Meglumine
Iothalamate Meglumine
Organometallic Compounds
Antimony
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
Leishmania infantum
Leishmania guyanensis
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania mexicana
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
Pentamidine
Benzethonium
Diatrizoate
Thiazines
Parasitic Sensitivity Tests
Iothalamic Acid
Leishmaniasis
Cerebral Ventriculography
Antimony Sodium Gluconate
Platelet Factor 3
Leishmania
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous
Leishmania tropica
Nicotinic Acids
Colombia
Injections, Intramuscular
Amphotericin B
Low resting potential and postnatal upregulation of NMDA receptors may cause Cajal-Retzius cell death. (1/478)
Using in situ patch-clamp techniques in rat telencephalic slices, we have followed resting potential (RP) properties and the functional expression of NMDA receptors in neocortical Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells from embryonic day 18 to postnatal day 13, the time around which these cells normally disappear. We find that throughout their lives CR cells have a relatively depolarized RP (approximately -50 mV), which can be made more hyperpolarized (approximately -70 mV) by stimulation of the Na/K pump with intracellular ATP. The NMDA receptors of CR cells are subjected to intense postnatal upregulation, but their similar properties (EC50, Hill number, sensitivity to antagonists, conductance, and kinetics) throughout development suggest that their subunit composition remains relatively homogeneous. The low RP of CR cells is within a range that allows for the relief of NMDA channels from Mg2+ blockade. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CR cells may degenerate and die subsequent to uncontrolled overload of intracellular Ca2+ via NMDA receptor activation by ambient glutamate. In support of this hypothesis we have obtained evidence showing the protection of CR cells via in vivo blockade of NMDA receptors with dizocilpine. (+info)Overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) in human heavy metal-selected tumor cells. (2/478)
Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance to cytotoxic heavy metals remain largely to be characterized in mammalian cells. To this end, we have analyzed a metal-resistant variant of the human lung cancer GLC4 cell line that we have selected by a step-wise procedure in potassium antimony tartrate. Antimony-selected cells, termed GLC4/Sb30 cells, poorly accumulated antimony through an enhanced cellular efflux of metal, thus suggesting up-regulation of a membrane export system in these cells. Indeed, GLC4/Sb30 cells were found to display a functional overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP1, a drug export pump, as demonstrated by Western blotting, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and calcein accumulation assays. Moreover, MK571, a potent inhibitor of MRP1 activity, was found to markedly down-modulate resistance of GLC4/Sb30 cells to antimony and to decrease cellular export of the metal. Taken together, our data support the conclusion that overexpression of functional MRP1 likely represents one major mechanism by which human cells can escape the cytotoxic effects of heavy metals. (+info)Value of Western blotting in the clinical follow-up of canine leishmaniasis. (3/478)
Specific serum antibody levels in Leishmania infantum-infected dogs treated with a combination of glucantime and allopurinol were estimated by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blotting. The sensitivity of Western blot was greater than that obtained with immunofluorescence titration. In general, both diagnostic methods concurred with the post-treatment clinical status of the animals. Clinical improvement of successfully treated dogs was related to lower immunofluorescence titers and simpler and/or less reactive immunodetection patterns in Western blotting. The recognition, by infected dogs, of certain low molecular weight antigens, particularly one of approximately 26 kDa, was restricted to pretreatment samples and a single animal in relapse thus apparently constituting an active infection marker. (+info)Supraspinal neurotensin-induced antianalgesia in mice is mediated by spinal cholecystokinin. (4/478)
Intracerebral injection of neurotensin into specific brain loci in rats produces hyperalgesia due to the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the spinal cord. The present purpose was to show in another species that neurotensin can antagonize the antinociceptive action of morphine through the spinal CCK mechanism in mice. Neurotensin given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) at doses higher than 100 ng produced antinociception in the tail flick test. However, at lower doses between 1 pg to 25 ng, neurotensin antagonized the antinociceptive action of morphine given intrathecally (i.t.), thus demonstrating the antianalgesic activity of neurotensin. The rightward shift in the morphine dose-response curve produced by i.c.v. neurotensin was eliminated by an i.t. pretreatment with CCK8 antibody (5 microl of antiserum solution diluted 1:1000). I.t. administration of lorglumide, a CCK(A)-receptor antagonist (10-1000 ng), and PD135,158, a CCK(B)-receptor antagonist (250-500 ng), also eliminated the antianalgesic action of neurotensin. Thus, the mechanism of the antianalgesic action of neurotensin given i.c.v. involved spinal CCK. This mode of action is similar to that for the antianalgesic action of supraspinal pentobarbital which also involves spinal CCK. (+info)Analysis of the behaviour of selected CCKB/gastrin receptor antagonists in radioligand binding assays performed in mouse and rat cerebral cortex. (5/478)
1. The previously described complex behaviour of the CCKB/gastrin receptor antagonist, L-365,260, in radioligand binding assays could be explained by a variable population of two binding sites. We have investigated whether other CCKB/gastrin receptor ligands (PD134,308, PD140,376, YM022 and JB93182) can distinguish between these sites. 2. In the mouse cortex assay, Hill slopes were not different from unity and the ligand pKI values did not differ when either [125I]-BH-CCK-8S or [3H]-PD140,376 was used as label as expected for a single site (G2). 3. In the rat cortex, where previous analysis of replicate (n=48) L-365,260 data indicated the presence of two CCKB/gastrin sites (G1 and G2), the competition data for PD134,308, PD140,376, YM022 and JB93182 could be explained by a homogeneous population of CCKB/gastrin sites because the Hill slope estimates were not significantly different from unity. However, the estimated affinity values for JB93182 and YM022 were significantly higher and that for PD134,308 was significantly lower than those obtained in the mouse cortex when the same radioligand was used. In view of our previous data obtained with L-365,260, the rat cortex data were also interpreted using a two-site model. In this analysis, SR27897 expressed approximately 9 fold, PD134,308 approximately 13 fold and PD140,376 approximately 11 fold selectivity for the G2 site. In contrast, JB93182 expressed approximately 23 fold and YM022 approximately 4 fold selectivity for the G1 site. If the two-site interpretation of the data is valid then, because of its reverse selectivity to L-365,260, JB93182 has been identified as a compound which if radiolabelled could provide a test of this receptor subdivision. (+info)Characterization of the binding of a novel radioligand to CCKB/gastrin receptors in membranes from rat cerebral cortex. (6/478)
1. We have investigated the binding of a novel radiolabelled CCKB/gastrin receptor ligand, [3H]-JB93182 (5[[[(1S)-[[(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2-phenylethyla mino]-carbonyl]-6-[[(1-adamantylmethyl) amino]carbonyl]-indole), to sites in rat cortex membranes. 2. The [3H]-JB93182 was 97% radiochemically pure as assessed by reverse-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) and was not degraded by incubation (150 min) with rat cortex membranes. 3. Saturation analysis indicated that [3H]-JB93182 labelled a homogeneous population of receptors in rat cortex membranes (pKD=9.48+/-0.08, Bmax=3.61+/-0.65 pmol g(-1) tissue, nH=0.97+/-0.02, n=5). The pKD was not significantly different when estimated by association-dissociation analysis (pKD=9.73+/-0.11; n=10). 4. In competition studies, the low affinity of the CCKA receptor antagonists, L-364,718; SR27897 and 2-NAP, suggest that, under the assay conditions employed, [3H]-JB93182 (0.3 nM) does not label CCKA receptors in the rat cortex. 5. The affinity estimates obtained for reference CCKB/gastrin receptor antagonists were indistinguishable from one of the affinity values obtained when a two site model was used to interpret [125I]-BH-CCK8S competition curves obtained in the same tissue (Harper et al., 1999). 6. This study provides further evidence for the existence of two CCKB/gastrin sites in rat cortex. [3H]-JB93182 appears to label selectively sites previously designated as gastrin-G1 and therefore it may be a useful compound for the further discrimination and characterization of these putative receptor subtypes. (+info)Differential effects of intrathecally administered morphine and its interaction with cholecystokinin-B antagonist on thermal hyperalgesia following two models of experimental mononeuropathy in the rat. (7/478)
BACKGROUND: Cholecystokinin-B receptor activation has been reported to reduce morphine analgesia. Neuropathic pain is thought to be relatively refractory to opioids. One possible mechanisms for a reduced effect of morphine on neuropathic pain is the induction of cholecystokinin in the spinal cord by nerve injury. The authors evaluated the role of the spinal cholecystokinin-B receptor on morphine analgesia in two rat neuropathic pain models: chronic constriction injury and partial sciatic nerve injury. METHODS: A chronic constriction injury is created by placing four loosely tied ligatures around the right sciatic nerve. A partial sciatic nerve injury was created by tight ligation of one third to one half of the right sciatic nerve. All drugs were injected intrathecally 7 and 11 days after the nerve injury. The effect of the drugs was reflected in the degree of paw withdrawal latency to thermal nociceptive stimulation. The paw withdrawal latencies of injured and uninjured paws were measured 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after the drugs were injected. RESULTS: In the chronic constriction injury model, intrathecal morphine increased the paw withdrawal latencies of injured and uninjured paws. PD135158, a cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist, potentiated the analgesic effect of morphine on injured and uninjured paws. In the partial sciatic nerve injury model, the effect of morphine on the injured paw was less potent than that on the uninjured paw, and PD135158 potentiated the morphine analgesia in the uninjured paw and had only a minor effect on the morphine analgesia in the injured paw. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of morphine for thermal hyperalgesia after nerve injury depends on the type of nerve injury. The role of the cholecystokinin-B receptor in morphine analgesia in thermal hyperalgesia after nerve injury also depends on the type of nerve injury. (+info)Glycine-extended gastrin exerts growth-promoting effects on human colon cancer cells. (8/478)
BACKGROUND: Since human colon cancers often contain significant quantities of progastrin-processing intermediates, we sought to explore the possibility that the biosynthetic precursor of fully processed amidated gastrin, glycine-extended gastrin, may exert trophic effects on human colonic cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Binding of radiolabeled glycine-extended and amidated gastrins was assessed on five human cancer cell lines: LoVo, HT 29, HCT 116, Colo 320DM, and T 84. Trophic actions of the peptides were assessed by increases in [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell number. Gastrin expression was determined by northern blot and radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Amidated gastrin did not bind to or stimulate the growth of any of the five cell lines. In contrast, saturable binding of radiolabeled glycine-extended gastrin was seen on LoVo and HT 29 cells that was not inhibited by amidated gastrin (10(-6) M) nor by a gastrin/CCKB receptor antagonist (PD 134308). Glycine-extended gastrin induced a dose-dependent increase in [3H]thymidine uptake in LoVo (143 +/- 8% versus control at 10(-10) M) and HT 29 (151 +/- 11% versus control at 10(-10) M) cells that was not inhibited by PD 134308 or by a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) or ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor (PD 98509). Glycine-extended gastrin did stimulate jun-kinase activity in LoVo and HT 29 cells. The two cell lines expressed the gastrin gene at low levels and secreted small amounts of amidated gastrin and glycine-extended gastrin into the media. CONCLUSIONS: Glycine-extended gastrin receptors are present on human colon cancer cells that mediate glycine-extended gastrin's trophic effects via a MEK-independent mechanism. This suggests that glycine-extended gastrin and its novel receptors may play a role in colon cancer cell growth. (+info)Meglumine is not a medical condition but a medication. It is an anticholinergic drug that is used as a diagnostic aid in the form of meglumine iodide, which is used to test for kidney function and to visualize the urinary tract. Meglumine is an amino sugar that is used as a counterion to combine with iodine to make meglumine iodide. It works by increasing the excretion of iodine through the kidneys, which helps to enhance the visibility of the urinary tract during imaging studies.
Clonixin is a type of medication known as an anticholinergic and a peripheral acting muscarinic receptor antagonist. It is primarily used to treat smooth muscle spasms, including those associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome. Clonixin works by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle contraction, on certain types of muscarinic receptors in the smooth muscle of the digestive tract. This helps to reduce muscle spasms and relieve symptoms such as abdominal pain and cramping.
It is important to note that Clonixin is not a commonly used medication and may have potential side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, and constipation. It should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, and the dosage and duration of treatment should be individualized based on the patient's medical history and current health status.
Iothalamate Meglumine is not a medical condition, but rather a diagnostic contrast agent used in various imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams. Iothalamate Meglumine is a type of radiocontrast medium that contains iodine atoms which help to enhance the visibility of internal structures during these imaging tests.
The medical definition of Iothalamate Meglumine is:
A radiocontrast agent used in diagnostic imaging, specifically in CT scans and MR urography exams. It contains iodine atoms that help to improve the contrast and visibility of internal structures such as the urinary tract. Iothalamate Meglumine is typically administered intravenously or instilled directly into the bladder.
It's important to note that while Iothalamate Meglumine is generally considered safe, it can cause allergic reactions or kidney damage in some individuals, particularly those with pre-existing kidney disease or diabetes. Therefore, it's essential to inform your healthcare provider of any medical conditions or allergies before undergoing an imaging exam that involves the use of this contrast agent.
Antiprotozoal agents are a type of medication used to treat protozoal infections, which are infections caused by microscopic single-celled organisms called protozoa. These agents work by either killing the protozoa or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. They can be administered through various routes, including oral, topical, and intravenous, depending on the type of infection and the severity of the illness.
Examples of antiprotozoal agents include:
* Metronidazole, tinidazole, and nitazoxanide for treating infections caused by Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica.
* Atovaquone, clindamycin, and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for treating malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum or other Plasmodium species.
* Pentamidine and suramin for treating African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense.
* Nitroimidazoles, such as benznidazole and nifurtimox, for treating Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
* Sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin for treating leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania species.
Antiprotozoal agents can have side effects, ranging from mild to severe, depending on the drug and the individual patient's response. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking these medications and report any adverse reactions promptly.
Organometallic compounds are a type of chemical compound that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. This means that the metal is directly attached to carbon atom(s) from an organic molecule. These compounds can be synthesized through various methods, and they have found widespread use in industrial and medicinal applications, including catalysis, polymerization, and pharmaceuticals.
It's worth noting that while organometallic compounds contain metal-carbon bonds, not all compounds with metal-carbon bonds are considered organometallic. For example, in classical inorganic chemistry, simple salts of metal carbonyls (M(CO)n) are not typically classified as organometallic, but rather as metal carbonyl complexes. The distinction between these classes of compounds can sometimes be subtle and is a matter of ongoing debate among chemists.
Antimony is a toxic metallic element with the symbol Sb and atomic number 51. It exists in several allotropic forms and can be found naturally as the mineral stibnite. Antimony has been used for centuries in various applications, including medicinal ones, although its use in medicine has largely fallen out of favor due to its toxicity.
In a medical context, antimony may still be encountered in certain medications used to treat parasitic infections, such as pentavalent antimony compounds (e.g., sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate) for the treatment of leishmaniasis. However, these drugs can have significant side effects and their use is typically reserved for severe cases that cannot be treated with other medications.
It's important to note that exposure to antimony in high concentrations or over prolonged periods can lead to serious health issues, including respiratory problems, skin irritation, gastrointestinal symptoms, and even neurological damage. Therefore, handling antimony-containing substances should be done with caution and appropriate safety measures.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The disease primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes, causing lesions that can be disfiguring and stigmatizing. There are several clinical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, including localized, disseminated, and mucocutaneous.
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of the disease, characterized by the development of one or more nodular or ulcerative lesions at the site of the sandfly bite, typically appearing within a few weeks to several months after exposure. The lesions may vary in size and appearance, ranging from small papules to large plaques or ulcers, and can be painful or pruritic (itchy).
Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis is a more severe form of the disease, characterized by the widespread dissemination of lesions across the body. This form of the disease typically affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a rare but severe form of the disease, characterized by the spread of infection from the skin to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat. This can result in extensive tissue destruction, disfigurement, and functional impairment.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, epidemiological data, and laboratory tests such as parasite detection using microscopy or molecular techniques, or serological tests to detect antibodies against the Leishmania parasites. Treatment options for cutaneous leishmaniasis include systemic or topical medications, such as antimonial drugs, miltefosine, or pentamidine, as well as physical treatments such as cryotherapy or thermotherapy. The choice of treatment depends on various factors, including the species of Leishmania involved, the clinical form of the disease, and the patient's overall health status.
"Leishmania infantum" is a species of protozoan parasite that causes a type of disease known as leishmaniasis. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies, primarily of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World and Lutzomyia in the New World.
The parasite has a complex life cycle, alternating between the sandfly vector and a mammalian host. In the sandfly, it exists as an extracellular flagellated promastigote, while in the mammalian host, it transforms into an intracellular non-flagellated amastigote that multiplies within macrophages.
"Leishmania infantum" is the primary causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Mediterranean basin, parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. VL, also known as kala-azar, is a systemic infection that can affect multiple organs, including the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Symptoms include fever, weight loss, anemia, and enlargement of the spleen and liver. If left untreated, VL can be fatal.
In addition to VL, "Leishmania infantum" can also cause cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms of leishmaniasis, which are characterized by skin lesions and ulcers, respectively. These forms of the disease are typically less severe than VL but can still result in significant morbidity.
Prevention and control measures for "Leishmania infantum" infection include avoiding sandfly bites through the use of insect repellents, protective clothing, and bed nets, as well as reducing sandfly breeding sites through environmental management. Effective treatment options are available for leishmaniasis, including antimonial drugs, amphotericin B, and miltefosine, among others. However, access to treatment and drug resistance remain significant challenges in many endemic areas.
Leishmania guyanensis is a species of protozoan parasite that causes American cutaneous leishmaniasis, a tropical disease transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The disease is characterized by skin lesions that can ulcerate and may leave significant scarring. In some cases, it can also cause more severe forms of the disease, such as mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, which affects the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat.
The parasite has a complex life cycle that involves two hosts: a mammalian host (such as humans) and an invertebrate host (the sandfly). The parasite exists in two forms during its life cycle: the promastigote form, which is found in the sandfly's gut and is transmitted to the mammalian host through the insect's bite; and the amastigote form, which infects and multiplies within the host's macrophages.
Leishmania guyanensis is found primarily in the rainforests of South America, particularly in French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, and Brazil. It is estimated that there are around 350 million people at risk of infection with Leishmania parasites worldwide, with an estimated 1.5 to 2 million new cases occurring each year. Prevention measures include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and using bed nets in areas where sandflies are prevalent. Treatment typically involves the use of antiparasitic drugs such as pentavalent antimonials or miltefosine.
Leishmania braziliensis is a species of protozoan parasite that causes American cutaneous leishmaniasis, also known as "espundia." This disease is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies, primarily from the genus Lutzomyia. The infection can lead to skin lesions, ulcers, and scarring, and in some cases, it can disseminate and affect other organs, causing a more severe form of the disease called mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
The parasite's life cycle involves two main stages: the promastigote stage, which occurs in the sandfly vector, and the amastigote stage, which takes place inside the mammalian host's macrophages. The infection can be diagnosed through various methods, including microscopic examination of tissue samples, culture isolation, or molecular techniques such as PCR. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic drugs, such as pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, or miltefosine, depending on the severity and location of the infection.
Leishmania mexicana is a species of protozoan parasite that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, a skin infection, in humans and other mammals. It is transmitted to its hosts through the bite of infected female sandflies, primarily of the genus Lutzomyia. The parasites multiply within the skin lesions of the host, leading to symptoms such as ulcers, scarring, and disfigurement. The severity and duration of the infection can vary widely, and in some cases, the infection may heal on its own without treatment. However, in other cases, the infection can become chronic and lead to significant morbidity.
Leishmania mexicana is found primarily in Mexico and Central America, although it has also been reported in other parts of the world. It is one of several species of Leishmania that can cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, and diagnosis typically involves identifying the parasite through microscopic examination of tissue samples or through molecular testing. Treatment options for cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. mexicana include systemic medications such as antimony compounds, miltefosine, and amphotericin B, as well as local treatments such as heat therapy and cryotherapy.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a systemic protozoan disease caused by the Leishmania donovani complex. It is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and is characterized by fever, weight loss, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. If left untreated, it can be fatal in over 95% of cases within 2 years of onset of symptoms. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies (Phlebotomus spp. or Lutzomyia spp.). The parasites enter the skin and are taken up by macrophages, where they transform into amastigotes and spread to internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Diagnosis is typically made through demonstration of the parasite in tissue samples or through serological tests. Treatment options include antimonial drugs, amphotericin B, miltefosine, and paromomycin. Prevention measures include vector control, early detection and treatment, and protection against sandfly bites.
Pentamidine is an antimicrobial drug that is primarily used to treat and prevent certain types of pneumonia caused by the parasitic organisms Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as P. carinii) and Leishmania donovani. It can also be used for the treatment of some fungal infections caused by Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans.
Pentamidine works by interfering with the DNA replication and protein synthesis of these microorganisms, which ultimately leads to their death. It is available as an injection or inhaled powder for medical use. Common side effects of pentamidine include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and changes in blood sugar levels. More serious side effects can include kidney damage, hearing loss, and heart rhythm disturbances.
It is important to note that the use of pentamidine should be under the supervision of a healthcare professional due to its potential for serious side effects and drug interactions.
Benzethonium is an antimicrobial agent used as a preservative in some pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. It has broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The chemical name for benzethonium chloride is N'-(1-benzyl-4-phenoxypyridinio) decane methosulfate.
Benzethonium chloride is commonly used as a topical antiseptic in products such as skin cleansers, hand sanitizers, and first aid treatments. It works by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane, leading to the death of the microorganism. However, it may not be effective against some spores and highly resistant bacteria.
It is important to note that benzethonium chloride should be used according to the instructions on the product label and should not be ingested or used in the eyes or mucous membranes unless specifically directed by a healthcare professional.
Diatrizoate is a type of contrast medium that is used during X-ray examinations, such as CT scans and urography, to help improve the visibility of internal body structures. It is a type of iodinated compound, which means it contains iodine atoms. Diatrizoate works by blocking the absorption of X-rays, causing the areas where it is injected or introduced to appear white on X-ray images. This can help doctors to diagnose a variety of medical conditions, including problems with the urinary system and digestive tract.
Like all medications and contrast agents, diatrizoate can have side effects, including allergic reactions, kidney damage, and thyroid problems. It is important for patients to discuss any potential risks and benefits of using this agent with their healthcare provider before undergoing an X-ray examination.
Paromomycin is an antiprotozoal medication, which belongs to the class of aminoglycoside antibiotics. It is primarily used to treat various intestinal infectious diseases caused by protozoa, such as amebiasis (an infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica) and giardiasis (an infection caused by Giardia lamblia). Paromomycin works by inhibiting the protein synthesis in the parasites, leading to their death. It is not typically used to treat bacterial infections in humans, as other aminoglycosides are.
It's important to note that paromomycin has limited systemic absorption and is primarily active within the gastrointestinal tract when taken orally. This makes it a valuable option for treating intestinal parasitic infections without causing significant harm to the beneficial bacteria in the gut or systemically affecting other organs.
Paromomycin is also used in veterinary medicine to treat various protozoal infections in animals, including leishmaniasis in dogs. The medication is available in different forms, such as tablets, capsules, and powder for oral suspension. As with any medication, paromomycin should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional, and its use may be subject to specific dosage, frequency, and duration guidelines.
Thiazines are a class of organic compounds that contain a heterocyclic ring consisting of nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur atoms. In the context of pharmaceuticals, thiazine rings are often found in various drugs, including some antipsychotic medications such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine. These drugs function by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, helping to manage symptoms associated with certain mental health conditions like schizophrenia.
It is important to note that 'thiazines' are not a medical term per se but rather a chemical classification of compounds. The medical relevance lies in the therapeutic application of specific drugs that have thiazine rings within their structures.
Parasitic sensitivity tests, also known as parasite drug susceptibility tests, refer to laboratory methods used to determine the effectiveness of specific antiparasitic medications against a particular parasitic infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which drugs are most likely to be effective in treating an individual's infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance or increased risk of side effects.
There are several types of parasitic sensitivity tests, including:
1. In vitro susceptibility testing: This involves culturing the parasite in a laboratory setting and exposing it to different concentrations of antiparasitic drugs. The growth or survival of the parasite is then observed and compared to a control group that was not exposed to the drug. This helps identify the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drug, which is the lowest concentration required to prevent the growth of the parasite.
2. Molecular testing: This involves analyzing the genetic material of the parasite to detect specific mutations or gene variations that are associated with resistance to certain antiparasitic drugs. This type of testing can be performed using a variety of methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing.
3. Phenotypic testing: This involves observing the effects of antiparasitic drugs on the growth or survival of the parasite in a laboratory setting. For example, a parasite may be grown in a culture medium and then exposed to different concentrations of a drug. The growth of the parasite is then monitored over time to determine the drug's effectiveness.
Parasitic sensitivity tests are important for guiding the treatment of many parasitic infections, including malaria, tuberculosis, and leishmaniasis. These tests can help healthcare providers choose the most effective antiparasitic drugs for their patients, reduce the risk of drug resistance, and improve treatment outcomes.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Iothalamic Acid" doesn't appear to be a recognized term in medical or physiological literature. It's possible there may be a spelling error or it could be a highly specialized or obscure term used only in specific research contexts.
If you meant "Iothalamate," that is a compound used as a contrast agent in medical imaging, specifically in radiology for procedures like intravenous pyelograms (IVPs) and computed tomography (CT) scans. Iothalamate is not typically referred to as an acid, though.
Please double-check the term you're looking for, and if there's any chance you meant "Iothalamate," let me know so I can provide a more accurate response!
Parasite load, in medical terms, refers to the total number or quantity of parasites (such as worms, protozoa, or other infectious agents) present in a host organism's body. It is often used to describe the severity of a parasitic infection and can be an important factor in determining the prognosis and treatment plan for the infected individual.
Parasite load can vary widely depending on the type of parasite, the route of infection, the immune status of the host, and other factors. In some cases, even a small number of parasites may cause significant harm if they are highly virulent or located in critical areas of the body. In other cases, large numbers of parasites may be necessary to produce noticeable symptoms.
Measuring parasite load can be challenging, as it often requires specialized laboratory techniques and equipment. However, accurate assessment of parasite load is important for both research and clinical purposes, as it can help researchers develop more effective treatments and allow healthcare providers to monitor the progression of an infection and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.
Leishmaniasis is a complex of diseases caused by the protozoan parasites of the Leishmania species, which are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The disease presents with a variety of clinical manifestations, depending upon the Leishmania species involved and the host's immune response.
There are three main forms of leishmaniasis: cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar. CL typically presents with skin ulcers, while MCL is characterized by the destruction of mucous membranes in the nose, mouth, and throat. VL, the most severe form, affects internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, causing symptoms like fever, weight loss, anemia, and enlarged liver and spleen.
Leishmaniasis is prevalent in many tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Asia, Africa, South America, and southern Europe. The prevention strategies include using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and improving housing conditions to minimize exposure to sandflies. Effective treatment options are available for leishmaniasis, depending on the form and severity of the disease, geographical location, and the Leishmania species involved.
Diatrizoate Meglumine is a type of contrast medium that is used during X-ray examinations, such as CT scans and angiography. It is a radiopaque substance, which means that it contains atoms that absorb X-rays, making it possible to visualize the internal structures of the body on an X-ray image.
Diatrizoate Meglumine is a salt of diatrizoic acid, which is a type of ionic contrast medium. It works by increasing the contrast between different tissues and organs in the body, making them easier to distinguish on an X-ray image. This can help doctors to diagnose a wide range of medical conditions, including injuries, tumors, and vascular diseases.
Like all medications, Diatrizoate Meglumine can have side effects, including allergic reactions, kidney damage, and thyroid problems. It is important for patients to discuss any potential risks and benefits with their doctor before undergoing an X-ray examination that involves the use of this contrast medium.
Cerebral ventriculography is a medical imaging technique that involves the injection of a contrast material into the cerebral ventricles, which are fluid-filled spaces within the brain. The purpose of this procedure is to produce detailed images of the ventricular system and the surrounding structures in order to diagnose and evaluate various neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles), tumors, or other abnormalities that may be causing obstruction or compression of the ventricular system.
The procedure typically involves inserting a thin, flexible tube called a catheter into the lateral ventricle of the brain through a small hole drilled in the skull. The contrast material is then injected through the catheter and X-ray images are taken as the contrast material flows through the ventricular system. These images can help to identify any abnormalities or blockages that may be present.
Cerebral ventriculography has largely been replaced by non-invasive imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provide similar information without the need for invasive procedures. However, cerebral ventriculography may still be used in certain cases where these other methods are not sufficient to make a definitive diagnosis.
Antimony sodium gluconate is a chemical compound that contains antimony, sodium, and gluconic acid. It is used primarily as a medication to treat the parasitic infection known as leishmaniasis, which is caused by a protozoan parasite and is transmitted through the bite of certain sandflies.
The compound works by inhibiting the growth of the parasite within the host's body. Antimony sodium gluconate is administered intravenously or intramuscularly, depending on the severity of the infection and the patient's overall health status.
It is important to note that antimony sodium gluconate can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and muscle weakness. In some cases, it may also cause more serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmias or kidney damage. Therefore, it should only be administered under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.
Platelet Factor 3 (PF3) is not a separate protein entity but rather refers to the complex formed when platelets are activated and expose their inner membrane, specifically a phospholipid-rich granule called the granule membrane particle, to the outside. This complex of platelet membrane with coagulation factors then serves as a catalytic surface for the acceleration of thrombin formation in the coagulation cascade.
In other words, PF3 is a part of the activated platelet's surface that plays an important role in blood clotting by promoting the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and the subsequent fibrin formation, which helps to strengthen the clot.
Leishmania is a genus of protozoan parasites that are the causative agents of Leishmaniasis, a group of diseases with various clinical manifestations. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The disease has a wide geographic distribution, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Asia, Africa, South America, and Southern Europe.
The Leishmania species have a complex life cycle that involves two main stages: the promastigote stage, which is found in the sandfly vector, and the amastigote stage, which infects mammalian hosts, including humans. The clinical manifestations of Leishmaniasis depend on the specific Leishmania species and the host's immune response to the infection.
The three main forms of Leishmaniasis are:
1. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL): This form is characterized by skin lesions, such as ulcers or nodules, that can take several months to heal and may leave scars. CL is caused by various Leishmania species, including L. major, L. tropica, and L. aethiopica.
2. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL): Also known as kala-azar, VL affects internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Symptoms include fever, weight loss, anemia, and enlarged liver and spleen. VL is caused by L. donovani, L. infantum, and L. chagasi species.
3. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL): This form affects the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat, causing destruction of tissues and severe disfigurement. MCL is caused by L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis species.
Prevention and control measures for Leishmaniasis include vector control, early diagnosis and treatment, and protection against sandfly bites through the use of insect repellents and bed nets.
Aminoquinolines are a class of drugs that contain a quinoline chemical structure and an amino group. They are primarily used as antimalarial agents, with the most well-known members of this class being chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. These drugs work by inhibiting the parasite's ability to digest hemoglobin in the red blood cells, which is necessary for its survival and reproduction.
In addition to their antimalarial properties, aminoquinolines have also been studied for their potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. They have been investigated as a treatment for various autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, although their use in these conditions is not yet widely accepted.
It's important to note that aminoquinolines can have significant side effects, including gastrointestinal symptoms, retinopathy, and cardiac toxicity. They should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, and their use may be contraindicated in certain populations, such as pregnant women or individuals with preexisting heart conditions.
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL) is a chronic, granulomatous disease caused by an infection with Leishmania species, primarily L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis. It affects both the mucous membranes (such as those of the nose, mouth, and throat) and the skin.
The initial infection often occurs through the bite of an infected female sandfly, which transmits the parasitic protozoa into the host's skin. After a variable incubation period, the disease can manifest in different clinical forms, including localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
MCL is characterized by progressive destruction of the mucous membranes, leading to deformities and functional impairments. The infection typically starts as a cutaneous lesion at the site of the sandfly bite, which heals spontaneously within several months. However, in some cases, the parasites disseminate to the mucous membranes, causing severe inflammation, ulceration, and tissue necrosis.
Symptoms of MCL include:
1. Destruction of nasal septum, leading to a saddle-nose deformity
2. Perforation of the palate or septum
3. Hoarseness or loss of voice due to laryngeal involvement
4. Difficulty swallowing and speaking
5. Chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, or otitis media
6. Severe disfigurement and functional impairments in advanced cases
Diagnosis is usually made by identifying the parasites in tissue samples (such as biopsies) using microscopy, culture, or PCR-based methods. Treatment typically involves systemic antiparasitic drugs, such as pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, miltefosine, or combination therapies, along with surgical interventions to reconstruct damaged tissues in advanced cases.
'Leishmania tropica' is a species of parasitic protozoan that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, a skin infection commonly known as "Old World" or Middle Eastern form of the disease. The parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies, primarily of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World.
The infection often results in skin ulcers, typically on exposed parts of the body such as the face, arms, and legs. These lesions can be disfiguring and may take several months to heal, leaving scars. In some cases, the infection can spread to other parts of the body, leading to more severe forms of the disease.
The incubation period for cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica can range from a few weeks to several months after the sandfly bite. The severity and duration of the disease can vary widely depending on various factors, including the immune status of the infected individual and the specific strain of the parasite.
Preventive measures include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets in areas where sandflies are prevalent. There is no vaccine available for cutaneous leishmaniasis, but several treatment options are available, including topical treatments, intralesional injections, and systemic medications, depending on the severity of the infection and the patient's overall health condition.
Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is a form of vitamin B3 (B-complex vitamin) that is used by the body to turn food into energy. It is found in various foods including meat, fish, milk, eggs, green vegetables, and cereal grains. Niacin is also available as a dietary supplement and prescription medication.
As a medication, niacin is primarily used to treat high cholesterol levels. It works by reducing the production of LDL (bad) cholesterol in the body and increasing the levels of HDL (good) cholesterol. Niacin can also help lower triglycerides, another type of fat found in the blood.
Niacin is available in immediate-release, sustained-release, and extended-release forms. The immediate-release form can cause flushing of the skin, itching, tingling, and headaches, which can be uncomfortable but are not usually serious. The sustained-release and extended-release forms may have fewer side effects, but they can also increase the risk of liver damage and other serious side effects.
It is important to note that niacin should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can interact with other medications and have potentially serious side effects.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Colombia" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in South America, known officially as the Republic of Colombia. If you are looking for medical information related to Colombia or its healthcare system, I would be happy to try to help you with that.
Phosphorylcholine is not a medical condition or disease, but rather a chemical compound. It is the choline ester of phosphoric acid, and it plays an important role in the structure and function of cell membranes. Phosphorylcholine is also found in certain types of lipoproteins, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or "bad" cholesterol.
In the context of medical research and therapy, phosphorylcholine has been studied for its potential role in various diseases, such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and other inflammatory conditions. Some studies have suggested that phosphorylcholine may contribute to the development of these diseases by promoting inflammation and immune responses. However, more research is needed to fully understand the role of phosphorylcholine in human health and disease.
"Intramuscular injections" refer to a medical procedure where a medication or vaccine is administered directly into the muscle tissue. This is typically done using a hypodermic needle and syringe, and the injection is usually given into one of the large muscles in the body, such as the deltoid (shoulder), vastus lateralis (thigh), or ventrogluteal (buttock) muscles.
Intramuscular injections are used for a variety of reasons, including to deliver medications that need to be absorbed slowly over time, to bypass stomach acid and improve absorption, or to ensure that the medication reaches the bloodstream quickly and directly. Common examples of medications delivered via intramuscular injection include certain vaccines, antibiotics, and pain relievers.
It is important to follow proper technique when administering intramuscular injections to minimize pain and reduce the risk of complications such as infection or injury to surrounding tissues. Proper site selection, needle length and gauge, and injection technique are all critical factors in ensuring a safe and effective intramuscular injection.
I understand you are asking for a medical definition of "Horse Diseases." However, it's important to note that there isn't a specific medical field dedicated to horse diseases as we typically categorize medical fields by human diseases and conditions. Veterinary medicine is the field responsible for studying, diagnosing, and treating diseases in animals, including horses.
Here's a general definition of 'Horse Diseases':
Horse diseases are health issues or medical conditions that affect equine species, particularly horses. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections; genetic predispositions; environmental factors; and metabolic disorders. Examples of horse diseases include Strangles (Streptococcus equi), Equine Influenza, Equine Herpesvirus, West Nile Virus, Rabies, Potomac Horse Fever, Lyme Disease, and internal or external parasites like worms and ticks. Additionally, horses can suffer from musculoskeletal disorders such as arthritis, laminitis, and various injuries. Regular veterinary care, preventative measures, and proper management are crucial for maintaining horse health and preventing diseases.
Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used to treat serious and often life-threatening fungal infections. It works by binding to the ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to the loss of essential cell components and ultimately cell death.
The medical definition of Amphotericin B is:
A polyene antifungal agent derived from Streptomyces nodosus, with a broad spectrum of activity against various fungi, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections, such as histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, candidiasis, and aspergillosis, among others. It may be administered intravenously or topically, depending on the formulation and the site of infection.
Adverse effects associated with Amphotericin B include infusion-related reactions (such as fever, chills, and hypotension), nephrotoxicity, electrolyte imbalances, and anemia. These side effects are often dose-dependent and may be managed through careful monitoring and adjustment of the dosing regimen.
Contrast media are substances that are administered to a patient in order to improve the visibility of internal body structures or processes in medical imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasounds. These media can be introduced into the body through various routes, including oral, rectal, or intravenous administration.
Contrast media work by altering the appearance of bodily structures in imaging studies. For example, when a patient undergoes an X-ray examination, contrast media can be used to highlight specific organs, tissues, or blood vessels, making them more visible on the resulting images. In CT and MRI scans, contrast media can help to enhance the differences between normal and abnormal tissues, allowing for more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
There are several types of contrast media available, each with its own specific properties and uses. Some common examples include barium sulfate, which is used as a contrast medium in X-ray studies of the gastrointestinal tract, and iodinated contrast media, which are commonly used in CT scans to highlight blood vessels and other structures.
While contrast media are generally considered safe, they can sometimes cause adverse reactions, ranging from mild symptoms such as nausea or hives to more serious complications such as anaphylaxis or kidney damage. As a result, it is important for healthcare providers to carefully evaluate each patient's medical history and individual risk factors before administering contrast media.
Meglumine - Wikipedia
Drug Shortage Detail: Iothalamate Meglumine 17.2%
DailyMed - VYNDAQEL- tafamidis meglumine capsule, liquid filled VYNDAMAX- tafamidis capsule, liquid filled
Tafamidis Oral Capsule 61 mg, Meglumine Oral Capsule 20 mg | Cigna
PRIME PubMed | Role of imiquimod and parenteral meglumine antimoniate in the initial treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis
Effect of Phenylbutazone, Flunixin Meglumine and Firocoxib on ex vivo Cyclo-oxygenase Activity in Horses Undergoing Elective...
Pharmacokinetics of Flunixin Meglumine in Elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus) - EAZWV 2018 - VIN
Effects of flunixin meglumine on postponement of ovulation in mares in: American Journal of Veterinary Research Volume 80 Issue...
CAS # 133-51-7, Methylglucamine antimonate, Meglumine antimonate, 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol antimonate - chemBlink
WHO EMRO | Effectiveness of meglumine antimoniate against L. tropica in a recently emerged focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in...
Vetameg™ Injection (Flunixin Meglumine) | FBN
Flunixin Meglumine Injection | Norbrook
Flunixin Meglumine (Per ML)
Meglumine | Pharma Excipient | Finar
Meglumine Gadoterate tab | Grupo Juste
Meglumine Antimoniate | 133-51-7 | Chemicalbull Pvt Ltd
Meglumine antimoniate | Medicine | Annotated Medicine and Device Lists
0061-4363-01 Animal Drug Product NDC - BANAMINE (FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE)
VYNDAQEL (tafamidis meglumine) 9 Drug Interactions | Pfizer Medical Information - Canada
Pharmacokinetics of liposome-encapsulated meglumine antimonate after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in dogs<...
Flunixin Meglumine Manufacturing - Industry Project Report And Supply Chain Assessment - DataVagyanik
Recalls/Safety Alerts Search | American Veterinary Medical Association
Recalls/Safety Alerts Search | American Veterinary Medical Association
Determination of related substances of gadoterate meglumine by Ultisil Phenyl-Ether - Welch Materials
Leishmania infantum exerts immunomodulation in canine Kupffer cells reverted by meglumine antimoniate - GHTM
Cardiac arrythmias: multimodal assessment integrating body surface ECG mapping into cardiac imaging
Leishmaniasis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Impavido (Miltefosine Capsules): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning
Banamine®( Flunixin meglumine, Prevail®, Vetameg®, Flu-nix®) for Dogs: Benefits, Dosage, Side Effects, and More - puppadogs.com
Antimoniate9
- In the present pilot study, we compared the use of imiquimod, an immunomodulatory molecule, to the use of meglumine antimoniate alone and in combination for the initial treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups and received either imiquimod 7.5% cream administered topically every other day for 20 days, intravenous meglumine antimoniate administered at a dosage of 20 mg/kg per day every day for 20 days, or combination therapy with both intravenous meglumine antimoniate and imiquimod 7.5% cream. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Four (57%) of 7 patients treated with meglumine antimoniate alone and 7 (100%) of 7 patients treated with combination therapy were cured. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Combination therapy with imiquimod and meglumine antimoniate is a promising regimen for the initial treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis that warrants additional larger studies. (unboundmedicine.com)
- This study identified the infecting Leishmania species and evaluated the results of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) therapy in a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Birjand, eastern Islamic Republic of Iran. (who.int)
- Complementarily, the impact of a leishmanicidal drug - meglumine antimoniate (MgA) - in infected KC was also explored. (unl.pt)
- The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of topical 5% imiquimod with cryotherapy vs. intralesional meglumine antimoniate (MA) in treatment of anthroponotic (dry type) CL. (iranjd.ir)
- Randomised controlled trial to determine the efficacy of thermotherapy in comparison with intralesional meglumine antimoniate to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in an operational setting in Syria. (who.int)
- The study will compare two treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis: intralesional meglumine antimoniate (IL MA) and thermotherapy. (who.int)
Banamine6
- When it comes to ensuring their health, there are various medications and treatments available, and one such medication that has garnered attention in the world of veterinary care is Banamine®(Flunixin meglumine). (puppadogs.com)
- In this section, we will embark on a journey to truly understand Banamine®(Flunixin meglumine) and its various brand names, including Prevail®, Vetameg®, and Flu-nix®, and explore its mechanisms of action within the canine body. (puppadogs.com)
- BANAMINE (flunixin meglumine injection) is recommended for the alleviation of inflammation and pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders in the horse. (drugs.com)
- BANAMINE (flunixin meglumine injection) is indicated for the control of pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease, endotoxemia and acute bovine mastitis. (drugs.com)
- Banamine Injectable Solution (flunixin meglumine) is an injectable non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for horses and cattle. (medi-vet.com)
- Each ml of Banamine-S Injectable Solution contains flunixin meglumine equivalent to 50 mg flunixin. (valleyvet.com)
Diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate1
- This is a liquid that contains either barium or a substance called Gastrografin (diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium liquid). (healthline.com)
Sodium4
- Amidotrizoate meglumine/sodium salt is potentially persistent. (janusinfo.se)
- Amidotrizoate meglumine/sodium salt" has a low potential for bioaccumulation. (janusinfo.se)
- Risk of environmental impact of amidotrizoate meglumine/sodium salt" cannot be excluded, since there is not sufficient data available. (janusinfo.se)
- Treatment-cycle costs range from US$ 30 (for generic sodium stibogluconate) to US$ 120 (for meglumine antimonate) or US$ 150 (for sodium stibogluconate). (who.int)
Tafamidis meglumine2
Iothalamate meglumine1
- It is often used as an excipient in pharmaceuticals and in conjunction with iodinated compounds in contrast media such as diatrizoate meglumine, iothalamate meglumine, and iodipamide meglumine. (wikipedia.org)
Pharmacokinetics1
- Subsequently, the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of meglumine-based solutions of TPM and TPM combinations were evaluated in rats, including animals following fluid percussion injury or pilocarpine-induced SE. (njit.edu)
Excipient1
- Here, we describe a novel easy-to-use and easy-to-prepare i.v. TPM formulation using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved excipient meglumine. (njit.edu)
Parenteral1
- Meglumine is an organic base used as a pH-adjusting agent and solubilizing agent in Solid orals and parenteral formulations. (finarchemicals.com)
Solution4
- Mean ± SD serum progesterone concentration for 13 mares at 5 and 12 days after ovulation following administration of flunixin meglumine or lactated Ringer solution (placebo treatment) during 33 estrus cycles in which they became pregnant (gray bars) and 10 estrus cycles in which they did not become pregnant (black bars). (avma.org)
- Dot plots of maximum follicular diameter and number of days from treatment until ovulation (A) and serum progesterone concentration 5 days after ovulation and maximum follicular diameter (B) for 45 estrus cycles of 13 mares that received flunixin meglumine or lactated Ringer solution (placebo treatment) at the time of estrus. (avma.org)
- The tolerability studies of the meglumine-based TPM solution and meglumine-based TPM combinations in normal rats and the rat fluid percussion injury and pilocarpine-induced SE models demonstrate excellent tolerability of the novel drug solutions. (njit.edu)
- Significance: In conclusion, the novel meglumine-based solution of TPM presented here may be well suited for clinical development. (njit.edu)
Methods1
- Methods: During formulation development, we compared the solubility of TPM in bi-distilled water with vs without a range of meglumine concentrations. (njit.edu)
Treatment2
- Horses (n = 18) undergoing elective surgery were recruited and allocated to treatment groups depending on clinician preference (1) phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg bwt i.v. b.i.d.), (2) flunixin meglumine (FM, 1.1 mg/kg bwt i.v. b.i.d.) and (3) firocoxib (FIR, 0.1 mg/kg bwt i.v. s.i.d. (ivis.org)
- Furthermore, meglumine can be used to prepare drug cocktails where TPM is co-administered with another ASM for SE treatment. (njit.edu)
Results1
- Results: The amino sugar meglumine markedly enhances the aqueous solubility of TPM. (njit.edu)
Price2
- There are several factors that will contribute to the price trend of flunixin meglumine in the future. (datavagyanik.com)
- These factors include price and availability of components and technology used in the flunixin meglumine manufacturing, demand from the end-use industries, import-export trends and others. (datavagyanik.com)
Comparison1
- A comparison with data on dissolving TPM using sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (Captisol) demonstrates that meglumine is much more effective for dissolving TPM. (njit.edu)
Risk1
- There is a risk of explosion when meglumine dust is mixed with air. (finarchemicals.com)
Prepare1
- How to prepare the process flow diagram (PFD) for flunixin meglumine manufacturing? (datavagyanik.com)
Agent2
- This problem can be overcome by using Meglumine i.e., as a basic agent which helps dissolve such APIs. (finarchemicals.com)
- Flunixin meglumine is a potent, non-narcotic, nonsteroidal, analgesic agent with anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. (drugs.com)
Diatrizoate10
- It is often used as an excipient in pharmaceuticals and in conjunction with iodinated compounds in contrast media such as diatrizoate meglumine, iothalamate meglumine, and iodipamide meglumine. (wikipedia.org)
- Cystografin (diatrizoate meglumine injection 30%) is a radiopaque contrast agent indicated for retrograde cystourethrography. (rxlist.com)
- Our Cystografin (diatrizoate meglumine injection 30%) Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
- Each mL provides 300 mg diatrizoate meglumine with 0.4 mg edetate disodium as a sequestering agent. (rxlist.com)
- Cystografin (Diatrizoate Meglumine Injection USP 30%) is available in 200 mL and 400 mL bottles containing 100 mL and 300 mL of Cystografin respectively with sufficient capacity for dilution up to 167 mL and 350 mL respectively. (rxlist.com)
- Cystografin Dilute (Diatrizoate Meglumine Injection USP 18%) is also available, as a 300 mL fill in a 400 mL bottle. (rxlist.com)
- Diatrizoate meglumine was first approved as Cystografin on 1982-01-01. (pharmakb.com)
- Diatrizoate meglumine is utilised during X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scans in the field of medicine. (vcarechemicals.com)
- The main function of diatrizoate meglumine is to see the gastrointestinal tract, including the oesophagus, stomach, and intestines. (vcarechemicals.com)
- A bottle of Gastrografin brand Diatrizoate Meglumine and Diatrisoate Sodium (lemon flavored). (theodoregray.com)
Flunixin meglumine injection2
- BANAMINE (flunixin meglumine injection) is recommended for the alleviation of inflammation and pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders in the horse. (nih.gov)
- BANAMINE (flunixin meglumine injection) is indicated for the control of pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease, endotoxemia and acute bovine mastitis. (nih.gov)
Gadoterate meglumine6
- These highlights do not include all the information needed to use GADOTERATE MEGLUMINE INJECTION safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
- See full prescribing information for GADOTERATE MEGLUMINE INJECTION. (nih.gov)
- Gadoterate Meglumine Injection is a gadolinium-based contrast agent indicated: for intravenous use with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in brain (intracranial), spine and associated tissues in adult and pediatric patients (including term neonates) to detect and visualize areas with disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and/or abnormal vascularity. (nih.gov)
- Adult and pediatric patients: The recommended dose of Gadoterate Meglumine Injection is 0.2 mL/kg (0.1 mmol/kg) body weight administered as an intravenous bolus injection at a flow rate of approximately 2 mL/second for adults and 1 to 2 mL/second for pediatric patients (including term neonates). (nih.gov)
- Gadoterate Meglumine Injection 0.5 mmol per mL contains 376.9 mg per mL of gadoterate meglumine and is available in single dose vials. (nih.gov)
- Clinically important hypersensitivity reactions to Gadoterate Meglumine Injection. (nih.gov)
Injection1
- We used the acetic acid test (AAT) to assess the analgesic potential of systemic xylazine hydrochloride, meloxicam, flunixin meglumine, and morphine sulfate after injection into the dorsal lymph sac. (elsevierpure.com)
Meloxicam2
- We found that the Hargreaves test was an effective measure of nociception in Xenopus, and we used it to evaluate the effectiveness of the nonopiod agents xylazine hydrochloride, meloxicam, and flunixin meglumine both in the absence of surgery and after surgical oocyte harvest. (elsevierpure.com)
- Banamine (flunixin meglumine), Metacam (meloxicam), or carprofen. (ratguide.com)
Phenylbutazone1
- Veterinarians often prescribe traditionally used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-such as phenylbutazone (PBZ) or flunixin meglumine (FM, Banamine)-to help reduce or eliminate foot pain (such as that associated with laminitis). (thehorse.com)
Banamine Injectable Solution1
- Each ml of Banamine Injectable Solution contains flunixin meglumine equivalent to 50 mg flunixin. (racehorsemed.co)
Analgesia2
- Flunixin meglumine provided better analgesia than did the other drugs, most evident at 5 and 9 h after administration. (elsevierpure.com)
- Similar to findings from the AAT, flunixin meglumine provided better analgesia in the Hargreaves test than did the other agents when analyzed in the absence of surgical intervention. (elsevierpure.com)
Firocoxib6
- While flunixin meglumine and firocoxib have similar pain control in this study, the firocoxib-treated horses had reduced evidence of endotoxemia 48 hours post‐surgery. (equimanagement.com)
- A study published in August 2018 in Equine Veterinary Journal was titled, "Multicenter, blinded, randomized clinical trial comparing the use of flunixin meglumine with firocoxib in horses with small intestinal strangulating obstruction. (equimanagement.com)
- In this blinded, randomized study, Dr. Amanda Lee Ziegler and colleagues in the USA aimed to determine whether the COX‐2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) firocoxib would reduce the signs of endotoxaemia to a greater extent compared to the nonselective COX inhibitor flunixin meglumine in horses with small intestinal strangulating obstructions (SISO). (equimanagement.com)
- Fifty-six horses ≥1 year of age that underwent surgical correction of a SISO were randomly allocated to be treated with either flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg bwt i.v. q. 12 h) or firocoxib (0.3 mg/kg bwt i.v. loading dose then 0.1 mg/kg bwt i.v. q. 24 h). (equimanagement.com)
- however, at 48 hours post‐operatively, 26.9% of horses treated with flunixin meglumine had sCD14 levels exceeding the upper limit of the reference range as compared with 8.33% of horses treated with firocoxib. (equimanagement.com)
- Bottom line: Use of firocoxib following surgery for SISO results in similar levels of pain control as compared with horses treated with flunixin meglumine, but firocoxib horses have reduced evidence of endotoxemia at 48 hours post‐operatively as detected by measuring sCD14. (equimanagement.com)
Gadobenate1
- Meglumine Gadobenate ( Safe. (e-lactancia.org)
Derived from glucose2
- Meglumine is a sugar alcohol derived from glucose that contains an amino group modification. (wikipedia.org)
- Meglumine is an amino sugar derived from glucose. (marketpublishers.com)
Inflammation2
- Flunixin meglumine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat fever and pain associated with inflammation in cows, pigs and horses. (affygility.com)
- Topical corticosteroids or systemic corticosteroids (if nonbacterial) such as prednisone , or dexamethasone , or prostaglandin inhibitors such as aspirin , or flunixin meglumine to reduce inflammation and swelling. (ratguide.com)
Effectiveness1
- BACKGROUND: Flunixin meglumine (FM) was investigated for the effectiveness of plasma, oral fluid, and urine concentrations to predict tissue residue depletion profiles in finishing-age swine, along with the potential for untreated pigs to acquire tissue residues following commingled housing with FM-treated pigs. (uu.nl)
20191
- The Meglumine market revenue was xx.xx Million USD in 2019, and will reach xx.xx Million USD in 2025, with a CAGR of x.x% during 2020-2025. (marketpublishers.com)
Analgesic1
- PHARMACOLOGY Flunixin meglumine is a potent, non-narcotic, nonsteroidal, analgesic agent with anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. (nih.gov)
Extent1
- Flunixin meglumine significantly limited the extent of pulmonary consolidation in the test (treated) calves and thereby conferred clinically obvious therapeutic advantages. (gla.ac.uk)
Effects2
- Chapter 3 describes a study that was originally designed to assess the effects of the antiprostaglandin compound, flunixin meglumine, under controlled studies in calves experimentally infected with parainfluenze type 3 (PI3) virus. (gla.ac.uk)
- In the second group of calves, the beneficial effects of flunixin meglumine were less obvious probably as the result of (unsuspected) pre-existing chronic pneumonia throughout the group. (gla.ac.uk)
Application1
- In addition to its application as a counter ion in salts, meglumine can be also used as functional excipient to enhance API solubility, improve API stability, and adjust pH value. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Research1
- RESEARCH flunixin meglumine. (cdc.gov)
Drug1
- Gd(III)-diethylenetriamine pentaacetate-meglumine-dendrimer drug has the ability to enter cells and does not produce significant cytotoxicity. (hindawi.com)
Pain1
- In one trial, oral acetaminophen was comparable to flunixin meglumine at relieving hoof pain. (thehorse.com)
Product1
- This product is injectable Flunixin Meglumine/Banamine. (racehorsemed.co)
Item1
- Buy 6 Banamine (Flunixin Meglumine) Veterinary (item 961 RX) and save! (racehorsemed.co)