Mastoiditis
Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear
Ear, Middle
Ear Canal
Temporal Bone
Vestibular Neuronitis
Caloric Tests
Cholesteatoma
Dysgeusia
Tympanoplasty
Autografts
Osteoblastoma
Lateral Sinus Thrombosis
Noise level of drilling instruments during mastoidectomy. (1/118)
Exposure to intense noise has been identified as a potential risk in the development of hearing impairment. Social concern about excessive noise is increasing and this also extends to the operating room. A noise level study was performed in the operating room during mastoidectomy with a sound level meter and it was analyzed by a sound-analyzing program. The drilling instruments used included the Stryker, Midas, M.P.S. and Med-Next. The operator was exposed to sound levels from 69 to 83 dBA. The loudest drilling instrument was the Midas and it produced an average sound level of 83 dBA to the operator. The mean exposure time was 41 minutes during mastoidectomy. This is below the occupational noise-level regulations in Korea. However, considering that individual susceptibility to noise varies and that the otologic surgeon is repeatedly exposed to prolonged drilling noise, ear protection is recommended for the operators of high-speed drilling instruments. (+info)Random errors in localization of landmarks in postero-anterior cephalograms. (2/118)
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the random error in localization of the most common landmarks in postero-anterior cephalograms (PAC). The study took place at the Department of Orthodontics of Aarhus University during the period 1993-1995. The material consisted of 30 standardized PAC taken in natural head position. Five examiners had to identify 34 landmarks on each cephalogram. Subsequently, all examiners had to identify again the same 34 landmarks on one randomly selected cephalogram five times with a time interval of at least 24 hours. All landmarks were digitized, related to an X-Y co-ordinate system, and an arithmetical mean was calculated. The accuracy of digitizing was evaluated by digitizing one randomly selected cephalogram 10 times. The main findings of this study are: (1) The digitizing error is negligible compared to the errors introduced by landmark identification. (2) Each landmark has its own characteristic pattern of variance, which is very similar on both sides. (3) Significant differences in accuracy exist between the various postero-anterior landmarks. The six most accurate landmarks are mastoid left (l) and right (r), latero-orbitale (l) and (r), and antegonion (l) and (r). The six least accurate landmarks are coronoid (l) and (r), condylar (l) and (r), and mandibular foramen (l) and (r). (4) A significant difference in the accuracy of landmark identification between the five examiners was only seen for seven of the 34 landmarks. (5) No evidence was found that one examiner was consistently better/worse than the others. (6) No improvement in the accuracy was found after repeated identification, thus there seems to be no short-term 'learning process'. Refereed Paper (+info)Multisensory cortical signal increases and decreases during vestibular galvanic stimulation (fMRI). (3/118)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal increases (activations) and BOLD signal decreases ("deactivations") were compared in six healthy volunteers during galvanic vestibular (mastoid) and galvanic cutaneous (neck) stimulation in order to differentiate vestibular from ocular motor and nociceptive functions. By calculating the contrast for vestibular activation minus cutaneous activation for the group, we found activations in the anterior parts of the insula, the paramedian and dorsolateral thalamus, the putamen, the inferior parietal lobule [Brodmann area (BA) 40], the precentral gyrus (frontal eye field, BA 6), the middle frontal gyrus (prefrontal cortex, BA 46/9), the middle temporal gyrus (BA 37), the superior temporal gyrus (BA 22), and the anterior cingulate gyrus (BA 32) as well as in both cerebellar hemispheres. These activations can be attributed to multisensory vestibular and ocular motor functions. Single-subject analysis in addition showed distinctly nonoverlapping activations in the posterior insula, which corresponds to the parieto-insular vestibular cortex in the monkey. During vestibular stimulation, there was also a significant signal decrease in the visual cortex (BA 18, 19), which spared BA 17. A different "deactivation" was found during cutaneous stimulation; it included upper parieto-occipital areas in the middle temporal and occipital gyri (BA 19/39/18). Under both stimulation conditions, there were signal decreases in the somatosensory cortex (BA 2/3/4). Stimulus-dependent, inhibitory vestibular-visual, and nociceptive-somatosensory interactions may be functionally significant for processing perception and sensorimotor control. (+info)Unexpected reflex response to transmastoid stimulation in human subjects during near-maximal effort. (4/118)
1. In human subjects, a high-voltage electrical pulse between electrodes fixed over the mastoid processes activates descending tract axons at the level of the cervico-medullary junction to produce motor responses (cevicomedullary evoked responses; CMEPs) in the biceps brachii and brachioradialis muscles. 2. During isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the elbow flexors, CMEPs in the biceps brachii and brachioradialis muscles are sometimes followed by a second compound muscle action potential. This response can be observed in single trials (amplitude of up to 60 % of the maximal M wave) and follows the CMEP by about 16 ms in both muscles. The response only occurs during very strong voluntary contractions. 3. The second response following transmastoid stimulation appears with stimulation intensities that are at the threshold for evoking a CMEP in the contracting muscles. The response grows with increasing stimulus intensity, but then decreases in amplitude and finally disappears at high stimulation intensities. 4. A single stimulus to the brachial plexus during MVCs can also elicit a second response (following the M wave) in the biceps brachii and brachioradialis muscles. The latency of this response is 3-4 ms longer than that of the second response observed following transmastoid stimulation. This difference in latency is consistent with a reflex response to stimulation of large-diameter afferents. 5. The amplitude of the second response to transmastoid stimulation can be reduced by appropriately timed subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimuli. This result is consistent with intracortical inhibition of the response. 6. We suggest that transmastoid stimulation can elicit a large transcortical reflex response in the biceps brachii and brachioradialis muscles. The response travels via the motor cortex but is only apparent during near-maximal voluntary efforts. (+info)Mastoid air sinus abnormalities associated with lateral venous sinus thrombosis: cause or consequence? (5/118)
BACKGROUND: Mastoiditis is a known cause of lateral venous sinus thrombosis (LST). We have encountered patients with LST associated with mastoid abnormality on MRI without any clinical signs of infection; the significance of these abnormalities is uncertain. This study examines the relationship of LST and mastoid air sinus abnormalities systematically. SUMMARY OF REPORT: We performed a retrospective clinical and radiological review of a series of 26 patients with cerebral venous thrombosis. Mastoid abnormalities were detected ipsilateral to 9 of 23 thrombosed lateral sinuses (39%) and 0 of 29 unaffected lateral sinuses (P<0.001). No patient had clinical evidence of mastoiditis. Eight of 9 patients with mastoid abnormalities were treated without antibiotics; all made uneventful clinical recoveries. Repeated MRI in 1 patient revealed reversal of the mastoid changes. CONCLUSIONS: The mastoid changes observed are likely to be due to venous congestion as a consequence of LST, not mastoiditis. (+info)Comparison of human ocular torsion patterns during natural and galvanic vestibular stimulation. (6/118)
Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is reported to induce interindividually variable tonic ocular torsion (OT) and superimposed torsional nystagmus. It has been proposed that the tonic component results from the activation of otolith afferents. We tested our hypothesis that both the tonic and the phasic OT are mainly due to semicircular canal (SCC) stimulation by examining whether the OT patterns elicited by GVS can be reproduced by pure SCC stimulations. Using videooculography we measured the OT of six healthy subjects while two different stimuli with a duration of 20 s were applied: 1) transmastoidal GVS steps of 2 mA with the head in a pitched nose-down position and 2) angular head rotations around a combined roll-yaw axis parallel to the gravity vector with the head in the same position. The stimulation profile was individually scaled to match the nystagmus properties from GVS and consisted of a sustained velocity step of 4-12 degrees /s on which a velocity ramp of 0.67-2 degrees /s(2) was superimposed. Since blinks were reported to induce transient torsional eye movements, the subjects were also asked to blink once 10 s after stimulus onset. Analysis of torsional eye movements under both conditions revealed no significant differences. Thus we conclude that both the tonic and the phasic OT responses to GVS can be reproduced by pure rotational stimulations and that the OT-related effects of GVS on SCC afferents are similar to natural stimulations at small amplitudes. (+info)Diffusion-weighted imaging for differentiating recurrent cholesteatoma from granulation tissue after mastoidectomy: case report. (7/118)
Identification of recurrent cholesteatoma and differentiation from postoperative granulation tissue is important in a patient who has undergone mastoidectomy for cholesteatoma. We describe the diffusion-weighted imaging findings and apparent diffusion coefficient values in a case of recurrent cholesteatoma. This case suggests possible differentiation of cholesteatoma from granulation tissue on the basis of diffusion-weighted imaging findings. (+info)Vibration-induced ocular torsion and nystagmus after unilateral vestibular deafferentation. (8/118)
Vibration is an excitatory stimulus for both vestibular and proprioceptive afferents. Vibration applied either to the skull or to the neck muscles of subjects after unilateral vestibular deafferentation induces nystagmus and a shift of the subjective visual horizontal. Previous studies have ascribed these effects to vibratory stimulation of neck muscle proprioceptors. Using scleral search coils, we recorded three-dimensional eye movements during unilateral 92 Hz vibration of the mastoid bone or of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle in 18 subjects with chronic unilateral vestibular deficits after vestibular neurectomy or neuro-labyrinthitis. Nine subjects had lost function of all three semicircular canals (SSCs) on one side, and the other nine had lost function of only the anterior and lateral SSCs. Vibration of the mastoid bone or of the SCM muscle on either side induced an ipsilesional tonic shift of torsional eye position of up to 6.5 degrees during visual fixation, as well as a nystagmus with horizontal, vertical and torsional components in darkness. Subjects who had lost function of all three SSCs on one side showed a larger shift in ocular torsion in response to SCM vibration than did subjects who had lost function of only two SSCs. The difference between ocular torsion produced by ipsilesional muscle or bone vibration was not significantly different from that produced by contralesional bone or muscle vibration. The vibration-induced nystagmus rotation axis tended to align with the pitch (y) axis of the head in subjects who had lost only anterior and lateral SSC function, and with the roll (x) axis of the head in subjects who had lost function of all three SSCs. We propose that the previously described vibration-induced shift of the subjective visual horizontal can be explained by the vibration-induced ocular torsion, and that the magnitude of ocular torsion is related to the extent of the unilateral vestibular deficit. While altered proprioceptive inputs from neck muscles might be important in the mechanism of vibration-induced ocular torsion and nystagmus after unilateral vestibular deafferentation, vibratory stimulation of vestibular receptors in the intact labyrinth also appears to have an important role. (+info)The mastoid is a term used in anatomy and refers to the bony prominence located at the base of the skull, posterior to the ear. More specifically, it's part of the temporal bone, one of the bones that forms the side and base of the skull. The mastoid process provides attachment for various muscles involved in chewing and moving the head.
In a medical context, "mastoid" can also refer to conditions or procedures related to this area. For example, mastoiditis is an infection of the mastoid process, while a mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing part or all of the mastoid process.
Mastoiditis is a medical condition characterized by an infection and inflammation of the mastoid process, which is the bony prominence located behind the ear. The mastoid process contains air cells that are connected to the middle ear, and an infection in the middle ear (otitis media) can spread to the mastoid process, resulting in mastoiditis.
The symptoms of mastoiditis may include:
* Pain and tenderness behind the ear
* Swelling or redness of the skin behind the ear
* Ear drainage or discharge
* Fever and headache
* Hearing loss or difficulty hearing
Mastoiditis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection, as well as possible surgical intervention if the infection does not respond to medication or if it has caused significant damage to the mastoid process. If left untreated, mastoiditis can lead to complications such as meningitis, brain abscess, or even death.
Cholesteatoma, middle ear is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells (keratinizing squamous epithelium) within the middle ear space. This skin cells accumulation forms a pearly, white, or gray mass that can erode and destroy surrounding structures such as the ossicles (the tiny bones in the middle ear), the mastoid process (a bony prominence behind the ear), and even the inner ear or brain.
Cholesteatomas can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life). Acquired cholesteatomas are more common and usually result from repeated middle ear infections that cause a retraction pocket of the eardrum, which then traps skin cells leading to their abnormal growth. Symptoms of cholesteatoma may include hearing loss, ear drainage, ear pain, vertigo, or facial weakness. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cholesteatoma and restoration of any damaged structures.
Otologic surgical procedures refer to a range of surgeries performed on the ear or its related structures. These procedures are typically conducted by otologists, who are specialists trained in diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the ears, balance system, and related nerves. The goal of otologic surgery can vary from repairing damaged bones in the middle ear to managing hearing loss, tumors, or chronic infections. Some common otologic surgical procedures include:
1. Stapedectomy/Stapedotomy: These are procedures used to treat otosclerosis, a condition where the stapes bone in the middle ear becomes fixed and causes conductive hearing loss. The surgeon creates an opening in the stapes footplate (stapedotomy) or removes the entire stapes bone (stapedectomy) and replaces it with a prosthetic device to improve sound conduction.
2. Myringoplasty/Tympanoplasty: These are surgeries aimed at repairing damaged eardrums (tympanic membrane). A myringoplasty involves grafting a piece of tissue over the perforation in the eardrum, while a tympanoplasty includes both eardrum repair and reconstruction of the middle ear bones if necessary.
3. Mastoidectomy: This procedure involves removing the mastoid air cells, which are located in the bony prominence behind the ear. A mastoidectomy is often performed to treat chronic mastoiditis, cholesteatoma, or complications from middle ear infections.
4. Ossiculoplasty: This procedure aims to reconstruct and improve the function of the ossicles (middle ear bones) when they are damaged due to various reasons such as infection, trauma, or congenital conditions. The surgeon uses prosthetic devices made from plastic, metal, or even bone to replace or support the damaged ossicles.
5. Cochlear implantation: This is a surgical procedure that involves placing an electronic device inside the inner ear to help individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. The implant consists of an external processor and internal components that directly stimulate the auditory nerve, bypassing the damaged hair cells in the cochlea.
6. Labyrinthectomy: This procedure involves removing the balance-sensing structures (vestibular system) inside the inner ear to treat severe vertigo or dizziness caused by conditions like Meniere's disease when other treatments have failed.
7. Acoustic neuroma removal: An acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor that grows on the vestibulocochlear nerve, which connects the inner ear to the brain. Surgical removal of the tumor is necessary to prevent hearing loss, balance problems, and potential neurological complications.
These are just a few examples of the various surgical procedures performed by otolaryngologists (ear, nose, and throat specialists) to treat conditions affecting the ear and surrounding structures. Each procedure has its specific indications, benefits, risks, and postoperative care requirements. Patients should consult with their healthcare providers to discuss the most appropriate treatment options for their individual needs.
The middle ear is the middle of the three parts of the ear, located between the outer ear and inner ear. It contains three small bones called ossicles (the malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit and amplify sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The middle ear also contains the Eustachian tube, which helps regulate air pressure in the middle ear and protects against infection by allowing fluid to drain from the middle ear into the back of the throat.
The ear canal, also known as the external auditory canal, is the tubular passage that extends from the outer ear (pinna) to the eardrum (tympanic membrane). It is lined with skin and tiny hairs, and is responsible for conducting sound waves from the outside environment to the middle and inner ear. The ear canal is typically about 2.5 cm long in adults and has a self-cleaning mechanism that helps to keep it free of debris and wax.
The temporal bone is a paired bone that is located on each side of the skull, forming part of the lateral and inferior walls of the cranial cavity. It is one of the most complex bones in the human body and has several important structures associated with it. The main functions of the temporal bone include protecting the middle and inner ear, providing attachment for various muscles of the head and neck, and forming part of the base of the skull.
The temporal bone is divided into several parts, including the squamous part, the petrous part, the tympanic part, and the styloid process. The squamous part forms the lateral portion of the temporal bone and articulates with the parietal bone. The petrous part is the most medial and superior portion of the temporal bone and contains the inner ear and the semicircular canals. The tympanic part forms the lower and anterior portions of the temporal bone and includes the external auditory meatus or ear canal. The styloid process is a long, slender projection that extends downward from the inferior aspect of the temporal bone and serves as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments.
The temporal bone plays a crucial role in hearing and balance, as it contains the structures of the middle and inner ear, including the oval window, round window, cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals. The stapes bone, one of the three bones in the middle ear, is entirely encased within the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Additionally, the temporal bone contains important structures for facial expression and sensation, including the facial nerve, which exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen, a small opening in the temporal bone.
Vestibular neuronitis, also known as vestibular neuritis, is a medical condition that affects the inner ear's vestibular system. It is characterized by sudden and severe vertigo (a spinning sensation), nausea, vomiting, and unsteadiness, typically lasting for several days to weeks.
The condition results from an inflammation of the vestibular nerve, which carries information about balance and motion from the inner ear to the brain. The exact cause of the inflammation is not always clear, but it is thought to be due to a viral infection or an autoimmune response.
Vestibular neuronitis is differentiated from labyrinthitis, another inner ear disorder, by the absence of hearing loss in vestibular neuronitis. In labyrinthitis, there may be hearing loss as well as vertigo and balance problems. Treatment for vestibular neuronitis typically involves medication to manage symptoms such as nausea and vertigo, along with physical therapy exercises to help retrain the brain to maintain balance.
Caloric tests are a type of diagnostic test used in otology and neurotology to evaluate the function of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and eye movements. The tests involve stimulating the vestibular system with warm or cool air or water, and then observing and measuring the resulting eye movements.
During the test, the patient sits in a chair with their head tilted back at a 30-degree angle. A special goggles device is placed over their eyes to measure and record eye movements. Then, warm or cool air or water is introduced into each ear canal, alternately, for about 20-30 seconds.
The stimulation of the inner ear with warm or cold temperatures creates a difference in temperature between the inner ear and the brain, which activates the vestibular system and causes eye movements called nystagmus. The direction and intensity of the nystagmus are then analyzed to determine if there is any damage or dysfunction in the vestibular system.
Caloric tests can help identify lesions in the vestibular system, such as vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis, and can also help differentiate between peripheral and central vestibular disorders.
Ear diseases are medical conditions that affect the ear and its various components, including the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. These diseases can cause a range of symptoms, such as hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), ear pain, and discharge. Some common ear diseases include:
1. Otitis externa (swimmer's ear) - an infection or inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal.
2. Otitis media - an infection or inflammation of the middle ear, often caused by a cold or flu.
3. Cholesteatoma - a skin growth that develops in the middle ear behind the eardrum.
4. Meniere's disease - a disorder of the inner ear that can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
5. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders - problems with the joint that connects the jawbone to the skull, which can cause ear pain and other symptoms.
6. Acoustic neuroma - a noncancerous tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Presbycusis - age-related hearing loss.
Treatment for ear diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medication, surgery, or other therapies. If you are experiencing symptoms of an ear disease, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional, such as an otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat specialist).
Cholesteatoma is a type of skin growth that occurs in the middle ear behind the eardrum. It is not a cancerous or precancerous growth but can still cause significant damage to the surrounding structures if left untreated. Cholesteatomas typically begin as small collections of dead skin cells, which then accumulate and expand over time, forming a sac-like structure that can erode the bones of the middle ear and lead to hearing loss, balance problems, and even facial paralysis in severe cases.
Cholesteatomas can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life). Acquired cholesteatomas are more common and typically result from repeated ear infections or trauma to the eardrum that causes a pocket or retraction of the eardrum to form, which then traps skin cells and debris. Over time, these cells can multiply and become a cholesteatoma.
Treatment for cholesteatoma typically involves surgical removal of the growth, as well as any damaged bone or tissue. In some cases, additional procedures may be necessary to restore hearing function. Regular follow-up care is also important to monitor for recurrence and ensure proper healing.
Dysgeusia is a medical term that refers to a distortion in the ability to taste. It can cause food and drinks to have a metallic, rancid, or bitter taste. Dysgeusia is different from ageusia, which is the complete loss of taste, and hypogeusia, which is a reduced ability to taste.
Dysgeusia can be caused by various factors, including damage to the nerves responsible for taste, exposure to certain chemicals or medications, and medical conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Treatment for dysgeusia depends on the underlying cause. If a medication is causing the symptom, changing the medication or adjusting the dosage may help. In other cases, addressing the underlying medical condition may improve taste perception.
Tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure performed to reconstruct or repair the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and/or the small bones of the middle ear (ossicles). The primary goal of this surgery is to restore hearing, but it can also help manage chronic middle ear infections, traumatic eardrum perforations, or cholesteatoma (a skin growth in the middle ear).
During the procedure, a surgeon may use various techniques such as grafting tissue from another part of the body to rebuild the eardrum or using prosthetic materials to reconstruct the ossicles. The choice of technique depends on the extent and location of the damage. Tympanoplasty is typically an outpatient procedure, meaning patients can return home on the same day of the surgery.
An autograft, also known as an autologous graft, is a type of graft in which tissue is transferred from one part of the body to another in the same individual. In other words, the tissue is taken from the patient themselves and then transplanted to a different site on their own body. This can be done for a variety of reasons, such as to repair damaged or missing tissue due to injury, disease, or surgery.
There are several types of autografts, including:
* Skin grafts: In this type of autograft, healthy skin is taken from one part of the body and transplanted to another part of the body that has been damaged or lost its own skin due to burns, injury, or surgery.
* Bone grafts: In this type of autograft, bone tissue is taken from one part of the body and transplanted to another part of the body to repair a fracture or fusion, or to provide support for dental implants.
* Tendon grafts: In this type of autograft, tendons are taken from one part of the body and transplanted to another part of the body to replace damaged or torn tendons.
* Cartilage grafts: In this type of autograft, cartilage tissue is taken from one part of the body and transplanted to another part of the body to repair damaged or missing cartilage due to injury or disease.
Autografts are generally considered to be the "gold standard" for grafting procedures because they have a lower risk of rejection compared to allografts (grafts from another individual) and xenografts (grafts from an animal). However, there are some risks associated with autografts, including infection, bleeding, and pain at the donor site.
Osteoblastoma is a rare, benign (non-cancerous) bone tumor that originates from osteoblasts, which are cells responsible for bone formation. It typically affects children and young adults, with around two-thirds of cases occurring in individuals under 30 years old.
Osteoblastomas usually develop in the long bones of the body, such as the femur (thigh bone) or tibia (shin bone), but they can also occur in the vertebrae of the spine. The tumor tends to grow slowly and may cause symptoms like pain, swelling, or tenderness in the affected area. In some cases, it can lead to pathological fractures (fractures caused by weakened bone structure).
While osteoblastomas are generally not life-threatening, they can be locally aggressive and cause significant morbidity if left untreated. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by curettage (scraping) and bone grafting to fill the void created by the tumor excision. In some cases, adjuvant therapies like cryosurgery or radiation therapy may be used to ensure complete tumor eradication.
Lateral sinus thrombosis, also known as sigmoid sinus thrombosis, is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the lateral or sigmoid sinus, which are venous structures located in the skull that help drain blood from the brain.
The lateral sinuses are situated near the mastoid process of the temporal bone and can become thrombosed due to various reasons such as infection (often associated with ear or mastoid infections), trauma, tumors, or other underlying medical conditions that increase the risk of blood clot formation.
Symptoms of lateral sinus thrombosis may include headache, fever, neck stiffness, altered mental status, and signs of increased intracranial pressure such as papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve disc). Diagnosis is typically made with the help of imaging studies like CT or MRI scans, and treatment often involves anticoagulation therapy to prevent clot expansion and potential complications. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the clot or manage any underlying conditions.
Mastoid canaliculus
Mastoid antrum
Mastoid foramen
Mastoid cells
Mastoid lymph nodes
Aditus to mastoid antrum
Mastoid part of the temporal bone
Ernst Georg Ferdinand Küster
Podocnemididae
Lamotte's roundleaf bat
Cholesteatoma
Conductive hearing loss
Parietal bone
Myringoplasty
Eustachian tube
Ramesh C. Deka
Canini (tribe)
Peptostreptococcus
List of -ectomies
Schuller's view
Asterion (anatomy)
Marsh rice rat
Nephelomys levipes
Bilateral vestibulopathy
Sardinian dhole
Hammond's rice rat
Oryzomys couesi
Temporal bone
Incisionless Fritsch otoplasty
Facial nerve paralysis
Mastoid canaliculus - Wikipedia
mastoid process
Baczowski / Padmanabha: Mastoid Process | Midheaven Mailorder
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The Use of the Mastoid Triangle for Sex Estimation | American Academy of Forensic Sciences
Mastoid Ear Searchers. Anthony Products
69644 Revise middle ear & mastoid - ClearHealthCosts
Mastoid Retractor
Cost of eardrum repair with mastoid removal by state | Sidecar Health
សញ្ញានៃជំងឺរលាកឆ្អឹងត្រចៀក Mastoid ដែលអ្នកគួរដឹង
Allport Mastoid Hook & Searcher
Mastoid Notch - Earth's Lab
mastoid surgery Archives - CE4RT
Mastoid Surgery - Inspire ENT & Pulmonology
Mastoid Hill, Alaska - Alaska Guide
TRAUTMANN Mastoid Chisel - BR Surgical
Facial Nerve Anatomy: Overview, Embryology of the Facial Nerve, Central Connections
Mastoid Surgery | North Alabama ENT Associates
mastoid air cells Archives - Anatomical Justice
Mastoid Process - The Definitive Guide | Biology Dictionary
How to apply a Mastoid Bandage? | Dr Paulose
Tumous of Middle Ear and Mastoid - Dr. Rajiv S.R.
SARCOMA OF THE MASTOID | JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery | JAMA Network
Andokides Painter ):Early Attic Red-Figure Mastoid Fragment?,16x12'(A3 - Period Prints
CPT Code 70130 MASTOIDS COMPLETE MIN 3 VWS | Upvio
ICD 11 Code: 10 Diseases of the ear or mastoid process-2018
Glossary of communication disorders - Wikipedia
Konjenital dış kulak yolu aplazisi ve fasiyal sinir timpanik-mastoid segment total dehisansı | AVESİS
COMPARISON OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC MATERIALS TO IMPROVE HEARING AFTER OBLITERATION OF THE MASTOID CAVITY
Mastoiditis3
- The medical term for infection of the mastoid cells is mastoiditis. (inspire-med.com)
- However, if left untreated, it can spread to the mastoid area through the aditus ad antrum and mastoid antrum, leading to a condition called mastoiditis . (biologydictionary.net)
- Mastoiditis is an infection of the mucus lining of the mastoid antrum and the mastoid air cells located in the mastoid process . (biologydictionary.net)
Called the mastoid cavity1
- They will remove the bone that is covering the infected area leaving the area (called the mastoid cavity) open. (nuffieldhealth.com)
Mastoidectomy3
- Mastoid surgery, or mastoidectomy, involves drilling a hole in the mastoid bone and removing the infected air cells. (inspire-med.com)
- If this does not work, surgery may be undertaken to remove part of the mastoid process and drain it in a process called mastoidectomy . (biologydictionary.net)
- Wilson H, David W. Titanium mesh for functional reconstruction of the mastoid cortex after mastoidectomy. (journalofhearingscience.com)
Cavity5
- Indications for removal of mastoid air cells and obliterating the mastoid cavity vary considerably from surgeon to surgeon. (journalofhearingscience.com)
- Both natural and synthetic materials help in improvement of hearing after obliteration of the mastoid cavity. (journalofhearingscience.com)
- Uçar C. External auditory canal reconstruction and mastoid cavity obliteration with composite multifractured osteoperiosteal flap: a preliminary study. (journalofhearingscience.com)
- Evaluation of using Bioglass in obliteration of mastoid cavity. (journalofhearingscience.com)
- A large meatoplasty is created to allow adequate air circulation into the mastoid cavity that arises from the operation. (medscape.com)
Inner ear2
- DDP ELITE Alport Mastoid Hook & Searcher is a unique tool used in otolaryngology operations, particularly with the inner ear and mastoid sinus. (ddpeliteusa.com)
- The mastoid air cells present in the mastoid process also serve their own function, which is believed to be protection of the temporal bone and the middle and inner ear from trauma, and the regulation of air pressure . (biologydictionary.net)
Cholesteatoma1
- Cholesteatoma is an abnormal growth of skin cells that develops in the middle ear and/or mastoid process . (biologydictionary.net)
Surgery11
- To prevent further damage your consultant may recommend mastoid surgery. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- What happens during mastoid surgery? (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Mastoid surgery is usually performed under general anaesthetic and can take up to 3 hours. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Mastoid surgery is sometimes done as a day case meaning you will be able to go home the day of your surgery. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Most people make a good recovery from mastoid surgery. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- If antibiotics are unsuccessful in clearing up the infection, then mastoid surgery may be needed. (inspire-med.com)
- Applying a mastoid bandage after ear surgery needs skill and it is an art.Mastoid bandage is a circumferential head bandage after middle ear surgery which is used to minimize the postoperative hematoma and to provides a good wound covering.Mr Lijo my OT technician is an expert in putting mastoid bandage, see how is doing it. (drpaulose.com)
- Chole R, Brodie H, Jacob A. Surgery of the mastoid and petrosa. (journalofhearingscience.com)
- Middle Ear and Mastoid Surgery. (journalofhearingscience.com)
- The device is used in mastoid surgery, frontal sinus surgery, and surgery of the facial nerves. (fda.gov)
- Mastoid emissary vein: anatomy and clinical relevance in plastic & reconstructive surgery. (theeajns.org)
Infection3
- An infection in your middle ear can spread to your mastoid and eventually damage the bone. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- In addition to pain and discomfort, a middle ear infection can cause tiny air cells in the mastoid bone to fill up with pus. (inspire-med.com)
- equivocal is supported by clinical correlation, specifically, physician documentation of antimicrobial treatment for mastoid infection. (cdc.gov)
Bone9
- In the lateral part of the jugular fossa of the temporal bone is the mastoid canaliculus for the entrance of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- mastoid process , the smooth pyramidal or cone-shaped bone projection at the base of the skull on each side of the head just below and behind the ear in humans. (britannica.com)
- Your mastoid bone is located just behind your ear, a damaged mastoid may be repaired surgically. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Bacteria migrate from the middle ear to the air cells of the mastoid bone, which are essential for proper drainage of fluid. (inspire-med.com)
- The mastoid process is a smooth conical projection of bone located at the base of the mastoid area of the temporal bone. (biologydictionary.net)
- The mastoid process is located on the underside of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone , behind the external auditory meatus . (biologydictionary.net)
- The superior border of the mastoid area joins with the parietal bone and has the petrosquamous suture travelling vertically from it. (biologydictionary.net)
- The mastoid process is a smooth, conical projection of bone which has several structures that allow it to carry out its specific functions. (biologydictionary.net)
- Relating to the occipital bone and the mastoid process. (theodora.com)
Squamous1
- One of the more common theories about how cholesteatomas form involves retraction of the pars flaccida from negative middle ear pressure, resulting in invagination of squamous epithelium into the middle ear and mastoid. (medscape.com)
Obliteration1
- Uçar C. Canal wall reconstruction and mastoid obliteration with composite multi-fractured osteoperiosteal flap. (journalofhearingscience.com)
Medial2
- The mastoid notch is a deep groove located on the medial side of the mastoid process, for the connection of the digastric muscle . (earthslab.com)
- It develops when suppuration products escape through the mastoid process (medial side) at the digastric fossa [1]. (symptoma.com)
Process12
- The mastoid process is important to students of fossil humans because it occurs regularly and in the specific form described only in hominids ( i.e., members of the genera Homo and Australopithecus ). (britannica.com)
- The development of the mastoid process is apparently related to the upright posture of hominids and the consequent evolutionary realignment of the head in relation to the neck. (britannica.com)
- Tissue thickness, superimposing shadows, and awkward patient positioning make the mastoid process a difficult body part to radiograph. (ce4rt.com)
- It travels within the sagittal plane, running in the middle of the stylomastoid foramen anteriorly as well as posteriorly in the posterior side of the mastoid process. (earthslab.com)
- The mastoid notch lies on the inferomedial margin of each mastoid process. (earthslab.com)
- Mastoid air cells/Lenoirs - hollow areas present in the superior, inferior, and anterior areas of the mastoid process. (biologydictionary.net)
- The mastoid process' main function is to provide an area of attachment to several important muscles in the head. (biologydictionary.net)
- The rough outer surface of the mastoid process also allows the occipitofrontalis muscle to anchor, which wraps the skull from the superior nuchal line to the mastoid process. (biologydictionary.net)
- Every part of the body can be afflicted by one disease or another, and the mastoid process is no different in this regard. (biologydictionary.net)
- This chapter contains diseases of the ear and diseases of the mastoid process. (icd-coding.com)
- The mastoid bones were examined for the number of mastoid foramina and the relative distances of each foramen to the asterion and tip of mastoid process. (theeajns.org)
- The mean distance to the asterion was 21.09 6.74 mm and 28.56 5.81 mm to the tip of the mastoid process. (theeajns.org)
Aditus1
- They communicate with the middle ear through the mastoid antrum and the aditus ad antrum . (biologydictionary.net)
Scalp1
- Do any of you ever get small visible lumps on your scalp that extend onto the mastoid and down to the neck and are very tender to the touch? (healthrising.org)
Middle2
- Located in your middle ear, your mastoid is made up of many air filled spaces that help keep pressure in your ear balanced. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Tumous of Middle Ear and Mastoid - Dr. Rajiv S.R. (drmgrdu.ac.in)
Indications1
- Order for complete mastoids X-ray, clinical indications, and patient information. (upvio.com)
Surgical1
- Onyango M, Mandela P, Munguti J. Mastoid Emissary Foramina and their Surgical Relevance: An African Osteological Study. (theeajns.org)
Clinical2
- Mastoid foramen, mastoid emissary vein and clinical implications in neurosurgery. (theeajns.org)
- Mastoid emissary foramina: an anatomical morphological study with discussion on their evolutionary and clinical implications. (theeajns.org)
20191
- Referenslista, som gavs i vår förra rapport i mars 2019, och som också i en uppdaterad form inkluderas i denna rapport, visar biofotonikrelaterade publikationer från vår grupp vid SCNU med gemensam affiliering till Lunds Universitet. (lu.se)
Neck1
- Anatomy of the mastoid emissary vein and venous system of the posterior neck region: neurosurgical implications. (theeajns.org)
Procedure1
- High quality Mastoid Retractor, often placed inside the bulbo spongiosus muscle and spread to expose the proximal bulb for dissection during Urethroplasty procedure. (fftrading.biz)
Symptoms1
- A case study presented the possibility of a Bezold's abscess manifesting without a prior history of ear suppuration, with the symptoms being tinnitus , torticollis , fever, postauricular swelling and periodic pain in the region of the mastoid [2]. (symptoma.com)
Anterior1
- Ear defects may involve the skin of the anterior closed primarily by advancing the mastoid skin. (bvsalud.org)
Nerve1
- In the newborn, the facial nerve anatomy approximates that of an adult, except for its location in the mastoid, which is more superficial. (medscape.com)
Region1
- In this region, the cartilage, and/or the skin of the retroauricular way, the ear is adhered to the mastoid region. (bvsalud.org)
Canal2
- Pekçevik R, Öztürk A, Pekçevik Y, Toka O, Aslan GG, Çukurova İ. Mastoid Emissary Vein Canal Incidence and Its Relationship with Jugular Bulb and Sigmoid Sulcus Anatomical Variations. (theeajns.org)
- Sensory examination is normal, but the external auditory canal and a small patch behind the ear (over the mastoid) may be painful to the touch. (msdmanuals.com)
Side1
- Mastoid emissary foramina were observed in 80 skulls on the right side (88.1%) skulls and in 76 (86.2%) skulls on the left. (theeajns.org)
Patient1
- 1st 5 sessions patient will receive graded Myofascial release on the upper trapezius, scalene, Supra spinatus, Sternocleiodo mastoid, levator scapulae, and Pectoralis major. (who.int)
Apply1
- How to apply a Mastoid Bandage? (drpaulose.com)