... Simultaneous imaging of lipid dye diffusion from the PSM into the vesicular membrane via a fusion stalk was used to quantify ... The fusion pore formation was then directly visualized by imaging the transfer of SRB from inside the vesicle into the space ...

https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/handle/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-153D-0?show=full

All structured data from the main, Property, Lexeme, and EntitySchema namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57190753

Membrane fusion process of Semliki Forest virus. I: Low pH-induced rearrangement in spike protein quaternary structure precedes ... Membrane fusion process of Semliki Forest virus. II: Cleavage-dependent reorganization of the spike protein complex controls ... A Salminen, J M Wahlberg, M Lobigs, P Liljeström, H Garoff; Membrane fusion process of Semliki Forest virus. II: Cleavage- ... Noninfectivity resulted from impaired uptake into cells, as well as from the inability of the virus to promote membrane fusion ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/116/2/349/14285/Membrane-fusion-process-of-Semliki-Forest-virus-II

... not to be confused with chimeric or fusion proteins) are proteins that cause fusion of biological membranes. Membrane fusion is ... which encode products involved in driving membrane fusion. While adult somatic cells do not typically undergo membrane fusion ... Domain 1 contains the catalytic site for membrane fusion.[7][8] Class IV[edit]. Class IV fusion proteins, better known as ... Pathogenic viral fusion[edit]. Enveloped viruses readily overcome the thermodynamic barrier of merging two plasma membranes by ...

https://wikizero.com/en/Membrane_fusion_protein

Thus, this novel defense strategy through proteasome-regulating membrane fusion of the vacuolar and plasma membranes provides ... Thus, this novel defense strategy through proteasome-regulating membrane fusion of the vacuolar and plasma membranes provides ... Thus, this novel defense strategy through proteasome-regulating membrane fusion of the vacuolar and plasma membranes provides ... Thus, this novel defense strategy through proteasome-regulating membrane fusion of the vacuolar and plasma membranes provides ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/a-novel-membrane-fusion-mediated-plant-immunity-against-bacterial

... est loutil de référencementde la production scientifique de lULB.Linterface de recherche DI-fusion permet de consulter les ... DI-fusion, le Dépôt institutionnel numérique de lULB, ... Study of the drug-anionic lipid interactions in model membranes ... Recherche avancée , Historique de recherche Mon DI-fusion , À propos de DI-fusion , Contact , ... DI-fusion. * Lipid-protein interactions regulating the canonical and the non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome par Pizzuto, Malvina ...

https://difusion.ulb.ac.be/vufind/Record/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/203827/Details

SNARE proteins are the core of the cells fusion machinery and mediate virtually all known intracellular membrane fusion ... SNARE proteins are the core of the cells fusion machinery and mediate virtually all known intracellular membrane fusion ... Fusion is catalyzed when vesicle-associated v-SNAREs form trans-SNARE complexes ("SNAREpins") with target membrane-associated t ... Entropic forces drive self-organization and membrane fusion by SNARE proteins [Biophysics and Computational Biology]. Erdem ...

https://www.researcher-app.com/paper/2346

p-KIAA1549-BRAF fusion dimer [plasma membrane] (Homo sapiens) * KIAA1549(1-1749)-p-BRAF(381-766) fusion [plasma membrane] (Homo ... p-KIAA1549-BRAF fusion dimer [plasma membrane] (Homo sapiens) * KIAA1549(1-1749)-p-BRAF(381-766) fusion [plasma membrane] (Homo ... p-KIAA1549-BRAF fusion dimer [plasma membrane] (Homo sapiens) * KIAA1549(1-1749)-p-BRAF(381-766) fusion [plasma membrane] (Homo ... p-KIAA1549-BRAF fusion dimer [plasma membrane] (Homo sapiens) * KIAA1549(1-1749)-p-BRAF(381-766) fusion [plasma membrane] (Homo ...

https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-6802534

"Membrane Fusion" by people in this website by year, and whether "Membrane Fusion" was a major or minor topic of these ... The adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, ... "Membrane Fusion" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Membrane Fusion" by people in Profiles. ...

https://profiles.wakehealth.edu/display/83867

Membrane Dynamics (1) Apply Membrane Dynamics filter *(-) Remove Membrane Proteins filter Membrane Proteins ...

https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/browse?kw=&%3Bsort_by=field_scientist_last_name&%3Bf%255B0%255D=field_scientist_institutionstate%25253Atid%253A17400&%3B=&items_per_page=8&field_scientist_research_areas%5B0%5D=18095&field_scientist_research_areas%5B2%5D=17587&

Microsurgery of Cell Membrane with Femtosecond Laser Pulses for Cell Fusion and Optical Injection Authors. * I.V. Ilina Joint ... Successfulpermeabilization of a cell membrane andoptoinjection of a membrane impermeable dye wasperformed with the help of a ... Laser-based cellfusion of mammalian embryo blastomeres as wellas fusion of cell bodies of neurons of molluskLymnaea stagnalis ... We report on results of using femtosecond laserscalpel for microsurgery of plasma membrane ofliving cells. Femtosecond laser ...

https://bop.unibe.ch/ALT-Proceedings/article/view/61

Enveloped viruses require fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane for infection. This process involves the ... Blocking Virus-Cell Membrane Fusion. 7.3.1. Recombinant Human Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 (APN01). The soluble recombinant ... arbidol prevents the fusion of the viral membrane with the endosome after endocytosis. Currently, it is undergoing trials as a ... conformational change of the viral glycoprotein from the pre-fusion form to the post-fusion form. Although the pre-fusion ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/7/2657

The inner workings of intracellular heterotypic and homotypic membrane fusion mechanisms. Autor : Cruz, Mariel Delgado. Kim, ... The inner workings of intracellular heterotypic and homotypic membrane fusion mechanisms. Journal of Biosciences. 2019 Sep; 44( ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/214436?locale=es

title = "A multisubunit particle implicated in membrane fusion",. abstract = "The N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein ( ... A multisubunit particle implicated in membrane fusion. / Wilson, D. W.; Whiteheart, S. W.; Wiedmann, M. et al. ... A multisubunit particle implicated in membrane fusion. Journal of Cell Biology. 1992;117(3):531-538. doi: 10.1083/jcb.117.3.531 ... A multisubunit particle implicated in membrane fusion. In: Journal of Cell Biology. 1992 ; Vol. 117, No. 3. pp. 531-538. ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-multisubunit-particle-implicated-in-membrane-fusion-2

Quantitative Aspects of Membrane Fusion and Fission Monday, May 06, 2019 - Friday, May 10, 2019 ...

https://www.biophysics.org/past-thematic-meetings/acat/2/yeararchive/2019

KEEN.DRY waterproof, breathable membrane * KEEN.FUSION rubber for lightweight durability * Lace-lock bungee system ... Waterproof Protection: KEEN.DRY waterproof membrane inside and PFAS-free water repellency outside keep feet dry. ... Infused with non-toxic vanilla fragrance during high-temp KEEN.FUSION bonding process ... A proprietary waterproof, breathable membrane that lets vapor out without letting water in. ...

https://www.keenfootwear.com/en-de/p/Y-TARGHEE-MID-WP.html?dwvar_Y-TARGHEE-MID-WP_color=1026299&cgid=merch_Waterproof-Collection

Know the future scenario, forecast, and current trends in Fusion Splicer. ... The research insight on Fusion Splicer Market highlights the growth strategies of the companies. ... The fusion splicer market was valued at USD 570.5 Million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD 762.3 Million by 2022, at a CAGR ... Moreover, the fusion splicer market registered a shipment of 65,735 units in 2016 and is expected to reach 97,353 units by 2022 ...

https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/ResearchInsight/fusion-splicer-market.asp

MEMBRANE ACOUSTIC PANEL - Designer Sound absorbing room divider from OFFECCT ✓ all information ✓ high-resolution images ✓ CADs ... The components of Membrane will be produced in a mixture of recycled felt and plastic. It marks a successful first fusion ... Membrane filters sound waves and makes the sound in a room more balanced. One kit consists of 24 acoustic pieces including ... The design for Membrane derives from David Trubridges signature seed system in which a product is entirely made out of several ...

https://www.architonic.com/en/product/offecct-membrane-acoustic-panel/1356141

1a, gene 1a; 1b, gene 1b; S, spike protein gene; 3abc, gene cluster 3abc; E, envelope protein gene; M, membrane protein gene; N ... Spike Protein Fusion Peptide and Feline Coronavirus Virulence Hui-Wen Chang, Herman F. Egberink, Rebecca Halpin, David J. Spiro ... Spike Protein Fusion Peptide and Feline Coronavirus Virulence. ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/7/12-0143-f1

The fusion of neurotransmitter filled vesicles with the presynaptic membrane is the key step in the neuronal signaling cascade and is mediated by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor proteins (SNAREs). (uni-goettingen.de)
The interaction of the three SNARE proteins synaptobrevin 2 (syb 2), syntaxin 1A, and SNAP25 (synaptosomal associated protein of 25 kDa) is pivotal to overcome the energy barrier that leads to merging of the opposing lipid bilayers and results in the transfer of neurotransmitters across the presynaptic membrane and into the synaptic cleft. (uni-goettingen.de)
Membrane fusion proteins (not to be confused with chimeric or fusion proteins ) are proteins that cause fusion of biological membranes . (wikizero.com)
Fusion proteins can originate from genes encoded by infectious enveloped viruses , ancient retroviruses integrated into the host genome, [1] or solely by the host genome. (wikizero.com)
[2] Post-transcriptional modifications made to the fusion proteins by the host, namely addition and modification of glycans and acetyl groups , can drastically affect fusogenicity (the ability to fuse). (wikizero.com)
Vesicle fusion events involved in neurotransmitter trafficking also relies on the catalytic activity of fusion proteins. (wikizero.com)
The SNARE family include bona fide eukaryotic fusion proteins. (wikizero.com)
They are domesticated viral class I fusion proteins. (wikizero.com)
Enveloped viruses readily overcome the thermodynamic barrier of merging two plasma membranes by storing kinetic energy in fusion (F) proteins. (wikizero.com)
F proteins can be independently expressed on host cell surfaces which can either (1) drive the infected cell to fuse with neighboring cells, forming a syncytium , or (2) be incorporated into a budding virion from the infected cell which leads to the full emancipation of plasma membrane from the host cell. (wikizero.com)
Some F components solely drive fusion while a subset of F proteins can interact with host factors . (wikizero.com)
There are four groups of fusion proteins categorized by their structure and mechanism of fusion. (wikizero.com)
Class I fusion proteins resemble influenzavirus hemagglutinin in their structure. (wikizero.com)
Class III fusion proteins are distinct from I and II. (wikizero.com)
Class IV fusion proteins, better known as fusion-associated small transmembrane proteins (FAST), are the smallest type of fusion protein. (wikizero.com)
They are the only known membrane fusion proteins found in non-enveloped viruses. (wikizero.com)
Here we provide a novel mechanism underlying cell-autonomous immunity, which involves the fusion of membranes of a large central vacuole with the plasma membrane, resulting in the discharge of vacuolar antibacterial proteins to the outside of the cells, where bacteria proliferate. (umn.edu)
SNARE proteins are the core of the cell's fusion machinery and mediate virtually all known intracellular membrane fusion reactions on which exocytosis and trafficking depend. (researcher-app.com)
Binding of NSF to Golgi membranes is known to require an integral membrane receptor and one or more members of a family of related soluble NSF attachment proteins (α-, β-, and γ-SNAPs). (elsevier.com)
Phylogeny as a Guide to Structure and Function of Membrane Transport Proteins. (tcdb.org)
Viral membrane fusion proceeds through a series of steps that are driven by triggered conformational adjustments of viral envelope glycoproteins so-called fusion proteins. (careersfromscience.org)
This entry step is controlled by specific proteins at the viral surface that are primed to undergo dramatic structural changes and thus travel membrane fusion. (careersfromscience.org)
Intro Membrane fusion procedures are firmly regulated-spatially and temporally-by particular control proteins in both viral and mobile fusion systems [1-4]. (careersfromscience.org)
Many enveloped infections use only an individual proteins to mediate the fusion of their membrane having a mobile membrane during pathogen admittance [3 4 making them an especially interesting program for understanding the membrane fusion procedure in mechanistic conditions. (careersfromscience.org)
Throughout these conformational adjustments the fusion proteins expose a section from the polypeptide string ("fusion peptide" [FP]) that inserts in to the mobile membrane to start the fusion procedure [4]. (careersfromscience.org)
The protein encoded by this gene is a coiled-coil-forming protein that associates with the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor) complex of proteins and the BLOC-1 (biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles) complex. (nih.gov)
The mutagenic analysis of the putative HSV gB fusion loops supports the concept that gB functions as a fusion protein and that its two fusion loops act in much the same way as do the fusion loops of VSV G or the class II fusion proteins. (semanticscholar.org)
The subcellular distribution of the proteins Rab5a and syntaxin-4 suggested a role in docking of granules and/or endosomes to the target membrane in the neutrophil. (biologists.com)
The syntaxin-binding protein 1 regulates the formation of a group (complex) of proteins that allows vesicle fusion. (medlineplus.gov)
Arf proteins: the membrane traffic police? (embl.de)
sensitivity to membrane phospholipids--each of these activities has been attributed to Arf proteins. (embl.de)
Those tubercular studs colorized maroon, are known as H-proteins (hemagglutinin), while those colorized gray, represented what are referred to as F-proteins (fusion). (cdc.gov)
Annexin VI belongs to a family of calcium-dependent membrane and phospholipid binding proteins. (creativebiomart.net)
The various proteins and asymmetric lipid bilayers present in cell membranes form curvatures, resulting in structural transformations to generate vesicles. (elsevier.com)
The envelope of virus is inlaid with two virally encoded proteins: envelope (E) protein and membrane (M) protein. (cusabio.com)
In the fusion process, proteins on the vesicles and target membranes bind to each other like the two sides of a zipper. (blogspot.com)
The biochemical processes commonly inhibited include cell wall synthesis in bacteria and fungi, cell membrane synthesis, synthesis of 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits, nucleic acid metabolism, function of topoisomerases, viral proteases, viral integrases, viral envelope entry/fusion proteins, folate synthesis in parasites, and parasitic chemical detoxification processes. (mhmedical.com)

Here, we show that synthetic amphiphile membranes also undergo fusion, mediated by the protein machinery for synaptic secretion. (nature.com)
Huntingtin is a large membrane-associated scaffolding protein that associates with endocytic and exocytic vesicles and modulates their trafficking along cytoskeletal tracks. (eurekamag.com)
The E2 subunit is initially synthesized as a precursor protein p62, which is proteolytically processed to the mature E2 form before virus budding at the plasma membrane. (rupress.org)
The p62 (E2) protein mediates binding of the heterodimer to the nucleocapsid during virus budding, whereas E1 carries the entry functions of the virus, that is, cell binding and low pH-mediated membrane fusion activity. (rupress.org)
HAP2 is a domesticated viral class II fusion protein found in diverse eukaryotes including Toxoplasma , vascular plants , and fruit flies. (wikizero.com)
This protein is essential for gamete fusion in these organisms. (wikizero.com)
The N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein (NSF) is required for fusion of lipid bilayers at many locations within eukaryotic cells. (elsevier.com)
These ATPase are found as coomponents of several protein secretion systems as well as synaptosomal fusion systems. (tcdb.org)
Using biochemical and cellular approaches we demonstrate that the chlamydial protein IncA directly and specifically inhibits late endocytic SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. (jefferson.edu)
Specific structural classes of viral fusion protein have been determined showing radically different architectures and agencies for the virion [4-6]. (careersfromscience.org)
To verify that the hemifusion assay was capable of detecting hemifusions, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked hemagglutinin (HA) was used, a variant of the inﬂuenza virus fusion protein, HA, known to stall the fusion process before productive fusion pores are formed. (semanticscholar.org)
This is particularly true for membrane protein expression (Wagner et al. (neb.com)
2008). Membrane protein expression and protein export in E. coli are both limited by the throughput capacity of the Sec translocase and in some cases the Tat translocase. (neb.com)
Lemo System™ enables simple, rapid optimization of membrane protein expression. (neb.com)
A shortage of this protein impairs the formation of the protein complex that allows vesicle fusion and the release of neurotransmitters from neurons. (medlineplus.gov)
However, PLD1 precipitated from cell lysates with immobilized glutathione S-transferase-RalA fusion protein is active. (embl.de)
The F-protein is responsible for fusion of the virus and host cell membranes, viral penetration, and hemolysis. (cdc.gov)
CD137 is a type I membrane protein and a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (1,2). (ancell.com)
The MS4A1 gene (MS4A1-stands for 'Membrane Spanning 4-Domains A1' ), is a protein coding gene located on ch. (altmeyers.org)
2018). The VPS33B gene is involved in intracellular protein transport and membrane fusion. (altmeyers.org)
S2 contains basic elements needed for the membrane fusion.The S protein plays key parts in the induction of neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses, as well as protective immunity. (bioss.com.cn)
2015). This endosomal luminal low pH is vital for intracellular membrane site visitors, cytosolic pH upkeep, protein degradation and receptor-mediated endocytosis (Cotter et al. (achengula.com)
When studying vesicle transport in mammalian cells in the 1980s and 1990s, Rothman discovered that a protein complex enables vesicles to dock and fuse with their target membranes. (blogspot.com)
We will discuss fluorescence as a general language used to read out biological phenomena as diverse as protein localization, membrane tension, surface phenomena, and enzyme activity. (coursera.org)
We will proceed to discuss protein labeling strategies and fusion protein design. (coursera.org)
Protein p48 may play a role in viral replication by interacting with host VAPA, a vesicle-associated membrane protein that plays a role in SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion. (icr.ac.uk)
Protein P22 may play a role in targeting replication complex to intracellular membranes. (icr.ac.uk)
Us9 is a novel type II membrane protein expressed as a highly phosphorylated protein late in ADV infection. (vetres.org)
By fusing the jellyfish enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter molecule (EGFP) to the carboxy-terminus of Us9, we demonstrated that Us9 not only is capable of targeting a Us9-EGFP fusion protein to the Golgi compartment, it also is able to direct efficient incorporation of such chimeric molecules into infectious viral particles. (vetres.org)

We integrated fusogenic SNAREs in polymer and hybrid vesicles and observed efficient membrane and content mixing. (nature.com)
Here we use a multidisciplinary approach including subcellular membrane purification, fluorescence spectroscopy and Fö rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)/two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to demonstrate that initiation of vesicle fusion arises from two unique sites where these vesicles bind to chromatin. (bath.ac.uk)
They observe fusion events on vesicles predominantly present on the same nanotube. (biologists.com)
However, they go on to identify the fusion of vesicles located on different nanotubes in later stages. (biologists.com)
To identify the mechanism of fusion they use a mathematical model to reproduce the above-mentioned fusion The initial mechanism of vesicle fusion occurring on vesicles located on the same nanotube is supported by their simulations. (biologists.com)
On the other hand, the second mechanism of fusion results in the stabilization of a pore (a gap between the top of the two vesicles and the neck of the two vesicles), which makes it less probable in their simulation. (biologists.com)
Therefore, the authors conclude that the fusion process should predominantly start at the interconnected base of vesicles being the nanotube. (biologists.com)
Thus they are suitable to monitor the process of content transfer through a fusion pore of added vesicles filled with a water soluble dye by means of fluorescence microscopy. (uni-goettingen.de)
We hypothesize that this principle finds physiological use to boost fusion rates to meet the demanding timescales of neurotransmission, exploiting the large number of v-SNAREs available in synaptic vesicles. (researcher-app.com)
The intracellular transport of cargo and the subsequent fusion of cargo-loaded vesicles with their target compartments are essential for the function and survival of eukaryotic cells. (jefferson.edu)
Calcium can then enter the cell and initiates the fusion of the neurotransmitter vesicles with the membrane. (nanion.de)
Fission and fusion processes between vesicles and cell membranes are reversible in living organisms. (elsevier.com)
The reduced electrostatic repulsion between ammonium cations and the spontaneously deprotonated neutral amino group induced anisotropic membrane curvature, resulting in membrane fission to form vesicles with a detailed understanding at the molecular level. (elsevier.com)
Furthermore, the reversible transformation of vesicles to membranes upon changing the pH provides a novel synthetic system exhibiting both fission and fusion processes. (elsevier.com)
Miniature bubble-like vesicles, surrounded by membranes, shuttle the cargo between organelles or fuse with the outer membrane of the cell and release their cargo to the outside. (blogspot.com)
The signalling molecules, neurotransmitters, are released from vesicles that fuse with the outer membrane of nerve cells by using the machinery discovered by Rothman and Schekman. (blogspot.com)

Membrane fusion plays a central role in many cell processes from vesicular transport to nuclear envelope reconstitution at mitosis but the mechanisms that underlie fusion of natural membranes are not well understood. (bath.ac.uk)
Molecular Mechanisms of Membrane Transporter. (hhmi.org)

Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)

In the present study, we established a virus-free, stable reporter fusion inhibition assay (SRFIA) specifically designed to identify compounds interfering with virus-induced membrane fusion. (scilifelab.se)
Virus-Induced Membrane Fusion in Neurodegenerative Disorders. (who.int)

Yet natural membranes are also dynamically remodeled in multiple cellular processes. (nature.com)
However, the specific role of lipids in membrane fusion of natural membranes is not well established. (bath.ac.uk)

The adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes. (wakehealth.edu)
This interaction may target replication complex to intracellular membranes (By similarity). (icr.ac.uk)

In addition, we found that huntingtin is required for secretory vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane. (eurekamag.com)
Furthermore, the increase in vesicle membrane size or membrane growth to mimic cell growth could occur by vesicle-vesicle fusion initiated by surface functionalization, or due to various sources of external stimuli such as fusogenic peptides, synthetic lipids, polyethylene glycol, ions, an electric field pulse, and light irradiation [3]. (biologists.com)
Rizo J, Rosenmund C. Synaptic vesicle fusion. (medlineplus.gov)
Annexin VI has been implicated in mediating the endosome aggregation and vesicle fusion in secreting epithelia during exocytosis. (creativebiomart.net)

This thesis is concerned with studies on two aspects of membrane fusion. (bl.uk)

An disturbance with this technique could be a effective opportinity for inhibiting pathogen replication and fusion inhibitors possess recently turn into a beneficial addition to the armamentarium of anti-HIV remedies. (careersfromscience.org)
The performance of the SRFIA was tested for the quantification of SARS-CoV-2- and HSV-1-induced cell-cell fusion, respectively, showing high sensitivity and specificity, as well as the reliable identification of known fusion inhibitors. (scilifelab.se)

The first aspect is the mechanism of membrane fusion in electrically-induced cell fusion. (bl.uk)
The conditions that favour hemi-fusion as opposed to complete fusion were characterised, and the possibility that hemi-fusion might precede complete electrically-induced cell fusion are discussed. (bl.uk)
The procoagulant activity of human erythrocytes, which provides a measure of the translocation of phosphatidylserine from the inner to the outer monolayer of the plasma membrane, has been compared with the percentage cell fusion in experiments on erythrocyte fusion induced by electrical breakdown pulses under differing experimental conditions. (bl.uk)
Viral fusogens merge viral and cell membranes during cell penetration. (nih.gov)
They are found in reoviruses , which are non-enveloped viruses and are specialized for cell-cell rather than virus-cell fusion, forming syncytia . (wikizero.com)
Femtosecond laser pulses were appliedto initiate cell fusion as well as to performreversible permeabilization of cell membranerequired for efficient injection of extrinsicsubstances into the target cells. (unibe.ch)
Laser-based cellfusion of mammalian embryo blastomeres as wellas fusion of cell bodies of neurons of molluskLymnaea stagnalis were successfully carried out byapplying single femtosecond laser pulses (secondharmonic of a Cr:Forsterite laser system) 620 nm,100 fs with the fluences of 0.42-0.71 J/cm2. (unibe.ch)
It wasshown that the fusion of cells was completed within5-60 minutes depending on the cell type. (unibe.ch)
Successfulpermeabilization of a cell membrane andoptoinjection of a membrane impermeable dye wasperformed with the help of a compact laser systemfor cell microsurgery DissCell-F (ytterbium laser,1050 nm, 75 MHz, ~115 fs). (unibe.ch)
In both cases the laserirradiation parameters were thoroughly optimized toachieve high viability of treated cells and highefficiency of the procedures of cell fusion andoptical injection. (unibe.ch)
Ultimately, these results illustrate that both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria regulate immune cell function through the manipulation membrane fusion events. (jefferson.edu)
Cell-cell fusion by the transient transfection of viral fusogens in the presence of doxycycline results in the expression of the reporter enzyme secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and the fluorescent nuclear localization marker EYFPNuc. (scilifelab.se)
In conclusion, the SRFIA reported here is well suited for high-throughput screening for new antiviral agents and essentially will be applicable to all viral fusogens causing cell-cell fusion in Vero cells. (scilifelab.se)
This multipartite system recapitulates the basic steps of virus-cell fusion, i.e. receptor recognition, triggering of fusion and fusion execution. (semanticscholar.org)
however, if guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate was added to activate Arf and stimulate translocation to the membrane, high levels of Arf were precipitated by RalA from cell lysates. (embl.de)
the other subunit, S2, fuses with the cell membrane. (cebm.net)
After the S1 subunit of the spike binds to the ACE-2 enzyme on the cell membrane surface, TMPRSS2 activates the spike and cleaves ACE-2. (cebm.net)
TMPRSS2 also acts on the S2 subunit of the spike glycoprotein, causing an irreversible conformational change, activating it, and facilitating fusion of the virus to the cell membrane. (cebm.net)
Damage was determined by ciliary disarray, ciliary fusion, missing cilia, ruptured sensory cell membrane, and missing hair cells. (cdc.gov)
attaches the virion to the cell membrane by interacting with host receptor, initiating the infection (By similarity). (bioss.com.cn)
Some S oligomers are transported to the host plasma membrane, where they may mediate cell-cell fusion. (bioss.com.cn)
Additionally, a second cleavage leads to the release of a fusion peptide after viral attachment to host cell receptor (By similarity). (bioss.com.cn)
1980). As a way to enter the cell each enveloped and non-enveloped viruses want to connect to the host cell receptors and both fuse with the plasma or endosomal membrane (enveloped viruses) or disrupt/type pore(s) within the plasma membrane (non-enveloped viruses) to achieve entry into the cell (Cossart and Helenius, 2014). (achengula.com)
The E glycoprotein is the major component of the virion surface and is responsible for the receptor-mediated endocytic fusion and subsequent cell entry, as well as direct viral assembly ＆ budding, and immunogenicity. (cusabio.com)
The same principle operates inside the cell and when a vesicle binds to the cell´s outer membrane to release its contents. (blogspot.com)
Research in structural virology aims to provide a molecular description of the dynamics of viral structures at various essential stages of the infectious cycle: assembly of the viral particle, fusion of viral and cell membranes, packaging and ejection of the viral genome. (paris-saclay.fr)
GPRC5D has seven putative transmembrane segments and is expressed in the cell membrane. (ku.dk)
Other factors associated with the appearance of oral cancer include the action of alcohol in facilitating the passage of carcinogens via the cell membrane of the oral mucosa and the effect of alcohol on the heightened metabolic activity of the liver which could thereby activate carcinogenic substances 15-16 . (bvsalud.org)

The peptide regions required to drive fusion are formed from the turns between the β-sheets. (wikizero.com)
Proteolysis by cathepsin CTSL may unmask the fusion peptide of S2 and activate membranes fusion within endosomes. (bioss.com.cn)

Structural membrane biochemistry and method. (hhmi.org)
We also captured the virus - virus fusion events, which provided pieces of structural evidence for Delta 's attenuated dependency on cellular factors for fusion activation, and proposed a model of S-mediated membrane fusion . (bvsalud.org)
Such membranes will also be part of a particular structural course of viruses-so-called enveloped viruses-that consist of influenza disease HIV severe severe respiratory symptoms coronavirus Ebola disease yellow fever disease and many more. (careersfromscience.org)
SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, which share about 80% structural identity, do this by harnessing the action of the angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE-2, which is expressed in the membranes of many cells in the body, including lung alveolar epithelial cells. (cebm.net)

PSMs are continuous lipid bilayers with solid supported parts (s-PSM) as well as freestanding membranes spanning large aqueous compartments (f-PSM). (uni-goettingen.de)

The membrane-proximal (MPR), transmembrane (TMD), and cytoplasmic (CTD) domains form a uniquely folded trimeric pedestal beneath the ectodomain, which balances dynamic flexibility with extensive, stabilizing membrane interactions. (nih.gov)

The fusion splicer market was valued at USD 570.5 Million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD 762.3 Million by 2022, at a CAGR of 4.72% during the forecast period. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Moreover, the fusion splicer market registered a shipment of 65,735 units in 2016 and is expected to reach 97,353 units by 2022, at a CAGR of 6.52% during the forecast period. (marketsandmarkets.com)

Heat-Resistant Factors In Human Erythrocyte Membranes Mediate Cd4-Dependent Fusion With Cells Expressing Hiv-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. (mattek.com)
The multipartite entry‐fusion system of herpes simplex virus is made of a quartet of glycoproteins-gD, gB, gH·gL-and three alternative gD receptors, herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), nectin1 and modified sites on heparan sulphate. (semanticscholar.org)
The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)

We determined bending rigidity and pore edge tension as key parameters for fusion and described its plausible progression through cryo-EM snapshots. (nature.com)
To investigate this fundamental process, pore-spanning membranes (PSMs) were utilized in this work as a model system of the presynaptic membrane. (uni-goettingen.de)

The complex mitochondrial network is the result of the two ongoing forces of fusion and fission of inner and outer membranes. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

It is proposed that placing the gH/gL activation under the integrin trigger point enables HSV to synchronize virion endocytosis with the cascade of glycoprotein activation that culminates in execution of fusion. (semanticscholar.org)

A proprietary waterproof, breathable membrane that lets vapor out without letting water in. (keenfootwear.com)
The gloves include a waterpoof breathable membrane, over 150 grams of insulation and a soft tricot fleece lining. (thewarmingstore.com)

Die Fusion von Neurotransmitter gefüllten Vesikeln mit der präsynaptischen Membran ist der Schlüsselschritt in der neuronalen Signaltransduktion und wird durch SNARE- (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor) Proteine vermittelt. (uni-goettingen.de)
The Greek download recruits a microcytic morphogenesis of the the characteristic membrane energy evidence( IL2RG, CD132, or Gc) and the IL7-receptor alcoholism diabetes( IL7R, IL7RA, developmental). (erik-mill.de)
This cilia in the life of the serine by receptor fusion kinases of the Src neddylation( 1). (erik-mill.de)

Membrane Trafficking, Fusion, and Synaptic. (hhmi.org)
To release its neurotransmitters, a synaptic vesicle must join (fuse) with the outer membrane of the neuron. (medlineplus.gov)

Divalent cations in the pulsing medium may interact with phosphatidylserine molecules, translocated from the inner to the outer monolayer of the erythrocyte plasma membrane by breakdown pulses, to stabilise the pulsed erythrocyte membrane against haemolysis, and to assist the formation of pearl chains of pulsed cells. (bl.uk)
It was found that the entry of sugar molecules, via electropores in the plasma membrane, facilitated the rounding-up of electrically fused erythrocytes into giant cells, while impermeable molecules e.g. poly (ethylene glycol) or dextran inhibited this process. (bl.uk)
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. (zfin.org)
The membrane component is essential, since bilayer membranes that surround all types of cells as we know them today are thought to have originated from spontaneous self- assembly of amphiphilic molecules. (biologists.com)
Noninfectivity resulted from impaired uptake into cells, as well as from the inability of the virus to promote membrane fusion in the mildly acidic conditions of the endosome. (rupress.org)
While adult somatic cells do not typically undergo membrane fusion under normal conditions, gametes and embryonic cells follow developmental pathways to non-spontaneously drive membrane fusion, such as in placental formation , syncytiotrophoblast formation, and neurodevelopment . (wikizero.com)
We report on results of using femtosecond laserscalpel for microsurgery of plasma membrane ofliving cells. (unibe.ch)
The fusion of the viral with a Ticagrelor cellular membrane is a key step in Ticagrelor the life cycle of these viruses and allows the delivery of their genetic information into cells. (careersfromscience.org)
Many of the MCG were observed in the process of fusion with plasma membranes of granular cells adjacent to the stratum corneum. (cdc.gov)
These studies suggest that cholesterol can alter the conformation of IFITMs in membrane bilayers and directly interact with S -palmitoylated IFITMs in cells. (bvsalud.org)
SV40 virus was rescued from revertant cells by fusion with permissive monkey cells. (silverchair.com)
The data presented suggest that the property of contact inhibition in revertant cells is related to the sialic acid content of the plasma membrane and that changes in sialic acid content of transformed cells are not directly specified by the viral genome. (silverchair.com)
In the ultra-structure of the treated group, an increase in inter-cellular space, fusion of the secretory granules and the presence of cells in a degenerative state were observed. (bvsalud.org)

Once in an unfettered cluster, we estimate ≥15 SNAREpins are required for fusion within the ∼1-ms timescale of neurotransmitter release. (researcher-app.com)
As part of the SNARE complex, it is required for vesicle docking and fusion and regulates neurotransmitter release. (nih.gov)

ADOA plus is caused by mutations in the OPA1 gene (3q29), encoding a dynamin-like GTPase involved in the fusion of the inner mitochondrial membrane. (cdc.gov)

Thus, this novel defense strategy through proteasome-regulating membrane fusion of the vacuolar and plasma membranes provides plants with a mechanism for attacking intercellular bacterial pathogens. (umn.edu)
Deletion analysis of the cytoplasmic tail reveals that an acidic cluster containing putative phosphorylation sites is necessary for the recycling of Us9 from the plasma membrane. (vetres.org)
The absence of this cluster results in the relocalization of Us9 to the plasma membrane due to a defect in endocytosis. (vetres.org)
Site-directed mutagenesis of the dileucine motif results in an increase in Us9 plasma membrane staining and a partial internalisation defect. (vetres.org)
However, mutants lacking the Us9 dileucine motif required for efficient endocytosis from the plasma membrane have wild type spread and virulence in the rat eye infection model. (vetres.org)

We suggest how cycles of complex assembly and disassembly could help confer specificity to the generalized NSF-dependent fusion apparatus. (elsevier.com)

This patient was a 61-year-old man, the with the relatively weak tissue in mucous brother of the patient in Case 1, who had a membranes [2-4]. (who.int)
Most commonly, telangiectases involve sodes of severe anaemia in the past and had the mucous membranes, the skin, the con- to have blood transfusions due to a decrease junctiva, the retina and the gastrointestinal in serum haemoglobin level to 9 g/dL. (who.int)

Activation of phospholipase D1 (PLD1) by Arf has been implicated in vesicle transport and membrane trafficking. (embl.de)

Pathogenic bacteria, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, inhibit membrane fusion events with the phagocytic pathway to circumvent the anti-bacterial immune response, thus impairing the ability of the immune system to clear the pathogen. (jefferson.edu)

The second aspect is the mechanism of membrane fusion induced by fusogenic viral peptides. (bl.uk)
We discuss the general implications of membrane fusion regulation and spatial control utilising such a mechanism. (bath.ac.uk)
Moreover, pieces of molecular evidence for the detailed mechanism of S-mediated membrane fusion are missing. (bvsalud.org)

Studies with synthetic membranes and theoretical considerations indicate that accumulation of lipids characterised by negative curvature such as diacylglycerol (DAG) facilitate fusion. (bath.ac.uk)

Fusion conformation change can often be controlled by pH. (wikizero.com)

2018). The low pH for fusion varies between viruses making some viruses to fuse both throughout early endosomes (comparatively excessive pH ∼ 6.0) or late endosomes (low pH ∼ 5) to launch its content material to the cytosol (White and Whittaker, 2016). (achengula.com)

The SNAREpins self-organized into a circular cluster at the fusion site, driven by entropic forces that originate in steric-electrostatic interactions among SNAREpins and membranes. (researcher-app.com)
Herein, we report a supramolecular membrane system through donor-acceptor interactions using a π-deficient acceptor and π-rich donor as building blocks. (elsevier.com)

These findings demonstrate that dynamic membrane phenomena can be reconstituted in synthetic materials, thereby providing new tools for the assembly of synthetic protocells. (nature.com)

Evidence was found from both fluorescence microscopy and freeze-fracture electron microscopy for the occurrence of hemi-fusion in the electrofusion of human erythrocytes. (bl.uk)
Ross B, Loew LM, Baker B . Decision letter: Optical estimation of absolute membrane potential using fluorescence lifetime imaging Elife . (neurotree.org)

Membrane Fusion" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)

The fluoride ion selective membrane utilizes a membrane consisting of a slice of a single crystal of lanthanum fluoride that has been doped with europium (II) fluoride to improve its conductivity (Skoog et al. (cdc.gov)

Fusion is subsequently propagated to the endoplasmic reticulum-derived membranes that make up the bulk of the NE to ultimately enclose the chromatin. (bath.ac.uk)

Membrane fusion is critical for many biological processes, especially in eukaryotic development and viral entry . (wikizero.com)
State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology & Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. (bvsalud.org)

In June 2016, the company introduced the FITEL S179 hand-held, core alignment fusion splicer, which offers powerful performance and delivers fast and reliable optical fiber splicing even under harsh environmental conditions. (marketsandmarkets.com)

Large numbers of membrane coaling granules (MCG) emerged in the 1 h specimens. (cdc.gov)

Simultaneous imaging of lipid dye diffusion from the PSM into the vesicular membrane via a fusion stalk was used to quantify different fusion pathways. (uni-goettingen.de)
Fusion pathways are also involved in the development of musculoskeletal and nervous system tissues. (wikizero.com)
Several members of the annexin family have been implicated in membrane-related events along exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. (creativebiomart.net)

The view that the sorting of gB to MVB membranes may represent a critical step in HSV envelopment and egress and that modified MVBs membranes constitute a platform for HSV cytoplasmic envelopment or that MVB components are recruited to the site(s) of envelopment is supported. (semanticscholar.org)
We investigated fusion between phagosomes containing the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis versus the extracellular pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (designated MCP for mycobacteria-containing phagosome and SCP for S. aureus -containing phagosome) and cytoplasmic compartments in human neutrophils. (biologists.com)

This work offers generated additional insights in to the system of flavivirus membrane fusion and may thus provide fresh leads for the introduction of antiviral real estate agents against these essential human pathogens. (careersfromscience.org)
Membrane fusion constitutes an essential step in the replication cycle of numerous viral pathogens, hence it represents an important druggable target. (scilifelab.se)

The relationships between the observed secondary structures and orientation of these fusion peptides and how they may induce membrane fusion are discussed. (bl.uk)
The binding domain is rich in α-helices and hydrophobic fusion peptides located near the N-terminus. (wikizero.com)

Fusion is catalyzed when vesicle-associated v-SNAREs form trans -SNARE complexes ("SNAREpins") with target membrane-associated t-SNAREs, a zippering-like process releasing ∼65 kT per SNAREpin. (researcher-app.com)
To capture the collective behavior on the long timescales of fusion, we developed a highly coarse-grained model that retains key biophysical SNARE properties such as the zippering energy landscape and the surface charge distribution. (researcher-app.com)

Anatomy43

Organisms27

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs99

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes60

Technology, Industry, Agriculture7

Information Science3

Health Care1

Membrane fusion: structure snared at last. (1/3607)

Biophysical characterization of the structure of the amino-terminal region of gp41 of HIV-1. Implications on viral fusion mechanism. (2/3607)

SNARE interactions are not selective. Implications for membrane fusion specificity. (3/3607)

Treatment of mouse oocytes with PI-PLC releases 70-kDa (pI 5) and 35- to 45-kDa (pI 5.5) protein clusters from the egg surface and inhibits sperm-oolemma binding and fusion. (4/3607)

Genetic interactions between KAR7/SEC71, KAR8/JEM1, KAR5, and KAR2 during nuclear fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (5/3607)

Rat liver GTP-binding proteins mediate changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and organelle fusion. (6/3607)

Liposomes fuse with sperm cells and induce activation by delivery of impermeant agents. (7/3607)

Effects of double-site mutations of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G on membrane fusion activity. (8/3607)

Membrane Fusion

Cell Fusion

Cell Membrane

Viral Fusion Proteins

Membrane Lipids

Membranes

Membrane Fusion Proteins

Intracellular Membranes

SNARE Proteins

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Virus Internalization

Membranes, Artificial

Membrane Potentials

Liposomes

Membrane Fluidity

Vesicular Transport Proteins

Qa-SNARE Proteins

Erythrocyte Membrane

Molecular Sequence Data

Exocytosis

Amino Acid Sequence

Viral Envelope Proteins

Lipid Bilayers

Cell Line

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Cell Membrane Permeability

Membrane Glycoproteins

Spinal Fusion

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Protein Binding

Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25

Gene Fusion

Microscopy, Electron

Basement Membrane

R-SNARE Proteins

Annexin A7

Mutation

N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Proteins

Munc18 Proteins

Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Proteins

Giant Cells

HIV Envelope Protein gp41

Protein Conformation

Syntaxin 1

Protein Transport

Vacuoles

Models, Biological

Membrane Transport Proteins

Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus

Qc-SNARE Proteins

Membrane Proteins

Cricetinae

Freeze Fracturing

Mitochondrial Membranes

Models, Molecular

Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2

Qb-SNARE Proteins

Carrier Proteins

Calcium

Oncogene Proteins, Fusion

Cercopithecus aethiops

Golgi Apparatus

Semliki forest virus

Endosomes

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Escherichia coli

Phosphatidylcholines

Hemagglutinins, Viral

Base Sequence

Endocytosis

Synaptic Membranes

Cells, Cultured

Peptides

Protein Structure, Secondary

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Phosphatidylethanolamines

Kinetics

HeLa Cells

Temperature

Receptors, Virus