The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Numeric or quantitative entities, descriptions, properties, relationships, operations, and events.
Success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general.
The ability to acquire general or special types of knowledge or skill.
Programs of study which span the traditional boundaries of academic scholarship.
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.
Skills and strategies, unrelated to the traits a test is intended to measure, that may increase test takers' scores -- may include the effects of coaching or experience in taking tests. (ERIC Thesaurus)
A self-reporting test consisting of items concerning fear and worry about taking tests and physiological activity, such as heart rate, sweating, etc., before, during, and after tests.
The practical application of physical, mechanical, and mathematical principles. (Stedman, 25th ed)
One of the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.
Impaired ability in numerical concepts. These inabilities arise as a result of primary neurological lesion, are syndromic (e.g., GERSTMANN SYNDROME ) or acquired due to brain damage.
Performance, usually in school work, poorer than that predicted from aptitude and/or intelligence testing.
A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal.
'Reading' in a medical context often refers to the act or process of a person interpreting and comprehending written or printed symbols, such as letters or words, for the purpose of deriving information or meaning from them.
The application of scientific knowledge to practical purposes in any field. It includes methods, techniques, and instrumentation.
The study of natural phenomena by observation, measurement, and experimentation.
The study of those aspects of energy and matter in terms of elementary principles and laws. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The assessing of academic or educational achievement. It includes all aspects of testing and test construction.
The body of truths or facts accumulated in the course of time, the cumulated sum of information, its volume and nature, in any civilization, period, or country.
Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Delaware" is not a medical concept or condition that has a defined meaning within the medical field. It is a state in the United States. If you have any questions about a specific medical topic or condition, I would be happy to help answer those!
The ability to learn and to deal with new situations and to deal effectively with tasks involving abstractions.
Those psychological characteristics which differentiate individuals from one another.
A cognitive disorder characterized by an impaired ability to comprehend written and printed words or phrases despite intact vision. This condition may be developmental or acquired. Developmental dyslexia is marked by reading achievement that falls substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education. The disturbance in reading significantly interferes with academic achievement or with activities of daily living that require reading skills. (From DSM-IV)
Primarily non-verbal tests designed to predict an individual's future learning ability or performance.
The study of normal and abnormal behavior of children.
The teaching or training of those individuals with hearing disability or impairment.
The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of an individual from birth up to but not including ADOLESCENCE.
The sciences dealing with processes observable in nature.
A cognitive process involving the formation of ideas generalized from the knowledge of qualities, aspects, and relations of objects.
Skills in the use of language which lead to proficiency in written or spoken communication.
The science that investigates the principles governing correct or reliable inference and deals with the canons and criteria of validity in thought and demonstration. This system of reasoning is applicable to any branch of knowledge or study. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed & Sippl, Computer Dictionary, 4th ed)
The educational process of instructing.
A course of study offered by an educational institution.
Educational institutions.
Standardized tests that measure the present general ability or aptitude for intellectual performance.
Knowing or understanding without conscious use of reasoning. (Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1994)
Educational institutions providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees.
The act or fact of grasping the meaning, nature, or importance of; understanding. (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed) Includes understanding by a patient or research subject of information disclosed orally or in writing.
Procedures and programs that facilitate the development or skill acquisition in infants and young children who have disabilities, who are at risk for developing disabilities, or who are gifted. It includes programs that are designed to prevent handicapping conditions in infants and young children and family-centered programs designed to affect the functioning of infants and children with special needs. (From Journal of Early Intervention, Editorial, 1989, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 3; A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, prepared for the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 1976)
Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.
Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.
Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.
Education of the individual who markedly deviates intellectually, physically, socially, or emotionally from those considered to be normal, thus requiring special instruction.
A phenomenon in which multiple and diverse phenotypic outcomes are influenced by a single gene (or single gene product.)
Acquisition of knowledge as a result of instruction in a formal course of study.
The biological science concerned with the life-supporting properties, functions, and processes of living organisms or their parts.
A verbal or nonverbal means of communicating ideas or feelings.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.
Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)
Theoretical models which propose methods of learning or teaching as a basis or adjunct to changes in attitude or behavior. These educational interventions are usually applied in the fields of health and patient education but are not restricted to patient care.
Remembrance of information for a few seconds to hours.
A set of cognitive functions that controls complex, goal-directed thought and behavior. Executive function involves multiple domains, such as CONCEPT FORMATION, goal management, cognitive flexibility, INHIBITION control, and WORKING MEMORY. Impaired executive function is seen in a range of disorders, e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; and ADHD.
The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
Mood or emotional responses dissonant with or inappropriate to the behavior and/or stimulus.
Field of psychology concerned with the normal and abnormal behavior of adolescents. It includes mental processes as well as observable responses.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
whoa, I'm just an AI and I don't have the ability to provide on-the-fly medical definitions. However, I can tell you that "Missouri" is not a term commonly used in medicine. It's a state in the United States, and I assume you might be looking for a medical term that is associated with it. If you could provide more context or clarify what you're looking for, I'd be happy to help further!
The detailed examination of observable activity or behavior associated with the execution or completion of a required function or unit of work.
Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Two individuals derived from two FETUSES that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the UTERUS simultaneously, and born to the same mother. Twins are either monozygotic (TWINS, MONOZYGOTIC) or dizygotic (TWINS, DIZYGOTIC).
A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.
Comprehensive, methodical analysis of complex biological systems by monitoring responses to perturbations of biological processes. Large scale, computerized collection and analysis of the data are used to develop and test models of biological systems.
Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.
The science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation. The term is also applied to the data themselves and to the summarization of the data.
Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.
The study of systems which respond disproportionately (nonlinearly) to initial conditions or perturbing stimuli. Nonlinear systems may exhibit "chaos" which is classically characterized as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems, while distinguished from more ordered periodic systems, are not random. When their behavior over time is appropriately displayed (in "phase space"), constraints are evident which are described by "strange attractors". Phase space representations of chaotic systems, or strange attractors, usually reveal fractal (FRACTALS) self-similarity across time scales. Natural, including biological, systems often display nonlinear dynamics and chaos.
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)
A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.
Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.
Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.
Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.
Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.
Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

Hidden genetic variability within electromorphs in finite populations. (1/9350)

The amount of hidden genetic variability within electromorphs in finite populations is studied by using the infinite site model and stepwise mutation model simultaneously. A formula is developed for the bivariate probability generating function for the number of codon differences and the number of electromorph state differences between two randomly chosen cistrons. Using this formula, the distribution as well as the mean and variance of the number of codon differences between two identical or nonidentical electromorphs are studied. The distribution of the number of codon differences between two randomly chosen identical electromorphs is similar to the geometric distribution but more leptokurtic. Studies are also made on the number of codon differences between two electromorphs chosen at random one from each of two populations which have been separated for an arbitrary number of generations. It is shown that the amount of hidden genetic variability is very large if the product of effective population size and mutation rate is large.  (+info)

The Lewontin and Krakauer test on quantitative characters. (2/9350)

It is shown that LEWONTIN and KRAKAUER's test could also be applied to quantitative characters that do not show important dominance and epistatic genetic variances. The design of experiments for this purpose and the error of the estimation of F are discussed.  (+info)

Mapping of the homothallic genes, HM alpha and HMa, in Saccharomyces yeasts. (3/9350)

Two of the three homothallic genes, HM alpha and HMa, showed direct linkage to the mating-type locus at approximately 73 and 98 strans (57 and 65 centimorgans [cM], respectively, whereas, the other, HO, showed no linkage to 25 standard markers distributed over 17 chromosomes including the mating-type locus. To determine whether the HM alpha and HMa loci located on the left or right side of the mating-type locus, equations for three factor analysis of three linked genes were derived. Tetrad data were collected and were compared with expected values by chi 2 statistics. Calculations indicated that the HM alpha gene is probably located on the right arm at 95 strans (65 cM) from the centromere and the HMa locus at approximately 90 strans (64 cM) on the left arm of chromosome III.  (+info)

Somatic recording of GABAergic autoreceptor current in cerebellar stellate and basket cells. (4/9350)

Patch-clamp recordings were performed from stellate and basket cells in rat cerebellar slices. Under somatic voltage clamp, short depolarizing pulses were applied to elicit action potentials in the axon. After the action potential, a bicuculline- and Cd2+-sensitive current transient was observed. A similar response was obtained when eliciting axonal firing by extracellular stimulation. With an isotonic internal Cl- solution, the peak amplitude of this current varied linearly with the holding potential, yielding an extrapolated reversal potential of -20 to 0 mV. Unlike synaptic or autaptic GABAergic currents obtained in the same preparation, the current transient had a slow rise-time and a low variability between trials. This current was blocked when 10 mM BAPTA was included in the recording solution. In some experiments, the current transient elicited axonal action potentials. The current transient was reliably observed in animals aged 12-15 d, with a mean amplitude of 82 pA at -70 mV, but was small and rare in the age group 29-49 d. Numerical simulations could account for all properties of the current transient by assuming that an action potential activates a distributed GABAergic conductance in the axon. The actual conductance is probably restricted to release sites, with an estimated mean presynaptic current response of 10 pA per site (-70 mV, age 12-15 d). We conclude that in developing rats, stellate and basket cell axons have a high density of GABAergic autoreceptors and that a sizable fraction of the corresponding current can be measured from the soma.  (+info)

Transport of solutes through cartilage: permeability to large molecules. (5/9350)

A review of the transport of solutes through articular cartilage is given, with special reference to the effect of variations in matrix composition. Some physiological implications of our findings are discussed. Also, results of an experimental study of the permeability of articular cartilage to large globular proteins are presented. Because of the very low partition coefficients of large solutes between cartilage and an external solution new experimental techniques had to be devised, particularly for the study of diffusion. The partition coefficients of solutes were found to decrease very steeply with increase in size, up to serum albumin. There was, however, no further decrease for IGG. The diffusion coefficient of serum albumin in cartilage was relatively high (one quarter of the value in aqueous solution). These two facts taken together suggest that there may be a very small fraction of relatively large pores in cartilage through which the transport of large molecules is taking place. The permeability of cartilage to large molecules is extremely sensitive to variations in the glycosaminoglycan content: for a threefold increase in the latter there is a hundredfold decrease in the partition coefficient. For cartilage of fixed charge density around 0-19 m-equiv/g, there is no penetration at all of globular proteins of size equal to or larger than serum albumin.  (+info)

Teaching coin summation to the mentally retarded. (6/9350)

A procedure to teach four mild and moderately retarded persons to sum the value of coin combinations was tested. Subjects were first taught to count a single target coin, and then to sum that coin in combination with coins previously trained. Five American coins and various combinations were trained. Modelling, modelling with subject participation, and independent counting by the subject constituted the training sequence. The subjects improved from a mean pretest score of 29% to 92% correct at posttest. A four-week followup score showed a mean of 79% correct. A multiple-baseline design suggested that improvement in coin-counting performance occurred only after the coin was trained. The results indicate that this procedure has potential for teaching the retarded to sum combinations of coinds in 5 to 6 hr of instruction.  (+info)

The changing criterion design. (7/9350)

This article describes and illustrates with two case studies a relatively novel form of the multiple-baseline design called the changing criterion design. It also presents the design's formal requirements, and suggests target behaviors and circumstances for which the design might be useful.  (+info)

Regulation of AMP deaminase from chicken erythrocytes. A kinetic study of the allosteric interactions. (8/9350)

The allosteric properties of AMP deaminase [EC 3.5.4.6] from chicken erythrocytes have been qualitatively and quantitatively accounted for by the concerted transition theory of Monod et al., on the assumption that this enzyme has different numbers of binding sites for each ligand. Theoretical curves yield a satisfactory fit for all experimental saturation functions with respect to activation by alkali metals and inhibition by Pi, assuming that the numbers of binding sites for AMP, alkali metals, and Pi are 4, 2, and 4, respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by concentrations of ATP and GTP below 0.1 and 0.25 mM, respectively, whereas activation of the enzyme was observed at ATP and GTP concentrations above 0.4 and 1.5 mM, respectively. These unusual kinetics with respect to ATP and GTP could be also accounted for by assuming 2 inhibitory and 4 activating sites for each ligand.  (+info)

I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be a misunderstanding. Mathematics is not a medical term; it is a branch of science dedicated to the study of numbers, shapes, and structures. However, mathematics does have many applications in medicine, such as in modeling disease spread, analyzing medical images, or designing clinical trials. If you have any questions related to mathematics in a medical context, I'd be happy to help clarify those for you!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mathematical Concepts" is not a medical term. Mathematical concepts refer to the building blocks and principles that form the foundation of mathematics as a discipline. These can include ideas such as numbers, operations, functions, geometry, algebra, calculus, and many others.

If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help!

In a medical context, "achievement" generally refers to the successful completion of a specific goal or task related to a person's health or medical treatment. This could include reaching certain milestones in rehabilitation or therapy, achieving certain laboratory test results, or meeting other health-related objectives. Achievements in healthcare are often celebrated as they represent progress and improvement in a patient's condition. However, it is important to note that the definition of achievement may vary depending on the individual's medical history, current health status, and treatment plan.

In a medical context, "aptitude" is not typically defined because it is a general term that refers to the ability or potential to learn, acquire skills, or perform tasks. It is often used in relation to career counseling and education to describe an individual's natural talents, abilities, or potential for success in a particular area.

However, it is important to note that aptitude is not a fixed trait and can be influenced by various factors such as motivation, experience, training, and environment. Additionally, while certain aptitudes may be more common in certain professions or activities, they do not guarantee success or performance.

Therefore, while there may not be a specific medical definition of "aptitude," it is a term that can have relevance in medical contexts related to career development, education, and rehabilitation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Interdisciplinary Studies" is not a medical term. It is a term used in education and research to describe the approach that involves two or more academic disciplines in order to broaden understanding, improve problem-solving, and enhance innovation. This approach is used in various fields including social sciences, humanities, natural sciences, and engineering.

In a medical context, interdisciplinary studies might refer to a collaborative approach to patient care that involves healthcare professionals from different disciplines (such as doctors, nurses, pharmacists, social workers, etc.) working together to provide comprehensive and coordinated care for patients with complex medical conditions. This type of collaboration can lead to improved patient outcomes, increased patient satisfaction, and more efficient use of healthcare resources.

A learning disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to acquire, process, and use information in one or more academic areas despite normal intelligence and adequate instruction. It can manifest as difficulties with reading (dyslexia), writing (dysgraphia), mathematics (dyscalculia), or other academic skills. Learning disorders are not the result of low intelligence, lack of motivation, or environmental factors alone, but rather reflect a significant discrepancy between an individual's cognitive abilities and their academic achievement. They can significantly impact a person's ability to perform in school, at work, and in daily life, making it important to diagnose and manage these disorders effectively.

"Test-taking skills" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in an educational or psychological context, test-taking skills refer to the abilities and strategies that a person uses to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding during assessments or exams. These skills can include time management, reading comprehension, note-taking, outlining, summarizing, and answering questions effectively.

Test-taking skills are not only important for academic success but also for professional licensing exams, certifications, and other standardized tests. Developing good test-taking skills can help reduce test anxiety, improve performance, and increase confidence.

While "test-taking skills" may not have a medical definition per se, it is worth noting that some psychological and educational interventions aim to improve these skills in students or test-takers, which can have positive impacts on their mental health and well-being.

I cannot specifically provide a medical definition for "Test Anxiety Scale," as it is not a widely recognized or established medical term. However, I can give you some information about the concept of test anxiety and its measurement.

Test anxiety is a type of performance anxiety that occurs when an individual experiences excessive fear, worry, or stress before, during, or after taking tests or exams. It can negatively impact their cognitive functioning, memory recall, and overall academic performance. Test anxiety may manifest as physical symptoms (e.g., headaches, rapid heartbeat, sweating) and/or psychological symptoms (e.g., racing thoughts, feelings of panic, low self-esteem).

A Test Anxiety Scale is a standardized psychometric instrument designed to measure the severity of test anxiety experienced by an individual. These scales typically consist of a series of questions or statements that assess various aspects of test anxiety, such as cognitive worry, physical symptoms, and affective reactions. Respondents are asked to rate their agreement with each item on a Likert-type scale (e.g., 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). The total score provides an indication of the individual's overall test anxiety level.

Examples of Test Anxiety Scales include:

1. Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale (STAS)
2. The Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI)
3. The Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire (CSAQ)
4. The Westside Test Anxiety Scale (WTAS)
5. The Reactions to Tests Scale (RTS)

These scales are often used in research and clinical settings to assess the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing test anxiety or to identify individuals who may benefit from such interventions.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "engineering." However, in general, engineering refers to the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design, build, and maintain structures, machines, devices, systems, and solutions. This can include various disciplines such as biomedical engineering, which involves applying engineering principles to medicine and healthcare.

Biomedical engineering combines knowledge from fields like mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, chemistry, and materials science with medical and biological sciences to develop solutions for healthcare challenges. Biomedical engineers design and develop medical devices, artificial organs, imaging systems, biocompatible materials, and other technologies used in medical treatments and diagnostics.

In summary, while there is no specific medical definition for "engineering," the term can refer to various disciplines that apply scientific and mathematical principles to solve problems related to healthcare and medicine.

Biology is the scientific study of living organisms and their vital processes. It deals with the characteristics, classification, and behaviors of plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as how they interact with each other and the environment. Biology covers a wide range of topics, including genetics, cell biology, evolution, ecology, and physiology. The goal of biological research is to understand the fundamental principles that govern the functioning of living systems and to apply this knowledge to improve human health, agriculture, and the environment.

Dyscalculia is a learning disorder characterized by difficulty in understanding and processing numerical or arithmetic concepts. It is a specific math disability that affects a person's ability to learn number-related concepts and perform calculations, even when they have normal intelligence and adequate teaching. People with dyscalculia may struggle with basic mathematical skills such as counting, recognizing numbers, remembering mathematical facts, and understanding mathematical concepts. They may also have difficulty with estimation, time management, and spatial reasoning. The exact causes of dyscalculia are not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to genetic factors and differences in brain structure and function.

In the field of education and psychology, "underachievement" is a term used to describe a situation where an individual's academic performance is consistently lower than what would be expected based on their intellectual ability or potential. This discrepancy between actual and expected performance cannot be attributed solely to a lack of educational opportunities, physical disabilities, or socio-emotional factors. Underachievement can have significant implications for a student's self-esteem, motivation, and future academic and career prospects. It is essential to identify the underlying causes of underachievement early on to provide appropriate interventions and support to help students reach their full potential.

In the context of medicine, problem-solving refers to the cognitive process by which healthcare professionals identify, analyze, and address clinical issues or challenges in order to provide optimal care for their patients. This may involve gathering relevant information, generating potential solutions, evaluating their feasibility and risks, selecting the most appropriate course of action, and implementing and monitoring the chosen intervention. Effective problem-solving skills are essential for making informed decisions, improving patient outcomes, and reducing medical errors.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "reading" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Reading is the activity or process of deciphering and understanding written words or text. It is a fundamental skill in language acquisition and communication, and is not typically used in a medical context unless there is a concern related to reading difficulties or disorders, such as dyslexia. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "technology" is a broad term that refers to the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. It's not something that typically has a medical definition, as it's not a medical term or concept. However, in the context of healthcare, "health technology" is a term used to refer to the application of technology in healthcare, such as medical devices, electronic health records, telemedicine platforms, and other tools that are used to prevent, diagnose, or treat medical conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Science" is a broad field that refers to a systematic and logical process used to discover how things in the universe work. It's not typically used as a medical term. However, within the context of medicine, "science" often refers to evidence-based practices, which are treatments and preventions that have been scientifically researched and proven to be effective. This could include areas like pharmacology (the study of drugs), pathophysiology (the study of changes in the body due to disease), or clinical trials (studies used to test new treatments). If you're looking for a specific medical term, could you please provide more context?

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "physics" is not a term that has a medical definition. Physics is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. It may be studied in the context of medical physics, which involves the application of physical principles to medicine, such as in the use of radiation therapy for cancer treatment or imaging techniques like MRI and CT scans. However, "physics" itself is not a medical term with a specific definition within the field of medicine.

Educational measurement is a field of study concerned with the development, administration, and interpretation of tests, questionnaires, and other assessments for the purpose of measuring learning outcomes, abilities, knowledge, skills, and attitudes in an educational context. The goal of educational measurement is to provide valid, reliable, and fair measures of student achievement and growth that can inform instructional decisions, guide curriculum development, and support accountability efforts.

Educational measurement involves a variety of statistical and psychometric methods for analyzing assessment data, including classical test theory, item response theory, and generalizability theory. These methods are used to establish the reliability and validity of assessments, as well as to score and interpret student performance. Additionally, educational measurement is concerned with issues related to test fairness, accessibility, and bias, and seeks to ensure that assessments are equitable and inclusive for all students.

Overall, educational measurement plays a critical role in ensuring the quality and effectiveness of educational programs and policies, and helps to promote student learning and achievement.

In the context of medicine, 'knowledge' refers to the understanding and comprehension of medical facts, principles, theories, and practices that are acquired through education, training, research, and experience. This encompasses a deep familiarity with anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, pharmacology, clinical guidelines, and evidence-based practices. It also includes awareness of current research developments, emerging trends, and best practices in the field. Medical knowledge is constantly evolving and requires healthcare professionals to engage in lifelong learning to maintain their expertise and provide high-quality care to patients.

I apologize for any confusion, but "students" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals who are engaged in studying or learning at an educational institution, such as a school, college, or university. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

I am not aware of any medical definition for the term "Delaware." Delaware is one of the 50 states in the United States, located on the East Coast. It is named after the Delaware River and Delaware Bay, which were named after Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, who was an English nobleman and colonial governor.

If you have any specific medical context or terminology related to Delaware that you would like me to help define or explain, please let me know!

I must clarify that I cannot provide a "medical definition" of intelligence, as intelligence is not a concept that is typically defined within the field of medicine. Intelligence is a term used to describe the ability to learn, understand, and make judgments or decisions based on reason, experience, and information. It is often measured through various cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, critical thinking, creativity, and knowledge acquisition.

The concept of intelligence is studied in many fields, including psychology, neuroscience, and education. In medicine, healthcare professionals may assess a person's cognitive abilities to better understand their health status or develop treatment plans. However, there is no specific "medical definition" for intelligence. Instead, it is a multifaceted concept that can be influenced by various genetic, environmental, and experiential factors.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, "individuality" refers to the unique characteristics, traits, and needs that distinguish one person from another. This concept recognizes that each patient is a distinct individual with their own genetic makeup, lifestyle factors, personal history, and social circumstances, all of which can influence their health status and response to medical interventions.

Individuality in healthcare emphasizes the importance of tailoring medical treatments and care plans to meet the specific needs and preferences of each patient, rather than relying on a one-size-fits-all approach. This personalized approach can lead to better outcomes, improved patient satisfaction, and reduced healthcare costs.

Factors that contribute to an individual's medical individuality include their genetic makeup, epigenetic factors, environmental exposures, lifestyle choices (such as diet, exercise, and substance use), and social determinants of health (such as income, education, and access to care). All of these factors can interact in complex ways to influence a person's health status and risk for disease.

Recognizing and respecting individuality is essential for providing high-quality, patient-centered care. Healthcare providers who take the time to understand their patients' unique needs and preferences are better able to build trust, promote adherence to treatment plans, and achieve positive outcomes.

Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs an individual's ability to read, write, and spell, despite having normal intelligence and adequate education. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and fluent word recognition, poor decoding and spelling abilities, and often accompanied by problems with reading comprehension and reduced reading experience. Dyslexia is not a result of low intelligence, lack of motivation, or poor instruction, but rather a specific learning disability that affects the way the brain processes written language. It is typically diagnosed in children, although it can go unnoticed until adulthood, and there are effective interventions and accommodations to help individuals with dyslexia overcome their challenges and achieve academic and professional success.

Aptitude tests are standardized assessments designed to measure a person's potential to perform certain tasks or learn new skills. These tests typically evaluate various cognitive abilities, such as logical reasoning, spatial awareness, numerical comprehension, and verbal aptitude. They are often used in educational and occupational settings to help identify individuals who may be well-suited for specific courses of study or careers.

In the context of medical education and training, aptitude tests can be utilized to predict a candidate's likelihood of success in various healthcare professions. For example, the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) is an aptitude test that measures a student's problem-solving abilities, critical thinking skills, and knowledge of scientific concepts relevant to medicine. This test helps medical schools determine whether applicants have the necessary foundational skills to succeed in their programs.

Other healthcare fields may also use aptitude tests during the selection process. For instance, nursing schools might administer tests to evaluate candidates' abilities in areas like math, communication, and critical thinking. Similarly, allied health programs may use specialized aptitude assessments to ensure that students possess the cognitive skills required for their chosen profession.

It is important to note that while aptitude tests can provide valuable insights into a person's potential, they should not be the sole determinant of suitability for a particular course of study or career. Other factors, such as motivation, interpersonal skills, and life experiences, also play crucial roles in an individual's success in any given field.

Child psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with the mental, emotional, and social development of children from birth to adolescence. It involves the study of children's behavior, thoughts, feelings, and relationships with others, including their families, peers, and teachers. Child psychologists use various research methods, such as observation, interviews, and testing, to understand how children develop and learn. They also work with children who have emotional, social, or behavioral problems, providing assessments, therapy, and counseling services to help them overcome these challenges. Additionally, child psychologists may provide consultation and training to parents, teachers, and other professionals who work with children.

The medical definition of "Education of Hearing Disabled" refers to the specialized education and teaching methods used for individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. This type of education is designed to help students with hearing loss develop language, communication, academic, and social skills in a way that meets their unique needs. It can include various approaches such as American Sign Language (ASL), oral/aural methods, cued speech, and cochlear implant rehabilitation. The goal of education for the hearing disabled is to provide students with equal access to learning opportunities and help them reach their full potential.

Child development is a multidisciplinary field that examines the biological, psychological, emotional, and social growth and changes that occur in human beings between birth and the onset of adulthood. It involves a complex interaction of genetics, environment, culture, and experiences that shape a child's growth and development over time.

Child development is typically divided into several domains, including:

1. Physical Development: This refers to the growth and changes in a child's body, including their motor skills, sensory abilities, and overall health.
2. Cognitive Development: This involves the development of a child's thinking, learning, problem-solving, memory, language, and other mental processes.
3. Emotional Development: This refers to the development of a child's emotional awareness, expression, understanding, and regulation.
4. Social Development: This involves the development of a child's ability to interact with others, form relationships, communicate effectively, and understand social norms and expectations.

Child development is an ongoing process that occurs at different rates and in different ways for each child. Understanding typical patterns of child development can help parents, educators, and healthcare providers support children's growth and identify any potential delays or concerns.

"Natural science disciplines" is a broad term that refers to various branches of scientific study focused on understanding, describing, and explaining natural phenomena. These disciplines use systematic observation, experimentation, and evidence-based approaches to investigate the properties and behaviors of natural entities and systems. Some prominent natural science disciplines include:

1. Physics: The study of matter, energy, and their interactions, including mechanics, electricity, magnetism, thermodynamics, and quantum physics.
2. Chemistry: The investigation of the composition, structure, properties, and transformation of matter, encompassing areas such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, and biochemistry.
3. Biology: The examination of living organisms, their structures, functions, processes, interactions, and evolution, covering topics like genetics, cellular biology, molecular biology, physiology, ecology, and evolution.
4. Geology: The study of Earth's materials, processes, and history, including mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, stratigraphy, structural geology, and paleontology.
5. Astronomy: The scientific exploration of celestial objects, phenomena, and the universe beyond Earth, incorporating areas such as astrophysics, planetary science, and cosmology.

These disciplines often overlap and inform one another, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the natural world.

Concept formation in the medical context refers to the cognitive process of forming a concept or mental representation about a specific medical condition, treatment, or phenomenon. This involves identifying and integrating common characteristics, patterns, or features to create a coherent understanding. It's a critical skill for healthcare professionals, as it enables them to make accurate diagnoses, develop effective treatment plans, and conduct research.

In psychology, concept formation is often studied using tasks such as categorization, where participants are asked to sort objects or concepts into different groups based on shared features. This helps researchers understand how people form and use concepts in their thinking and decision-making processes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Language Arts" is not a term used in medical definitions. Language arts is a term commonly used in education to refer to the academic study of reading, writing, speaking, and listening. It encompasses various subjects such as English, literature, grammar, creative writing, and communication skills. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "logic" is a term that is more commonly used in philosophy, mathematics, and computer science rather than in medicine. It refers to the principles of valid reasoning and argument. In the context of medicine, healthcare professionals may use logical thinking and reasoning in making diagnoses, evaluating treatment options, and making decisions about patient care. However, there isn't a specific medical definition for "logic" itself.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "teaching" is a general term that refers to the act of imparting knowledge or skills to others and is not a medical term. However, in the context of medical education, teaching refers to the instruction and training of medical students, residents, fellows, and other healthcare professionals to develop their knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for providing high-quality patient care. This can take place in various settings such as classrooms, clinical wards, simulation centers, or online platforms, and can involve a range of teaching methods including lectures, small group discussions, bedside teaching, case-based learning, and hands-on training.

In the context of medical education, a curriculum refers to the planned and organized sequence of experiences and learning opportunities designed to achieve specific educational goals and objectives. It outlines the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that medical students or trainees are expected to acquire during their training program. The curriculum may include various components such as lectures, small group discussions, clinical rotations, simulations, and other experiential learning activities. It is typically developed and implemented by medical education experts and faculty members in consultation with stakeholders, including learners, practitioners, and patients.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Schools" is not a medical term. It generally refers to educational institutions where children or adults receive instruction in various subjects. If you are asking about a medical condition that might be associated with the word "school," it's possible you could mean "psychological disorders that first present or become evident during the school-aged period (approximately 5-18 years of age)." These disorders can include, but are not limited to, ADHD, learning disabilities, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders. However, without more context, it's difficult for me to provide a more specific answer.

Intelligence tests are standardized procedures used to assess various aspects of an individual's cognitive abilities, such as their problem-solving skills, logical reasoning, verbal comprehension, and spatial relations. These tests provide a quantitative measurement of intelligence, often reported as an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) score. It is important to note that intelligence is a multifaceted concept, and intelligence tests measure only certain aspects of it. They should not be considered the sole determinant of an individual's overall intellectual capabilities or potential.

In the field of medicine, 'intuition' does not have a widely accepted or standardized medical definition. It generally refers to the ability to make decisions or come to conclusions without conscious reasoning or analytical thinking, often based on subconscious information, experience, or patterns. However, it is important to note that medical decision-making should ideally be based on evidence-based medicine, clinical experience, and patient values, rather than solely on intuition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "universities" is a term that refers to institutions of higher education and research, and it is not a medical term. A university typically offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs leading to the award of degrees such as bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees.

If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

Comprehension, in a medical context, usually refers to the ability to understand and interpret spoken or written language, as well as gestures and expressions. It is a key component of communication and cognitive functioning. Difficulties with comprehension can be a symptom of various neurological conditions, such as aphasia (a disorder caused by damage to the language areas of the brain), learning disabilities, or dementia. Assessment of comprehension is often part of neuropsychological evaluations and speech-language pathology assessments.

Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and utilizing information. These processes include perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognitive functions allow us to interact with our environment, understand and respond to stimuli, learn new skills, and remember experiences.

In a medical context, cognitive function is often assessed as part of a neurological or psychiatric evaluation. Impairments in cognition can be caused by various factors, such as brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), infections, toxins, and mental health conditions. Assessing cognitive function helps healthcare professionals diagnose conditions, monitor disease progression, and develop treatment plans.

Educational status refers to the level or stage of education that a person has reached. It can be used to describe an individual's educational background, achievements, and qualifications. Educational status can be categorized in various ways, including by level (e.g., elementary school, high school, college, graduate school), years of schooling completed, or type of degree earned (e.g., bachelor's, master's, doctoral).

In medical settings, educational status may be used as a demographic variable to describe the characteristics of a patient population or to identify potential disparities in health outcomes based on education level. Research has shown that higher levels of education are often associated with better health outcomes, including lower rates of chronic diseases and improved mental health. Therefore, understanding a patient's educational status can help healthcare providers tailor their care and education strategies to meet the unique needs and challenges of each individual.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, learning is often discussed in relation to learning abilities or disabilities that may impact an individual's capacity to acquire, process, retain, and apply new information or skills. Learning can be defined as the process of acquiring knowledge, understanding, behaviors, and skills through experience, instruction, or observation.

Learning disorders, also known as learning disabilities, are a type of neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and process information in one or more areas, such as reading, writing, mathematics, or reasoning. These disorders are not related to intelligence or motivation but rather result from differences in the way the brain processes information.

It is important to note that learning can also be influenced by various factors, including age, cognitive abilities, physical and mental health status, cultural background, and educational experiences. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of an individual's learning abilities and needs should take into account these various factors to provide appropriate support and interventions.

Special education is a type of education that is designed to meet the unique needs of students with disabilities. According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in the United States, special education is defined as:

"Specially designed instruction, at no cost to the parents, to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability, including—

(A) Instruction conducted in the classroom, in the home, in hospitals and institutions, and in other settings; and

(B) Instruction in physical education."

Special education may include a variety of services, such as:

* Specially designed instruction to meet the unique needs of the child
* Related services, such as speech therapy, occupational therapy, or physical therapy
* Assistive technology devices and services
* Counseling and behavioral supports
* Transportation services

Special education is provided in a variety of settings, including regular classrooms, resource rooms, self-contained classrooms, and specialized schools. The goal of special education is to provide students with disabilities with the skills and knowledge they need to be successful in school and in life.

Genetic pleiotropy is a phenomenon in genetics where a single gene or genetic variant has multiple effects on different phenotypic traits. This means that the gene influences more than one trait, and changes in the gene can result in variations in multiple traits. The term "pleiotropy" comes from the Greek words "pleion," meaning "more," and "trope," meaning "turning."

An example of genetic pleiotropy is the gene that causes sickle cell anemia, a severe form of hemolytic anemia. This same gene also provides resistance to malaria in heterozygotes (individuals who inherit one normal and one mutated copy of the gene). Therefore, the single gene has multiple effects on different traits: red blood cell shape and susceptibility to malaria.

Understanding genetic pleiotropy is essential for understanding how complex traits are inherited and how genes contribute to various diseases and conditions. It also highlights that modifying or treating one trait may have unintended consequences on other traits influenced by the same gene.

I am not a medical professional, but I can provide you with some general information about the concept of "education" in the context of health and medicine.

In this context, education generally refers to the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes related to maintaining and improving one's health and well-being, as well as preventing and managing diseases and injuries. Health education can take place in various settings, such as schools, healthcare facilities, workplaces, and communities.

Health education aims to empower individuals and populations to make informed decisions about their health and promote healthy behaviors and lifestyle choices. It covers a wide range of topics, including:

1. Anatomy and physiology
2. Nutrition and diet
3. Exercise and physical activity
4. Mental health and well-being
5. Substance use and abuse
6. Sexual and reproductive health
7. Personal hygiene and infection control
8. Chronic disease management
9. Injury prevention and safety
10. Environmental health

Health education is often delivered by healthcare professionals, educators, and community leaders, using various methods such as lectures, workshops, demonstrations, simulations, and digital media. The ultimate goal of health education is to improve overall health outcomes and reduce health disparities in populations.

Physiology is the scientific study of the normal functions and mechanisms of living organisms, including all of their biological systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules. It focuses on how various bodily functions are regulated, coordinated, and integrated to maintain a healthy state in an organism. This field encompasses a wide range of areas such as cellular physiology, neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, endocrine physiology, reproductive physiology, and exercise physiology, among others. Physiologists use a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches to understand the principles underlying normal biological function and to investigate how these functions are altered in various disease states.

In the context of medicine, particularly in neurolinguistics and speech-language pathology, language is defined as a complex system of communication that involves the use of symbols (such as words, signs, or gestures) to express and exchange information. It includes various components such as phonology (sound systems), morphology (word structures), syntax (sentence structure), semantics (meaning), and pragmatics (social rules of use). Language allows individuals to convey their thoughts, feelings, and intentions, and to understand the communication of others. Disorders of language can result from damage to specific areas of the brain, leading to impairments in comprehension, production, or both.

The term "Theoretical Models" is used in various scientific fields, including medicine, to describe a representation of a complex system or phenomenon. It is a simplified framework that explains how different components of the system interact with each other and how they contribute to the overall behavior of the system. Theoretical models are often used in medical research to understand and predict the outcomes of diseases, treatments, or public health interventions.

A theoretical model can take many forms, such as mathematical equations, computer simulations, or conceptual diagrams. It is based on a set of assumptions and hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms that drive the system. By manipulating these variables and observing the effects on the model's output, researchers can test their assumptions and generate new insights into the system's behavior.

Theoretical models are useful for medical research because they allow scientists to explore complex systems in a controlled and systematic way. They can help identify key drivers of disease or treatment outcomes, inform the design of clinical trials, and guide the development of new interventions. However, it is important to recognize that theoretical models are simplifications of reality and may not capture all the nuances and complexities of real-world systems. Therefore, they should be used in conjunction with other forms of evidence, such as experimental data and observational studies, to inform medical decision-making.

Deafness is a hearing loss that is so severe that it results in significant difficulty in understanding or comprehending speech, even when using hearing aids. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to various causes such as disease, injury, infection, exposure to loud noises, or aging. Deafness can range from mild to profound and may affect one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral). In some cases, deafness may be accompanied by tinnitus, which is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears.

Deaf individuals often use American Sign Language (ASL) or other forms of sign language to communicate. Some people with less severe hearing loss may benefit from hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive listening devices. Deafness can have significant social, educational, and vocational implications, and early intervention and appropriate support services are critical for optimal development and outcomes.

Research, in the context of medicine, is a systematic and rigorous process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information in order to increase our understanding, develop new knowledge, or evaluate current practices and interventions. It can involve various methodologies such as observational studies, experiments, surveys, or literature reviews. The goal of medical research is to advance health care by identifying new treatments, improving diagnostic techniques, and developing prevention strategies. Medical research is typically conducted by teams of researchers including clinicians, scientists, and other healthcare professionals. It is subject to ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure that it is conducted responsibly and with the best interests of patients in mind.

Educational models, in the context of medicine and healthcare, are simplified representations or simulations of a real-world concept, process, or system. They are used as teaching tools to facilitate learning and understanding of complex medical concepts. These models can be physical (e.g., anatomical models, simulated patients), digital (e.g., computer-based simulations), or theoretical (e.g., conceptual frameworks). By providing a tangible or visual representation, educational models help students grasp abstract ideas, develop problem-solving skills, and rehearse procedures in a controlled and safe environment.

Short-term memory, also known as primary or active memory, is the system responsible for holding and processing limited amounts of information for brief periods of time, typically on the order of seconds to minutes. It has a capacity of around 7±2 items, as suggested by George Miller's "magic number" theory. Short-term memory allows us to retain and manipulate information temporarily while we are using it, such as remembering a phone number while dialing or following a set of instructions. Information in short-term memory can be maintained through rehearsal, which is the conscious repetition of the information. Over time, if the information is not transferred to long-term memory through consolidation processes, it will be forgotten.

Executive function is a term used to describe a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the control and regulation of thought and behavior. These functions include:

1. Working memory: The ability to hold and manipulate information in mind over short periods of time.
2. Cognitive flexibility: The ability to switch between tasks or mental sets, and to adapt to new rules and situations.
3. Inhibitory control: The ability to inhibit or delay automatic responses, and to resist impulses and distractions.
4. Planning and organization: The ability to plan and organize actions, and to manage time and resources effectively.
5. Problem-solving: The ability to analyze problems, generate solutions, and evaluate the outcomes of actions.
6. Decision-making: The ability to weigh risks and benefits, and to make informed choices based on available information.
7. Emotional regulation: The ability to manage and regulate emotions, and to respond appropriately to social cues and situations.

Executive functions are primarily controlled by the frontal lobes of the brain, and they play a critical role in goal-directed behavior, problem-solving, decision-making, and self-regulation. Deficits in executive function can have significant impacts on daily life, including difficulties with academic performance, work productivity, social relationships, and mental health.

Language development refers to the process by which children acquire the ability to understand and communicate through spoken, written, or signed language. This complex process involves various components including phonology (sound system), semantics (meaning of words and sentences), syntax (sentence structure), and pragmatics (social use of language). Language development begins in infancy with cooing and babbling and continues through early childhood and beyond, with most children developing basic conversational skills by the age of 4-5 years. However, language development can continue into adolescence and even adulthood as individuals learn new languages or acquire more advanced linguistic skills. Factors that can influence language development include genetics, environment, cognition, and social interactions.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

Affective symptoms refer to emotional or mood-related disturbances that can occur in various medical and psychological conditions. These symptoms may include:

1. Depression: feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide.
2. Anxiety: excessive worry, fear, or nervousness, often accompanied by physical symptoms such as a rapid heartbeat, sweating, and trembling.
3. Irritability: easily annoyed or agitated, often leading to outbursts of anger or frustration.
4. Mania or hypomania: abnormally elevated mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, and impulsive or risky behavior.
5. Apathy: lack of interest, motivation, or emotion, often leading to social withdrawal and decreased activity levels.
6. Mood lability: rapid and unpredictable shifts in mood, ranging from extreme happiness to sadness, anger, or anxiety.

Affective symptoms can significantly impact a person's quality of life and ability to function in daily activities. They may be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, stress, trauma, and medical conditions. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing affective symptoms and improving overall well-being.

Adolescent psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study of adolescents, their behavior, thoughts, and emotions. This field examines the cognitive, social, and emotional development of adolescents, as well as any challenges or mental health issues they may face during this stage of life. It also involves the application of psychological theories and principles to promote positive adolescent development and address adolescent mental health concerns. Adolescent psychologists work in various settings, including schools, clinics, hospitals, and private practices, providing assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and counseling services to adolescents and their families.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Missouri" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical location, being the name of a state located in the central United States. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

'Task Performance and Analysis' is not a commonly used medical term, but it can be found in the field of rehabilitation medicine and ergonomics. It refers to the process of evaluating and understanding how a specific task is performed, in order to identify any physical or cognitive demands placed on an individual during the performance of that task. This information can then be used to inform the design of interventions, such as workplace modifications or rehabilitation programs, aimed at improving task performance or reducing the risk of injury.

In a medical context, task performance and analysis may be used in the assessment and treatment of individuals with disabilities or injuries, to help them return to work or other activities of daily living. The analysis involves breaking down the task into its component parts, observing and measuring the physical and cognitive demands of each part, and evaluating the individual's ability to perform those demands. Based on this analysis, recommendations may be made for modifications to the task or the environment, training or education, or assistive devices that can help the individual perform the task more safely and efficiently.

Overall, task performance and analysis is a valuable tool in promoting safe and effective task performance, reducing the risk of injury, and improving functional outcomes for individuals with disabilities or injuries.

Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, degenerative diseases, infection, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. Examples of cognitive disorders include dementia, amnesia, delirium, and intellectual disability. It's important to note that the specific definition and diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders may vary depending on the medical source or classification system being used.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

In the field of medicine, twins are defined as two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. They can be either monozygotic (identical) or dizygotic (fraternal). Monozygotic twins develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two separate embryos, resulting in individuals who share identical genetic material. Dizygotic twins, on the other hand, result from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two different sperm cells, leading to siblings who share about 50% of their genetic material, similar to non-twin siblings.

Computational biology is a branch of biology that uses mathematical and computational methods to study biological data, models, and processes. It involves the development and application of algorithms, statistical models, and computational approaches to analyze and interpret large-scale molecular and phenotypic data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other high-throughput technologies. The goal is to gain insights into biological systems and processes, develop predictive models, and inform experimental design and hypothesis testing in the life sciences. Computational biology encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including bioinformatics, systems biology, computational genomics, network biology, and mathematical modeling of biological systems.

Systems Biology is a multidisciplinary approach to studying biological systems that involves the integration of various scientific disciplines such as biology, mathematics, physics, computer science, and engineering. It aims to understand how biological components, including genes, proteins, metabolites, cells, and organs, interact with each other within the context of the whole system. This approach emphasizes the emergent properties of biological systems that cannot be explained by studying individual components alone. Systems biology often involves the use of computational models to simulate and predict the behavior of complex biological systems and to design experiments for testing hypotheses about their functioning. The ultimate goal of systems biology is to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how biological systems function, with applications in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and bioengineering.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "History, 20th Century" is a broad and complex topic that refers to the events, developments, and transformations that occurred throughout the world during the 1900s. It is not a medical term or concept. If you're interested in learning more about this historical period, I would recommend consulting a history textbook, reputable online resources, or speaking with a historian. They can provide detailed information about the political, social, economic, and cultural changes that took place during the 20th century.

Statistics, as a topic in the context of medicine and healthcare, refers to the scientific discipline that involves the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data or quantifiable data in a meaningful and organized manner. It employs mathematical theories and models to draw conclusions, make predictions, and support evidence-based decision-making in various areas of medical research and practice.

Some key concepts and methods in medical statistics include:

1. Descriptive Statistics: Summarizing and visualizing data through measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation).
2. Inferential Statistics: Drawing conclusions about a population based on a sample using hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and statistical modeling.
3. Probability Theory: Quantifying the likelihood of events or outcomes in medical scenarios, such as diagnostic tests' sensitivity and specificity.
4. Study Designs: Planning and implementing various research study designs, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional surveys.
5. Sampling Methods: Selecting a representative sample from a population to ensure the validity and generalizability of research findings.
6. Multivariate Analysis: Examining the relationships between multiple variables simultaneously using techniques like regression analysis, factor analysis, or cluster analysis.
7. Survival Analysis: Analyzing time-to-event data, such as survival rates in clinical trials or disease progression.
8. Meta-Analysis: Systematically synthesizing and summarizing the results of multiple studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of a research question.
9. Biostatistics: A subfield of statistics that focuses on applying statistical methods to biological data, including medical research.
10. Epidemiology: The study of disease patterns in populations, which often relies on statistical methods for data analysis and interpretation.

Medical statistics is essential for evidence-based medicine, clinical decision-making, public health policy, and healthcare management. It helps researchers and practitioners evaluate the effectiveness and safety of medical interventions, assess risk factors and outcomes associated with diseases or treatments, and monitor trends in population health.

A computer simulation is a process that involves creating a model of a real-world system or phenomenon on a computer and then using that model to run experiments and make predictions about how the system will behave under different conditions. In the medical field, computer simulations are used for a variety of purposes, including:

1. Training and education: Computer simulations can be used to create realistic virtual environments where medical students and professionals can practice their skills and learn new procedures without risk to actual patients. For example, surgeons may use simulation software to practice complex surgical techniques before performing them on real patients.
2. Research and development: Computer simulations can help medical researchers study the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone. By creating detailed models of cells, tissues, organs, or even entire organisms, researchers can use simulation software to explore how these systems function and how they respond to different stimuli.
3. Drug discovery and development: Computer simulations are an essential tool in modern drug discovery and development. By modeling the behavior of drugs at a molecular level, researchers can predict how they will interact with their targets in the body and identify potential side effects or toxicities. This information can help guide the design of new drugs and reduce the need for expensive and time-consuming clinical trials.
4. Personalized medicine: Computer simulations can be used to create personalized models of individual patients based on their unique genetic, physiological, and environmental characteristics. These models can then be used to predict how a patient will respond to different treatments and identify the most effective therapy for their specific condition.

Overall, computer simulations are a powerful tool in modern medicine, enabling researchers and clinicians to study complex systems and make predictions about how they will behave under a wide range of conditions. By providing insights into the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone, computer simulations are helping to advance our understanding of human health and disease.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

Statistical models are mathematical representations that describe the relationship between variables in a given dataset. They are used to analyze and interpret data in order to make predictions or test hypotheses about a population. In the context of medicine, statistical models can be used for various purposes such as:

1. Disease risk prediction: By analyzing demographic, clinical, and genetic data using statistical models, researchers can identify factors that contribute to an individual's risk of developing certain diseases. This information can then be used to develop personalized prevention strategies or early detection methods.

2. Clinical trial design and analysis: Statistical models are essential tools for designing and analyzing clinical trials. They help determine sample size, allocate participants to treatment groups, and assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions.

3. Epidemiological studies: Researchers use statistical models to investigate the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations. This includes studying patterns of disease transmission, evaluating public health interventions, and estimating the burden of diseases.

4. Health services research: Statistical models are employed to analyze healthcare utilization, costs, and outcomes. This helps inform decisions about resource allocation, policy development, and quality improvement initiatives.

5. Biostatistics and bioinformatics: In these fields, statistical models are used to analyze large-scale molecular data (e.g., genomics, proteomics) to understand biological processes and identify potential therapeutic targets.

In summary, statistical models in medicine provide a framework for understanding complex relationships between variables and making informed decisions based on data-driven insights.

"Nonlinear dynamics is a branch of mathematics and physics that deals with the study of systems that exhibit nonlinear behavior, where the output is not directly proportional to the input. In the context of medicine, nonlinear dynamics can be used to model complex biological systems such as the human cardiovascular system or the brain, where the interactions between different components can lead to emergent properties and behaviors that are difficult to predict using traditional linear methods. Nonlinear dynamic models can help to understand the underlying mechanisms of these systems, make predictions about their behavior, and develop interventions to improve health outcomes."

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The condition is characterized by symptoms including:

1. Difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a single task
2. Impulsivity, or acting without thinking
3. Hyperactivity, or excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or talking

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD with hyperactivity, an individual must exhibit these symptoms to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate and interferes with their daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must have been present for at least six months and be present in multiple settings (e.g., at home, school, work).

It's important to note that ADHD can manifest differently in different people, and some individuals may experience predominantly inattentive or impulsive symptoms rather than hyperactive ones. However, when the hyperactive component is prominent, it is referred to as ADHD with hyperactivity.

Effective treatments for ADHD with hyperactivity include a combination of medication (such as stimulants) and behavioral therapy. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives.

An algorithm is not a medical term, but rather a concept from computer science and mathematics. In the context of medicine, algorithms are often used to describe step-by-step procedures for diagnosing or managing medical conditions. These procedures typically involve a series of rules or decision points that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care.

For example, an algorithm for diagnosing a particular type of heart disease might involve taking a patient's medical history, performing a physical exam, ordering certain diagnostic tests, and interpreting the results in a specific way. By following this algorithm, healthcare professionals can ensure that they are using a consistent and evidence-based approach to making a diagnosis.

Algorithms can also be used to guide treatment decisions. For instance, an algorithm for managing diabetes might involve setting target blood sugar levels, recommending certain medications or lifestyle changes based on the patient's individual needs, and monitoring the patient's response to treatment over time.

Overall, algorithms are valuable tools in medicine because they help standardize clinical decision-making and ensure that patients receive high-quality care based on the latest scientific evidence.

I am not aware of a widely accepted medical definition for the term "software," as it is more commonly used in the context of computer science and technology. Software refers to programs, data, and instructions that are used by computers to perform various tasks. It does not have direct relevance to medical fields such as anatomy, physiology, or clinical practice. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help with those instead!

In a medical or psychological context, attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on certain aspects of the environment while ignoring other things. It involves focusing mental resources on specific stimuli, sensory inputs, or internal thoughts while blocking out irrelevant distractions. Attention can be divided into different types, including:

1. Sustained attention: The ability to maintain focus on a task or stimulus over time.
2. Selective attention: The ability to concentrate on relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant ones.
3. Divided attention: The capacity to pay attention to multiple tasks or stimuli simultaneously.
4. Alternating attention: The skill of shifting focus between different tasks or stimuli as needed.

Deficits in attention are common symptoms of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as ADHD, dementia, depression, and anxiety disorders. Assessment of attention is an essential part of neuropsychological evaluations and can be measured using various tests and tasks.

Genetic models are theoretical frameworks used in genetics to describe and explain the inheritance patterns and genetic architecture of traits, diseases, or phenomena. These models are based on mathematical equations and statistical methods that incorporate information about gene frequencies, modes of inheritance, and the effects of environmental factors. They can be used to predict the probability of certain genetic outcomes, to understand the genetic basis of complex traits, and to inform medical management and treatment decisions.

There are several types of genetic models, including:

1. Mendelian models: These models describe the inheritance patterns of simple genetic traits that follow Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. Examples include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked inheritance.
2. Complex trait models: These models describe the inheritance patterns of complex traits that are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. Examples include heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
3. Population genetics models: These models describe the distribution and frequency of genetic variants within populations over time. They can be used to study evolutionary processes, such as natural selection and genetic drift.
4. Quantitative genetics models: These models describe the relationship between genetic variation and phenotypic variation in continuous traits, such as height or IQ. They can be used to estimate heritability and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that contribute to trait variation.
5. Statistical genetics models: These models use statistical methods to analyze genetic data and infer the presence of genetic associations or linkage. They can be used to identify genetic risk factors for diseases or traits.

Overall, genetic models are essential tools in genetics research and medical genetics, as they allow researchers to make predictions about genetic outcomes, test hypotheses about the genetic basis of traits and diseases, and develop strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Statistical data interpretation involves analyzing and interpreting numerical data in order to identify trends, patterns, and relationships. This process often involves the use of statistical methods and tools to organize, summarize, and draw conclusions from the data. The goal is to extract meaningful insights that can inform decision-making, hypothesis testing, or further research.

In medical contexts, statistical data interpretation is used to analyze and make sense of large sets of clinical data, such as patient outcomes, treatment effectiveness, or disease prevalence. This information can help healthcare professionals and researchers better understand the relationships between various factors that impact health outcomes, develop more effective treatments, and identify areas for further study.

Some common statistical methods used in data interpretation include descriptive statistics (e.g., mean, median, mode), inferential statistics (e.g., hypothesis testing, confidence intervals), and regression analysis (e.g., linear, logistic). These methods can help medical professionals identify patterns and trends in the data, assess the significance of their findings, and make evidence-based recommendations for patient care or public health policy.

"Sex characteristics" refer to the anatomical, chromosomal, and genetic features that define males and females. These include both primary sex characteristics (such as reproductive organs like ovaries or testes) and secondary sex characteristics (such as breasts or facial hair) that typically develop during puberty. Sex characteristics are primarily determined by the presence of either X or Y chromosomes, with XX individuals usually developing as females and XY individuals usually developing as males, although variations and exceptions to this rule do occur.

Anxiety: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome. In a medical context, anxiety refers to a mental health disorder characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or panic that interfere with daily activities. It can also be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, or substance abuse disorders. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and phobias.

Program Evaluation is a systematic and objective assessment of a healthcare program's design, implementation, and outcomes. It is a medical term used to describe the process of determining the relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency of a program in achieving its goals and objectives. Program evaluation involves collecting and analyzing data related to various aspects of the program, such as its reach, impact, cost-effectiveness, and quality. The results of program evaluation can be used to improve the design and implementation of existing programs or to inform the development of new ones. It is a critical tool for ensuring that healthcare programs are meeting the needs of their intended audiences and delivering high-quality care in an efficient and effective manner.

Regression analysis is a statistical technique used in medicine, as well as in other fields, to examine the relationship between one or more independent variables (predictors) and a dependent variable (outcome). It allows for the estimation of the average change in the outcome variable associated with a one-unit change in an independent variable, while controlling for the effects of other independent variables. This technique is often used to identify risk factors for diseases or to evaluate the effectiveness of medical interventions. In medical research, regression analysis can be used to adjust for potential confounding variables and to quantify the relationship between exposures and health outcomes. It can also be used in predictive modeling to estimate the probability of a particular outcome based on multiple predictors.

Socioeconomic factors are a range of interconnected conditions and influences that affect the opportunities and resources a person or group has to maintain and improve their health and well-being. These factors include:

1. Economic stability: This includes employment status, job security, income level, and poverty status. Lower income and lack of employment are associated with poorer health outcomes.
2. Education: Higher levels of education are generally associated with better health outcomes. Education can affect a person's ability to access and understand health information, as well as their ability to navigate the healthcare system.
3. Social and community context: This includes factors such as social support networks, discrimination, and community safety. Strong social supports and positive community connections are associated with better health outcomes, while discrimination and lack of safety can negatively impact health.
4. Healthcare access and quality: Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is an important socioeconomic factor that can significantly impact a person's health. Factors such as insurance status, availability of providers, and cultural competency of healthcare systems can all affect healthcare access and quality.
5. Neighborhood and built environment: The physical conditions in which people live, work, and play can also impact their health. Factors such as housing quality, transportation options, availability of healthy foods, and exposure to environmental hazards can all influence health outcomes.

Socioeconomic factors are often interrelated and can have a cumulative effect on health outcomes. For example, someone who lives in a low-income neighborhood with limited access to healthy foods and safe parks may also face challenges related to employment, education, and healthcare access that further impact their health. Addressing socioeconomic factors is an important part of promoting health equity and reducing health disparities.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

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Science and Mathematics in India An overview of Indian mathematics, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, St Andrews ... Plofker, K. (2007), "Mathematics of India", in Katz, Victor J. (ed.), The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and ... MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, St Andrews University, 2002. Indian Mathematics on In Our Time at the BBC InSIGHT 2009 ... Stillwell, John (2004), Mathematics and its History, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics (2 ed.), Springer, Berlin and New York ...
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In mathematics, the tricorn, sometimes called the Mandelbar set, is a fractal defined in a similar way to the Mandelbrot set, ... Milnor, John (1 January 1992). "Remarks on iterated cubic maps". Experimental Mathematics. 1 (1): 5-24. Retrieved 6 May 2017 - ...
Mayberry, John P. (2000), The Foundations of Mathematics in the Theory of Sets, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its ... In modern mathematics, similar concepts are more frequently reformulated by describing shapes as sets; for instance, one says ... Once set theory became the universal basis over which the whole mathematics is built, the term of locus became rather old- ... Bourbaki, N. (2013), Elements of the History of Mathematics, translated by J. Meldrum, Springer, p. 26, ISBN 9783642616938, the ...
At this point sheaves had become a mainstream part of mathematics, with use by no means restricted to algebraic topology. It ... Hawley, Newton S. (1950). "A Theorem on Compact Complex Manifolds". Annals of Mathematics. 52 (3): 637-641. doi:10.2307/1969438 ... Serre, Jean-Pierre (1955), "Faisceaux algébriques cohérents" (PDF), Annals of Mathematics, Second Series, 61 (2): 197-278, doi: ... "differential geometry - Holomorphic functions on a complex compact manifold are only constants". Mathematics Stack Exchange. ...
In mathematics, especially in linear algebra and matrix theory, the vectorization of a matrix is a linear transformation which ...
In probability theory, a subordinator is a stochastic process that is non-negative and whose increments are stationary and independent. Subordinators are a special class of Lévy process that play an important role in the theory of local time. In this context, subordinators describe the evolution of time within another stochastic process, the subordinated stochastic process. In other words, a subordinator will determine the random number of "time steps" that occur within the subordinated process for a given unit of chronological time. In order to be a subordinator a process must be a Lévy process It also must be increasing, almost surely, or an additive process. A subordinator is a real-valued stochastic process X = ( X t ) t ≥ 0 {\displaystyle X=(X_{t})_{t\geq 0}} that is a non-negative and a Lévy process. Subordinators are the stochastic processes X = ( X t ) t ≥ 0 {\displaystyle X=(X_{t})_{t\geq 0}} that have all of the following properties: X 0 = 0 {\displaystyle X_{0}=0} almost surely ...
In mathematics, statistics, finance, computer science, particularly in machine learning and inverse problems, regularization is ...
In mathematics a stack or 2-sheaf is, roughly speaking, a sheaf that takes values in categories rather than sets. Stacks are ... A Series of Modern Surveys in Mathematics, vol. 39, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-65761-3, MR 1771927 ... European Congress of Mathematics Volume I, Progr. Math., vol. 201, Basel: Birkhäuser, pp. 349-359, ISBN 3-7643-6417-3, MR ... Annals of Mathematics. 191 (3): 675-738. doi:10.4007/annals.2020.191.3.1. hdl:10150/641331. ISSN 0003-486X. JSTOR 10.4007/ ...
In mathematics, a rose or rhodonea curve is a sinusoid specified by either the cosine or sine functions with no phase angle ... "Rose (Mathematics)". Wolfram MathWorld. Retrieved 2021-02-05. "Number of Petals of Odd Index Rhodonea Curve". ProofWiki.org. ... "Rose (Mathematics)". Wolfram MathWorld. Retrieved 2021-02-05. Applet to create rose with k parameter Visual Dictionary of ... "Rose (Mathematics)". Retrieved 2021-02-02. Robert Ferreol. "Rose". Retrieved 2021-02-03. Xah Lee. "Rose Curve". Retrieved 2021- ...
In mathematics, a knot is an embedding of the circle S1 into three-dimensional Euclidean space, R3 (also known as E3). Often ... The term knot is also applied to embeddings of S j in Sn, especially in the case j = n − 2. The branch of mathematics that ... In contemporary mathematics the term knot is sometimes used to describe a more general phenomenon related to embeddings. Given ... Springer Monographs in Mathematics. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4091-7. ISBN 978-981-10-4090-0. MR 3588325. Hocking, John ...
In mathematics, a monopole is a connection over a principal bundle G with a section of the associated adjoint bundle. ...
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In differential geometry, the twist of a ribbon is its rate of axial rotation. Let a ribbon ( X , U ) {\displaystyle (X,U)} be composed of space curve X = X ( s ) {\displaystyle X=X(s)} , where s {\displaystyle s} is the arc length of X {\displaystyle X} , and U = U ( s ) {\displaystyle U=U(s)} the a unit normal vector, perpendicular at each point to X {\displaystyle X} . Since the ribbon ( X , U ) {\displaystyle (X,U)} has edges X {\displaystyle X} and X ′ = X + ε U {\displaystyle X'=X+\varepsilon U} , the twist (or total twist number) T w {\displaystyle Tw} measures the average winding of the edge curve X ′ {\displaystyle X'} around and along the axial curve X {\displaystyle X} . According to Love (1944) twist is defined by T w = 1 2 π ∫ ( U × d U d s ) ⋅ d X d s d s , {\displaystyle Tw={\dfrac {1}{2\pi }}\int \left(U\times {\dfrac {dU}{ds}}\right)\cdot {\dfrac {dX}{ds}}ds\;,} where d X / d s {\displaystyle dX/ds} is the unit tangent vector to X {\displaystyle X} . The total twist ...
In mathematics, the term fiber (US English) or fibre (British English) can have two meanings, depending on the context: In ...
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Let X be a subset of Rn. Then reach of X is defined as reach ( X ) := sup { r ∈ R : ∀ x ∈ R n ∖ X with d i s t ( x , X ) < r exists a unique closest point y ∈ X such that d i s t ( x , y ) = d i s t ( x , X ) } . {\displaystyle {\text{reach}}(X):=\sup\{r\in \mathbb {R} :\forall x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\setminus X{\text{ with }}{\rm {dist}}(x,X ...
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Conducted an observational study and a national survey of the current landscape of mathematics intervention classes at the ... middle gradesDesigned two blended PD courses-including formative assessment approaches, accessible mathematics tasks, examples ... Hosted three annual Forums on Mathematics Intervention at the Middle Grades that convened over 150 mathematics leaders and ... To support learners who are struggling with mathematics, many schools are providing mathematics intervention classes in ...
2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 , 2021 , 2022 , 2023. Current contacts: Benjamin Seibold or Daniel B. Szyld The Seminar usually takes place on Wednesdays at 4:00 PM in Room 617 on the sixth floor of Wachman Hall. Click on title for abstract. ...
Mathematics and mysticism • Mathematics education • Mathematics, from the points of view of the Mathematician and of the ... Algorithmic mathematics invites action. Dialectic mathematics generates insight. Algorithmic mathematics generates results. * ... mathematics is taught mainly to men who are going to teach mathematics to men who are going to teach mathematics to.... ... Mathematics offers a common language across borders. It is a real joy. *Alice Fialowski, Women in Mathematics Throughout Europe ...
... in mathematics with the opportunity to emphasize in applied mathematics, mathematics education, probability and statistics, or ... in mathematics with the opportunity to emphasize in applied mathematics, mathematics education, probability and statistics, or ... We also offer a minor in mathematics. The bachelors degree is designed to provide students a contemporary mathematics ... We also offer a minor in mathematics. The bachelors degree is designed to provide students a contemporary mathematics ...
... working in the field of experimental condensed matter physics and a mathematician specialising in computational mathematics. ...
  • Gallian wouldn't earn his spot on the list based on his own mathematics, although his research in the theory of finite groups is nothing to sneeze at, but instead he would make the list based on the influence he has had over a generation of mathematicians, through his expository writing, his REU program, and his involvement with the MAA in general and Project NExT in particular. (maa.org)
  • As a Math major, you'll learn from faculty members who are trained mathematicians and experts across a wide range of mathematics and related disciplines. (webster.edu)
  • Other areas are developed independently from any application (and are therefore called pure mathematics), but often later find practical applications. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many consider it to be the most important unsolved problem in pure mathematics. (easychair.org)
  • Number theory is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and integer-valued functions. (easychair.org)
  • In maths , it looks like this: the University VC proposes to cease research in pure mathematics. (ipetitions.com)
  • The undersigned would strongly request that the University of Leicester reconsiders the decision to cease research in Pure Mathematics, and withdraws any threat of redundancy. (ipetitions.com)
  • We offer certificates in actuarial and financial mathematics as well as one in applied and computational mathematics - both useful if you want to apply your mathematical skills professionally after graduation. (dal.ca)
  • Kendall E. Atkinson , The numerical solution of integral equations of the second kind , Cambridge Monographs on Applied and Computational Mathematics, vol. 4, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997. (ams.org)
  • Studying Mathematics at Dalhousie prepares you for four main mathematical career paths: Applied and Computational, Pure, Actuarial and Financial and Mathematics Education. (dal.ca)
  • Published by the American Mathematical Society since 1960 (published as Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation 1943-1959), Mathematics of Computation is devoted to research articles of the highest quality in computational mathematics. (ams.org)
  • The researchers include two scientists working in the field of experimental condensed matter physics and a mathematician specialising in computational mathematics. (uni-augsburg.de)
  • If you're a graduate in mathematics or a highly mathematical discipline, who would like to develop and apply mathematical and computational skills to tackle complex real-world problems, this course is for you. (bath.ac.uk)
  • The taught stage provides training in machine learning, statistics, mathematical modelling, computational mathematics and collaborative problem-solving in industry. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Faculty strive to instill students with an appreciation for the power of mathematics and statistics as well as a desire to be lifelong learners. (unf.edu)
  • The Mathematics library is a research library and the main subjects covered are mathematics, statistical mathematics and numerical analysis. (chalmers.se)
  • Among these at least 15 credits must be additional courses in mathematics, numerical analysis and mathematical statistics. (lu.se)
  • Relavant courses in mathematics, numerical analysis and mathematical statistics are listed under Course Offerings available on the left menu. (lu.se)
  • The contemporary Mathematics Subject Classification lists more than 60 first-level areas of mathematics. (wikipedia.org)
  • The bachelor's degree is designed to provide students a contemporary mathematics education through constantly evolving curriculum that will: Empower them to obtain new skills as needed in their employment or future education, provide them with the skills and abilities to facilitate solving real world problems, and allow them to be effective oral and written communicators. (ucdenver.edu)
  • The proceedings of this conference has been published in the AMS's Contemporary Mathematics series. (maa.org)
  • WASHINGTON, DC - The MAA American Mathematics Competitions (MAA AMC) is pleased to announce the 2020 winners of the. (maa.org)
  • Ron Graham (1935-2020) was professor of mathematics and computer science at the University of California, San Diego, and a former professional juggler. (princeton.edu)
  • To obtain a master's degree in mathematics, the following course requirements apply from the autumn semester 2020 (updated 2022). (lu.se)
  • Some areas of mathematics, such as statistics and game theory, are developed in close correlation with their applications and are often grouped under applied mathematics. (wikipedia.org)
  • The other articles are all mathematical, with topics in graph theory, group theory, voting theory, and a number of different areas of mathematics. (maa.org)
  • argue for the importance of representation theory as a tool for solving problems concerning groups and within other areas of mathematics, and discuss their limitations. (lu.se)
  • The Bachelor of Science in mathematics with the applied mathematics specialization emphasizes scientific computing and modeling. (bgsu.edu)
  • The Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences at University of Colorado CU Denver offers a Bachelor of Science (BS) in mathematics with the opportunity to emphasize in applied mathematics, mathematics education, probability and statistics, or actuarial science. (ucdenver.edu)
  • If you are interested in a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering that sets you apart, Webster University offers a dual-degree Pre-Engineering program that allows you to earn a BS in Mathematics through Webster, and a BS in Engineering from Washington University or Missouri S&T. (webster.edu)
  • The Presidential Awards for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching (PAEMST) are the highest recognition that a kindergarten through 12th-grade science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and/or computer science teacher may receive for outstanding teaching in the United States. (fldoe.org)
  • The project has widely disseminated findings through articles in journals such as Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12 and Principal Leadership , as well as through presentations and webinars. (edc.org)
  • The National Council of Teacher of Mathematics (NCTM) has asked that we remove the detailed national mathematics standards from our pages. (educationworld.com)
  • In this project Ihde concluded that from the earlier times of modernity, hermeneutics grew apart from science, making rationalism, empiricism and later positivism the standard interpretations of science.It is our intention here to follow professor Ihde's research project but moving inquires from the field of natural sciences to the field of mathematics. (lu.se)
  • The Department of Mathematics is committed to excellence in teaching and research in mathematics related to the social sciences, particularly the mathematics necessary for understanding economics. (lse.ac.uk)
  • Visit the Department of Mathematics Virtual Undergraduate Open Day page to find out more about studying in the department, access virtual resources and watch event recordings from our Virtual Undergraduate Open Day. (lse.ac.uk)
  • The Mathematics Library supports researchers, teachers and students at the Department of Mathematical Sciences, but is also open to the public. (chalmers.se)
  • Employees at the Mathematics department are exempted from the fee regarding loans from the Mathematics library. (chalmers.se)
  • The Department of Mathematics and Statistics offers a well-rounded set of courses that will be of use to any student, whether they major in mathematics, economics, oceanography or physics. (dal.ca)
  • Visit the Department of Mathematics and Statistics webpage for additional information. (unf.edu)
  • Become a part of a friendly, cooperative and welcoming place in USC's Department of Mathematics. (sc.edu)
  • A degree combining these two strongly related disciplines gives you the opportunity to study both economics and mathematics in depth and enables you to acquire the technical aptitude and analytical skills to proceed to a successful career in finance, business and many other fields or to proceed to further study. (lse.ac.uk)
  • Colleagues in applied mathematics and actuarial science have expressed this to the management, and have been ignored. (ipetitions.com)
  • The apparent plural form in English goes back to the Latin neuter plural mathematica (Cicero), based on the Greek plural ta mathÄ“matiká (Ï„á½° μαθηματικά) and means roughly "all things mathematical", although it is plausible that English borrowed only the adjective mathematic(al) and formed the noun mathematics anew, after the pattern of physics and metaphysics, inherited from Greek. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to mathematics courses, the applied mathematics specialization requires two semesters of physics. (bgsu.edu)
  • Persi Diaconis is professor of mathematics and statistics at Stanford University, and a former professional magician. (princeton.edu)
  • This course is intended for students who plan to pursue a Major or Joint Honours Plan in Mathematics or Statistics. (queensu.ca)
  • These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since its beginning, mathematics was essentially divided into geometry and arithmetic (the manipulation of natural numbers and fractions), until the 16th and 17th centuries, when algebra and infinitesimal calculus were introduced as new areas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Before the Renaissance, mathematics was divided into two main areas: arithmetic, regarding the manipulation of numbers, and geometry, regarding the study of shapes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Possible topics range from algebra, geometry and topology, to the ways that mathematics can be used in finance or studies of nature. (sheffield.ac.uk)
  • Join one of the premier centers in the Southeast for research in mathematics in our master's program designed for outstanding preparation of students who wish to continue into a Ph.D. program. (sc.edu)
  • The article provides a concise summary of the results obtained through the research The Mathematics s Sense: The Voice of Teenager , presented as a Master's Dissertation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Students in the mathematics major learn a wide range of abstract mathematical concepts and their many applications. (bgsu.edu)
  • To support learners who are struggling with mathematics, many schools are providing mathematics intervention classes in addition to regular math classes. (edc.org)
  • This executive summary captures the results of the National Survey on Supporting Struggling Mathematics Learners in the Middle Grades, a study designed and conducted by EDC. (edc.org)
  • It is one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems selected by the Clay Mathematics Institute to carry a US 1,000,000 prize for the first correct solution. (easychair.org)
  • Tolland Public Schools is dedicated to providing the highest quality mathematics education for every student. (google.com)
  • We are one of the few universities to offer the B.S. degree in secondary (grades 7-12) mathematics education, requiring greater depth in mathematics than in a typical math education program. (udel.edu)
  • Both the B.S. and B.A. mathematics education programs are nationally accredited. (udel.edu)
  • This collection of six essays shares insights and strategies from EDC's work to close opportunity gaps in mathematics education and support teachers in improving instruction. (edc.org)
  • The Kenneth B. Cummins Mathematics Education Award is open to Kent State University juniors majoring in mathematics education who have the highest GPA. (fastweb.com)
  • NCTM's Mathematics Education Trust (MET) channels the generosity of contributors through the creation and funding of grants, awards, honors, and other projects that support the improvement of mathematics teaching and learning. (nxtbook.com)
  • MET also sponsors activities for prospective teachers and NCTM Affiliates, as well as recognizing the lifetime achievement of leaders of mathematics education. (nxtbook.com)
  • Our Pre-Engineering majors typically spend three years at Webster completing the general education requirements and the necessary mathematics foundation for the engineering portion of the program. (webster.edu)
  • At least 45 higher education credits of the courses must be courses in mathematics at advanced level among the courses below. (lu.se)
  • Mathematics is an important and challenging subject, and teachers well-trained in mathematics and the teaching of mathematics can make mathematics accessible to all middle and high school students with different needs and abilities. (udel.edu)
  • Other aids used in the teaching of mathematics are also on display. (emporia.edu)
  • The project team has published its findings and created professional development (PD) courses to support middle grades intervention teachers in providing effective mathematics instruction and support to their students. (edc.org)
  • The project created Strengthening Mathematics Intervention in the Middle Grades: Guide for Leaders , a resource that provides effective strategies to support school and district administrators in implementing successful intervention classes. (edc.org)
  • Successful completion of the WBQ Advanced Skills Challenge Certificate plus 2 GCE A levels at grades AAA, including Mathematics and Chemistry. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Students begin with a high-quality Pre-Engineering curriculum featuring a strong background in the humanities, mathematics and the natural and social sciences. (webster.edu)
  • The BSc Mathematics and Economics is a joint degree programme where students study roughly equal amounts of both subjects over their three years. (lse.ac.uk)
  • This four-year programme offers an extra year on top of the Chemistry with Mathematics BSc in which to undertake an original chemical research project and study chemistry and its relationship with other disciplines in greater depth. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • The programme will accept either 'Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches' or 'Mathematics: Applications and Interpretation' at higher level. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • The Mathematics component of the course takes up around 25% of the whole programme including a range of compulsory modules in years 1 and 2. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • The unit provides training in research-level skills used in mathematics and related technical disciplines, with a particular focus on mathematical/scientific writing and presentation skills. (sheffield.ac.uk)
  • Although mathematics is extensively used for modeling phenomena, the fundamental truths of mathematics are independent from any scientific experimentation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In fact they give no concrete plan "to invest or extend activities", just to cut in fundamental mathematics research - an area which students need to learn from the best practitioners. (ipetitions.com)
  • Mathematics and data are fundamental to modern science and many industries are looking for graduates who can work across these fields. (bath.ac.uk)
  • We encourage them to develop problem-solving abilities which transcend the confines of the field of mathematics. (google.com)
  • 56% of children with a reading disorder also showed poor mathematics achievement, and 43% of children with a mathematical learning disorder showed poor reading skills. (medscape.com)
  • 38 points overall, including 766 in higher level subjects, with 7 in Mathematics: analysis and approaches. (lse.ac.uk)
  • A total of 18 points in three higher level subjects including 6 in Chemistry and Mathematics, with no higher level score below 5. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • A total of 17 points in three higher level subjects including 6 in Chemistry and Mathematics, with no score below 5. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • D3,D3,D3 in three Cambridge Pre-U Principal Subjects, including Chemistry and Mathematics. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • The research of qualitative nature had a group of adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 years from a slam in Heliópolis, Sao Paulo, as subjects and it resulted in the constitution of Mathematics´s meaning cores, amongst them the unpredictability shown up as one of the factors generating negative reactions in evaluation situations. (bvsalud.org)
  • There is a contradiction between the rational conditions demanded in order to have dominion over the knowledge of mathematics and the real conditions as the subjects turn to their emotions in the process of learning. (bvsalud.org)
  • The mathematics and science standards, as well as standards for every subject, can be found on CPALMS.org. (fldoe.org)
  • Graduates often go on to pursue a Master of Science (MSc) in Mathematics because it offers the opportunity to complete an in-depth research project in their field of interest. (dal.ca)
  • The survey was conducted as part of the Strengthening Mathematics Intervention project, which was funded by the National Science Foundation. (edc.org)
  • It was mathematics, the non-empirical science par excellence, wherein the mind appears to play only with itself, that turned out to be the science of sciences, delivering the key to those laws of nature and the universe that are concealed by appearances. (wikiquote.org)
  • The cutting-edge application of mathematics in industry incorporates modelling, analysis and interpretation using methods from applied mathematics together with the rapidly growing areas of machine learning and data science. (bath.ac.uk)
  • The general aim of the workshop is to foster the dialogue among researches working on issues related to intensionality in logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, computer science, computability theory, number theory and also study the reasons for intensionality from the cognitive science perspective. (lu.se)
  • Moreover, we will discuss topics related to the formation of mathematical concept as studied in psychology or cognitive sciences, and also the usefulness of cognitive science methods in epistemology of mathematics. (lu.se)
  • The course is an elective course for second-cycle studies for a Degree of Master of Science in mathematics. (lu.se)
  • We think that mathematics is the field of science in which a renewed ‗P-H tradition' can be most useful. (lu.se)
  • If in other sciences we should arrive at certainty without doubt and truth without error, it behooves us to place the foundations of knowledge in mathematics. (wikiquote.org)
  • Choose from a variety of advanced lecture modules across pure and applied mathematics, and build the foundations for a career in pure or applied mathematics. (sheffield.ac.uk)
  • This one-year course is designed to help you build the foundations for a successful career in mathematics research. (sheffield.ac.uk)
  • Beginning with calculus, all mathematics courses are taught in small sections to ensure an appropriate level of personal attention. (bgsu.edu)
  • T]he authors offer advice and recommendations for further pursuits in mathematics, magic and juggling. (princeton.edu)
  • All mathematics courses introduce new ways of thinking and develop discipline in carefully expressing these thoughts through problem solutions or carefully written arguments. (bgsu.edu)
  • Applied mathematics courses use numerical calculations for mathematical modeling. (bgsu.edu)
  • Courses in the applied mathematics specialization introduce mathematical models for a wide variety of real-world problems. (bgsu.edu)
  • The project pilot-tested the new Strengthening Mathematics Intervention PD courses with 78 educators from Massachusetts and Maine. (edc.org)
  • Free assistance is provided to all students enrolled in mathematics courses at ESU. (emporia.edu)
  • The Mathematics major provides students with the background necessary to pursue quantitative careers in mathematics as well as the background to pursue more advanced degrees. (unf.edu)
  • Students should work with their academic advisor to make sure they are placed in the proper mathematics class. (emporia.edu)
  • EDC's Strengthening Mathematics Intervention project addressed this research gap head-on by studying schools' current intervention structures, practices, and challenges. (edc.org)
  • EDC's national survey revealed widespread implementation of mathematics intervention classes by 69% of the 896 schools surveyed. (edc.org)
  • The project produced strategic resources and new insight into how to build the capacity of teachers and administrators to strengthen mathematics intervention in their classrooms, schools, and districts. (edc.org)
  • In response to requests from many district leaders, the project compiled a resource list that features a collection of mathematics intervention programs, assessments, and screening tools. (edc.org)
  • If a 'religion' is defined to be a system of ideas that contains unprovable statements, then Gödel taught us that mathematics is not only a religion, it is the only religion that can prove itself to be one. (wikiquote.org)
  • Studying mathematics provides a solid base for every scientific field. (dal.ca)
  • Studying mathematics is more than working with numbers, you'll learn how to think critically and solve problems. (dal.ca)
  • elucidating the symmetry between the creative and logical aspects of mathematics. (wikiquote.org)
  • You'll be able to get valuable mathematics research experience by working with an experienced mathematician on a dissertation topic of your choice. (sheffield.ac.uk)
  • Applicants are encouraged to take the Test of Mathematics for University Admission (TMUA) . (lse.ac.uk)
  • Sign this petition, to strongly request the Executive Board makes the hard choice, and steps back from the plans to destroy mathematics at the University of Leicester. (ipetitions.com)
  • Steven B. Damelin and Willard Miller Jr. , The mathematics of signal processing , Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012. (ams.org)
  • Mourad E. H. Ismail , Classical and quantum orthogonal polynomials in one variable , Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 98, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009. (ams.org)
  • This conference, held at his home institution of the University of Minnesota in Duluth in the summer of 2007, focussed on 'Communicating Mathematics', and also commemorated the 30th anniversary of the REU which Gallian runs. (maa.org)
  • The Mathematics library collection is also searchable in the Chalmers library catalogue together with books from the other libraries and e-books and articles. (chalmers.se)
  • The High School Mathematics Curriculum-What Can We Learn from History? (maa.org)
  • Where it is offered by your school or college, AS- or A-level Further Mathematics is expected to be taken and a grade A achieved. (lse.ac.uk)
  • For programmes requiring A* in Mathematics A-level, an A* in Further Mathematics in addition to an A grade in Mathematics is an acceptable alternative. (lse.ac.uk)
  • English Language at grade C or 5, plus Mathematics at grade B or 6. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • The DPhil in Mathematics is an advanced research degree which provides the opportunity to investigate a project in depth and write a thesis which makes a significant contribution in the field. (ox.ac.uk)