Administration of a vaccine to large populations in order to elicit IMMUNITY.
Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. The programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. They are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international.
A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had measles or been immunized with live measles vaccine and have no serum antibodies against measles. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with VIBRIO CHOLERAE. The original cholera vaccine consisted of killed bacteria, but other kinds of vaccines now exist.
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.
Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. It includes both killed and attenuated vaccines. The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. The vaccine is usually bivalent or trivalent, containing one or two INFLUENZAVIRUS A strains and one INFLUENZAVIRUS B strain.
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)
A live VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine of calf lymph or chick embryo origin, used for immunization against smallpox. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to smallpox virus. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Complications that result from smallpox vaccination include vaccinia, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalomyelitis. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A live attenuated virus vaccine of duck embryo or human diploid cell tissue culture origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of nonpregnant adolescent and adult females of childbearing age who are unimmunized and do not have serum antibodies to rubella. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
A combined vaccine used to prevent infection with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. This is used in place of DTP vaccine (DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE) when PERTUSSIS VACCINE is contraindicated.
A republic in central Africa, east of NIGER, west of SUDAN and south of LIBYA. Its capital is N'Djamena.
Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or secondary immunization.
The formaldehyde-inactivated toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is generally used in mixtures with TETANUS TOXOID and PERTUSSIS VACCINE; (DTP); or with tetanus toxoid alone (DT for pediatric use and Td, which contains 5- to 10-fold less diphtheria toxoid, for other use). Diphtheria toxoid is used for the prevention of diphtheria; DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN is for treatment.
A live vaccine containing attenuated poliovirus, types I, II, and III, grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture, used for routine immunization of children against polio. This vaccine induces long-lasting intestinal and humoral immunity. Killed vaccine induces only humoral immunity. Oral poliovirus vaccine should not be administered to immunocompromised individuals or their household contacts. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.
A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)
An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A vaccine consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and whole-cell PERTUSSIS VACCINE. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough.
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.
An acute infectious disease caused by the RUBELLA VIRUS. The virus enters the respiratory tract via airborne droplet and spreads to the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.
The use of biological agents in TERRORISM. This includes the malevolent use of BACTERIA; VIRUSES; or other BIOLOGICAL TOXINS against people, ANIMALS; or PLANTS.
Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.
Acute VIRAL CNS INFECTION affecting mammals, including humans. It is caused by RABIES VIRUS and usually spread by contamination with virus-laden saliva of bites inflicted by rabid animals. Important animal vectors include the dog, cat, bat, fox, raccoon, skunk, and wolf.
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.
Transplacental infection of the fetus with rubella usually in the first trimester of pregnancy, as a consequence of maternal infection, resulting in various developmental abnormalities in the newborn infant. They include cardiac and ocular lesions, deafness, microcephaly, mental retardation, and generalized growth retardation. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A republic in western Africa, south and east of MALI and west of NIGER. Its capital is Ouagadougou. It was formerly called Upper Volta until 1984.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent and treat RABIES. The inactivated virus vaccine is used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.
An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the NASOPHARYNX. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL). It is also found in venereal discharges and blood. There are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being A, B, C, Y, and W-135. Each serogroup can be further classified by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype.
Notification or reporting by a physician or other health care provider of the occurrence of specified contagious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV infections to designated public health agencies. The United States system of reporting notifiable diseases evolved from the Quarantine Act of 1878, which authorized the US Public Health Service to collect morbidity data on cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever; each state in the US has its own list of notifiable diseases and depends largely on reporting by the individual health care provider. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the causative agent of WHOOPING COUGH. Its cells are minute coccobacilli that are surrounded by a slime sheath.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS. Human vaccines are intended to reduce the incidence of UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS, so they are sometimes considered a type of CANCER VACCINES. They are often composed of CAPSID PROTEINS, especially L1 protein, from various types of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.
Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.
Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results.
An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infections with STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Federative Republic of Brazil. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or science, I'd be happy to help answer those!
Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A combined vaccine used to prevent MEASLES; MUMPS; and RUBELLA.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.
Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).
A live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine used for immunization against chickenpox. It is recommended for children between the ages of 12 months and 13 years.
Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.
A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.
Inbred BALB/c mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical to each other, making them useful for scientific research and experiments due to their consistent genetic background and predictable responses to various stimuli or treatments.
The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.
Vaccines used to prevent infection by MUMPS VIRUS. Best known is the live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had mumps or been immunized with live mumps vaccine. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine.
Semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection.
The non-susceptibility to infection of a large group of individuals in a population. A variety of factors can be responsible for herd immunity and this gives rise to the different definitions used in the literature. Most commonly, herd immunity refers to the case when, if most of the population is immune, infection of a single individual will not cause an epidemic. Also, in such immunized populations, susceptible individuals are not likely to become infected. Herd immunity can also refer to the case when unprotected individuals fail to contract a disease because the infecting organism has been banished from the population.
Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with ROTAVIRUS.
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.
A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.
Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.
Tetanus toxoid is a purified and chemically inactivated form of the tetanus toxin, used as a vaccine to induce active immunity against tetanus disease by stimulating the production of antibodies.
A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.
A suspension of formalin-inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture and used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS.
Epidemics of infectious disease that have spread to many countries, often more than one continent, and usually affecting a large number of people.
Combined vaccines consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and an acellular form of PERTUSSIS VACCINE. At least five different purified antigens of B. pertussis have been used in various combinations in these vaccines.
Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating B-LYMPHOCYTES, followed by COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed protozoa administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious protozoan disease.
Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.
Active immunization where vaccine is administered for therapeutic or preventive purposes. This can include administration of immunopotentiating agents such as BCG vaccine and Corynebacterium parvum as well as biological response modifiers such as interferons, interleukins, and colony-stimulating factors in order to directly stimulate the immune system.

Mass measles immunization campaign: experience in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. (1/383)

After the 1988 measles outbreak, annual notification rates for measles in Hong Kong SAR between 1989 and 1999 were 0.4-4.9 per 100 000, with peaks in 1992, 1994 and 1997. The first half-year incidence rates per 100 000 were 2.3 in 1997, 0.5 in 1995 and 1.2 in 1996. Monthly notification rates increased from a baseline of <10 cases to 59 in May 1997. Serological surveillance showed only 85.5% of children aged 1-19 years had measles antibodies. An epidemic, mainly because of failure of the first dose to produce immunity, seemed imminent in mid-1997. A mass immunization campaign targeted children aged 1-19 from July to November 1997. The overall coverage was 77%. The rate of adverse events was low. After the campaign, measles notification fell to 0.9 per 100 000 in 1998. A two-dose strategy and supplementary campaigns will maintain measles susceptibility at levels low enough to make measles elimination our goal.  (+info)

The average cost of measles cases and adverse events following vaccination in industrialised countries. (2/383)

BACKGROUND: Even though the annual incidence rate of measles has dramatically decreased in industrialised countries since the implementation of universal immunisation programmes, cases continue to occur in countries where endemic measles transmission has been interrupted and in countries where adequate levels of immunisation coverage have not been maintained. The objective of this study is to develop a model to estimate the average cost per measles case and per adverse event following measles immunisation using the Netherlands (NL), the United Kingdom (UK) and Canada as examples. METHODS: Parameter estimates were based on a review of the published literature. A decision tree was built to represent the complications associated with measles cases and adverse events following immunisation. Monte-Carlo Simulation techniques were used to account for uncertainty. RESULTS: From the perspective of society, we estimated the average cost per measles case to be US$276, US$307 and US$254 for the NL, the UK and Canada, respectively, and the average cost of adverse events following immunisation per vaccinee to be US$1.43, US$1.93 and US$1.51 for the NL, UK and Canada, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These average cost estimates could be combined with incidence estimates and costs of immunisation programmes to provide estimates of the cost of measles to industrialised countries. Such estimates could be used as a basis to estimate the potential economic gains of global measles eradication.  (+info)

Influenza vaccinations in Northern Ireland: are older patients missing out? (3/383)

BACKGROUND: Influenza is a common respiratory disease that may affect a large proportion of the population annually. Vaccination is recommended for those most at risk of complications; namely everyone aged 65 and over and those under 65 who are immunosuppressed or who have chronic disease. OBJECTIVE: To explore the variations in influenza vaccination rates for the winter of 2000, with special reference to uptake amongst older patients. DESIGN: An audit of vaccination rates amongst 12 practices that participate in the Northern Ireland Data Retrieval in Primary Care Project. METHODS: Data were extracted from the practice computers; Read codes were used to determine if the patient was immunosuppressed or suffered from chronic heart, lung or renal disease or had diabetes mellitus. The postcode of residence was used as a proxy for residence in a nursing or residential home as this could not be determined directly from the data. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine which factors were significantly related to vaccination uptake. RESULTS: We vaccinated 10,427 patients in these practices against influenza with a vaccination rate of 65.2% for the over-65 population. Uptake rates peaked at age 85 and declined thereafter so that only half of those aged over 90 had been vaccinated. This age related decline in vaccination rates was evident in ten of the twelve practices. The presence of chronic disease increased the likelihood of vaccination even amongst older patients. Logistic regression confirmed the decline in uptake rates at older ages and suggested that patients who shared the address of a nursing or residential home were less likely to have been vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS: We feel that the current monitoring of influenza vaccination rates needs to be extended so that uptake amongst those most at risk, namely the very oldest and those in nursing and residential homes, can be adequately assessed.  (+info)

Molecular epidemiological analysis of the changing nature of a meningococcal outbreak following a vaccination campaign. (4/383)

A serogroup C meningococcal outbreak that occurred in an Israeli Arab village led to a massive vaccination campaign. During the subsequent 18 months, new cases of type B Neisseria meningitidis infection were revealed. To investigate the influence of vaccination on bacteriological epidemiology, bacteria were isolated from individuals at the outbreak location, patients with several additional other sporadic cases, and patients involved in another outbreak. Haploid bacterial genomic DNA was mixed with a consensus PCR product to form a heteroduplex state that enabled multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to be combined with denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) for a novel high-throughput molecular typing method called MLST-DHPLC. A 100% correlation was found to exist between the sequencing by MLST alone and the MLST-DHPLC method. Independent molecular typing by repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR discriminated the neisserial clones as well as the MLST-DHPLC method did. The occurrence of type B N. meningitidis in the postvaccination period might be attributed to the selection pressure applied to the bacteria by vaccination, suggesting a possible unwarranted outcome of vaccination with the quadrivalent vaccine for control of a serogroup C meningococcal outbreak. This is the first time that DHPLC has been applied to the genotyping of bacteria, and it proved to be more efficient than MLST alone.  (+info)

The risk of aseptic meningitis associated with the Leningrad-Zagreb mumps vaccine strain following mass vaccination with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1997. (5/383)

BACKGROUND: Few data are available on the risk of aseptic meningitis following vaccination with the Leningrad-Zagreb (L-Z) strain of mumps vaccine. In 1997 the mumps vaccine was introduced into the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil through mass vaccination with mumps-measles-rubella (MMR), targeting children aged 1-11 years. Five municipalities used exclusively MMR vaccine containing the L-Z strain of mumps. An outbreak of aseptic meningitis was observed shortly after the mass campaign. METHODS: To estimate the risk of aseptic meningitis associated with this strain, we analysed vaccination and meningitis case surveillance data from the selected municipalities. A case of vaccine-associated aseptic meningitis was defined as one with a pleocytosis of 10-1,500 leukocytes/ml and occurring within 15-35 days after vaccine receipt. RESULTS: We estimated a risk of 2.9 cases per 10,000 doses of L-Z administered, equivalent to 1 case per 3,390 doses administered. The overall risk of aseptic meningitis following the campaign was increased 12.2-fold (95% CI: 6.0-24.7) compared with the same period in 1995-1996. Following the mass campaign, the incidence of mumps declined 93% during 1998-2000. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination with the L-Z strain of mumps vaccine as part of a mass campaign was associated with a significantly increased risk of aseptic meningitis. Decisions about type of mumps vaccine and mumps vaccination strategies must consider vaccine safety issues in addition to other criteria.  (+info)

Mass vaccination campaign following community outbreak of meningococcal disease. (6/383)

During December 12-29, 1998, seven patients ages 2-18 years were diagnosed with serogroup C meningococcal disease in two neighboring Florida towns with 33,000 residents. We evaluated a mass vaccination campaign implemented to control the outbreak. We maintained vaccination logs and recorded the resources used in the campaign that targeted 2- to 22-year-old residents of the two towns. A total of 13,148 persons received the vaccinations in 3 days. Vaccination coverage in the target population was estimated to be 86% to 99%. Five additional cases of serogroup C meningococcal disease occurred in the community during the year after the campaign began, four in patients who had not received the vaccine. The cost of control efforts was approximately $370,000. Although cases continued to occur, the vaccination campaign appeared to control the outbreak. Rapid implementation, a targeted approach, and high coverage were important to the campaign's success.  (+info)

Capsule switching among C:2b:P1.2,5 meningococcal epidemic strains after mass immunization campaign, Spain. (7/383)

A mass immunization campaign for 18-month to 19-year-olds was undertaken in Spain in 1996-1997 because of an epidemic of serogroup C meningococcal disease associated with a C:2b:P1.2,5 strain belonging to the A4 lineage. Surveillance for the "capsule-switching" phenomenon producing B:2b:P1.2,5 isolates was undertaken. Of 2,975 meningococci characterized, B:2b:P1.2,5 and B:2b:P1.2 antigenic combinations were found in 18 isolates; 15 meningococci were defined as serogroup B belonging to the A4 lineage.  (+info)

Conventional influenza vaccination is not associated with complications in working-age patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (8/383)

By using a nested case-control design, the authors studied the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in reducing severe and fatal complications in 4,241 and 5,966 primary care, working-age patients aged 18-64 years who had asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during the 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 influenza epidemics in the Netherlands. Patients developing fatal or nonfatal exacerbations of lung disease, pneumonia, congestive heart failure, or myocardial infarction during either epidemic were considered cases. For each case, four age- and sex-matched controls were randomly sampled, and patient records were reviewed. Conditional logistic regression and propensity scores were used to assess vaccine effectiveness after adjustment for confounding factors. In seasons one and two, respectively, 87% (47/54) and 85% (171/202) of the cases and 74% (155/210) and 75% (575/766) of the controls had been vaccinated. After adjustments, vaccination was not associated with reductions in complications (season one: odds ratio = 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26, 3.48; season two: odds ratio = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.96; pooled odds ratio = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.63, 1.80). Because influenza vaccination appeared not to be associated with a clinically relevant reduction in severe morbidity, other measures need to be explored.  (+info)

Mass vaccination is a coordinated effort to administer vaccine doses to a large portion of a population in a short amount of time. This strategy is often used during outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as influenza or measles, to quickly build up community immunity (herd immunity) and reduce the spread of the disease. Mass vaccination campaigns can also be implemented as part of public health initiatives to control or eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases in a population. These campaigns typically involve mobilizing healthcare workers, volunteers, and resources to reach and vaccinate as many people as possible, often through mobile clinics, community centers, and other accessible locations.

Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.

A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.

If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.

Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.

Smallpox is a severe, contagious, and fatal infectious disease caused by the variola virus. It's characterized by fever, malaise, prostration, headache, and backache; followed by a distinctive rash with flat, red spots that turn into small blisters filled with clear fluid, then pus, and finally crust, scab, and fall off after about two weeks, leaving permanent scarring. There are two clinical forms of smallpox: variola major and variola minor. Variola major is the severe and most common form, with a mortality rate of 30% or higher. Variola minor is a less common presentation with milder symptoms and a lower mortality rate of about 1%.

Smallpox was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980 following a successful global vaccination campaign, and routine smallpox vaccination has since been discontinued. However, due to concerns about bioterrorism, military personnel and some healthcare workers may still receive smallpox vaccinations as a precautionary measure.

Immunization programs, also known as vaccination programs, are organized efforts to administer vaccines to populations or communities in order to protect individuals from vaccine-preventable diseases. These programs are typically implemented by public health agencies and involve the planning, coordination, and delivery of immunizations to ensure that a high percentage of people are protected against specific infectious diseases.

Immunization programs may target specific age groups, such as infants and young children, or populations at higher risk of certain diseases, such as travelers, healthcare workers, or individuals with weakened immune systems. The goals of immunization programs include controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases, reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases, and protecting vulnerable populations from outbreaks and epidemics.

Immunization programs may be delivered through a variety of settings, including healthcare facilities, schools, community centers, and mobile clinics. They often involve partnerships between government agencies, healthcare providers, non-governmental organizations, and communities to ensure that vaccines are accessible, affordable, and acceptable to the populations they serve. Effective immunization programs require strong leadership, adequate funding, robust data systems, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation to assess their impact and identify areas for improvement.

A measles vaccine is a biological preparation that induces immunity against the measles virus. It contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of the measles virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against future infection with the wild-type (disease-causing) virus. Measles vaccines are typically administered in combination with vaccines against mumps and rubella (German measles), forming the MMR vaccine.

The measles vaccine is highly effective, with one or two doses providing immunity in over 95% of people who receive it. It is usually given to children as part of routine childhood immunization programs, with the first dose administered at 12-15 months of age and the second dose at 4-6 years of age.

Measles vaccination has led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of measles worldwide and is considered one of the greatest public health achievements of the past century. However, despite widespread availability of the vaccine, measles remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in some parts of the world, particularly in areas with low vaccination coverage or where access to healthcare is limited.

Cholera vaccines are preventive measures used to protect against the infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. There are several types of cholera vaccines available, including:

1. Inactivated oral vaccine (ICCV): This vaccine contains killed whole-cell bacteria and is given in two doses, with each dose administered at least 14 days apart. It provides protection for up to six months and can be given to adults and children over the age of one year.
2. Live attenuated oral vaccine (LCV): This vaccine contains weakened live bacteria that are unable to cause disease but still stimulate an immune response. The most commonly used LCV is called CVD 103-HgR, which is given in a single dose and provides protection for up to three months. It can be given to adults and children over the age of six years.
3. Injectable cholera vaccine: This vaccine contains inactivated bacteria and is given as an injection. It is not widely available and its effectiveness is limited compared to oral vaccines.

Cholera vaccines are recommended for travelers visiting areas with known cholera outbreaks, particularly if they plan to eat food or drink water that may be contaminated. They can also be used in response to outbreaks to help control the spread of the disease. However, it is important to note that vaccination alone is not sufficient to prevent cholera infection and good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food handling, should always be followed.

Measles, also known as rubeola, is a highly infectious viral disease that primarily affects the respiratory system. It is caused by the measles virus, which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and the genus Morbillivirus. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or through airborne droplets released during coughing and sneezing.

The classic symptoms of measles include:

1. Fever: A high fever (often greater than 104°F or 40°C) usually appears before the onset of the rash, lasting for about 4-7 days.
2. Cough: A persistent cough is common and may become severe.
3. Runny nose: A runny or blocked nose is often present during the early stages of the illness.
4. Red eyes (conjunctivitis): Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye, can cause redness and irritation.
5. Koplik's spots: These are small, irregular, bluish-white spots with a red base that appear on the inside lining of the cheeks, usually 1-2 days before the rash appears. They are considered pathognomonic for measles, meaning their presence confirms the diagnosis.
6. Rash: The characteristic measles rash typically starts on the face and behind the ears, then spreads downward to the neck, trunk, arms, and legs. It consists of flat red spots that may merge together, forming irregular patches. The rash usually lasts for 5-7 days before fading.

Complications from measles can be severe and include pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and ear infections. In rare cases, measles can lead to serious long-term complications or even death, particularly in young children, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Vaccination is an effective way to prevent measles. The measles vaccine is typically administered as part of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine, which provides immunity against all three diseases.

Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots, are vaccines that protect against the influenza virus. Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory illness that can cause severe symptoms and complications, particularly in young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with certain underlying health conditions.

Influenza vaccines contain inactivated or weakened viruses or pieces of the virus, which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that recognize and fight off the virus. The vaccine is typically given as an injection into the muscle, usually in the upper arm.

There are several different types of influenza vaccines available, including:

* Trivalent vaccines, which protect against three strains of the virus (two A strains and one B strain)
* Quadrivalent vaccines, which protect against four strains of the virus (two A strains and two B strains)
* High-dose vaccines, which contain a higher amount of antigen and are recommended for people aged 65 and older
* Adjuvanted vaccines, which contain an additional ingredient to boost the immune response and are also recommended for people aged 65 and older
* Cell-based vaccines, which are produced using cultured cells rather than eggs and may be recommended for people with egg allergies

It's important to note that influenza viruses are constantly changing, so the vaccine is updated each year to match the circulating strains. It's recommended that most people get vaccinated against influenza every year to stay protected.

Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus that invades the body through the mouth, usually from contaminated water or food. The virus multiplies in the intestine and can invade the nervous system, causing paralysis.

The medical definition of Poliomyelitis includes:

1. An acute viral infection caused by the poliovirus.
2. Characterized by inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord (poliomyelitis), leading to muscle weakness, and in some cases, paralysis.
3. The disease primarily affects children under 5 years of age.
4. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route or, less frequently, by respiratory droplets.
5. The virus enters the body via the mouth, multiplies in the intestines, and can invade the nervous system.
6. There are three types of poliovirus (types 1, 2, and 3), each capable of causing paralytic polio.
7. Infection with one type does not provide immunity to the other two types.
8. The disease has no cure, but vaccination can prevent it.
9. Two types of vaccines are available: inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV).
10. Rare complications of OPV include vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs).

The Smallpox vaccine is not a live virus vaccine but is instead made from a vaccinia virus, which is a virus related to the variola virus (the virus that causes smallpox). The vaccinia virus used in the vaccine does not cause smallpox, but it does cause a milder illness with symptoms such as a fever and a rash of pustules or blisters at the site of inoculation.

The smallpox vaccine was first developed by Edward Jenner in 1796 and is one of the oldest vaccines still in use today. It has been highly effective in preventing smallpox, which was once a major cause of death and disability worldwide. In fact, smallpox was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980, thanks in large part to the widespread use of the smallpox vaccine.

Despite the eradication of smallpox, the smallpox vaccine is still used today in certain circumstances. For example, it may be given to laboratory workers who handle the virus or to military personnel who may be at risk of exposure to the virus. The vaccine may also be used as an emergency measure in the event of a bioterrorism attack involving smallpox.

It is important to note that the smallpox vaccine is not without risks and can cause serious side effects, including a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle). As a result, it is only given to people who are at high risk of exposure to the virus and who have been determined to be good candidates for vaccination by a healthcare professional.

Rubella vaccine is a preventive measure used to immunize individuals against rubella, also known as German measles. It contains inactivated or weakened forms of the rubella virus that stimulate an immune response when introduced into the body. The two types of rubella vaccines available are:

1. Live Attenuated Rubella Vaccine (RAV): This vaccine contains a weakened form of the rubella virus, which triggers an immune response without causing the disease. It is the most commonly used rubella vaccine and is often combined with measles and mumps vaccines to create the Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) or Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella (MMRV) vaccines.

2. Inactivated Rubella Vaccine: This vaccine contains a killed rubella virus, which is less commonly used but can still provide immunity against the disease.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that children receive one dose of MMR vaccine at 12-15 months of age and another dose at 4-6 years of age. This schedule ensures optimal protection against rubella and other diseases included in the vaccines.

It is important to note that pregnant women should not receive the rubella vaccine, as it can potentially harm the developing fetus. Women who are planning to become pregnant should ensure they have had their rubella immunization before conceiving.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

The Diphtheria-Tetanus vaccine, also known as the DT vaccine or Td vaccine (if diphtheria toxoid is not included), is a combination vaccine that protects against two potentially serious bacterial infections: diphtheria and tetanus.

Diphtheria is a respiratory infection that can cause breathing difficulties, heart problems, and nerve damage. Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and causes muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the jaw and neck.

The vaccine contains small amounts of inactivated toxins (toxoids) from the bacteria that cause diphtheria and tetanus. When the vaccine is administered, it stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that provide protection against these diseases.

In addition to protecting against diphtheria and tetanus, some formulations of the vaccine may also include protection against pertussis (whooping cough), polio, or hepatitis B. The DTaP vaccine is a similar combination vaccine that includes protection against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, but uses acellular pertussis components instead of the whole-cell pertussis component used in the DT vaccine.

The Diphtheria-Tetanus vaccine is typically given as a series of shots in childhood, with booster shots recommended every 10 years to maintain immunity. It is an important part of routine childhood vaccination and is also recommended for adults who have not received the full series of shots or whose protection has waned over time.

I apologize, but "Chad" is not a medical term or condition. It is a given name and also a slang term that has been used in popular culture to refer to an attractive man or a stereotypical fraternity member in some English-speaking countries. If you have any questions about medical terminology, I would be happy to help answer those for you.

An immunization schedule is a series of planned dates when a person, usually a child, should receive specific vaccines in order to be fully protected against certain preventable diseases. The schedule is developed based on scientific research and recommendations from health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

The immunization schedule outlines which vaccines are recommended, the number of doses required, the age at which each dose should be given, and the minimum amount of time that must pass between doses. The schedule may vary depending on factors such as the individual's age, health status, and travel plans.

Immunization schedules are important for ensuring that individuals receive timely protection against vaccine-preventable diseases, and for maintaining high levels of immunity in populations, which helps to prevent the spread of disease. It is important to follow the recommended immunization schedule as closely as possible to ensure optimal protection.

Diphtheria toxoid is a modified form of the diphtheria toxin that has been made harmless but still stimulates an immune response. It is used in vaccines to provide immunity against diphtheria, a serious bacterial infection that can cause breathing difficulties, heart failure, and paralysis. The toxoid is typically combined with other components in a vaccine, such as tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine, to form a combination vaccine that protects against multiple diseases.

The diphtheria toxoid is made by treating the diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde, which modifies the toxin's structure and makes it nontoxic while still retaining its ability to stimulate an immune response. When the toxoid is introduced into the body through vaccination, the immune system recognizes it as a foreign substance and produces antibodies against it. These antibodies then provide protection against future infections with the diphtheria bacteria.

The diphtheria toxoid vaccine is usually given as part of a routine childhood immunization schedule, starting at 2 months of age. Booster shots are recommended throughout childhood and adolescence, and adults may also need booster shots if they have not received them previously or if their immune status has changed.

Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral (OPV) is a vaccine used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). It contains live attenuated (weakened) polioviruses, which stimulate an immune response in the body and provide protection against all three types of wild, infectious polioviruses. OPV is given by mouth, usually in drops, and it replicates in the gastrointestinal tract, where it induces a strong immune response. This response not only protects the individual who receives the vaccine but also helps to stop the spread of poliovirus in the community, providing indirect protection (herd immunity) to those who are not vaccinated. OPV is safe, effective, and easy to administer, making it an important tool for global polio eradication efforts. However, due to the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP), inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is recommended for routine immunization in some countries.

Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It typically affects the respiratory system, including the nose, throat, and windpipe (trachea), causing a thick gray or white membrane to form over the lining of these areas. This can lead to breathing difficulties, heart complications, and neurological problems if left untreated.

The bacteria can also produce a powerful toxin that can cause damage to other organs in the body. Diphtheria is usually spread through respiratory droplets from an infected person's cough or sneeze, or by contact with contaminated objects or surfaces. The disease is preventable through vaccination.

Meningococcal meningitis is a specific type of bacterial meningitis caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcus. Meningitis refers to the inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. When this inflammation is caused by the meningococcal bacteria, it is called meningococcal meningitis.

There are several serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis that can cause invasive disease, with the most common ones being A, B, C, W, and Y. The infection can spread through respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person's saliva or secretions, especially when they cough or sneeze.

Meningococcal meningitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms may include sudden onset of fever, severe headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and sensitivity to light. In some cases, a rash may also develop, characterized by small purple or red spots that do not blanch when pressed with a glass.

Prevention measures include vaccination against the different serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis, maintaining good personal hygiene, avoiding sharing utensils, cigarettes, or other items that may come into contact with an infected person's saliva, and promptly seeking medical care if symptoms develop.

Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the parotid salivary glands, causing them to swell and become painful. The medical definition of mumps is: "An acute infectious disease, caused by the mumps virus, characterized by painful enlargement of one or more of the salivary glands, especially the parotids."

The infection spreads easily through respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person's saliva. Symptoms typically appear 16-18 days after exposure and include fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and swollen, tender salivary glands. Complications of mumps are rare but can be serious and include meningitis, encephalitis, deafness, and inflammation of the reproductive organs in males.

Prevention is through vaccination with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is part of routine childhood immunization schedules in many countries.

The Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (DTaP) vaccine is a combination immunization that protects against three bacterial diseases: diphtheria, tetanus (lockjaw), and pertussis (whooping cough).

Diphtheria is an upper respiratory infection that can lead to breathing difficulties, heart failure, paralysis, or even death. Tetanus is a bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and causes muscle stiffness and spasms, leading to "lockjaw." Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection characterized by severe coughing fits, which can make it difficult to breathe and may lead to pneumonia, seizures, or brain damage.

The DTaP vaccine contains inactivated toxins (toxoids) from the bacteria that cause these diseases. It is typically given as a series of five shots, with doses administered at 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15-18 months, and 4-6 years of age. The vaccine helps the immune system develop protection against the diseases without causing the actual illness.

It is important to note that there are other combination vaccines available that protect against these same diseases, such as DT (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids) and Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis), which contain higher doses of the diphtheria and pertussis components. These vaccines are recommended for different age groups and may be used as booster shots to maintain immunity throughout adulthood.

Influenza, also known as the flu, is a highly contagious viral infection that attacks the respiratory system of humans. It is caused by influenza viruses A, B, or C and is characterized by the sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, sore throat, cough, runny nose, and fatigue. Influenza can lead to complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and ear infections, and can be particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions. The virus is spread through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and can also survive on surfaces for a period of time. Influenza viruses are constantly changing, which makes it necessary to get vaccinated annually to protect against the most recent and prevalent strains.

Rubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection that primarily affects the skin and lymphatic system. It is caused by the rubella virus. The disease is typically mild with symptoms such as low-grade fever, sore throat, swollen glands (especially around the ears and back of the neck), and a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body.

Rubella is preventable through vaccination, and it's part of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine. It's crucial to get vaccinated against rubella because if a pregnant woman gets infected with the virus, it can cause serious birth defects in her unborn baby, including hearing impairment, eye abnormalities, heart problems, and developmental delays. This condition is called congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).

It's worth noting that rubella has been largely eliminated from many parts of the world due to widespread vaccination programs, but it still remains a public health concern in areas with low vaccination rates or where access to healthcare is limited.

Meningococcal vaccines are vaccines that protect against Neisseria meningitidis, a type of bacteria that can cause serious infections such as meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and septicemia (bloodstream infection). There are several types of meningococcal vaccines available, including conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. These vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against the different serogroups of N. meningitidis, including A, B, C, Y, and W-135. The specific type of vaccine used and the number of doses required may depend on a person's age, health status, and other factors. Meningococcal vaccines are recommended for certain high-risk populations, such as infants, young children, adolescents, and people with certain medical conditions, as well as for travelers to areas where meningococcal disease is common.

Bioterrorism is the intentional use of microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to cause disease, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. Biological agents can be spread through the air, water, or food and may take hours to days to cause illness, depending on the agent and route of exposure. Examples of biological agents that could be used as weapons include anthrax, smallpox, plague, botulism toxin, and viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola. Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism and is considered a public health emergency because it has the potential to cause widespread illness and death, as well as social disruption and economic loss.

The medical definition of bioterrorism focuses on the use of biological agents as weapons and the public health response to such attacks. It is important to note that the majority of incidents involving the intentional release of biological agents have been limited in scope and have not resulted in widespread illness or death. However, the potential for large-scale harm makes bioterrorism a significant concern for public health officials and emergency responders.

Preparation and response to bioterrorism involve a multidisciplinary approach that includes medical professionals, public health officials, law enforcement agencies, and government organizations at the local, state, and federal levels. Preparedness efforts include developing plans and procedures for responding to a bioterrorism event, training healthcare providers and first responders in the recognition and management of biological agents, and stockpiling vaccines, medications, and other resources that may be needed during a response.

In summary, bioterrorism is the intentional use of biological agents as weapons to cause illness, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. It is considered a public health emergency due to its potential for widespread harm and requires a multidisciplinary approach to preparedness and response.

Combined vaccines are defined in medical terms as vaccines that contain two or more antigens from different diseases, which are given to provide protection against multiple diseases at the same time. This approach reduces the number of injections required and simplifies the immunization schedule, especially during early childhood. Examples of combined vaccines include:

1. DTaP-Hib-IPV (e.g., Pentacel): A vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and poliovirus components in one injection to protect against these five diseases.
2. MMRV (e.g., ProQuad): A vaccine that combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) antigens in a single injection to provide immunity against all four diseases.
3. HepA-HepB (e.g., Twinrix): A vaccine that combines hepatitis A and hepatitis B antigens in one injection, providing protection against both types of hepatitis.
4. MenACWY-TT (e.g., MenQuadfi): A vaccine that combines four serogroups of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, Y) with tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein in one injection for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by these serogroups.
5. PCV13-PPSV23 (e.g., Vaxneuvance): A vaccine that combines 13 pneumococcal serotypes with PPSV23, providing protection against a broader range of pneumococcal diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.

Combined vaccines have been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy to ensure they provide a strong immune response and an acceptable safety profile. They are essential tools in preventing various infectious diseases and improving overall public health.

Rabies is a viral zoonotic disease that is typically transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, usually by a bite or scratch. The virus infects the central nervous system, causing encephalopathy and ultimately leading to death in both humans and animals if not treated promptly and effectively.

The rabies virus belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family, with a negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome. It is relatively fragile and cannot survive for long outside of its host, but it can be transmitted through contact with infected tissue or nerve cells.

Initial symptoms of rabies in humans may include fever, headache, and general weakness or discomfort. As the disease progresses, more specific symptoms appear, such as insomnia, anxiety, confusion, partial paralysis, excitation, hallucinations, agitation, hypersalivation (excessive saliva production), difficulty swallowing, and hydrophobia (fear of water).

Once clinical signs of rabies appear, the disease is almost always fatal. However, prompt post-exposure prophylaxis with rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin can prevent the onset of the disease if administered promptly after exposure. Preventive vaccination is also recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure to the virus, such as veterinarians, animal handlers, and travelers to areas where rabies is endemic.

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water. The main symptoms of cholera are profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, which can lead to electrolyte imbalances, shock, and even death if left untreated. Cholera remains a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. The disease is preventable through proper food handling, safe water supplies, and improved sanitation, as well as vaccination for those at high risk.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

Attenuated vaccines consist of live microorganisms that have been weakened (attenuated) through various laboratory processes so they do not cause disease in the majority of recipients but still stimulate an immune response. The purpose of attenuation is to reduce the virulence or replication capacity of the pathogen while keeping it alive, allowing it to retain its antigenic properties and induce a strong and protective immune response.

Examples of attenuated vaccines include:

1. Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV): This vaccine uses live but weakened polioviruses to protect against all three strains of the disease-causing poliovirus. The weakened viruses replicate in the intestine and induce an immune response, which provides both humoral (antibody) and cell-mediated immunity.
2. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine: This combination vaccine contains live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. It is given to protect against these three diseases and prevent their spread in the population.
3. Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine: This vaccine uses a weakened form of the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox. By introducing this attenuated virus into the body, it stimulates an immune response that protects against future infection with the wild-type virus.
4. Yellow fever vaccine: This live attenuated vaccine is used to prevent yellow fever, a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. The vaccine contains a weakened form of the yellow fever virus that cannot cause the disease but still induces an immune response.
5. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: This live attenuated vaccine is used to protect against tuberculosis (TB). It contains a weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which does not cause TB in humans but stimulates an immune response that provides some protection against the disease.

Attenuated vaccines are generally effective at inducing long-lasting immunity and can provide robust protection against targeted diseases. However, they may pose a risk for individuals with weakened immune systems, as the attenuated viruses or bacteria could potentially cause illness in these individuals. Therefore, it is essential to consider an individual's health status before administering live attenuated vaccines.

Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is a collection of severe birth defects that occur when a woman contracts rubella (German measles) during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester. The virus can cause damage to the developing fetus's heart, brain, eyes, and ears, leading to a range of symptoms known as CRS. These may include:

1. Cardiac defects: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonary stenosis, and ventricular septal defects are common.
2. Cataracts or congenital glaucoma.
3. Deafness, which can be unilateral or bilateral.
4. Developmental delay and intellectual disability.
5. Microcephaly (small head size).
6. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leading to low birth weight.
7. Hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen).
8. Jaundice.
9. Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).
10. Skin rash or pigmentary changes.

Prevention is crucial, as there is no cure for CRS once it has developed. The MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine effectively prevents rubella infection and subsequent CRS.

A Pertussis vaccine is a type of immunization used to protect against pertussis, also known as whooping cough. It contains components that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the bacteria that cause pertussis, Bordetella pertussis. There are two main types of pertussis vaccines: whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines. wP vaccines contain killed whole cells of B. pertussis, while aP vaccines contain specific components of the bacteria, such as pertussis toxin and other antigens. Pertussis vaccines are often combined with diphtheria and tetanus to form combination vaccines, such as DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis) and TdaP (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis). These vaccines are typically given to young children as part of their routine immunization schedule.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Burkina Faso" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in West Africa. The name "Burkina Faso" translates to "Land of Incorruptible People" in Mossi and Dioula, two languages spoken in the region. The country was known as Upper Volta when it gained independence from France in 1960. It was renamed Burkina Faso in 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara, who aimed to promote a sense of national identity and unity among the diverse population.

Burkina Faso is a landlocked country with a population of around 21 million people (as of 2021). It shares borders with six countries: Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest. The capital city is Ouagadougou.

The primary languages spoken in Burkina Faso are French (the official language), Mooré, Dioula, Fula, and Gourmanchéma. The country has a diverse cultural heritage with numerous ethnic groups, including the Mossi, Fulani, Bobo, Gurunsi, Senufo, and Lobi.

Burkina Faso faces various challenges, such as poverty, food insecurity, limited access to education, and health issues like malaria, HIV/AIDS, and neglected tropical diseases. The country also struggles with political instability and security threats from extremist groups operating in the Sahel region.

Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.

Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.

These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Whoopering Cough, also known as Pertussis, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing fits followed by a high-pitched "whoop" sound during inspiration. The disease can affect people of all ages, but it is most dangerous for babies and young children. Symptoms typically develop within 5 to 10 days after exposure and include runny nose, low-grade fever, and a mild cough. After a week or two, the cough becomes more severe and is often followed by vomiting and exhaustion. Complications can be serious, especially in infants, and may include pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, or death. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria and reduce the severity of symptoms. Vaccination is available and recommended for the prevention of whooping cough.

Rabies vaccines are medical products that contain antigens of the rabies virus, which stimulate an immune response in individuals who receive them. The purpose of rabies vaccines is to prevent the development of rabies, a viral disease that is almost always fatal once symptoms appear.

There are two primary types of rabies vaccines available:

1. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) vaccines: These vaccines are given to individuals who are at high risk of coming into contact with the rabies virus, such as veterinarians, animal handlers, and travelers visiting areas where rabies is common. The vaccine series typically consists of three doses given over a period of 28 days.
2. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccines: These vaccines are administered to individuals who have already been exposed to the rabies virus, usually through a bite or scratch from an infected animal. The vaccine series typically consists of four doses given over a period of 14 days, along with a dose of rabies immune globulin (RIG) to provide immediate protection while the immune system responds to the vaccine.

Both types of rabies vaccines are highly effective at preventing the disease, but it is essential to receive them as soon as possible after exposure or before potential exposure, as the virus can be fatal if left untreated.

'Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype' is a specific subtype of the influenza A virus that causes flu in humans and animals. It contains certain proteins called hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) on its surface, with this subtype specifically having H1 and N1 antigens. The H1N1 strain is well-known for causing the 2009 swine flu pandemic, which was a global outbreak of flu that resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. This subtype can also cause seasonal flu, although the severity and symptoms may vary. It is important to note that influenza viruses are constantly changing, and new strains or subtypes can emerge over time, requiring regular updates to vaccines to protect against them.

Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It is characterized by an itchy, blister-like rash that typically covers the body and can also affect the mouth, eyes, and scalp. The rash progresses through various stages, from red bumps to fluid-filled blisters to scabs, before ultimately healing.

Chickenpox is usually a mild disease in children but can be more severe in adults, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, headache, and loss of appetite, which often precede the onset of the rash. The infection typically lasts about 1-2 weeks, and once a person has had chickenpox, they usually develop immunity to future infections.

A vaccine is available to prevent chickenpox, and it is routinely administered to children as part of their childhood vaccination schedule. In some cases, the vaccine may be recommended for adults who have not had chickenpox or been vaccinated previously.

Communicable disease control is a branch of public health that focuses on preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases within a population. The goal is to reduce the incidence and prevalence of communicable diseases through various strategies, such as:

1. Surveillance: Monitoring and tracking the occurrence of communicable diseases in a population to identify trends, outbreaks, and high-risk areas.
2. Prevention: Implementing measures to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, such as vaccination programs, education campaigns, and environmental interventions (e.g., water treatment, food safety).
3. Case management: Identifying, diagnosing, and treating cases of communicable diseases to reduce their duration and severity, as well as to prevent further spread.
4. Contact tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who have been in close contact with infected persons to detect and prevent secondary cases.
5. Outbreak response: Coordinating a rapid and effective response to disease outbreaks, including the implementation of control measures, communication with affected communities, and evaluation of interventions.
6. Collaboration: Working closely with healthcare providers, laboratories, policymakers, and other stakeholders to ensure a coordinated and comprehensive approach to communicable disease control.
7. Research: Conducting research to better understand the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and prevention strategies for communicable diseases.

Effective communicable disease control requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines expertise in medicine, epidemiology, microbiology, public health, social sciences, and healthcare management.

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique used to identify and quantify the chemical components of a mixture or compound. It works by ionizing the sample, generating charged molecules or fragments, and then measuring their mass-to-charge ratio in a vacuum. The resulting mass spectrum provides information about the molecular weight and structure of the analytes, allowing for identification and characterization.

In simpler terms, mass spectrometry is a method used to determine what chemicals are present in a sample and in what quantities, by converting the chemicals into ions, measuring their masses, and generating a spectrum that shows the relative abundances of each ion type.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

"Hepatitis B vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. They work by introducing a small and harmless piece of the virus to your body, which triggers your immune system to produce antibodies to fight off the infection. These antibodies remain in your body and provide protection if you are exposed to the real hepatitis B virus in the future.

The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as a series of three shots over a six-month period. It is recommended for all infants, children and adolescents who have not previously been vaccinated, as well as for adults who are at increased risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, people who inject drugs, and those with certain medical conditions.

It's important to note that hepatitis B vaccine does not provide protection against other types of viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis A or C."

Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.

Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, bean-shaped diplococcus bacterium. It is one of the leading causes of bacterial meningitis and sepsis (known as meningococcal disease) worldwide. The bacteria can be found in the back of the nose and throat of approximately 10-25% of the general population, particularly in children, teenagers, and young adults, without causing any symptoms or illness. However, when the bacterium invades the bloodstream and spreads to the brain or spinal cord, it can lead to life-threatening infections such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) and septicemia (blood poisoning).

Neisseria meningitidis is classified into 12 serogroups based on the chemical structure of their capsular polysaccharides. The six major serogroups that cause most meningococcal disease worldwide are A, B, C, W, X, and Y. Vaccines are available to protect against some or all of these serogroups.

Meningococcal disease can progress rapidly, leading to severe symptoms such as high fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and a rash consisting of purple or red spots. Immediate medical attention is required if someone experiences these symptoms, as meningococcal disease can cause permanent disabilities or death within hours if left untreated.

Disease notification is the process by which health care professionals, laboratories, or other relevant individuals or organizations inform public health authorities about cases of specific diseases or conditions that are reportable (also known as notifiable) within a particular jurisdiction. Reportable diseases are those that have been designated by law or regulation as posing a significant risk to public health and for which timely reporting is necessary to enable effective surveillance, control measures, and prevention strategies.

The specific diseases and conditions that must be reported, as well as the procedures for reporting, vary by jurisdiction. Common reportable diseases include infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as well as non-infectious conditions like cancer and lead poisoning.

The purpose of disease notification is to provide public health officials with accurate and up-to-date information about the occurrence and spread of diseases in a population. This information can help inform policy decisions, guide resource allocation, and support the development and implementation of evidence-based interventions to protect and promote the health of communities.

'Bordetella pertussis' is a gram-negative, coccobacillus bacterium that is the primary cause of whooping cough (pertussis) in humans. This highly infectious disease affects the respiratory system, resulting in severe coughing fits and other symptoms. The bacteria's ability to evade the immune system and attach to ciliated epithelial cells in the respiratory tract contributes to its pathogenicity.

The bacterium produces several virulence factors, including pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae, and tracheal cytotoxin, which contribute to the colonization and damage of respiratory tissues. The pertussis toxin, in particular, is responsible for many of the clinical manifestations of the disease, such as the characteristic whooping cough and inhibition of immune responses.

Prevention and control measures primarily rely on vaccination using acellular pertussis vaccines (aP) or whole-cell pertussis vaccines (wP), which are included in combination with other antigens in pediatric vaccines. Continuous efforts to improve vaccine efficacy, safety, and coverage are essential for controlling the global burden of whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis.

Papillomavirus vaccines are vaccines that have been developed to prevent infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV is a DNA virus that is capable of infecting the skin and mucous membranes. Certain types of HPV are known to cause cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer such as anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers. Other types of HPV can cause genital warts.

There are currently two papillomavirus vaccines that have been approved for use in the United States: Gardasil and Cervarix. Both vaccines protect against the two most common cancer-causing types of HPV (types 16 and 18), which together cause about 70% of cervical cancers. Gardasil also protects against the two most common types of HPV that cause genital warts (types 6 and 11).

Papillomavirus vaccines are given as a series of three shots over a period of six months. They are most effective when given to people before they become sexually active, as this reduces the risk of exposure to HPV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all boys and girls get vaccinated against HPV at age 11 or 12, but the vaccine can be given to people as young as age 9 and as old as age 26.

It is important to note that papillomavirus vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV, and they do not treat existing HPV infections or cervical cancer. They are intended to prevent new HPV infections and the cancers and other diseases that can be caused by HPV.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tanzania" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in East Africa. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles the disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters in the future.

Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight disease that is already present). The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccinations are generally administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.

The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cowpox to create immunity to smallpox. The first successful vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who showed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. He reasoned that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox and tested his theory by injecting a boy with pus from a cowpox sore and then exposing him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract. The word "vaccine" is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 during a conversation with a fellow physician and later in the title of his 1801 Inquiry.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Secondary immunization, also known as "anamnestic response" or "booster," refers to the enhanced immune response that occurs upon re-exposure to an antigen, having previously been immunized or infected with the same pathogen. This response is characterized by a more rapid and robust production of antibodies and memory cells compared to the primary immune response. The secondary immunization aims to maintain long-term immunity against infectious diseases and improve vaccine effectiveness. It usually involves administering additional doses of a vaccine or booster shots after the initial series of immunizations, which helps reinforce the immune system's ability to recognize and combat specific pathogens.

I could not find a specific medical definition for "Vaccines, DNA." However, I can provide you with some information about DNA vaccines.

DNA vaccines are a type of vaccine that uses genetically engineered DNA to stimulate an immune response in the body. They work by introducing a small piece of DNA into the body that contains the genetic code for a specific antigen (a substance that triggers an immune response). The cells of the body then use this DNA to produce the antigen, which prompts the immune system to recognize and attack it.

DNA vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines. They are relatively easy to produce, can be stored at room temperature, and can be designed to protect against a wide range of diseases. Additionally, because they use DNA to stimulate an immune response, DNA vaccines do not require the growth and culture of viruses or bacteria, which can make them safer than traditional vaccines.

DNA vaccines are still in the experimental stages, and more research is needed to determine their safety and effectiveness. However, they have shown promise in animal studies and are being investigated as a potential tool for preventing a variety of infectious diseases, including influenza, HIV, and cancer.

Cancer vaccines are a type of immunotherapy that stimulate the body's own immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. They can be prophylactic (preventive) or therapeutic (treatment) in nature. Prophylactic cancer vaccines, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, are designed to prevent the initial infection that can lead to certain types of cancer. Therapeutic cancer vaccines, on the other hand, are used to treat existing cancer by boosting the immune system's ability to identify and eliminate cancer cells. These vaccines typically contain specific antigens (proteins or sugars) found on the surface of cancer cells, which help the immune system to recognize and target them.

It is important to note that cancer vaccines are different from vaccines used to prevent infectious diseases, such as measles or influenza. While traditional vaccines introduce a weakened or inactivated form of a virus or bacteria to stimulate an immune response, cancer vaccines focus on training the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells specifically.

There are several types of cancer vaccines under investigation, including:

1. Autologous cancer vaccines: These vaccines use the patient's own tumor cells, which are processed and then reintroduced into the body to stimulate an immune response.
2. Peptide-based cancer vaccines: These vaccines contain specific pieces (peptides) of proteins found on the surface of cancer cells. They are designed to trigger an immune response against cells that express these proteins.
3. Dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines: Dendritic cells are a type of immune cell responsible for presenting antigens to other immune cells, activating them to recognize and destroy infected or cancerous cells. In this approach, dendritic cells are isolated from the patient's blood, exposed to cancer antigens in the lab, and then reintroduced into the body to stimulate an immune response.
4. DNA-based cancer vaccines: These vaccines use pieces of DNA that code for specific cancer antigens. Once inside the body, these DNA fragments are taken up by cells, leading to the production of the corresponding antigen and triggering an immune response.
5. Viral vector-based cancer vaccines: In this approach, a harmless virus is modified to carry genetic material encoding cancer antigens. When introduced into the body, the virus infects cells, causing them to produce the cancer antigen and stimulating an immune response.

While some cancer vaccines have shown promising results in clinical trials, none have yet been approved for widespread use by regulatory authorities such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Researchers continue to explore and refine various vaccine strategies to improve their efficacy and safety.

A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.

Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.

It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a systematic process used to compare the costs and benefits of different options to determine which one provides the greatest net benefit. In a medical context, CBA can be used to evaluate the value of medical interventions, treatments, or policies by estimating and monetizing all the relevant costs and benefits associated with each option.

The costs included in a CBA may include direct costs such as the cost of the intervention or treatment itself, as well as indirect costs such as lost productivity or time away from work. Benefits may include improved health outcomes, reduced morbidity or mortality, and increased quality of life.

Once all the relevant costs and benefits have been identified and quantified, they are typically expressed in monetary terms to allow for a direct comparison. The option with the highest net benefit (i.e., the difference between total benefits and total costs) is considered the most cost-effective.

It's important to note that CBA has some limitations and can be subject to various biases and assumptions, so it should be used in conjunction with other evaluation methods to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the value of medical interventions or policies.

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is a type of immunization used primarily to prevent tuberculosis (TB). It contains a live but weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which is related to the bacterium that causes TB in humans (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).

The BCG vaccine works by stimulating an immune response in the body, enabling it to better resist infection with TB bacteria if exposed in the future. It is often given to infants and children in countries where TB is common, and its use varies depending on the national immunization policies. The protection offered by the BCG vaccine is moderate and may not last for a very long time.

In addition to its use against TB, the BCG vaccine has also been investigated for its potential therapeutic role in treating bladder cancer and some other types of cancer. The mechanism of action in these cases is thought to be related to the vaccine's ability to stimulate an immune response against abnormal cells.

Oral administration is a route of giving medications or other substances by mouth. This can be in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, pastes, or other forms that can be swallowed. Once ingested, the substance is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream to reach its intended target site in the body. Oral administration is a common and convenient route of medication delivery, but it may not be appropriate for all substances or in certain situations, such as when rapid onset of action is required or when the patient has difficulty swallowing.

Pneumococcal vaccines are immunizing agents that protect against infections caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus. These vaccines help to prevent several types of diseases, including pneumonia, meningitis, and bacteremia (bloodstream infection).

There are two main types of pneumococcal vaccines available:

1. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV): This vaccine is recommended for children under 2 years old, adults aged 65 and older, and people with certain medical conditions that increase their risk of pneumococcal infections. PCV protects against 13 or 20 serotypes (strains) of Streptococcus pneumoniae, depending on the formulation (PCV13 or PCV20).
2. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPSV): This vaccine is recommended for adults aged 65 and older, children and adults with specific medical conditions, and smokers. PPSV protects against 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

These vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that recognize and fight off the bacteria if an individual comes into contact with it in the future. Both types of pneumococcal vaccines have been proven to be safe and effective in preventing severe pneumococcal diseases.

I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.

Bacterial vaccines are types of vaccines that are created using bacteria or parts of bacteria as the immunogen, which is the substance that triggers an immune response in the body. The purpose of a bacterial vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to develop protection against specific bacterial infections.

There are several types of bacterial vaccines, including:

1. Inactivated or killed whole-cell vaccines: These vaccines contain entire bacteria that have been killed or inactivated through various methods, such as heat or chemicals. The bacteria can no longer cause disease, but they still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response.
2. Subunit, protein, or polysaccharide vaccines: These vaccines use specific components of the bacterium, such as proteins or polysaccharides, that are known to trigger an immune response. By using only these components, the vaccine can avoid using the entire bacterium, which may reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
3. Live attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain live bacteria that have been weakened or attenuated so that they cannot cause disease but still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine can provide long-lasting immunity, but it may not be suitable for people with weakened immune systems.

Bacterial vaccines are essential tools in preventing and controlling bacterial infections, reducing the burden of diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. They work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of the bacteria or its components, which triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and fight off future infections with that same bacterium.

It's important to note that while vaccines are generally safe and effective, they may cause mild side effects such as pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, fever, or fatigue. Serious side effects are rare but can occur, so it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

The Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine is a combination immunization that protects against three infectious diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella. It contains live attenuated viruses of each disease, which stimulate an immune response in the body similar to that produced by natural infection but do not cause the diseases themselves.

The MMR vaccine is typically given in two doses, the first at 12-15 months of age and the second at 4-6 years of age. It is highly effective in preventing these diseases, with over 90% effectiveness reported after a single dose and near 100% effectiveness after the second dose.

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can cause fever, rash, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes. It can also lead to serious complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and even death.

Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands, causing swelling and tenderness in the cheeks and jaw. It can also cause fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Mumps can lead to serious complications such as deafness, meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), and inflammation of the testicles or ovaries.

Rubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection that typically causes a mild fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes. However, if a pregnant woman becomes infected with rubella, it can cause serious birth defects such as hearing impairment, heart defects, and developmental delays in the fetus.

The MMR vaccine is an important tool in preventing these diseases and protecting public health.

The term "Theoretical Models" is used in various scientific fields, including medicine, to describe a representation of a complex system or phenomenon. It is a simplified framework that explains how different components of the system interact with each other and how they contribute to the overall behavior of the system. Theoretical models are often used in medical research to understand and predict the outcomes of diseases, treatments, or public health interventions.

A theoretical model can take many forms, such as mathematical equations, computer simulations, or conceptual diagrams. It is based on a set of assumptions and hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms that drive the system. By manipulating these variables and observing the effects on the model's output, researchers can test their assumptions and generate new insights into the system's behavior.

Theoretical models are useful for medical research because they allow scientists to explore complex systems in a controlled and systematic way. They can help identify key drivers of disease or treatment outcomes, inform the design of clinical trials, and guide the development of new interventions. However, it is important to recognize that theoretical models are simplifications of reality and may not capture all the nuances and complexities of real-world systems. Therefore, they should be used in conjunction with other forms of evidence, such as experimental data and observational studies, to inform medical decision-making.

Synthetic vaccines are artificially produced, designed to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against specific diseases. Unlike traditional vaccines that are derived from weakened or killed pathogens, synthetic vaccines are created using synthetic components, such as synthesized viral proteins, DNA, or RNA. These components mimic the disease-causing agent and trigger an immune response without causing the actual disease. The use of synthetic vaccines offers advantages in terms of safety, consistency, and scalability in production, making them valuable tools for preventing infectious diseases.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. It's calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Here is the medical definition:

Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / [height(m)]^2

According to the World Health Organization, BMI categories are defined as follows:

* Less than 18.5: Underweight
* 18.5-24.9: Normal or healthy weight
* 25.0-29.9: Overweight
* 30.0 and above: Obese

It is important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying weight issues in populations, it does have limitations when applied to individuals. For example, it may not accurately reflect body fat distribution or muscle mass, which can affect health risks associated with excess weight. Therefore, BMI should be used as one of several factors when evaluating an individual's health status and risk for chronic diseases.

Inactivated vaccines, also known as killed or non-live vaccines, are created by using a version of the virus or bacteria that has been grown in a laboratory and then killed or inactivated with chemicals, heat, or radiation. This process renders the organism unable to cause disease, but still capable of stimulating an immune response when introduced into the body.

Inactivated vaccines are generally considered safer than live attenuated vaccines since they cannot revert back to a virulent form and cause illness. However, they may require multiple doses or booster shots to maintain immunity because the immune response generated by inactivated vaccines is not as robust as that produced by live vaccines. Examples of inactivated vaccines include those for hepatitis A, rabies, and influenza (inactivated flu vaccine).

A subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains a specific piece or component of the microorganism (such as a protein, sugar, or part of the bacterial outer membrane), instead of containing the entire organism. This piece of the microorganism is known as an antigen, and it stimulates an immune response in the body, allowing the development of immunity against the targeted infection without introducing the risk of disease associated with live vaccines.

Subunit vaccines offer several advantages over other types of vaccines. They are generally safer because they do not contain live or weakened microorganisms, making them suitable for individuals with weakened immune systems or specific medical conditions that prevent them from receiving live vaccines. Additionally, subunit vaccines can be designed to focus on the most immunogenic components of a pathogen, potentially leading to stronger and more targeted immune responses.

Examples of subunit vaccines include the Hepatitis B vaccine, which contains a viral protein, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, which uses pieces of the bacterial polysaccharide capsule. These vaccines have been crucial in preventing serious infectious diseases and reducing associated complications worldwide.

Hepatitis A vaccines are inactivated or live attenuated viral vaccines that are administered to prevent infection and illness caused by the hepatitis A virus. The vaccine contains antigens that stimulate an immune response in the body, leading to the production of antibodies that protect against future infection with the virus.

The inactivated hepatitis A vaccine is made from viruses that have been chemically treated to destroy their ability to cause disease while preserving their ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine is typically given in two doses, six months apart, and provides long-term protection against the virus.

The live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine contains a weakened form of the virus that is unable to cause illness but can still stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine is given as a single dose and provides protection against the virus for at least 20 years.

Hepatitis A vaccines are recommended for people who are at increased risk of infection, including travelers to areas where hepatitis A is common, men who have sex with men, people who use injection drugs, and people with chronic liver disease or clotting factor disorders. The vaccine is also recommended for children in certain states and communities where hepatitis A is endemic.

The chickenpox vaccine, also known as varicella vaccine, is a preventive measure against the highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The vaccine contains a live but weakened form of the virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce a response without causing the disease itself.

The chickenpox vaccine is typically given in two doses, with the first dose administered between 12 and 15 months of age and the second dose between 4 and 6 years of age. In some cases, the vaccine may be given to older children, adolescents, or adults who have not previously been vaccinated or who have never had chickenpox.

The chickenpox vaccine is highly effective at preventing severe cases of the disease and reducing the risk of complications such as bacterial infections, pneumonia, and encephalitis. It is also effective at preventing transmission of the virus to others.

Like any vaccine, the chickenpox vaccine can cause mild side effects such as soreness at the injection site, fever, or a mild rash. However, these side effects are generally mild and short-lived. Serious side effects are rare but may include allergic reactions or severe immune responses.

Overall, the chickenpox vaccine is a safe and effective way to prevent this common childhood disease and its potential complications.

Immunologic adjuvants are substances that are added to a vaccine to enhance the body's immune response to the antigens contained in the vaccine. They work by stimulating the immune system and promoting the production of antibodies and activating immune cells, such as T-cells and macrophages, which help to provide a stronger and more sustained immune response to the vaccine.

Immunologic adjuvants can be derived from various sources, including bacteria, viruses, and chemicals. Some common examples include aluminum salts (alum), oil-in-water emulsions (such as MF59), and bacterial components (such as lipopolysaccharide or LPS).

The use of immunologic adjuvants in vaccines can help to improve the efficacy of the vaccine, particularly for vaccines that contain weak or poorly immunogenic antigens. They can also help to reduce the amount of antigen needed in a vaccine, which can be beneficial for vaccines that are difficult or expensive to produce.

It's important to note that while adjuvants can enhance the immune response to a vaccine, they can also increase the risk of adverse reactions, such as inflammation and pain at the injection site. Therefore, the use of immunologic adjuvants must be carefully balanced against their potential benefits and risks.

An "injection, intradermal" refers to a type of injection where a small quantity of a substance is introduced into the layer of skin between the epidermis and dermis, using a thin gauge needle. This technique is often used for diagnostic or research purposes, such as conducting allergy tests or administering immunizations in a way that stimulates a strong immune response. The injection site typically produces a small, raised bump (wheal) that disappears within a few hours. It's important to note that intradermal injections should be performed by trained medical professionals to minimize the risk of complications.

Mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI-MS) is an analytical technique used to identify and quantify chemical species in a sample based on the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. In ESI-MS, analytes are ionized through the use of an electrospray, where a liquid sample is introduced through a metal capillary needle at high voltage, creating an aerosol of charged droplets. As the solvent evaporates, the analyte molecules become charged and can be directed into a mass spectrometer for analysis.

ESI-MS is particularly useful for the analysis of large biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids, due to its ability to gently ionize these species without fragmentation. The technique provides information about the molecular weight and charge state of the analytes, which can be used to infer their identity and structure. Additionally, ESI-MS can be interfaced with separation techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC) for further purification and characterization of complex samples.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a technique used to identify and quantify specific molecules, such as proteins or metabolites, within complex mixtures. This method uses two or more sequential mass analyzers to first separate ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio and then further fragment the selected ions into smaller pieces for additional analysis. The fragmentation patterns generated in MS/MS experiments can be used to determine the structure and identity of the original molecule, making it a powerful tool in various fields such as proteomics, metabolomics, and forensic science.

Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. The bacteria are found in soil, dust and manure and can enter the body through wounds, cuts or abrasions, particularly if they're not cleaned properly. The bacterium produces a toxin that affects the nervous system, causing muscle stiffness and spasms, often beginning in the jaw and face (lockjaw) and then spreading to the rest of the body.

Tetanus can be prevented through vaccination, and it's important to get vaccinated if you haven't already or if your immunization status is not up-to-date. If tetanus is suspected, medical attention should be sought immediately, as it can be a life-threatening condition if left untreated. Treatment typically involves administering tetanus immune globulin (TIG) to neutralize the toxin and antibiotics to kill the bacteria, as well as supportive care such as wound cleaning and management, and in some cases, mechanical ventilation may be necessary to assist with breathing.

BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.

BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.

One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.

BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.

Antibody formation, also known as humoral immune response, is the process by which the immune system produces proteins called antibodies in response to the presence of a foreign substance (antigen) in the body. This process involves several steps:

1. Recognition: The antigen is recognized and bound by a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte or B cell, which then becomes activated.
2. Differentiation: The activated B cell undergoes differentiation to become a plasma cell, which is a type of cell that produces and secretes large amounts of antibodies.
3. Antibody production: The plasma cells produce and release antibodies, which are proteins made up of four polypeptide chains (two heavy chains and two light chains) arranged in a Y-shape. Each antibody has two binding sites that can recognize and bind to specific regions on the antigen called epitopes.
4. Neutralization or elimination: The antibodies bind to the antigens, neutralizing them or marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This helps to prevent the spread of infection and protect the body from harmful substances.

Antibody formation is an important part of the adaptive immune response, which allows the body to specifically recognize and respond to a wide variety of pathogens and foreign substances.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, and other bodily fluids. It can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby at birth.

Acute hepatitis B infection lasts for a few weeks to several months and often causes no symptoms. However, some people may experience mild to severe flu-like symptoms, yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, and fatigue. Most adults with acute hepatitis B recover completely and develop lifelong immunity to the virus.

Chronic hepatitis B infection can lead to serious liver damage, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. People with chronic hepatitis B may experience long-term symptoms such as fatigue, joint pain, and depression. They are also at risk for developing liver failure and liver cancer.

Prevention measures include vaccination, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing needles or other drug injection equipment, and covering wounds and skin rashes. There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B, but chronic hepatitis B can be treated with antiviral medications to slow the progression of liver damage.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests are a type of serological assay used in medical laboratories to detect and measure the amount of antibodies present in a patient's serum. These tests are commonly used to diagnose viral infections, such as influenza or HIV, by identifying the presence of antibodies that bind to specific viral antigens and prevent hemagglutination (the agglutination or clumping together of red blood cells).

In an HI test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of the viral antigen, which has been treated to attach to red blood cells. If the patient's serum contains antibodies that bind to the viral antigen, they will prevent the antigen from attaching to the red blood cells and inhibit hemagglutination. The degree of hemagglutination inhibition can be measured and used to estimate the amount of antibody present in the patient's serum.

HI tests are relatively simple and inexpensive to perform, but they have some limitations. For example, they may not detect early-stage infections before the body has had a chance to produce antibodies, and they may not be able to distinguish between different strains of the same virus. Nonetheless, HI tests remain an important tool for diagnosing viral infections and monitoring immune responses to vaccination or infection.

Hepatitis A is a viral infection that specifically targets the liver, causing inflammation and impaired function. This disease is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which spreads primarily through the fecal-oral route, often due to poor sanitation and hygiene. Individuals can become infected by consuming food or water contaminated with HAV or by coming into direct contact with an infected person's stool.

The symptoms of hepatitis A may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). However, in some cases, particularly in children under six years old, the infection may be asymptomatic.

While hepatitis A can be unpleasant and cause serious complications, it is rarely fatal and most people recover completely within a few months. Preventive measures include vaccination, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding potentially contaminated food and water.

The Mumps Vaccine is a biological preparation intended to induce immunity against mumps, a contagious viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands. The vaccine contains live attenuated (weakened) mumps virus, which stimulates the immune system to develop a protective response without causing the disease.

There are two types of mumps vaccines available:

1. The Jeryl Lynn strain is used in the United States and is part of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine and the Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella (MMRV) vaccine. This strain is derived from a clinical isolate obtained from the throat washings of a child with mumps in 1963.
2. The Urabe AM9 strain was used in some countries but has been discontinued in many places due to an increased risk of meningitis as a rare complication.

The MMR vaccine is typically given to children at 12-15 months of age and again at 4-6 years of age, providing long-lasting immunity against mumps in most individuals. The vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of mumps and its complications worldwide.

Conjugate vaccines are a type of vaccine that combines a part of a bacterium with a protein or other substance to boost the body's immune response to the bacteria. The bacterial component is usually a polysaccharide, which is a long chain of sugars that makes up part of the bacterial cell wall.

By itself, a polysaccharide is not very immunogenic, meaning it does not stimulate a strong immune response. However, when it is conjugated or linked to a protein or other carrier molecule, it becomes much more immunogenic and can elicit a stronger and longer-lasting immune response.

Conjugate vaccines are particularly effective in protecting against bacterial infections that affect young children, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal disease. These vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of these diseases and their associated complications, such as meningitis and pneumonia.

Overall, conjugate vaccines work by mimicking a natural infection and stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against future infections with the same bacterium. By combining a weakly immunogenic polysaccharide with a protein carrier, these vaccines can elicit a stronger and more effective immune response, providing long-lasting protection against bacterial infections.

Herd immunity, also known as community immunity or population immunity, is a form of indirect protection from infectious diseases that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, either through vaccination or previous illness. This reduces the likelihood of infection for individuals who are not immune, especially those who cannot receive vaccines due to medical reasons. The more people in a community who are immune, the less likely the disease will spread and the entire community is protected, not just those who are immune.

Immunization is defined medically as the process where an individual is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically through the administration of a vaccine. The vaccine stimulates the body's own immune system to recognize and fight off the specific disease-causing organism, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of future infections with that organism.

Immunization can be achieved actively, where the person is given a vaccine to trigger an immune response, or passively, where antibodies are transferred to the person through immunoglobulin therapy. Immunizations are an important part of preventive healthcare and have been successful in controlling and eliminating many infectious diseases worldwide.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Rotavirus vaccines are preventive measures used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration among infants and young children worldwide. These vaccines contain weakened or inactivated forms of the rotavirus, a pathogen that infects and causes symptoms by multiplying inside cells lining the small intestine.

The weakened or inactivated virus in the vaccine stimulates an immune response in the body, enabling it to recognize and fight off future rotavirus infections more effectively. The vaccines are usually administered orally, as a liquid droplet or on a sugar cube, to mimic natural infection through the gastrointestinal tract.

There are currently two licensed rotavirus vaccines available globally:

1. Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline): This vaccine contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of human rotavirus and is given in a two-dose series, typically at 2 and 4 months of age.
2. RotaTeq (Merck): This vaccine contains five reassortant viruses, combining human and animal strains to provide broader protection. It is administered in a three-dose series, usually at 2, 4, and 6 months of age.

Rotavirus vaccines have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis and related hospitalizations among infants and young children. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination in national immunization programs, particularly in countries with high child mortality rates due to diarrheal diseases.

Papillomavirus infections are a group of diseases caused by various types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). These viruses infect the skin and mucous membranes, and can cause benign growths such as warts or papillomas, as well as malignant growths like cervical cancer.

There are more than 100 different types of HPVs, and they can be classified into low-risk and high-risk types based on their potential to cause cancer. Low-risk HPV types, such as HPV-6 and HPV-11, commonly cause benign genital warts and respiratory papillomas. High-risk HPV types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are associated with an increased risk of developing cancer, including cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers.

HPV infections are typically transmitted through sexual contact, and most sexually active individuals will acquire at least one HPV infection during their lifetime. In many cases, the immune system is able to clear the virus without any symptoms or long-term consequences. However, persistent high-risk HPV infections can lead to the development of cancer over time.

Prevention measures for HPV infections include vaccination against high-risk HPV types, safe sex practices, and regular screening for cervical cancer in women. The HPV vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls aged 11-12 years old, and can also be given to older individuals up to age 45 who have not previously been vaccinated or who have not completed the full series of shots.

CD8-positive T-lymphocytes, also known as CD8+ T cells or cytotoxic T cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the adaptive immune system. They are named after the CD8 molecule found on their surface, which is a protein involved in cell signaling and recognition.

CD8+ T cells are primarily responsible for identifying and destroying virus-infected cells or cancerous cells. When activated, they release cytotoxic granules that contain enzymes capable of inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the target cells. They also produce cytokines such as interferon-gamma, which can help coordinate the immune response and activate other immune cells.

CD8+ T cells are generated in the thymus gland and are a type of T cell, which is a lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They recognize and respond to specific antigens presented on the surface of infected or cancerous cells in conjunction with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules.

Overall, CD8+ T cells are an essential component of the immune system's defense against viral infections and cancer.

"Intramuscular injections" refer to a medical procedure where a medication or vaccine is administered directly into the muscle tissue. This is typically done using a hypodermic needle and syringe, and the injection is usually given into one of the large muscles in the body, such as the deltoid (shoulder), vastus lateralis (thigh), or ventrogluteal (buttock) muscles.

Intramuscular injections are used for a variety of reasons, including to deliver medications that need to be absorbed slowly over time, to bypass stomach acid and improve absorption, or to ensure that the medication reaches the bloodstream quickly and directly. Common examples of medications delivered via intramuscular injection include certain vaccines, antibiotics, and pain relievers.

It is important to follow proper technique when administering intramuscular injections to minimize pain and reduce the risk of complications such as infection or injury to surrounding tissues. Proper site selection, needle length and gauge, and injection technique are all critical factors in ensuring a safe and effective intramuscular injection.

Tetanus toxoid is a purified and inactivated form of the tetanus toxin, which is derived from the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It is used as a vaccine to induce active immunity against tetanus, a potentially fatal disease caused by this toxin. The toxoid is produced through a series of chemical treatments that modify the toxic properties of the tetanus toxin while preserving its antigenic qualities. This allows the immune system to recognize and develop protective antibodies against the toxin without causing illness. Tetanus toxoid is often combined with diphtheria and/or pertussis toxoids in vaccines such as DTaP, Tdap, and Td.

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is a type of mass spectrometry that is used to analyze large biomolecules such as proteins and peptides. In this technique, the sample is mixed with a matrix compound, which absorbs laser energy and helps to vaporize and ionize the analyte molecules.

The matrix-analyte mixture is then placed on a target plate and hit with a laser beam, causing the matrix and analyte molecules to desorb from the plate and become ionized. The ions are then accelerated through an electric field and into a mass analyzer, which separates them based on their mass-to-charge ratio.

The separated ions are then detected and recorded as a mass spectrum, which can be used to identify and quantify the analyte molecules present in the sample. MALDI-MS is particularly useful for the analysis of complex biological samples, such as tissue extracts or biological fluids, because it allows for the detection and identification of individual components within those mixtures.

Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated (IPV) is a vaccine used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio), a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. IPV contains inactivated (killed) polioviruses of all three poliovirus types. It works by stimulating an immune response in the body, but because the viruses are inactivated, they cannot cause polio. After vaccination, the immune system recognizes and responds to the inactivated viruses, producing antibodies that protect against future infection with wild, or naturally occurring, polioviruses. IPV is typically given as an injection in the leg or arm, and a series of doses are required for full protection. It is a safe and effective way to prevent polio and its complications.

A pandemic is a global outbreak of a disease that spreads easily from person to person across a large region, such as multiple continents or worldwide. It is declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) when the spread of a disease poses a significant threat to the global population due to its severity and transmissibility.

Pandemics typically occur when a new strain of virus emerges that has not been previously seen in humans, for which there is little or no pre-existing immunity. This makes it difficult to control the spread of the disease, as people do not have natural protection against it. Examples of pandemics include the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic and the more recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

During a pandemic, healthcare systems can become overwhelmed, and there may be significant social and economic disruption as governments take measures to slow the spread of the disease, such as travel restrictions, quarantines, and lockdowns. Effective vaccines and treatments are critical in controlling the spread of pandemics and reducing their impact on public health.

Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis (DTaP) vaccines are a type of combination vaccine that protect against three serious diseases caused by bacteria: diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (also known as whooping cough).

Diphtheria is a highly contagious respiratory infection that can cause breathing difficulties, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and causes muscle stiffness and spasms, which can be severe enough to cause broken bones or suffocation. Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection that causes severe coughing fits, making it difficult to breathe, eat, or drink.

The "a" in DTaP stands for "acellular," which means that the pertussis component of the vaccine contains only parts of the bacteria, rather than the whole cells used in older vaccines. This reduces the risk of side effects associated with the whole-cell pertussis vaccine while still providing effective protection against the disease.

DTaP vaccines are typically given as a series of five shots, starting at 2 months of age and ending at 4-6 years of age. Booster doses may be recommended later in life to maintain immunity. DTaP vaccines are an essential part of routine childhood immunization schedules and have significantly reduced the incidence of these diseases worldwide.

Humoral immunity is a type of immune response in which the body produces proteins called antibodies that circulate in bodily fluids such as blood and help to protect against infection. This form of immunity involves the interaction between antigens (foreign substances that trigger an immune response) and soluble factors, including antibodies, complement proteins, and cytokines.

When a pathogen enters the body, it is recognized as foreign by the immune system, which triggers the production of specific antibodies to bind to and neutralize or destroy the pathogen. These antibodies are produced by B cells, a type of white blood cell that is part of the adaptive immune system.

Humoral immunity provides protection against extracellular pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, that exist outside of host cells. It is an important component of the body's defense mechanisms and plays a critical role in preventing and fighting off infections.

Pneumococcal infections are illnesses caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus. This bacterium can infect different parts of the body, including the lungs (pneumonia), blood (bacteremia or sepsis), and the covering of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis). Pneumococcal infections can also cause ear infections and sinus infections. The bacteria spread through close contact with an infected person, who may spread the bacteria by coughing or sneezing. People with weakened immune systems, children under 2 years of age, adults over 65, and those with certain medical conditions are at increased risk for developing pneumococcal infections.

There is no medical definition for "Protozoan Vaccines" as such because there are currently no licensed vaccines available for human protozoan diseases. Protozoa are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various diseases in humans, such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, and leishmaniasis.

Researchers have been working on developing vaccines against some of these diseases, but none have yet been approved for use in humans. Therefore, it is not possible to provide a medical definition for "Protozoan Vaccines" as a recognized category of vaccines.

Intranasal administration refers to the delivery of medication or other substances through the nasal passages and into the nasal cavity. This route of administration can be used for systemic absorption of drugs or for localized effects in the nasal area.

When a medication is administered intranasally, it is typically sprayed or dropped into the nostril, where it is absorbed by the mucous membranes lining the nasal cavity. The medication can then pass into the bloodstream and be distributed throughout the body for systemic effects. Intranasal administration can also result in direct absorption of the medication into the local tissues of the nasal cavity, which can be useful for treating conditions such as allergies, migraines, or pain in the nasal area.

Intranasal administration has several advantages over other routes of administration. It is non-invasive and does not require needles or injections, making it a more comfortable option for many people. Additionally, intranasal administration can result in faster onset of action than oral administration, as the medication bypasses the digestive system and is absorbed directly into the bloodstream. However, there are also some limitations to this route of administration, including potential issues with dosing accuracy and patient tolerance.

Active immunotherapy, also known as active immunization or vaccination, is a type of medical treatment that stimulates the immune system to develop an adaptive response against specific antigens, thereby providing protection against future exposures to those antigens. This is typically achieved through the administration of vaccines, which contain either weakened or inactivated pathogens, or components of pathogens (such as proteins or sugars), along with adjuvants that enhance the immune response. The goal of active immunotherapy is to induce long-term immunity by generating memory T and B cells, which can quickly recognize and respond to subsequent infections or reinfections with the targeted pathogen.

In contrast to passive immunotherapy, where preformed antibodies or immune cells are directly administered to a patient for immediate but temporary protection, active immunotherapy relies on the recipient's own immune system to mount a specific and durable response against the antigen of interest. This approach has been instrumental in preventing and controlling various infectious diseases, such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis B, and influenza, among others. Additionally, active immunotherapy is being explored as a potential strategy for treating cancer and other chronic diseases by targeting disease-specific antigens or modulating the immune system to enhance its ability to recognize and eliminate abnormal cells.

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"Philippines may start mass vaccination in second quarter with limited doses". News5. March 1, 2021. "Duterte allows FDA to ... The COVID-19 vaccination program in the Philippines is an ongoing mass immunization campaign against severe acute respiratory ... The government planned to start a full rollout or mass vaccination for the general populace around late 2021.[needs update] ... the national digital COVID-19 vaccination certificate was launched to serve as the official COVID-19 vaccination certificate ...
This mass vaccination led to a drop in severe COVID-19 cases. Israel passed a law allowing government workers to identify and ... Mass vaccination in Israel has produced evidence that the Pfizer vaccine works to stop transmission of the virus, including ... Feuer, Will (2021-02-26). "Israeli data suggest mass vaccinations led to drop in severe Covid cases, CDC study finds". CNBC. ... "Israel leading the world in vaccination, ambassador shares tips for Massachusetts and U.S." Boston Herald. 2021-03-27. Archived ...
"Cardiac Deaths After a Mass Smallpox Vaccination Campaign --- New York City, 1947". MMWR. CDC. 52 (39): 933-936. 3 October 2003 ... The 2003 United States smallpox vaccination campaign was a vaccination program announced by the White House on 13 December 2002 ... Kaiser, Jocelyn (3 March 2005). "Report Faults Smallpox Vaccination Campaign". Science. (Smallpox vaccines, Vaccination in the ... Richards, Edward P.; Rathbun, Katharine C.; Gold, Jay (July 2004). "The Smallpox Vaccination Campaign of 2003: Why Did it Fail ...
Those eligible for vaccination can make an appointment over the phone or walk in at any centre. One more mass vaccination ... In the ACT, by 11 June 2021, one mass vaccination clinic centre in Garran, one vaccination clinic in Calvary Public Hospital ... full vaccination of the 16 years and older population. On 21 April 2021, Victoria's first three mass vaccination centres were ... The state's first mass vaccination hub opened at the Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre on 11 August. On 5 May 2021 the ...
Mass vaccination started on 26 March 2021, initially with AstraZeneca's Covishield vaccine. As of 7 June 2021, Botswana has ... COVID-19 vaccination in Africa, COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana, COVID-19 vaccination by country, COVID-19 pandemic by country). ... Start of vaccinations of those aged 55 and older (phase 1) on 26 March, initially with 30,000 doses of Covishield donated by ... Vaccination of 55-year-olds and older resumed on 5 July. Health ministry officials announced their intention to extend ...
In 1976 in the United States, a mass a swine flu vaccination programme was discontinued after 362 cases of Guillain-Barré ... Plotkin SA (2006). Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects - Progress and Obstacles (Current Topics in Microbiology & Immunology). ... Walloch KL (2015). The Antivaccine Heresy: Jacobson v. Massachusetts and the Troubled History of Compulsory Vaccination in the ... The term vaccination was coined in 1800 by the surgeon Richard Dunning in his text Some observations on vaccination. In 1802, ...
When responding to a possible outbreak, health officials should consider which is best, ring vaccination or mass vaccination. ... "Ring Vaccination , Smallpox , CDC". www.cdc.gov. November 29, 2019. "Ring Vaccination: Smallpox , CDC". www.cdc.gov. US Centers ... Cocooning (immunization) Herd immunity Pulse vaccination strategy Targeted immunization strategies Vaccination Kucharski, Adam ... Ring vaccination was used in Leicester, England in the late 19th-century. It was also used in the mid-20th century in the ...
1952, B.C.G. Vaccination, Maurice Beddow Bayly. 1957, Is Mass Vaccination with B.C.G. always warranted in the Scandinavian ... Vaccination an Error.) National Anti-Vaccination League: Westminster. 1904, The Story of the Vaccination Crusade in Hackney & ... The National Anti-Vaccination League (NAVL) was a British anti-vaccination organization that was formed in 1896 from earlier ... 1921, Vaccination and the State, Arnold Lupton MP. 1929, National Anti-Vaccination League (London) Thirty-third [etc.] Annual ...
... on 18 December 2020 the government announced a schedule for the vaccination program. Mass vaccination began in February 2021 ... The COVID-19 vaccination program in Colombia is an ongoing effort of mass immunization put in place by the Colombian government ... for the National Plan of Vaccination which had been announced in December as the country's guideline for mass vaccination, and ... Vaccination of people over 65 began on 13 April, and the minimum age was lowered to 60 on 30 April. Originally, Stage 3 was to ...
The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Brazil is an ongoing mass immunization campaign for the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. It ... The campaign aims to test the effectiveness of the Oxford Vaccine and its efficiency in relation to mass vaccination. Just like ... 2021). "Data on COVID-19 (coronavirus) vaccinations by Our World in Data". Nature Human Behaviour. 5 (7). vaccinations.csv. doi ... was chosen by the Ministry of Health to start the mass vaccination phase in the population over 18 years old. The vaccine used ...
Bangladesh began the administration of COVID-19 vaccines on 27 January 2021 while mass vaccination started on 7 February 2021. ... Vaccination in Bangladesh includes all aspects of vaccination in Bangladesh. A 2020 study reported that the cost of a malaria ... While there is major government support for vaccination, there is debate and research about how to manage the vaccination ... Bangladesh began a vaccination program for congenital rubella syndrome in 2012 and since then, cases have gone down greatly. ...
Bangladesh began the administration of COVID-19 vaccines on 27 January 2021 while mass vaccination started on 7 February 2021. ... University vaccination or Univac was launched to vaccinate university students. Since the vaccination minimum age was reduced ... while mass vaccination started on 7 February 2021. It was planned that 6 million doses would be administered in the first month ... "COVID-19 Vaccination Dashboard". dghs.gov.bd (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021 ...
... there had been over 350,000 vaccination reservations made online. Shortly after mass vaccination in Montreal began, NACI ... As part of the campaign, mass vaccination sites across the province would be reopened, including the Olympic Stadium in ... The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Quebec (French: Campagne de vaccination contre la Covid-19 au Québec) is an ongoing ... "Vaccination : pas d'exemption religieuse pour le personnel de la santé au Québec" [Vaccination: no religious exemption for ...
"Massvaktsineerimine" (Mass Vaccination); A short story, Nelli Teataja Newspaper, 16th of April 2021. "Sinise Põrssa Pubi" (Blue ...
The COVID-19 vaccination program in Argentina is an ongoing effort of mass immunization. Vaccination against COVID-19 began in ... 100 million to assist in the acquisition of COVID-19 vaccinations and to deploy vaccination campaigns. "Covid-19 vaccinations ... On 18 February 2021, vaccination on citizens aged over 70 began in the Province of Buenos Aires. Schools, among other sites, ... 300,000 doses arrived on 24 December, with the vaccination campaign beginning on 29 December. The governor of the province of ...
The COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia is an ongoing mass immunization in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. On 13 ... On 17 February, the second stage of vaccination program began. The Indonesian government confirmed vaccination would be ... In both cases, vaccination with other brand is possible depends on the expiration date of the vaccine. The policy was initiated ... Vaccination numbers may not be accurate due to different calculations, cut-off times, and sources from the government. Lower ...
Elkington recommended mass vaccination. In 1904, Dr Elkington made a study of school hygiene factors for the Tasmanian ...
Mass vaccination campaigns began. The fourth Working Quarter was built on the Rimac. The Yavarí District was created in the ... There was talk of mass fraud Manuel Prado assumed the presidency on December 8, 1939. Politician until then almost unknown, he ... The leadership of the opposition was assumed by the architect Belaunde, who organized a new mass party: People's Action,which ... and the mass deportation of German and Japanese residents into confinement camps. In the domestic order, despite being ...
Kuwait Mass vaccinations begin. Morocco Mass vaccinations begin. Turkey Mass vaccinations begin. WHO At least 6,071 deaths ... Bahrain Mass vaccinations begin. Belgium Mass vaccination begins. Saudi Arabia Mass vaccinations begin. United States CDC ... Egypt Mass vaccinations begin. Qatar Mass vaccinations begin. Slovenia First death confirmed. US The USDA reports the first ... Oman Mass vaccinations begin. Canada Canada's H1N1 vaccination campaign begins. Russia First two deaths confirmed, in the far ...
Safe and Proper Sharps Disposal During a Mass Vaccination Campaign. *Strategies for Sharps Disposal Container Use During Supply ... Find out how you can protect yourself from needlestick injuries while administering vaccines or while helping at vaccination ...
Scituate, MA. Plymouth County. AFC URGENT CARE BACK BAY. 575 Boylston St. Boston, MA 02116. 781-430-8161. Boston, MA. Suffolk ... BOSTON, MA. Suffolk County. EXECUTIVE HEALTH EXAMS. 125 HIGH ST. STE 1831. BOSTON, MA 02110. 617-526-8888. BOSTON, MA. Suffolk ... Medford, MA 02155. 617-627-3350. Medford, MA. Middlesex County. Vibha Sharma, M.D.. 157 Union Street. Marlborough, MA 01752. ... Gloucester, MA 01930. 978-282-2220. Gloucester, MA. Essex County. HEALTHPLUS URGENT CARE. 232 S MAIN ST. MIDDLETON, MA 01949. ...
... transportation represented a major issue and hindered mass vaccinations. Because smallpox vaccination requires a live virus, it ... Mass vaccination is a public policy effort to vaccinate a large number of people, possibly the entire population of the world ... Mass vaccination of COVID-19 vaccines is important to help stop the spread of the coronavirus and eventually end the pandemic. ... Mass vaccination strategies such as National Immunization Days were key to the success of the oral polio vaccine (OPV). In ...
Russia has launched a mass coronavirus-vaccination campaign opened to all Russians in a bid to stem the spread of the virus ... Russia has launched a mass coronavirus vaccination campaign opened to all Russians in a bid to stem the spread of the virus ... But while the vaccine has been widely available in Moscow, with vaccination centers located at prominent sites in the capital, ... Russia, which has the worlds fourth-highest number of COVID-19 cases, began large-scale vaccinations last month, initially for ...
2023 Commonwealth of Massachusetts.. Mass.gov® is a registered service mark of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Mass.gov ... The Massachusetts state COVID-19 vaccination attestation form is no longer required. However, your vaccination locations may ... Massachusetts COVID-19 vaccination phases Learn more about the groups in each phase of the COVID-19 vaccine distribution ... Massachusetts COVID-19 vaccination phases. * …. This page is located more than 3 levels deep within a topic. Some page levels ...
Database: Whats the vaccination exemption rate at your childs school?. By Jason Laughlin Globe Staff,Updated September 22, ... Watch: Globe TodayMetroSportsBusinessPoliticsOpinionHealthCambervilleAround Mass.New HampshireRhode IslandCOVIDSpotlight ... A proposed ban on religious exemptions from childhood vaccinations is exposing divisions at a small private school in western ... Massachusetts. While students can also get exemptions from routine vaccinations for medical reasons, religious exemptions are ...
First responders are the third high priority vaccine group in Massachusetts after front-line health care workers and the staff ... Vaccination Plan For First Responders In Massachusetts Hits Opposition. *What To Know About Coronavirus Vaccine Distribution In ... "And it seems to be the same across the state," says Dunne, president of the Massachusetts Chiefs of Police Association. "People ... First responders are the third high priority vaccine group in Massachusetts after front-line health care workers and the staff ...
Nigeria will start a mass Covid-19 vaccination campaign later this week, aiming to inoculate half of its targeted population by ... ABUJA, Nov 15 (Reuters) - Nigeria will start a mass Covid-19 vaccination campaign later this week, aiming to inoculate half of ... Primary health care centers resumed public vaccination for Covid-19 on government directives, amidst continuous strike by ...
The federal government is setting up a mass vaccination site at the Wolstein Center at Cleveland State University. The site ... Federal Mass Vaccination Site Coming To Cleveland The Statehouse News Bureau , By Jo Ingles ... "Mass vaccination clinics have always been part of our plan, but adequate supply is necessary for larger sites, so it was ... "With this mass vaccination site, the light at the end of the tunnel just got a lot brighter," Budish says. ...
San Francisco is adding another mass vaccination site to administer the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 doses. ... This brings a total of three mass vaccination sites to the Bay Area, once Oaklands site opens up in partnership with FEMA and ... The following are the mass vaccination sites in the Bay Area. However, there are also lower-volume site options available at ... SAN FRANCISCO (KRON) - San Francisco is adding a second mass vaccination site to administer the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 ...
Systematic (mass) vaccination started in 1905, and since its introduction case mortality increased alarmingly. Their own ... This high percentage of individuals having long term immunity has been compromised by mass vaccination of children which ... this was not the result of mass vaccination.. It is obvious that the vaccines of 1796-1900s were not purified or uniform, yet ... more vulnerable to several diseases that were not a threat to them before vaccination. In the case of chicken pox, vaccination ...
Home of the Seahawks Lumens Field House To Become Mass Vaccination Site ...
Governor Cuomo announced that mass vaccination sites will begin downsizing throughout the state of New York. This follows a ...
The universitys effort to support the countrys mass vaccination effort began at U of T Mississauga, which opened the doors to ... Extraordinary times: Art installation to capture U of Ts mass vaccination effort ... local public health authorities and hospital partners came together to help with Canadas largest mass-vaccination drive. ... the first U of T-hosted mass vaccination clinic on March 1 - near the height of the pandemics third wave. Working in ...
... and the private sector discuss the opening of the new mass vaccination site at the Lumen Field Event Center. ... and the private sector discuss the opening of the new mass vaccination site at the Lumen Field Event Center. The Community ... and will be the largest civilian-led vaccination site in the country. The site will initially vaccinate around 5,000 people ... Vaccination Site at the Lumen Field Event Center is a partnership between the City of Seattle, First & Goal Inc., and Swedish, ...
As mass vaccination sites are run by the state, Marylanders can be vaccinated at any of those sites regardless of where they ... As a new mass coronavirus vaccination site opened Thursday in Montgomery County, Maryland, people who planned to head to the ... exec: Dont stand in line at mass vaccination sites. Nick Iannelli , [email protected] ... Maryland has had numerous mass vaccination sites up and running across the state, but the one that opened Thursday at the ...
Media gets sneak peek at Gillette Stadium mass coronavirus vaccination site By Anissa Gardizy and Travis Andersen Globe ... The mass coronavirus vaccination site at Gillette Stadium is set to open Monday for first responders. (. Shelby Lum/Globe Staf ... Mass vaccination sites are being used elsewhere around the country, including in Chicago, New York, and Washington state. Hopes ... Governor Charlie Baker said Friday that he expected four or five mass vaccination sites to be open by the end of the month. ...
mass vaccination centres. * KCLR News. Domhnall Doyle08/02/2021. HSE confirms Kilkenny city and Carlow town will have mass ...
mass vaccinations. State-run vaccination sites now allowing walk-ins for 16 and older By feedbot ~ Posted Thu, 04/29/2021 - 5: ... Andrew Cuomo and officials from President Joe Bidens administration announced Wednesday that they will open mass vaccination ... State-run COVID-19 vaccination sites started allowing walk-in visits for all residents 16 and older on Thursday. Tanya Gause, ... https://www.wxxinews.org/post/state-run-vaccination-sites-now-allowing-walk-ins-... ...
The vaccination facility, which is designed to administer 3,000 shots a day (though it hit 5,636 shots in a single day earlier ... to tour an efficiently-run tent city and COVID-19 mass vaccination operation.. The vaccination facility, which is designed to ... Roth praises Air Force contributions to mass vaccination center in Florida, others nationwide. ... The Tampa facility, which began offering COVID-19 vaccinations March 3, is one of four, large-scale vaccination centers in the ...
Governor announces agreement with Alameda and Contra Costa counties to allow vaccinations to continue for four more weeks at ... Governor Newsom Announces Extension of Oakland Coliseum Mass Vaccination Site Published: Apr 06, 2021. ... Having a mix of large vaccination sites, alongside smaller community sites and mobile pop-ups, is critical for our vaccination ... Personnel and equipment currently being utilized at the Oakland site will remain in place to provide vaccinations for the next ...
"Fair Park Covid-19 Mass Vaccination Site (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 622-005, August 2021. ...
Chief epidemiologist calls for swift mass vaccination. Written by MTI Hungarys chief epidemiologist has called for vaccination ...
Comparing the results to mass vaccination from the moment an attack is recognized, we find that mass vaccination results in ... and that mass vaccination similarly outperforms the existing policy of starting with traced vaccination and switching to mass ... Faculty & Research Publications Emergency Response to a Smallpox Attack: The Case for Mass Vaccination ... We embed this traced vaccination policy in a smallpox disease transmission model to estimate the number of cases and deaths ...
... mass vaccination centres have opened for the first time ... Seven mass vaccination centres to open. The full list of mass ... Surrey coronavirus updates as Epsom Downs mass vaccination centre opens - recap. Englands seven super mass vaccination ... In pictures: Inside Surreys mass coronavirus vaccine centre. The mass vaccination of the Surrey population against coronavirus ... Surrey's mass vaccination centre welcomed its first residents on Monday (January 11) as the fightback against the spread ...
5K Moscow Teachers, Doctors Sign Up for Coronavirus Vaccination on First Day Mass vaccination for high-risk groups with the ... Russia began mass vaccinations with Sputnik V in early December, while batches of the vaccine were sent overseas to Belarus, ... mass vaccination Moscow Starts Inoculating Vulnerable Workers Against Coronavirus Health workers, teachers and social service ... "Training continues and we are prioritizing the vaccination of employees who are in close contact with crews preparing for ...
Upcoming Vaccination Clinic The Carlisle Board of Health is sponsoring a COVID-19 and Flu Vaccination Clinic for children (age ... are COVID positive and have any symptoms, talk to your doctor right away or use Massachusetts' quick and free telehealth ... COVID-19 vaccinations for children ages 6 months to 4 years old ... COVID-19 vaccinations for children ages 5-17 *Search for a ... The Board of Health recommends individuals communicate with their PCP for advice on COVID-19 vaccination. ...
Mass vaccination clinics winding down, Alder closes Aug. 20. July 29, 2021 · 0 Comments ... Beginning next Friday (August 6) mass vaccination clinics in the region will begin to close. The last date for each clinic will ... "Local vaccination clinics have done their job exceptionally well; more than 80% of people have had a first dose and more than ... Vaccinations will also still be available through local primary care providers and pharmacies. ...
... the state is closing its mass vaccination sites. Efforts are shifting to targeted outreach. ... Despite Georgias vaccination rates being among the lowest in the U.S., ... Georgia Is Closing Many Of Its Mass Vaccination Sites Due To Low Demand ... the state is shutting down most of its mass vaccination sites. Grant Blankenship of Georgia Public Broadcasting reports on ...
  • Airmen brief Acting Secretary of the Air Force John P. Roth about the Tampa Community Vaccination Center process in Tampa, Fla., April 16, 2021. (af.mil)
  • Leon Mapp, assigned to the 45th Operational Medical Readiness Squadron, briefs Acting Secretary of the Air Force John P. Roth at the Community Vaccination Center in Tampa, Fla., April 16, 2021. (af.mil)
  • Fair Park Covid-19 Mass Vaccination Site (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 622-005, August 2021. (hbs.edu)
  • Second weekend of the vaccination event at COTA on March 5, 2021. (kvue.com)
  • More evidence that the COVID-19 mass vaccination programs were specifically designed to reduce the world's population to fit the "Green Agenda" that the earth can no longer support current population levels continues to be reported, as now statistics show declining birthrates worldwide following the COVID-19 vaccine roll outs in 2021. (healthimpactnews.com)
  • A woman receives a shot of the Sinovac vaccine for COVID-19 during a vaccination campaign at the Patriot Candrabhaga Stadium in Bekasi on the outskirts of Jakarta, Indonesia, Thursday, July 1, 2021. (sandiegouniontribune.com)
  • The July 2021 survey of 271 PLWH was part of a larger, longitudinal survey of 1400 people with any chronic illness asked about attitudes and barriers to vaccination. (medscape.com)
  • This high-impact site was later quickly transformed into one of the nation's largest vaccination sites in January 2021 when vaccines came online. (cdc.gov)
  • The Tampa facility, which began offering COVID-19 vaccinations March 3, is one of four, large-scale vaccination centers in the state and one of 171 centers nationwide supported by federal personnel. (af.mil)
  • The final jabs will be administered at the AIS Arena COVID-19 Mass Vaccination Clinic at the end of this month to allow staff to be redeployed across the healthcare system. (the-riotact.com)
  • Find out how you can protect yourself from needlestick injuries while administering vaccines or while helping at vaccination sites. (cdc.gov)
  • Use vaccines.gov for vaccination appointments or find a mobile vaccination clinic . (mass.gov)
  • An earlier version of vaccination options for first responders did not include allowing paramedics and EMTs to administer vaccines to this group. (wbur.org)
  • Ohioans will be required to register to get their vaccines at the new mass vaccination clinics. (wvxu.org)
  • Herd immunity" is the trump card for the defense of vaccination on TV, Internet, medical journals and newspapers as to why we should be vaccinated over and over throughout our lives, with an ever-increasing number of vaccines. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Since the beginning of vaccination, there is little proof that vaccines are responsible for eradicating disease even when herd immunity vaccination levels have been reached. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • SACRAMENTO - Following through on his commitment to ensure vaccines continue to be administered at large-scale vaccination sites in Oakland and Los Angeles, Governor Gavin Newsom today announced that the state has reached an agreement with Alameda County and Contra Costa County to continue to operate the RingCentral Coliseum vaccination site. (ca.gov)
  • Hungary's chief epidemiologist has called for vaccination points to be set up once vaccines against Covid-19 become widely available with a view to getting the public vaccinated as quickly as possible. (budapesttimes.hu)
  • The Biden administration has already ensured that there are enough vaccines to vaccinate the 28 million children ages 5 to 11 who are eligible for vaccination and will help equip more than 25,000 pediatric and primary care offices, hundreds of community health centers, and rural health clinics as well as tens of thousands of pharmacies to administer the shots, according to the White House . (shtfplan.com)
  • Although multiple factors are involved, the role of mass media in shaping attitudes toward vaccines cannot be ignored, especially its ability to spread misinformation and foster division. (jmir.org)
  • To further encourage vaccination, health officials made COVID-19 vaccines easily accessible. (cdc.gov)
  • Because smallpox vaccination requires a live virus, it originally required a sample to be transferred from person-to-person or animal-to-person directly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Compulsory vaccinations were used throughout the beginning of the 20th century in a most of these countries, which led to the decline of smallpox. (wikipedia.org)
  • This sound bite is the most commonly pulled weapon used by the vaccinators, only second to "smallpox and polio were eradicated by vaccination. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • We embed this traced vaccination policy in a smallpox disease transmission model to estimate the number of cases and deaths that would result from an attack in a large urban area. (stanford.edu)
  • Title : Smallpox control by mass vaccination with dried vaccine Personal Author(s) : Frederiksen, Harald;Sheehy, James P. (cdc.gov)
  • The history of smallpox is remarkable not only because of the spectacular devastation it wreaked upon civilization since the dawn of humankind, but also for the astounding achievement of modern medicine, which eradicated this plague through the concerted efforts of global vaccination (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • ABSTRACT We evaluated the measles-rubella mass vaccination campaign in the Islamic Repub- lic of Iran in December 2003. (who.int)
  • Implementation of the World's largest measles-rubella mass vaccination campaign in Bangladesh: a process evaluation. (bvsalud.org)
  • The university's effort to support the country's mass vaccination effort began at U of T Mississauga, which opened the doors to the first U of T-hosted mass vaccination clinic on March 1 - near the height of the pandemic's third wave. (utoronto.ca)
  • The university also hosted a vaccine clinic pow wow and pop-up clinics in June to provide Indigenous Peoples with a culturally safe place to receive their vaccinations. (utoronto.ca)
  • But starting Monday, the home of the New England Patriots will become a large-scale COVID-19 vaccination clinic, providing a glimmer of hope for a state that has lost more than 13,000 residents to the virus. (bostonglobe.com)
  • The Carlisle Board of Health is sponsoring a COVID-19 and Flu Vaccination Clinic for children (age 6 months and older) and adults on Tuesday, December 5th from 4:30 to 7:30 p.m. in the Carlisle School Cafeteria at the Carlisle Public School. (carlislema.gov)
  • It is very clear that this booster program here in our state is going to be critical in order to keep people safe and ensure we can keep NSW open,' he told reporters while touring the new Granville Centre vaccination clinic. (thewest.com.au)
  • The end is nigh for the AIS Mass Vaccination Clinic which will administer its last doses at the end of this month. (the-riotact.com)
  • The Winnipeg Regional Health Authority will scale back its mass H1N1 immunization clinics beginning Monday. (chrisd.ca)
  • 1 Although mass immunization campaigns have greatly reduced its incidence, outbreaks continue to occur through a sylvatic cycle involving monkeys as a natural reservoir. (who.int)
  • However, only Gambia, Guinea-Bissau and Sao Tome and Principe attained 90% population coverage in 2015.3 The YF national immunization coverage varies from 20% to 97% with a median coverage of 80%, following preventive mass vaccination campaigns (PMVC). (who.int)
  • Vaccination coverage, community awareness of the campaign and the quality of vaccination services were assessed in the population covered by Tehran University of Medical Sciences. (who.int)
  • mass campaign was performed by active and The global goals set by the World Health passive vaccination teams. (who.int)
  • Russia has launched a mass coronavirus vaccination campaign opened to all Russians in a bid to stem the spread of the virus without reimposing a new nationwide lockdown. (rferl.org)
  • ABUJA, Nov 15 (Reuters) - Nigeria will start a mass Covid-19 vaccination campaign later this week, aiming to inoculate half of its targeted population by the end of January, government officials said. (dailymaverick.co.za)
  • Dr Clive Dix, who stepped down from his role as chairman of the government body last year, urged ministers to end mass vaccination once the booster campaign is over. (davidicke.com)
  • The vaccination program was imposed on UK schools followed a government 'information' campaign which exaggerated the benefits of the vaccine without communicating the known safety risks . (sanevax.org)
  • Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, supported a mass vaccination Measles - Rubella Campaign (MRC) in Bangladesh during January-February 2014. (bvsalud.org)
  • a mass vaccination campaign was initiated February 8, 1984. (cdc.gov)
  • A dramatic decline in the number of meningitis cases occurred coincident with the initiation of the mass vaccination campaign. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC's Supporting Tribal Public Health Capacity in Coronavirus Preparedness and Response grant provided funding to help develop and support the White Earth Nation's robust COVID-19 vaccination campaign. (cdc.gov)
  • The oft-parroted sound bite - "we need herd immunity"- implies that if ninety five percent of the population can become "immune" to a disease via vaccination , target immunity levels will be met and diseases will either be eradicated or controlled. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Israel was the first country to mass vaccinate its population under an agreement with Pfizer to exchange vaccine supply for public health data in an experiment on the people "to evaluate whether herd immunity protection is observed during the Product vaccination program rollout. (naturalnews.com)
  • He noted that given Indonesia's enormous population - the world's fourth largest - its vaccination program is key to worldwide efforts to protect enough people so that the global community reaches herd immunity. (thediplomat.com)
  • Many people will have experienced annual influenza vaccinations being administered by intramuscular injection (generally used for adults) or by nasal delivery (generally used for children). (ondrugdelivery.com)
  • Surveillance of Adverse Events After Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Pregnant Women and Their Infants in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, July 2010-May 2016. (cdc.gov)
  • Safety of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis and influenza vaccinations in pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
  • Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy: A review of subsequent maternal obstetric events and findings from two recent cohort studies. (cdc.gov)
  • Pertussis and Influenza Vaccination Among Insured Pregnant Women - Wisconsin, 2013-2014. (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Women Who Delivered a Live-Born Infant - 21 States and NYC, 2009-10 and 2010-11 Influenza Seasons. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza Vaccination Among Pregnant Women - Massachusetts, 2009-2010. (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal Influenza and 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Pregnant Women - 10 States, 2009-10 Influenza Season MMWR . (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza Vaccination in Pregnancy: Practices Among Obstetrician-Gynecologists - United States, 2003-04 Influenza Season. (cdc.gov)
  • This image depicted LT Jenn Pond, RN, in the process of administering an influenza vaccination on October 30, 2018, to a civilian after a Category V Typhoon devastated the island of Saipan, one of the Northern Mariana Islands, a U.S. Territory. (cdc.gov)
  • The United States Public Health Service (USPHS) provided mass island vaccination for Influenza and Tdap during the recovery efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • Mass vaccination is a public policy effort to vaccinate a large number of people, possibly the entire population of the world or of a country or region, within a short period of time. (wikipedia.org)
  • They also claimed that they had no plans to use the technology to mass vaccinate millions of people without their knowledge. (naturalnews.com)
  • As the Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph region continues to make progress on its COVID-19 vaccine rollout, WDG Public Health is announcing the next phase of the local vaccination program. (citizen.on.ca)
  • Surrey's mass vaccination centre welcomed its first residents on Monday (January 11) as the fightback against the spread of coronavirus steps up. (getsurrey.co.uk)
  • Epsom Downs Racecourse welcomed its first residents as it opened as a 'super' mass vaccination centre on Monday (January 11). (getsurrey.co.uk)
  • Fort Regent will be the venue of a mass vaccination centre for coronavirus, and the first islanders could be immunised before the end of the year. (channel103.com)
  • Fort Regent will become a Covid-19 vaccination centre, adapted to meet clinical requirements for safety. (channel103.com)
  • Police, firefighters and EMTs are signing up for COVID-19 vaccination appointments scheduled to begin on Jan. 11. (wbur.org)
  • California has already launched the 'My Turn' app, where residents can get alerted when they are eligible to make an appointment to get the vaccine, and now San Francisco has its own website to book appointments at its vaccination locations. (kron4.com)
  • Members of the public may check their eligibility for vaccination, sign up for notifications and schedule appointments in select areas through the site. (ca.gov)
  • Approximately 800 appointments are available for this first day of vaccinations. (heraldguide.com)
  • The federal government is setting up a mass vaccination site at the Wolstein Center at Cleveland State University. (wvxu.org)
  • This site is in addition to 15 state-operated mass vaccination coming to various sites, along with four mobile sites. (wvxu.org)
  • This is on top of the mass vax site on @CLE_State campus, which will do 6k shots a day. (wvxu.org)
  • More than 25,000 Ohioans live within one mile of the new federal vaccination site. (wvxu.org)
  • With this mass vaccination site, the light at the end of the tunnel just got a lot brighter," Budish says. (wvxu.org)
  • SAN FRANCISCO (KRON) - San Francisco is adding a second mass vaccination site to administer the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 doses. (kron4.com)
  • This brings a total of three mass vaccination sites to the Bay Area, once Oakland's site opens up in partnership with FEMA and Cal OES in mid-February. (kron4.com)
  • Seattle Mayor Jenny A. Durkan, Gov. Jay Inslee, King County Executive Dow Constantine, and partners across community, government, health care, and the private sector discuss the opening of the new mass vaccination site at the Lumen Field Event Center. (seattlechannel.org)
  • The Community Vaccination Site at the Lumen Field Event Center is a partnership between the City of Seattle, First & Goal Inc., and Swedish, and will be the largest civilian-led vaccination site in the country. (seattlechannel.org)
  • The mass coronavirus vaccination site at Gillette Stadium is set to open Monday for first responders. (bostonglobe.com)
  • As a new mass coronavirus vaccination site opened Thursday in Montgomery County, Maryland, people who planned to head to the site were given some advice from County Executive Marc Elrich. (wtop.com)
  • Once you preregister online for an appointment at a mass vaccination site, you are eventually notified and given a specific appointment time. (wtop.com)
  • That is also the case at the new vaccination site at the Greenbelt Metro station that opened this week . (wtop.com)
  • Personnel and equipment currently being utilized at the Oakland site will remain in place to provide vaccinations for the next four weeks. (ca.gov)
  • Epsom Downs Racecourse has previously been used as a vaccination station but Monday marked its official opening as a site for mass vaccinating. (getsurrey.co.uk)
  • HAPPENING NOW: The second mass drive-thru vaccination site at COTA. (kvue.com)
  • Today St. Charles Parish President Matthew Jewell, joined with leaders from neighboring parishes, announced a partnership with Ochsner Health and St. Charles Parish Hospital that brings an indoor mass vaccination site to St. Charles Parish. (heraldguide.com)
  • The Luling vaccination site will service all of the river and bayou parishes. (heraldguide.com)
  • We are eager to partner with Ochsner and St. Charles Parish Hospital on this mass vaccination site, as it provides a crucial and valuable resource to St. Charles Parish residents as well as residents in all of Region 3," Jewell said. (heraldguide.com)
  • When vaccination supplies increase, Ochsner officials said they plan to operate Luling's mass vaccination site more regularly in order to offer the vaccine to hundreds of people a day. (heraldguide.com)
  • The site will service new populations become eligible for vaccination. (alamance-nc.com)
  • An empty department store building was turned into a mass vaccination site. (cdc.gov)
  • In December 2020, at the beginning of the vaccination push, more than 1,200 vaccine doses were given at this site in one day. (cdc.gov)
  • On April 6, all Marylanders 16 and older became eligible to preregister at mass vaccination sites. (wtop.com)
  • On April 12, all Marylanders 16 and older will be eligible for vaccination through all providers. (wtop.com)
  • Russia, which has the world's fourth-highest number of COVID-19 cases, began large-scale vaccinations last month, initially for people in key professions such as medical workers and teachers, even though the inoculation was still in its third phase of clinical trials. (rferl.org)
  • In addition, the state will sponsor its own mass vaccination clinics in 15 cities throughout Ohio as vaccine becomes available. (wvxu.org)
  • And four mobile mass vaccination clinics will serve Ada, Athens, Mansfield and Steubenville. (wvxu.org)
  • Mass vaccination clinics have always been part of our plan, but adequate supply is necessary for larger sites, so it was crucial that we first established local provider sites in all 88 counties to ensure that every citizen in every community has a provider nearby," said Governor DeWine. (wvxu.org)
  • Read more information about the mass vaccination clinics below. (wvxu.org)
  • Beginning next Friday (August 6) mass vaccination clinics in the region will begin to close. (citizen.on.ca)
  • These last few weeks of our mass clinics are the easiest way to get your shot. (citizen.on.ca)
  • The vaccination facility, which is designed to administer 3,000 shots a day (though it hit 5,636 shots in a single day earlier this month), is under the control of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the state of Florida. (af.mil)
  • Thousands of Indonesians lined up at a sports stadium to get a COVID-19 vaccine dose Thursday in a one-day, mass vaccination event that's part of a push to dramatically scale up the nation's virus fight as hospitals fill with sick patients. (sandiegouniontribune.com)
  • Ministers have announced plans for Jersey's Covid-19 vaccination programme. (channel103.com)
  • Thus each medical of virus transmission in the community university in the Islamic Republic of Iran more than 95% of the population must be is responsible not only for research and protected, and it is difficult to reach this education but also providing health services level of protection by routine vaccination for the people of a specified region. (who.int)
  • While students can also get exemptions from routine vaccinations for medical reasons, religious exemptions are far more common. (bostonglobe.com)
  • During that waiting period, patients are asked to use their phone to book their next vaccination appointment on CIC's website to complete the two-dose cycle. (bostonglobe.com)
  • second dose vaccinations will continue at the Burlington Athletic Park. (alamance-nc.com)
  • But while the vaccine has been widely available in Moscow, with vaccination centers located at prominent sites in the capital, reports said most regions have reported receiving fewer than 5,000 doses so far. (rferl.org)
  • The following are the mass vaccination sites in the Bay Area. (kron4.com)
  • The company hopes to avoid lines during the vaccination process, something chief marketing and experience officer Rodrigo Martinez says it has been able to do with its coronavirus testing sites. (bostonglobe.com)
  • Maryland has had numerous mass vaccination sites up and running across the state, but the one that opened Thursday at the Montgomery College Germantown Campus was the first in Montgomery County, which is Maryland's most populous county. (wtop.com)
  • As mass vaccination sites are run by the state, Marylanders can be vaccinated at any of those sites regardless of where they live. (wtop.com)
  • State-run COVID-19 vaccination sites started allowing walk-in visits for all residents 16 and older on Thursday. (wxxi.org)
  • Gov. Andrew Cuomo and officials from President Joe Biden's administration announced Wednesday that they will open mass vaccination sites in medically. (wxxi.org)
  • Having a mix of large vaccination sites, alongside smaller community sites and mobile pop-ups, is critical for our vaccination infrastructure and meeting our goals for equitable distribution. (ca.gov)
  • Two joint federal pilot sites have helped expand the rate of vaccinations in California in an efficient, effective and equitable manner since they were launched in February. (ca.gov)
  • Georgia ranks near the bottom of all states when it comes to the pace of vaccinations, yet amidst low demand, the state is shutting down most of its mass vaccination sites. (nhpr.org)
  • BLANKENSHIP: Until now, vaccinations in Georgia have required making an appointment, sometimes at massive sites that can dole out thousands of shots daily. (nhpr.org)
  • While vaccinations may start later this week, the program will still be ramping up to its full strength, with millions more doses packed, shipped, and delivered and thousands of additional sites coming online each day," Zients said, noting tha t 15 million child-sized doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech coronavirus vaccine already are being moved from Pfizer's freezers and facilities to distribution centers . (shtfplan.com)
  • For example, during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, CORE partnered with the Los Angeles Fire Department, City of Los Angeles, and medical partners to set up and operate one of the largest mass testing sites in the United States at Dodger Stadium. (cdc.gov)
  • Aid organizations and the Ethiopian government have started a large-scale vaccination program for Somali refugee children in Ethiopian camps hoping to counteract outbreaks of disease among the malnourished population. (unhcr.org)
  • Indonesia's vaccination program is the first large-scale use outside of China of the Sinovac Biotech Ltd. vaccine. (thediplomat.com)
  • The Professional Firefighters of Massachusetts had raised concerns about the state's plan for its more than 12,000 members but union president Richard MacKinnon now says he's "cautiously optimistic" it will work. (wbur.org)
  • Mr Perrottet said it was an important milestone in the state's vaccination program, as it transitions to giving booster shots to adults who received their second jab six months ago. (thewest.com.au)
  • Health Minister Brad Hazzard said the closure of Qudos Bank Arena would not lead to a further slowdown of the state's vaccination rate. (thewest.com.au)
  • Andy Fry and Stephen Blatcher discuss the need for a mass vaccination device in response to the 2020 covid-19 pandemic. (ondrugdelivery.com)
  • Prior to the universal varicella vaccination program, 95% of adults experienced natural chickenpox (usually as school aged children)-these cases were usually benign and resulted in long term immunity. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • For more updates on the local vaccination program, please visit https://www.wdgpublichealth.ca/vaccine . (citizen.on.ca)
  • Americans are going to bear the brunt of what invariably is going to be a failed mass vaccination program that will go down as one of the most deadly, one of the most injurious and costly in human history," McCullough said in a recent podcast . (naturalnews.com)
  • This week, in a BBC website article co-authored with Dr Steve Taylor , consultant physician Dr Colm O'Mahony points out the superiority of the Merck HPV vaccine 'Gardasil' over it's GSK competition 'Cervarix' (which is currently administered as part of the HPV mass vaccination program in the UK). (sanevax.org)
  • However, this method was not sufficient enough to enable widespread vaccination in tropical regions of the world, and thus was largely restricted to temperate countries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Suddenly vaccination happened in a widespread and quick way after Raisi came to office. (northernpublicradio.org)
  • Mr Hancock will speak on the day seven mass vaccination hubs have opened across England, and Prime Minister Boris Johnson said 2.4million people had so far had a jab. (getsurrey.co.uk)
  • NSW is on the brink of hitting 90 per cent full vaccination of people aged 16 and over, with 89.8 per cent now double-dosed. (thewest.com.au)
  • We need to do the vaccination to stop the chain spread of COVID-19 and give health protection to us and the safety to all Indonesian people. (thediplomat.com)
  • A large number of people already have contracted the virus and huge vaccination has taken place in recent months," health official Moayed Alavian said in an attempt to explain the sharp drop in infections easing the burden on Iran's overwhelmed health system. (northernpublicradio.org)
  • Also, a small number of people said knowing someone who had an adverse reaction to COVID-19 vaccination was a barrier for them. (medscape.com)
  • Gallagher explained that, by definition in the survey, an adverse reaction to vaccination had to be serious enough to drive people to seek medical care. (medscape.com)
  • Primary health care centers resumed public vaccination for Covid-19 on government directives, amidst continuous strike by Nigerian resident doctors. (dailymaverick.co.za)
  • TEHRAN, Iran - As much of the world sees vaccination slowing and infections soaring with the spread of omicron, Iran has found a rare, if fleeting, respite from the anxiety and trauma of the pandemic. (northernpublicradio.org)
  • Acting Secretary of the Air Force John P. Roth travelled to Florida April 16, to tour an efficiently-run tent city and COVID-19 mass vaccination operation . (af.mil)
  • Massachusetts' COVID-19 vaccination plan was guided by the Commonwealth's COVID-19 Vaccine Advisory Group , a diverse group launched in October consisting of medical professionals, public health experts, elected officials, community leaders, and infectious disease specialists. (mass.gov)
  • First responders are the third high priority vaccine group in Massachusetts after front-line health care workers and the staff and residents of long-term care facilities. (wbur.org)
  • In many communities, there's a varying degree of experience with it [vaccinations]," says Sigalle Reiss, president of the Massachusetts Health Officers Association and the public health director in Norwood. (wbur.org)
  • What began as a pastime for Ellwand soon turned into a focused project to document an unprecedented moment in U of T's history when all three campuses, local public health authorities and hospital partners came together to help with Canada's largest mass-vaccination drive. (utoronto.ca)
  • The Board of Health recommends individuals communicate with their PCP for advice on COVID-19 vaccination. (carlislema.gov)
  • just as the Minister of Health has noted in Parliament that the Norwegian Government rejected mass vaccination in 1990/1991," says Ron Law. (newmediaexplorer.org)
  • Despite calls for caution, the risks of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination have been minimized or ignored by health organizations and government authorities. (researchgate.net)
  • The Massachusetts state COVID-19 vaccination attestation form is no longer required. (mass.gov)
  • State police say they expect to stagger vaccinations at regional facilities to avoid being short-staffed if vaccine recipients experience mild symptoms. (wbur.org)
  • And it seems to be the same across the state," says Dunne, president of the Massachusetts Chiefs of Police Association. (wbur.org)
  • Legislators who want to boost vaccination rates in the state say they should be banned. (bostonglobe.com)
  • Schools across the state voluntarily report their vaccination data for kindergartens each year, and with the table below you can look up your child's school to see the percentage of kids there who have exemptions from at least one mandated vaccine. (bostonglobe.com)
  • Unvaccinated NSW residents, however, have to wait until December 15 or when the state reaches a 95 per cent double-vaccination rate to enjoy greater freedoms. (thewest.com.au)
  • James Machado, executive director of the Massachusetts Police Association, says interest in the coronavirus vaccine is high in some departments and he thinks more officers will get the shots once they see that doing so is safe. (wbur.org)
  • Russia began mass vaccinations with Sputnik V in early December, while batches of the vaccine were sent overseas to Belarus, Serbia and Argentina. (themoscowtimes.com)
  • AUSTIN, Texas - This weekend, Travis, Hays, Caldwell and Bastrop counties plan to host another mass vaccination event at Circuit of the Americas (COTA). (kvue.com)
  • If the allegations against these entities are true, which I believe they are, we are being systematically altered, sickened and manipulated by powerful governing bodies that either don't understand the risks of vaccination, or don't care. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Given the high rate of occurrence of adverse effects that have been reported to date, as well as the potential for vaccine-driven disease enhancement, Th2-immunopathology, autoimmunity, and immune evasion, there is a need for a better understanding of the benefits and risks of mass vaccination, particularly in groups excluded from clinical trials. (researchgate.net)
  • In a related development, New Zealand has apparently dismantled its Independent Safety Monitoring Board, the one agency that could get to the bottom of any side effects caused by the vaccination drive. (newmediaexplorer.org)
  • La couverture vaccinale, la sensibilisation du public à cette campagne et la qualité des services de vaccination ont été évaluées dans la population desservie par l'Université des Sciences médicales de Téhéran. (who.int)
  • While the tenuated rubella vaccine is now used in target population for MR vaccination was most of the world. (who.int)
  • This high percentage of individuals having long term immunity has been compromised by mass vaccination of children which provides at best 70 to 90% immunity that is temporary and of unknown duration-shifting chickenpox to a more vulnerable adult population where chickenpox carries 20 times more risk of death and 15 times more risk of hospitalization compared to children. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • The mass vaccination of the Surrey population against coronavirus is under way. (getsurrey.co.uk)
  • He added: "Mass population-backed vaccination in the UK should now end. (davidicke.com)
  • She said the entire vaccination process Friday at COTA took about 30 minutes. (kvue.com)
  • In the era of information overload, effective communication is critical in ensuring the dissemination of accurate and reliable information to optimize the vaccination decision-making process. (jmir.org)
  • On Friday, vaccinations began of all children being transferred from a transit center in the region. (unhcr.org)
  • The mass vaccination of children must stop now. (healthimpactnews.com)
  • I'm so proud of the members of the U of T community for offering their time and expertise to support the province's mass vaccination effort," said Trevor Young , acting vice-president and provost, and dean of the Temerty Faculty of Medicine. (utoronto.ca)
  • There are 440 community vaccination centers in all nationwide that receive some mixture of personnel, supplies and funding from the federal government. (af.mil)
  • The first vaccination event will occur on Saturday, March 27, from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. at the Edward A. Dufresne Community Center, located at 274 Judge Edward Dufresne Pkwy in Luling. (heraldguide.com)
  • Foxborough officer Brendan Fayles checked in for his vaccination at Gillette Stadium. (bostonglobe.com)
  • Vaccinations began Thursday at the stadium for staff. (bostonglobe.com)
  • The TV address from Downing Street also comes on the day Chancellor Rishi Sunak updates Parliament on the economic situation and vaccination minister Nadhuim Zahawi reveals progress so far - and what happens next. (getsurrey.co.uk)
  • Massachusetts moved to Phase 2 in February, and the plan continued to focus on vaccinating the oldest and most vulnerable, supporting the Commonwealth's nation-leading success in vaccinating these populations. (mass.gov)
  • As of April 19, Massachusetts has entered Phase 3 of the vaccine distribution plan. (mass.gov)
  • Database: What's the vaccination exemption rate at your child's school? (bostonglobe.com)
  • The serogroup A meningococcal vaccine has a clinical efficacy of 85%-95% for at least 1 year, with protection achieved 1-2 weeks after vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • The efforts follow a warning earlier this week from the Red Cross that Indonesia is "on the edge of a COVID-19 catastrophe" and urgently needs to increase medical care, testing and vaccinations. (sandiegouniontribune.com)
  • Thursday's mass vaccination event was part of efforts to reach a target of 1 million doses per day in July and 2 million in August. (sandiegouniontribune.com)
  • No vaccination efforts were undertaken. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the convenience and cost advantages of hypodermic syringes are undeniable, there is a strong case to be made that a better delivery platform exists to meet the unprecedented demand for rapid global mass vaccination against covid-19. (ondrugdelivery.com)
  • Mass vaccination : global aspects - progress and obstacles / S.A. Plotkin (ed). (who.int)