The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of organisms which inhabit the OCEANS AND SEAS.
One of the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.
Organisms that live in water.
Comprehensive, methodical analysis of complex biological systems by monitoring responses to perturbations of biological processes. Large scale, computerized collection and analysis of the data are used to develop and test models of biological systems.
A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).
Toxic or poisonous substances elaborated by marine flora or fauna. They include also specific, characterized poisons or toxins for which there is no more specific heading, like those from poisonous FISHES.
The phylum of sponges which are sessile, suspension-feeding, multicellular animals that utilize flagellated cells called choanocytes to circulate water. Most are hermaphroditic. They are probably an early evolutionary side branch that gave rise to no other group of animals. Except for about 150 freshwater species, sponges are marine animals. They are a source of ALKALOIDS; STEROLS; and other complex molecules useful in medicine and biological research.
A discipline concerned with studying biological phenomena in terms of the chemical and physical interactions of molecules.
The field of biology which deals with the process of the growth and differentiation of an organism.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)
A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.
A field of biological research combining engineering in the formulation, design, and building (synthesis) of novel biological structures, functions, and systems.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Atlantic Ocean" is a geographical term referring to one of the world's five oceans, covering approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and separating the continents of Europe and Africa to the east from those of North and South America to the west. It doesn't have a direct medical definition, as it is not a medical term.
Places for cultivation and harvesting of fish, particularly in sea waters. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Pacific Ocean" is a geographical term referring to the largest ocean in the world, covering an area of about 63,800,000 square miles (165,200,000 square kilometers), and it is not a medical term.
Animals that have no spinal column.
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
*Medically unexceptional, the Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental body of water that separates Southern Europe from Northern Africa and the Middle East, infamous for historical epidemics like plague, which have significantly shaped human health history.*
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.
Community of tiny aquatic PLANTS and ANIMALS, and photosynthetic BACTERIA, that are either free-floating or suspended in the water, with little or no power of locomotion. They are divided into PHYTOPLANKTON and ZOOPLANKTON.
The common name for the phylum of microscopic unicellular STRAMENOPILES. Most are aquatic, being found in fresh, brackish, and salt water. Diatoms are noted for the symmetry and sculpturing of their siliceous cell walls. They account for 40% of PHYTOPLANKTON, but not all diatoms are planktonic.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Free-floating minute organisms that are photosynthetic. The term is non-taxonomic and refers to a lifestyle (energy utilization and motility), rather than a particular type of organism. Most, but not all, are unicellular algae. Important groups include DIATOMS; DINOFLAGELLATES; CYANOBACTERIA; CHLOROPHYTA; HAPTOPHYTA; CRYPTOMONADS; and silicoflagellates.
A genus of VIBRIONACEAE, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle.
DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.
One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.
Complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or matter derived from organisms usually obtained by biological methods or assay.
Multicellular marine macroalgae including some members of red (RHODOPHYTA), green (CHLOROPHYTA), and brown (PHAEOPHYTA) algae. They are widely distributed in the ocean, occurring from the tide level to considerable depths, free-floating (planktonic) or anchored to the substratum (benthic). They lack a specialized vascular system but take up fluids, nutrients, and gases directly from the water. They contain CHLOROPHYLL and are photosynthetic, but some also contain other light-absorbing pigments. Many are of economic importance as FOOD, fertilizer, AGAR, potash, or source of IODINE.
A group of the proteobacteria comprised of facultatively anaerobic and fermentative gram-negative bacteria.
The suborder of aquatic CARNIVORA comprising the WALRUSES; FUR SEALS; SEA LIONS; and EARLESS SEALS. They have fusiform bodies with very short tails and are found on all sea coasts. The offspring are born on land.
The protection, preservation, restoration, and rational use of all resources in the total environment.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Flagellate EUKARYOTES, found mainly in the oceans. They are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water. Dinoflagellida were formerly members of the class Phytomastigophorea under the old five kingdom paradigm.
A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of mussels; clams; OYSTERS; COCKLES; and SCALLOPS. They are characterized by a bilaterally symmetrical hinged shell and a muscular foot used for burrowing and anchoring.
The science that deals with the ocean and its phenomena. (Webster, 3d ed)
A genus of GRAM-NEGATIVE AEROBIC BACTERIA of marine origin. Many species were formerly classified under ALTEROMONAS.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "North Sea" is geographical and refers to the northernmost part of the Atlantic Ocean, located between eastern England, east Scotland, Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France, rather than having a medical definition.
A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised mostly of two major phenotypes: purple non-sulfur bacteria and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria.
A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of SNAILS and slugs. The former have coiled external shells and the latter usually lack shells.
Plants of the division Rhodophyta, commonly known as red algae, in which the red pigment (PHYCOERYTHRIN) predominates. However, if this pigment is destroyed, the algae can appear purple, brown, green, or yellow. Two important substances found in the cell walls of red algae are AGAR and CARRAGEENAN. Some rhodophyta are notable SEAWEED (macroalgae).
The most diversified of all fish orders and the largest vertebrate order. It includes many of the commonly known fish such as porgies, croakers, sunfishes, dolphin fish, mackerels, TUNA, etc.
Sulfur compounds in which the sulfur atom is attached to three organic radicals and an electronegative element or radical.
The sequence of transfers of matter and energy from organism to organism in the form of FOOD. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. PLANTS, which convert SOLAR ENERGY to food by PHOTOSYNTHESIS, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a larger animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter.
A genus of obligately aerobic marine phototrophic and chemoorganotrophic bacteria, in the family RHODOBACTERACEAE.
A class of marine annelids including sandworms, tube worms, clamworms, and fire worms. It includes also the genus Myxicola infundibulum.
A division of predominantly marine EUKARYOTA, commonly known as brown algae, having CHROMATOPHORES containing carotenoid PIGMENTS, BIOLOGICAL. ALGINATES and phlorotannins occur widely in all major orders. They are considered the most highly evolved algae because of their well-developed multicellular organization and structural complexity.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.
The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.
A class in the phylum CNIDARIA, comprised mostly of corals and anemones. All members occur only as polyps; the medusa stage is completely absent.
A body of water covering approximately one-fifth of the total ocean area of the earth, extending amidst Africa in the west, Australia in the east, Asia in the north, and Antarctica in the south. Including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, it constitutes the third largest ocean after the ATLANTIC OCEAN and the PACIFIC OCEAN. (New Encyclopaedia Britannica Micropaedia, 15th ed, 1990, p289)
A genus of GREEN ALGAE in the family Ulvaceae. Commonly know as sea lettuces, they grow attached to rocks and KELP in marine and estuarine waters.
The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A republic consisting of a group of about 100 islands and islets in the western Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Koror. Under Spain it was administered as a part of the Caroline Islands but was sold to Germany in 1899. Seized by Japan in 1914, it was taken by the Allies in World War II in 1944. In 1947 it became part of the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, became internally self-governing in 1980, obtained independent control over its foreign policy (except defense) in 1986, and achieved total independence October 1, 1994. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p915; telephone communication with Randy Flynn, Board on Geographic Names, 17 January 1995)
The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their ENVIRONMENT, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. (Webster's, 3d ed)
Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.
An order of wholly aquatic MAMMALS occurring in all the OCEANS and adjoining seas of the world, as well as in certain river systems. They feed generally on FISHES, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Most are gregarious and most have a relatively long period of parental care and maturation. Included are DOLPHINS; PORPOISES; and WHALES. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp969-70)
Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.
The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.
The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)
A form-genus of spherical to rod-shaped CYANOBACTERIA in the order Chroococcales. They contain THYLAKOIDS and are found in a wide range of habitats.
A genus of marine planktonic CYANOBACTERIA in the order PROCHLOROPHYTES. They lack PHYCOBILISOMES and contain divinyl CHLOROPHYLL, a and b.
Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.

Growth characteristics of Heterosigma akashiwo virus and its possible use as a microbiological agent for red tide control. (1/949)

The growth characteristics of Heterosigma akashiwo virus clone 01 (HaV01) were examined by performing a one-step growth experiment. The virus had a latent period of 30 to 33 h and a burst size of 7.7 x 10(2) lysis-causing units in an infected cell. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the virus particles formed on the peripheries of viroplasms, as observed in a natural H. akashiwo cell. Inoculation of HaV01 into a mixed algal culture containing four phytoplankton species, H. akashiwo H93616, Chattonella antiqua (a member of the family Raphidophyceae), Heterocapsa triquetra (a member of the family Dinophyceae), and Ditylum brightwellii (a member of the family Bacillariophyceae), resulted in selective growth inhibition of H. akashiwo. Inoculation of HaV01 and H. akashiwo H93616 into a natural seawater sample produced similar results. However, a natural H. akashiwo red tide sample did not exhibit any conspicuous sensitivity to HaV01, presumably because of the great diversity of the host species with respect to virus infection. The growth characteristics of the lytic virus infecting the noxious harmful algal bloom-causing alga were considered, and the possibility of using this virus as a microbiological agent against H. akashiwo red tides is discussed.  (+info)

Evolutionary patterns from mass originations and mass extinctions. (2/949)

The Fossil Record 2 database gives a stratigraphic range of most known animal and plant families. We have used it to plot the number of families extant through time and argue for an exponential fit, rather than a logistic one, on the basis of power spectra of the residuals from the exponential. The times of origins and extinctions, when plotted for all families of marine and terrestrial organisms over the last 600 Myr, reveal different origination and extinction peaks. This suggests that patterns of biological evolution are driven by its own internal dynamics as well as responding to upsets from external causes. Spectral analysis shows that the residuals from the exponential model of the marine system are more consistent with 1/f noise suggesting that self-organized criticality phenomena may be involved.  (+info)

Mechanism of inhibition of a poxvirus topoisomerase by the marine natural product sansalvamide A. (3/949)

At present no antiviral agents are available for treatment of infection by the pathogenic poxvirus molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV). Here we report the identification and characterization of an inhibitor active against the virus-encoded type-1 topoisomerase, an enzyme likely to be required for MCV replication. We screened a library of marine extracts and natural products from microorganisms using MCV topoisomerase assays in vitro. The cyclic depsipeptide sansalvamide A was found to inhibit topoisomerase-catalyzed DNA relaxation. Sansalvamide A was inactive against two other DNA-modifying enzymes tested as a counterscreen. Assays of discrete steps in the topoisomerase reaction cycle revealed that sansalvamide A inhibited DNA binding and thereby covalent complex formation, but not resealing of a DNA nick in a preformed covalent complex. Sansalvamide A also inhibits DNA binding by the isolated catalytic domain, thereby specifying the part of the protein sensitive to sansalvamide A. These data specify the mechanism by which sansalvamide A inhibits MCV topoisomerase. Cyclic depsipeptides related to sansalvamide A represent a potentially promising chemical family for development of anti-MCV agents.  (+info)

Low-molecular-weight sulfonates, a major substrate for sulfate reducers in marine microbial mats. (4/949)

Several low-molecular-weight sulfonates were added to microbial mat slurries to investigate their effects on sulfate reduction. Instantaneous production of sulfide occurred after taurine and cysteate were added to all of the microbial mats tested. The rates of production in the presence of taurine and cysteate were 35 and 24 microM HS(-) h(-1) in a stromatolite mat, 38 and 36 microM HS(-) h(-1) in a salt pond mat, and 27 and 18 microM HS(-) h(-1) in a salt marsh mat, respectively. The traditionally used substrates lactate and acetate stimulated the rate of sulfide production 3 to 10 times more than taurine and cysteate stimulated the rate of sulfide production in all mats, but when ethanol, glycolate, and glutamate were added to stromatolite mat slurries, the resulting increases were similar to the increases observed with taurine and cysteate. Isethionate, sulfosuccinate, and sulfobenzoate were tested only with the stromatolite mat slurry, and these compounds had much smaller effects on sulfide production. Addition of molybdate resulted in a greater inhibitory effect on acetate and lactate utilization than on sulfonate use, suggesting that different metabolic pathways were involved. In all of the mats tested taurine and cysteate were present in the pore water at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations. An enrichment culture from the stromatolite mat was obtained on cysteate in a medium lacking sulfate and incubated anaerobically. The rate of cysteate consumption by this enrichment culture was 1.6 pmol cell(-1) h(-1). Compared to the results of slurry studies, this rate suggests that organisms with properties similar to the properties of this enrichment culture are a major constituent of the sulfidogenic population. In addition, taurine was consumed at some of highest dilutions obtained from most-probable-number enrichment cultures obtained from stromatolite samples. Based on our comparison of the sulfide production rates found in various mats, low-molecular-weight sulfonates are important sources of C and S in these ecosystems.  (+info)

An octaene fatty acid, 4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octacosaoctaenoic acid (28:8n-3), found in marine oils. (5/949)

We report structure determination of an octaene fatty acid, 4,7,10, 13,16,19,22,25-octacosaoctaenoic acid (28:8n-3). The molecular weight and double bond locations were determined using acetonitrile chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS and were confirmed by MS of hydrogenated and deuterogenated 28:8 and by argentation thin-layer chromatography. 28:8n-3 was 1.2 +/- 0.1%, in oil derived from the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii and a commercial polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate derived from fish oils (0.16 +/- 0.01%), both components of human dietary supplements. It was not found in whole bovine retina, cultured Y79 human retinoblastoma cells, or neonate baboon cerebral cortex. The long chain polyunsaturates present in the C. cohnii oil suggest a possible route for 28:8n-3 biosynthesis similar to that for biosynthesis of 22:6n-3.  (+info)

Genetic diversity of archaea in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments. (6/949)

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of naturally occurring archaeal communities in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments was carried out by PCR-mediated small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequencing. As determined through partial sequencing of rDNA clones amplified with archaea-specific primers, the archaeal populations in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments showed a great genetic diversity, and most members of these populations appeared to be uncultivated and unidentified organisms. In the phylogenetic analysis, a number of rDNA sequences obtained from deep-sea hydrothermal vents were placed in deep lineages of the crenarchaeotic phylum prior to the divergence of cultivated thermophilic members of the crenarchaeota or between thermophilic members of the euryarchaeota and members of the methanogen-halophile clade. Whole cell in situ hybridization analysis suggested that some microorganisms of novel phylotypes predicted by molecular phylogenetic analysis were likely present in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments. These findings expand our view of the genetic diversity of archaea in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments and of the phylogenetic organization of archaea.  (+info)

Roots as a site of hydrogen sulfide uptake in the hydrocarbon seep vestimentiferan Lamellibrachia sp. (7/949)

Vestimentiferan tubeworms have no mouth or gut, and the majority of their nutritional requirements are provided by endosymbiotic bacteria that utilize hydrogen sulfide oxidation to fix CO(2) into organic molecules. It has been assumed that all vestimentiferans obtain the sulfide, O(2) and CO(2) needed by the bacteria across the plume (gill) surface, but some live in locations where very little sulfide is available in the sea water surrounding the plume. We propose that at least some of these vestimentiferans can grow a posterior extension of their body and tube down into the sea-floor sediment, and that they can use this extension, which we call the 'root', to take up sulfide directly from the interstitial water. In this study of the vestimentiferan Lamellibrachia sp., found at hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico at depths of approximately 700 m, we measured seawater and interstitial sulfide concentrations in the hydrocarbon seep habitat, determined the structural characteristics of the root tube using transmission electron microscopy, characterized the biochemical composition of the tube wall, and measured the sulfide permeability of the root tube. We found that, while the sulfide concentration is less than 1 (micro)mol l(-)(1) in the sea water surrounding the gills, it can be over 1.5 mmol l(-)(1) at a depth of 10-25 cm in sediment beneath tubeworm bushes. The root tube is composed primarily of giant (&bgr;)-chitin crystallites (12-30 % of total mass) embedded in a protein matrix (50 % of total mass). Root tubes have a mean diameter of 1.4 mm, a mean wall thickness of 70 (micro)m and can be over 20 cm long. The tubeworm itself typically extends its body to the distal tip of the root tube. The root tube wall was quite permeable to sulfide, having a permeability coefficient at 20 degrees C of 0. 41x10(-)(3 )cm s(-)(1), with root tube being 2.5 times more permeable to sulfide than trunk tube of the same diameter. The characteristics of the root suggest that it reaches down to the higher sulfide levels present in the deeper sediment and that it functions to increase the surface area available for sulfide uptake in a manner analogous to a respiratory organ.  (+info)

Diversity and heterogeneity of epibiotic bacterial communities on the marine nematode Eubostrichus dianae. (8/949)

The diversity of a microbial community covering the surface of a marine nematode was analyzed by performing a 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) restriction cutting and sequencing analysis. In two clone libraries constructed by using individual nematodes, 54 and 85 restriction patterns were identified, and only 13 of these patterns were common to both libraries. Sequence analysis indicated that the common patterns belonged to four groups related to sequences of cytophagas, sulfate-reducing bacteria, members of the gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria, and caulobacters. At least two groups appeared to be permanent members of the community as they were also detected in a 16S rDNA library constructed 3 years previously by using 100 pooled nematode specimens. A surprising outcome was that very dominant filamentous bacteria were apparently not represented in the clone libraries, as quantitative probing showed that none of the common operational taxonomic unit groups displayed the expected overwhelming dominance. Nevertheless, our analysis revealed both an unexpectedly high level of bacterial diversity and heterogeneity in samples representing presumably very similar microenvironments.  (+info)

I apologize for the confusion, but "Marine Biology" is not a medical term. Instead, it is a branch of biology that deals with the study of marine organisms, their behaviors, and their interactions with the marine environment. Marine biologists investigate various aspects of marine life, such as the ecology, physiology, and genetics of marine plants, animals, and microorganisms. They also study the impact of human activities on marine ecosystems and work towards conservation efforts to protect these environments.

Biology is the scientific study of living organisms and their vital processes. It deals with the characteristics, classification, and behaviors of plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as how they interact with each other and the environment. Biology covers a wide range of topics, including genetics, cell biology, evolution, ecology, and physiology. The goal of biological research is to understand the fundamental principles that govern the functioning of living systems and to apply this knowledge to improve human health, agriculture, and the environment.

'Aquatic organisms' are living beings that inhabit bodies of water, such as oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and ponds. This group includes a wide variety of species, ranging from tiny microorganisms like plankton to large marine mammals like whales. Aquatic organisms can be divided into several categories based on their specific adaptations to their environment, including:

1. Plankton: small organisms that drift with the water currents and include both plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton).
2. Nekton: actively swimming aquatic organisms, such as fish, squid, and marine mammals.
3. Benthos: organisms that live on or in the bottom of bodies of water, including crustaceans, mollusks, worms, and some types of algae.
4. Neuston: organisms that live at the air-water interface, such as certain species of insects and small fish.

Aquatic organisms play a critical role in maintaining the health and balance of aquatic ecosystems, providing food and habitat for other species, and contributing to global nutrient cycling and climate regulation.

Systems Biology is a multidisciplinary approach to studying biological systems that involves the integration of various scientific disciplines such as biology, mathematics, physics, computer science, and engineering. It aims to understand how biological components, including genes, proteins, metabolites, cells, and organs, interact with each other within the context of the whole system. This approach emphasizes the emergent properties of biological systems that cannot be explained by studying individual components alone. Systems biology often involves the use of computational models to simulate and predict the behavior of complex biological systems and to design experiments for testing hypotheses about their functioning. The ultimate goal of systems biology is to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how biological systems function, with applications in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and bioengineering.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oceans and Seas" are not medical terms. Generally speaking, an ocean is a large body of saltwater that covers a majority of the Earth's surface, and a sea is a smaller body of saltwater that may be partially enclosed by land. However, if you have any questions related to marine biology or environmental science, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Marine toxins are toxic compounds that are produced by certain marine organisms, including algae, bacteria, and various marine animals such as shellfish, jellyfish, and snails. These toxins can cause a range of illnesses and symptoms in humans who consume contaminated seafood or come into direct contact with the toxin-producing organisms. Some of the most well-known marine toxins include:

1. Saxitoxin: Produced by certain types of algae, saxitoxin can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans who consume contaminated shellfish. Symptoms of PSP include tingling and numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingers, followed by muscle weakness, paralysis, and in severe cases, respiratory failure.
2. Domoic acid: Produced by certain types of algae, domoic acid can cause amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans who consume contaminated shellfish. Symptoms of ASP include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, headache, and memory loss.
3. Okadaic acid: Produced by certain types of algae, okadaic acid can cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans who consume contaminated shellfish. Symptoms of DSP include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.
4. Ciguatoxin: Produced by certain types of dinoflagellates, ciguatoxin can cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans who consume contaminated fish. Symptoms of CFP include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and neurological symptoms such as tingling and numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingers, as well as reversal of hot and cold sensations.
5. Tetrodotoxin: Found in certain types of pufferfish, tetrodotoxin can cause a severe form of food poisoning known as pufferfish poisoning or fugu poisoning. Symptoms of tetrodotoxin poisoning include numbness of the lips and tongue, difficulty speaking, muscle weakness, paralysis, and respiratory failure.

Prevention measures for these types of seafood poisoning include avoiding consumption of fish and shellfish that are known to be associated with these toxins, as well as cooking and preparing seafood properly before eating it. Additionally, monitoring programs have been established in many countries to monitor the levels of these toxins in seafood and issue warnings when necessary.

Porifera, also known as sponges, is a phylum of multicellular aquatic organisms characterized by having pores in their bodies. These pores allow water to circulate through the body, bringing in food and oxygen while expelling waste products. Sponges do not have true tissues or organs; instead, they are composed of specialized cells that perform specific functions. They are generally sessile (non-mobile) and live attached to rocks, coral reefs, or other underwater structures. Some species can be quite large, while others are microscopic in size. Sponges have a long fossil record dating back over 500 million years and play important roles in marine ecosystems as filter feeders and habitat providers for many other marine organisms.

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that deals with the structure, function, and organization of molecules involved in biological processes, especially informational molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. It includes the study of molecular mechanisms of genetic inheritance, gene expression, protein synthesis, and cellular regulation. Molecular biology also involves the use of various experimental techniques to investigate and manipulate these molecules, including recombinant DNA technology, genomic sequencing, protein crystallography, and bioinformatics. The ultimate goal of molecular biology is to understand how biological systems work at a fundamental level and to apply this knowledge to improve human health and the environment.

Developmental biology is a branch of biological research that studies the processes by which organisms grow and develop from fertilized eggs (zygotes) to adults. This field of study encompasses understanding the genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and molecular mechanisms that guide the developmental trajectory of an organism, including cellular differentiation, pattern formation, morphogenesis, and growth control.

Developmental biology has important implications for understanding congenital disorders, regenerative medicine, and evolutionary biology. Researchers in this field use a variety of model organisms, such as fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), zebrafish (Danio rerio), mice (Mus musculus), and nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans), to investigate the fundamental principles that govern developmental processes. These insights can then be applied to understanding human development and disease.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geologic sediments" is not a term used in medical definitions. Geological sediments are deposits of material that accumulate over time, usually in layers, as a result of natural geological processes such as weathering, erosion, and deposition. These sediments can eventually become rock formations and provide important clues about the Earth's history, including information about past climates, environments, and life on Earth.

An "ecosystem" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, as it is a concept that is more commonly used in the fields of ecology and environmental science. However, I can provide you with the general ecological definition of an ecosystem:

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment, including both biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (climate, soil, water, and air). These interactions create a complex network of relationships that form the foundation of ecological processes, such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, and population dynamics.

While there is no direct medical definition for an ecosystem, understanding the principles of ecosystems can have important implications for human health. For example, healthy ecosystems can provide clean air and water, regulate climate, support food production, and offer opportunities for recreation and relaxation, all of which contribute to overall well-being. Conversely, degraded ecosystems can lead to increased exposure to environmental hazards, reduced access to natural resources, and heightened risks of infectious diseases. Therefore, maintaining the health and integrity of ecosystems is crucial for promoting human health and preventing disease.

Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.

In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.

Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. The term "fishes" is not typically used in a medical context. "Fish" or "fishes" refers to any aquatic organism belonging to the taxonomic class Actinopterygii (bony fish), Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays), or Agnatha (jawless fish).

However, if you are referring to a condition related to fish or consuming fish, there is a medical issue called scombroid fish poisoning. It's a foodborne illness caused by eating spoiled or improperly stored fish from the Scombridae family, which includes tuna, mackerel, and bonito, among others. The bacteria present in these fish can produce histamine, which can cause symptoms like skin flushing, headache, diarrhea, and itchy rash. But again, this is not related to the term "fishes" itself but rather a condition associated with consuming certain types of fish.

Synthetic biology is not a medical term per se, but rather it falls under the broader field of biology and bioengineering. Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from biology, engineering, chemistry, physics, and computer science to design and construct new biological parts, devices, and systems that do not exist in nature or re-design existing natural biological systems for useful purposes.

In simpler terms, synthetic biology involves the creation of artificial biological components such as genes, proteins, and cells, or the modification of existing ones to perform specific functions. These engineered biological systems can be used for a wide range of applications, including medical research, diagnostics, therapeutics, and environmental remediation.

Examples of synthetic biology in medicine include the development of synthetic gene circuits that can detect and respond to disease-causing agents or the creation of artificial cells that can produce therapeutic proteins or drugs. However, it's important to note that while synthetic biology holds great promise for improving human health, it also raises ethical, safety, and regulatory concerns that need to be carefully considered and addressed.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Atlantic Ocean" is a geographical term referring to one of the five oceans on Earth. It doesn't have a medical definition. The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean, covering approximately 20% of the Earth's surface. It stretches from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, alternatively, to the Antarctica region) in the south, and is bounded by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fisheries" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Fisheries are places or practices concerned with the catching, processing, or selling of fish, shellfish, and other forms of aquatic life. They can refer to commercial operations, recreational activities, or scientific research related to aquatic species. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help answer those for you!

Computational biology is a branch of biology that uses mathematical and computational methods to study biological data, models, and processes. It involves the development and application of algorithms, statistical models, and computational approaches to analyze and interpret large-scale molecular and phenotypic data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other high-throughput technologies. The goal is to gain insights into biological systems and processes, develop predictive models, and inform experimental design and hypothesis testing in the life sciences. Computational biology encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including bioinformatics, systems biology, computational genomics, network biology, and mathematical modeling of biological systems.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Pacific Ocean" is a geographical term referring to the largest single body of saltwater on Earth, extending from the Arctic in the north to the Antarctic in the south. It covers an area of about 63,800,000 square miles (165,200,000 square kilometers).

If you're looking for a medical term or definition, I'd be happy to help with that as well. Could you please provide more context?

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Invertebrates" is not a medical term. It is a term used in biology to describe a vast group of animals that do not have a vertebral column or spinal cord. This includes creatures such as insects, worms, starfish, and shellfish, among many others. They are classified as invertebrates because they lack a backbone, which is a characteristic of vertebrates, or animals that include humans and other mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Mediterranean Sea" is a geographical term referring to the body of water located between Europe and Africa, and it is not a medical term. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar in the west and to the Red Sea through the Suez Canal in the east. The Mediterranean Sea is known for its unique climate and biodiversity. If you have any questions related to medical or health topics, I would be happy to try to help with those!

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Biodiversity is the variety of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms that live in an ecosystem. It also includes the variety of genes within a species and the variety of ecosystems (such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and oceans) that exist in a region or on Earth as a whole. Biodiversity is important for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, providing resources and services such as food, clean water, and pollination, and contributing to the discovery of new medicines and other useful products. The loss of biodiversity can have negative impacts on the functioning of ecosystems and the services they provide, and can threaten the survival of species and the livelihoods of people who depend on them.

Plankton is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of marine biology. Plankton are tiny organisms that live in water and are unable to move independently against the current or tide. They include both plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton). Phytoplankton are photosynthetic and serve as the base of the ocean food chain, while zooplankton consume phytoplankton and in turn serve as a food source for larger animals. Plankton are important for understanding the health and productivity of aquatic ecosystems.

Diatoms are a major group of microscopic algae (single-celled organisms) that are widely distributed in both marine and freshwater environments. They are an important part of the aquatic food chain, serving as primary producers that convert sunlight and nutrients into organic matter through photosynthesis.

Diatoms have unique cell walls made of biogenic silica, which gives them a glass-like appearance. These cell walls often have intricate patterns and structures, making diatoms an important group in the study of nanotechnology and materials science. Additionally, diatomaceous earth, a sedimentary rock formed from fossilized diatom shells, has various industrial uses such as filtration, abrasives, and insecticides.

Diatoms are also significant in the Earth's carbon cycle, contributing to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide through their photosynthetic activities. They play a crucial role in the ocean's biological pump, which helps regulate the global climate by transporting carbon from the surface ocean to the deep sea.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Phytoplankton are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that live in watery environments such as oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers. They are a diverse group of organisms, including bacteria, algae, and protozoa. Phytoplankton are a critical component of the marine food chain, serving as primary producers that convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and nutrients into organic matter through photosynthesis. This organic matter forms the base of the food chain and supports the growth and survival of many larger organisms, including zooplankton, fish, and other marine animals. Phytoplankton also play an important role in global carbon cycling and help to regulate Earth's climate by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen.

"Vibrio" is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, curved-rod bacteria that are commonly found in marine and freshwater environments. Some species of Vibrio can cause diseases in humans, the most notable being Vibrio cholerae, which is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal illness. Other pathogenic species include Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which can cause gastrointestinal or wound infections. These bacteria are often transmitted through contaminated food or water and can lead to serious health complications, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.

In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.

Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.

The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.

Eukaryota is a domain that consists of organisms whose cells have a true nucleus and complex organelles. This domain includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists. The term "eukaryote" comes from the Greek words "eu," meaning true or good, and "karyon," meaning nut or kernel. In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is housed within a membrane-bound nucleus, and the DNA is organized into chromosomes. This is in contrast to prokaryotic cells, which do not have a true nucleus and have their genetic material dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. They have many different organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, that perform specific functions to support the cell's metabolism and survival. Eukaryotic cells also have a cytoskeleton made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments, which provide structure and shape to the cell and allow for movement of organelles and other cellular components.

Eukaryotes are diverse and can be found in many different environments, ranging from single-celled organisms that live in water or soil to multicellular organisms that live on land or in aquatic habitats. Some eukaryotes are unicellular, meaning they consist of a single cell, while others are multicellular, meaning they consist of many cells that work together to form tissues and organs.

In summary, Eukaryota is a domain of organisms whose cells have a true nucleus and complex organelles. This domain includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists, and the eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.

According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), biological products are "products that are made from or contain a living organism or its derivatives, such as vaccines, blood and blood components, cells, genes, tissues, and proteins." These products can be composed of sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, or complex combinations of these substances, and they can come from many sources, including humans, animals, microorganisms, or plants.

Biological products are often used to diagnose, prevent, or treat a wide range of medical conditions, and they can be administered in various ways, such as through injection, inhalation, or topical application. Because biological products are derived from living organisms, their manufacturing processes can be complex and must be tightly controlled to ensure the safety, purity, and potency of the final product.

It's important to note that biological products are not the same as drugs, which are chemically synthesized compounds. While drugs are designed to interact with specific targets in the body, such as enzymes or receptors, biological products can have more complex and varied mechanisms of action, making them potentially more difficult to characterize and regulate.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but seaweed is not typically referred to in medical definitions. Seaweed is a common name for various marine macroalgae, which are multicellular aquatic plants found in the ocean. They are often consumed as food and have been used in traditional medicine in some cultures. However, there is no widely accepted medical definition for seaweed. If you're looking for information about a specific compound or substance derived from seaweed that might be relevant to medical definitions, I would be happy to help if you could provide more details.

Gammaproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, a group of Gram-negative bacteria. This class includes several important pathogens that can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Some examples of Gammaproteobacteria include Escherichia coli (a common cause of food poisoning), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections), Vibrio cholerae (the causative agent of cholera), and Yersinia pestis (the bacterium that causes plague).

Gammaproteobacteria are characterized by their single flagellum, which is used for motility, and their outer membrane, which contains lipopolysaccharides that can elicit an immune response in host organisms. They are found in a wide range of environments, including soil, water, and the guts of animals. Some species are capable of fixing nitrogen, making them important contributors to nutrient cycling in ecosystems.

It's worth noting that while Gammaproteobacteria includes many pathogenic species, the majority of proteobacteria are not harmful and play important roles in various ecological systems.

Pinnipedia is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in zoology. It refers to a group of marine mammals that include seals, sea lions, walruses, and related extinct species. These animals are characterized by their limbs being modified into flippers, which makes them well-adapted for life in the water. They are often studied in fields such as marine biology and veterinary medicine.

The conservation of natural resources refers to the responsible use and management of natural resources, such as water, soil, minerals, forests, and wildlife, in a way that preserves their availability for future generations. This may involve measures such as reducing waste and pollution, promoting sustainable practices, protecting habitats and ecosystems, and engaging in careful planning and decision-making to ensure the long-term sustainability of these resources. The goal of conservation is to balance the needs of the present with the needs of the future, so that current and future generations can continue to benefit from the many goods and services that natural resources provide.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

Dinoflagellida is a large group of mostly marine planktonic protists, many of which are bioluminescent. Some dinoflagellates are responsible for harmful algal blooms (HABs), also known as "red tides," which can produce toxins that affect marine life and human health.

Dinoflagellates are characterized by two flagella, or whip-like structures, that they use for movement. They have complex cell structures, including a unique structure called the nucleomorph, which is the remnant of a former endosymbiotic event where another eukaryotic cell was engulfed and became part of the dinoflagellate's cell.

Dinoflagellates are important contributors to the marine food chain, serving as both primary producers and consumers. Some species form symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms, such as corals, providing them with nutrients in exchange for protection and other benefits.

Bivalvia is a class of mollusks, also known as "pelecypods," that have a laterally compressed body and two shells or valves. These valves are hinged together on one side and can be opened and closed to allow the animal to feed or withdraw into its shell for protection.

Bivalves include clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and numerous other species. They are characterized by their simple body structure, which consists of a muscular foot used for burrowing or anchoring, a soft mantle that secretes the shell, and gills that serve both as respiratory organs and feeding structures.

Bivalves play an important role in aquatic ecosystems as filter feeders, helping to maintain water quality by removing particles and organic matter from the water column. They are also commercially important as a source of food for humans and other animals, and their shells have been used historically for various purposes such as tools, jewelry, and building materials.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oceanography" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Oceanography is the scientific study of the ocean. It involves understanding and describing the ocean's physical and chemical properties, organisms that live there, and the processes that occur within it and at its boundaries with the seafloor and atmosphere.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health sciences, I'd be happy to help!

Pseudoalteromonas is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in marine environments. They are known to produce a variety of bioactive compounds with potential applications in biotechnology and medicine. The cells of Pseudoalteromonas species are typically motile and may form single or paired cells, as well as short chains. They can be pigmented and may produce various extracellular products such as exopolysaccharides, proteases, and pigments. Some species of Pseudoalteromonas have been reported to cause infections in humans, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, but they are not considered a major human pathogen.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "North Sea" is not a medical term. It refers to the northernmost part of the Atlantic Ocean, located between eastern England, eastern Scotland, Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health science, I'd be happy to help with those!

Alphaproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, a group of gram-negative bacteria. This class includes a diverse range of bacterial species that can be found in various environments, such as soil, water, and the surfaces of plants and animals. Some notable members of Alphaproteobacteria include the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, which form symbiotic relationships with the roots of leguminous plants, as well as the pathogenic bacteria Rickettsia, which are responsible for causing diseases such as typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

The Alphaproteobacteria class is further divided into several orders, including Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, and Caulobacterales. These orders contain a variety of bacterial species that have different characteristics and ecological roles. For example, members of the order Rhizobiales are known for their ability to fix nitrogen, while members of the order Rhodobacterales include photosynthetic bacteria that can use light as an energy source.

Overall, Alphaproteobacteria is a diverse and important group of bacteria that play various roles in the environment and in the health of plants and animals.

Gastropoda is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in biology. It refers to a large and diverse class of mollusks, commonly known as snails and slugs. These animals are characterized by a single, spiral-shaped shell that they carry on their backs (in the case of snails) or an internal shell (in the case of some slugs).

While Gastropoda is not a medical term per se, it's worth noting that certain species of gastropods can have medical relevance. For instance, some types of marine snails produce toxins that can be harmful or even fatal to humans if ingested. Additionally, some species of slugs and snails can serve as intermediate hosts for parasites that can infect humans, such as rat lungworms (Angiostrongylus cantonensis), which can cause a form of meningitis known as eosinophilic meningoencephalitis.

Rhodophyta, also known as red algae, is a division of simple, multicellular and complex marine algae. These organisms are characterized by their red pigmentation due to the presence of phycobiliproteins, specifically R-phycoerythrin and phycocyanin. They lack flagella and centrioles at any stage of their life cycle. The cell walls of Rhodophyta contain cellulose and various sulphated polysaccharides. Some species have calcium carbonate deposits in their cell walls, which contribute to the formation of coral reefs. Reproduction in these organisms is typically alternation of generations with a dominant gametophyte generation. They are an important source of food for many marine animals and have commercial value as well, particularly for the production of agar, carrageenan, and other products used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Perciformes" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of biology, specifically in taxonomy and ichthyology (the study of fish). Perciformes is an order of ray-finned bony fishes that includes over 10,000 species, making it the largest order of vertebrates. Examples of fish within this order include perch, sea bass, sunfish, and tuna.

Sulfonium compounds are organosulfur molecules that contain a central sulfur atom bonded to three alkyl or aryl groups and have the general formula (R-S-R'-R'')+X-, where R, R', and R'' are organic groups and X is an anion. These compounds are widely used in chemical synthesis as phase-transfer catalysts, alkylating agents, and in the production of detergents, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Sulfonium compounds can also be found in some natural sources, such as certain antibiotics and marine toxins.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "food chain" is not typically used in a medical context. It is a concept from ecology that describes the sequence of organisms through which food and energy pass as one organism eats another.

However, if you're referring to "food web" or "dietary intake," these terms might be more applicable in a medical context. For instance, dietary intake refers to what and how much a person consumes, which can have significant implications for their health. A food web, on the other hand, is a more complex network of relationships between different species that consume and are consumed by others, which can help researchers understand the impacts of changes in one species' population or behavior on others within an ecosystem.

If you meant to ask about something else, please provide more context or clarify your question, and I will do my best to provide a helpful answer!

"Roseobacter" is not a medical term, but a genus of bacteria that are widely distributed in various environments such as seawater, marine sediments, and associated with marine organisms. These bacteria play important roles in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in the ocean. They are often studied in the context of microbial ecology and environmental microbiology, rather than medical research.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polychaeta" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in zoology, specifically referring to a class of annelid worms commonly known as bristle worms or polychaetes. These are segmented worms that have pairs of fleshy protrusions called parapodia on most or all segments, which they use for locomotion. Some species live in marine environments, while others can be found in fresh water or even terrestrial habitats. If you have a medical term you would like me to define, I'd be happy to help!

Phaeophyta is a taxonomic division that refers to a group of complex, multicellular brown algae found in marine environments. These algae are characterized by their pigmentation, which includes fucoxanthin, chlorophyll-a, and chlorophyll-c, giving them a brown color. They have diverse morphology, ranging from simple thread-like forms to large seaweeds.

Phaeophyta species are primarily found in cold, nutrient-rich waters and play an essential role in marine ecosystems as primary producers and habitats for various marine organisms. Some examples of Phaeophyta include kelps, rockweed, and bladderwrack. It's worth noting that the classification and nomenclature of algae are continually evolving, so different sources might use slightly different terminology or categorization.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

Mollusca is not a medical term per se, but a major group of invertebrate animals that includes snails, clams, octopuses, and squids. However, medically, some mollusks can be relevant as they can act as vectors for various diseases, such as schistosomiasis (transmitted by freshwater snails) and fascioliasis (transmitted by aquatic snails). Therefore, a medical definition might describe Mollusca as a phylum of mostly marine invertebrates that can sometimes play a role in the transmission of certain infectious diseases.

Biological evolution is the change in the genetic composition of populations of organisms over time, from one generation to the next. It is a process that results in descendants differing genetically from their ancestors. Biological evolution can be driven by several mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These processes can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) within populations, resulting in the development of new species and the extinction of others over long periods of time. Biological evolution provides a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and is supported by extensive evidence from many different fields of science, including genetics, paleontology, comparative anatomy, and biogeography.

Anthozoa is a major class of marine animals, which are exclusively aquatic and almost entirely restricted to shallow waters. They are classified within the phylum Cnidaria, which also includes corals, jellyfish, sea anemones, and hydroids. Anthozoans are characterized by their lack of medusa stage in their life cycle, as they exist solely as polyps.

This class is divided into two main subclasses: Hexacorallia (also known as Zoantharia) and Octocorallia (also known as Alcyonaria). The primary differences between these subclasses lie in the structure of their polyps and the composition of their skeletons.

1. Hexacorallia: These are commonly referred to as 'stony' or 'hard' corals, due to their calcium carbonate-based skeletons. They have a simple polyp structure with six-fold symmetry (hence the name Hexacorallia), featuring 6 tentacles around the mouth opening. Examples of Hexacorallia include reef-building corals, sea fans, and black corals.
2. Octocorallia: These are also called 'soft' corals or 'leather' corals because they lack a calcium carbonate skeleton. Instead, their supporting structures consist of proteins and other organic compounds. Octocorallia polyps exhibit eight-fold symmetry (hence the name Octocorallia), with eight tentacles around the mouth opening. Examples of Octocorallia include sea fans, sea whips, and blue corals.

Anthozoa species are primarily found in tropical and subtropical oceans, but some can be found in colder, deeper waters as well. They play a crucial role in marine ecosystems by providing habitats and shelter for various other marine organisms, particularly on coral reefs. Additionally, they contribute to the formation of limestone deposits through their calcium carbonate-based skeletons.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Indian Ocean" is not a medical concept or condition. It is a geographical term referring to the third largest of the world's five oceans, situated between southeastern Africa, the Southern Asian landmass, and Australia. It is bounded on the north by the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, on the west by eastern Africa, on the east by the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and Australia, and on the south by the Southern Ocean or Antarctica.

If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

"Ulva" is a genus of green algae, also known as sea lettuce. It is a common marine plant that can be found in both fresh and saltwater environments worldwide. Ulva species are characterized by their thin, leaf-like blades that can vary in color from bright green to yellowish-green. They play an essential role in the aquatic ecosystem as they provide food and shelter for various marine organisms. Additionally, they can reproduce both sexually and asexually, contributing to their rapid growth and ability to form large colonies or mats. However, when they grow excessively, they can become a nuisance, known as "green tides," which can have negative impacts on the environment and local economies.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geography" is not a term that has a medical definition. Geography is a field of study that deals with the location and distribution of physical and cultural features on Earth's surface, as well as how humans interact with and affect those features. It is not a concept that is typically used in a medical context. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Palau" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country in the Western Pacific Ocean, consisting of around 340 islands. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please let me know and I would be happy to help.

Ecology is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of biology. It refers to the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment. This includes how organisms interact with each other and with their physical surroundings, such as climate, soil, and water. Ecologists may study the distribution and abundance of species, the flow of energy through an ecosystem, and the effects of human activities on the environment. While ecology is not a medical field, understanding ecological principles can be important for addressing public health issues related to the environment, such as pollution, climate change, and infectious diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fresh Water" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe water that contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other dissolved minerals. It is distinguished from saline water, which includes saltwater found in the ocean and brackish water found in estuaries. Fresh water is essential for many biological processes and is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use.

Cetacea is a taxonomic order that includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises. This group of marine mammals is characterized by their fully aquatic lifestyle, torpedo-shaped bodies, modified limbs that serve as flippers, and the absence of external hindlimbs. Cetaceans have streamlined bodies that minimize drag while swimming, and their tail flukes enable powerful propulsion through vertical movement in the water column.

Their respiratory system features a pair of blowholes on the top of their heads, which they use to breathe air at the surface. Cetaceans exhibit complex social behaviors, advanced communication skills, and sophisticated echolocation abilities for navigation and hunting. They primarily feed on fish and invertebrates, with some larger species preying on marine mammals.

Cetaceans have a global distribution, occupying various habitats such as open oceans, coastal areas, and rivers. Unfortunately, many cetacean populations face threats from human activities like pollution, habitat degradation, climate change, and direct hunting or bycatch in fishing gear. Conservation efforts are crucial to protect these remarkable creatures and their vital roles in marine ecosystems.

rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is not a type of gene itself, but rather a crucial component that is transcribed from genes known as ribosomal DNA (rDNA). In cells, rRNA plays an essential role in protein synthesis by assembling with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes. Ribosomes are complex structures where the translation of mRNA into proteins occurs. There are multiple types of rRNA molecules, including 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNAs in eukaryotic cells, each with specific functions during protein synthesis.

In summary, 'Genes, rRNA' would refer to the genetic regions (genes) that code for ribosomal RNA molecules, which are vital components of the protein synthesis machinery within cells.

Population dynamics, in the context of public health and epidemiology, refers to the study of the changes in size and structure of a population over time, as well as the factors that contribute to those changes. This can include birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, aging, and other demographic characteristics. Understanding population dynamics is crucial for planning and implementing public health interventions, such as vaccination programs or disease prevention strategies, as they allow researchers and policymakers to identify vulnerable populations, predict future health trends, and evaluate the impact of public health initiatives.

The Antarctic regions typically refer to the geographical areas surrounding the continent of Antarctica, including the Southern Ocean and various subantarctic islands. These regions are known for their extreme cold, ice-covered landscapes, and unique wildlife adapted to survive in harsh conditions. The Antarctic region is also home to important scientific research stations focused on topics such as climate change, marine life, and space exploration. It's worth noting that the Antarctic Treaty System governs these regions, which prohibits military activity, mineral mining, nuclear testing, and nuclear waste disposal, and promotes scientific research and cooperation among nations.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Synechococcus" is not a medical term. It is a genus of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that are widely distributed in marine and freshwater environments. These microorganisms play a significant role in the global carbon and nitrogen cycles. They are often studied in the fields of ecology, microbiology, and environmental science. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help!

Prochlorococcus is not a medical term, but a scientific name for a type of marine cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that are among the most abundant photosynthetic organisms on Earth. They play a significant role in global carbon and oxygen cycling. These bacteria are extremely small, typically less than 1 micrometer in diameter, and are found throughout the world's oceans, particularly in warm, sunlit surface waters. Prochlorococcus species contain chlorophyll a and b, but lack phycobiliproteins, which distinguishes them from other cyanobacteria. They have been widely studied for their ecological importance and as model organisms to understand the molecular biology of photosynthesis and other cellular processes in marine environments.

In medical terms, "fossils" do not have a specific or direct relevance to the field. However, in a broader scientific context, fossils are the remains or impressions of prehistoric organisms preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. They offer valuable evidence about the Earth's history and the life forms that existed on it millions of years ago.

Paleopathology is a subfield of paleontology that deals with the study of diseases in fossils, which can provide insights into the evolution of diseases and human health over time.

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Marine Biology. 127 (4): 705-711. doi:10.1007/s002270050061. "Montastraea franksi". Coralpedia. University of Warwick. ... World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2015-06-14. Knowlton, N.; Maté, J. L.; Guzmán, H. M.; Rowan, R.; Jara. J. (1997). " ...
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Emson, R.H.; Young, C.M. (1994). "Feeding mechanism of the brisingid starfish Novodinia antillensis". Marine Biology. 118 (3): ... Marine Biology. 159 (5): 1079-1094. doi:10.1007/s00227-012-1888-7. Shu-Wei Yang; Tze-Ming Chan; Alexei Buevich; Tony Priestley ... World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 26 January 2018. "Brisingid Seastar". Ocean Images. NOAA. Retrieved 9 February 2018 ... from a marine starfish, Novodinia antillensis". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 7 (20): 5543-5547. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl ...
Heyward, A.J.; Babcock, R.C. (1986). "Self- and cross-fertilization in scleractinian corals". Marine Biology. 90 (2): 191-195. ... World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2015-05-03. "Appendices , CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14. Reef-Building ... Scleractinia, also called stony corals or hard corals, are marine animals in the phylum Cnidaria that build themselves a hard ... The World Register of Marine Species lists the following families as being included in the order Scleractinia. Some species ...
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... first published in 1887 contains original research and reviews on all aspects of marine biology. ... The Journal of the Marine Biological Association UK, ... including Marine Algae and Grasses and Marine and Terrestrial ... publishing original research and reviews on all aspects of marine biology, to support the aims of the Marine Biological ... The National Marine Biological Library has 15,000 books in our vast collection. We have a broad spectrum of content from marine ...
Find all Featured Scientist posts tagged with marine biology ... offered marine biology and that was my first time to a marine ... She holds a bachelors degree in zoology from Louisiana State University and a Ph.D. in marine biology and fisheries from the ... Stacy and her husband, Marcus, a biology teacher at Stocktons Stagg High School.. Stacy and her three stepsons - Owen, Jack ... My husband actually teaches high school biology at Stagg High School in Stockton and we talk about this a lot. He takes his ...
Marine Conservation Biology is a relatively new field of science, born in 1997, following the First Symposium on Marine ... Scientists in the field use a cross-pollination of disciplines such as oceanography, biology, ecology, economics, marine policy ... A marine conservation biologist aims to conserve, protect, or manage marine species and ecosystems, and prevents and/or limits ... Marine managers and policy makers rely on marine conservation biologists to inform government agencies and other stakeholders ...
  • Marine ecology is the study of how marine organisms interact with each other and the environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • The module will address important aspects of marine biology and ecology of marine mammals (cetacean and pinnipeds) including distribution, abundance, population structure, behaviour and communication. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Case studies will be used to investigate various aspects of marine vertebrate marine biology and ecology for example how to assess conservation status and methods to mitigate identified threats and ethics. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Non-synchronous lecture materials and in-person lectures are designed to give students a broad factual knowledge of key concepts in marine vertebrate biology and ecology, and their role in the marine ecosystem functioning. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Our lab is interested in applying genomics to study marine ecology and evolution. (carleton.edu)
  • 3. Explain the concept of marine ecology and demonstrate the expected distribution of fauna in a given area - based on a theoretical understanding of the ecology of that area. (studentscholarships.org)
  • The marine ecosystem is large, and thus there are quite a number of subfields in marine biology, mostly involving specializations in particular species and biomes, such as reef habitats, tide pool ecology, and geothermal/hydrothermal vents. (fact-archive.com)
  • Courses meet the requirements for admission to graduate programs in marine biology, zoology, ecology, and conservation biology. (ohio.edu)
  • Scientists in the field use a cross-pollination of disciplines such as oceanography, biology, ecology, economics, marine policy/law, fisheries, and others, to broadly address the negative impacts on marine biological systems. (dal.ca)
  • Jaime Davies currently works at the Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth. (researchgate.net)
  • Published since 1963, this serial updates on a variety of topics that will appeal to postgraduates and researchers in marine biology, fisheries science, ecology, zoology and biological oceanography. (nhbs.com)
  • The latest schedule for the course Limnology and Marine Ecology - Concepts and Processes in the schedule software TimeEdit. (lu.se)
  • Marine Ecology - Progress Series. (lu.se)
  • Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. (lu.se)
  • Go to www.lunduniversity.lu.se/biology-aquat- aquatic ecology, including climate change ic-ecology. (lu.se)
  • Limnology and Marine Ecology - Or- passport) and how you need to submit them at www.univer- ganism and Habitats (15 ECTS credits), Limnology and Marine sityadmissions.se. (lu.se)
  • Department of Biology especially the Ecology part that carries out empirical and theoretical research covering the taxonomic breadth and organisational hierarchy of ecology. (lu.se)
  • Marine biology can be contrasted with biological oceanography. (wikipedia.org)
  • Marine life is a field of study both in marine biology and in biological oceanography. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biological oceanography is similar to marine biology, but it studies ocean life from a different perspective. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biological oceanography takes a bottom up approach in terms of the food web, while marine biology studies the ocean from a top down perspective. (wikipedia.org)
  • Marine biology is closely linked to both oceanography and biology . (fact-archive.com)
  • Aside from the marine biology major, UW also offers majors in oceanography and aquatic and fishery sciences. (collegemagazine.com)
  • Oceanography and Marine Biology considers basics of marine research, special topics, and emerging new areas. (chipsbooks.com)
  • Oceanography and Marine Biologys features contributors who are actively engaged in biological, chemical, geological, and physical aspects of marine science. (chipsbooks.com)
  • Marine biology is the scientific study of the biology of marine life, organisms in the sea. (wikipedia.org)
  • The habitats studied in marine biology include everything from the tiny layers of surface water in which organisms and abiotic items may be trapped in surface tension between the ocean and atmosphere, to the depths of the oceanic trenches, sometimes 10,000 meters or more beneath the surface of the ocean. (wikipedia.org)
  • Marine organisms contribute significantly to the oxygen cycle, and are involved in the regulation of the Earth's climate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also becoming understood that the well-being of marine organisms and other organisms are linked in fundamental ways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some marine organisms, like corals, kelp and sea grasses, are ecosystem engineers which reshape the marine environment to the point where they create further habitat for other organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Restoration of key coastal habitats, resilience of marine organisms to climate change, understanding the interactions of marine species and anthropogenic impacts (pollution and habitat degradation), developing sustainable and renewable resources and valuing the services the marine environment provides are all essential for creating a resilient and sustainable approach to marine resource use and management. (port.ac.uk)
  • Particularly we focus on oyster reefs, seagrass, saltmarsh and kelp forests and our research really looks to see how marine organisms will function and how they respond to environmental pressures. (port.ac.uk)
  • Provides a practical laboratory session to accompany the study of marine biology, starting from basic scientific concepts and including the various phyla of marine organisms. (studentscholarships.org)
  • 4. Describe the identifying characteristics of marine organisms - in the main phyla studied - within the six-kingdom classification system. (studentscholarships.org)
  • It is also becoming understood that the well being of marine organisms and non ocean dwelling organisms is linked in some very fundamental ways. (fact-archive.com)
  • Biological Sciences provides this program for undergraduate majors who are interested in careers with a focus on marine and freshwater organisms and their environments. (ohio.edu)
  • It includes a variety of organisms that are locally relevant to marine habitats in British Columbia, as well as species found in the Vancouver Aquarium space. (thegamecrafter.com)
  • Marine biologists study marine plants, animals and other organisms, both vertebrate and invertebrate, in deep oceans and shallow seas and in the laboratory. (planitplus.net)
  • We encourage students to declare the marine biology minor during their freshmen or sophomore years and immediately join a community of researchers and students interested in marine organisms, ecosystems, and conservation. (uwb.edu)
  • Special emphasis is given to articles which promote the understanding of life in the sea, organism-environment interactions, interactions between organisms, and the functioning of the marine biosphere. (depauw.edu)
  • Marine habitats can be divided into coastal and open ocean habitats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most marine life is found in coastal habitats, even though the shelf area occupies only seven percent of the total ocean area. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alternatively, marine habitats can be divided into pelagic and demersal habitats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Marine habitats can be modified by their inhabitants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our research aims to improve the quality of key habitats and protect these for future generations, such as providing guidelines on marine habitat restoration launched at COP26. (port.ac.uk)
  • Coral reefs are the most species-rich marine habitats, and also among the most threatened. (essex.ac.uk)
  • With so much still undiscovered, our marine habitats are the last of the wild frontiers left to explore. (cornwall.ac.uk)
  • Each Bio Block contains multiple habitats," she says. (concretecentre.com)
  • Marine biology students look beyond Seattle's rainy days and look forward to hitting the bay to study its ecosystems and different habitats. (collegemagazine.com)
  • Working in collaboration with scientists and industry from many different disciplines around the world, our research addresses some of the key environmental issues that we face in marine science with a special focus in advancing our knowledge of biological processes in marine ecosystems. (port.ac.uk)
  • Marine biology is a broad and dynamic subject, reflecting the diversity of marine ecosystems and the fantastic array of life they contain. (findamasters.com)
  • Marine biology is the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems . (fact-archive.com)
  • For example, at one end of the scale, the role of viruses in marine ecosystems is barely being explored even in the beginning of the 21st century . (fact-archive.com)
  • A marine conservation biologist aims to conserve, protect, or manage marine species and ecosystems, and prevents and/or limits degradation to marine ecosystems and resources from human impact. (dal.ca)
  • A variety of tools are used by marine conservation biologists to limit human derived damage on marine ecosystems such as implementation of a marine protected area, population assessments, restoration efforts, and fisheries quotas. (dal.ca)
  • At the Worm Lab, students and postdoctoral fellows are engaged in the study of marine biodiversity, its causes, consequences of change, and conservation of marine resources and ecosystems. (dal.ca)
  • Most students top up with either BSc (Hons) Applied Marine Zoology one-year top-up or BSc (Hons) Environmental Resource Management one-year top-up. (cornwall.ac.uk)
  • She was born in Nebraska but raised in Baton Rouge, La. She holds a bachelor's degree in zoology from Louisiana State University and a Ph.D. in marine biology and fisheries from the University of Miami, where she studied billfish larvae - baby sailfish and marlin - for her dissertation. (ca.gov)
  • Human impacts on marine vertebrates will be reviewed and specifically address fisheries interactions and pollution. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • UAS provides their marine science students with even more than a BS in marine biology or fisheries & ocean sciences. (collegemagazine.com)
  • It will encourage you to explore issues threatening biodiversity as well as the productivity of the marine system. (edu.au)
  • The Master's degree in Marine Biology offers sophisticated and modern tools for the study, conservation and responsible management of marine biodiversity and for the development of methods and technologies for the breeding of species of commercial interest. (findamasters.com)
  • The Marine Biological Association also published the journal of Marine Biodiversity Records (MBR) from 2008-2021. (mba.ac.uk)
  • How is marine biodiversity distributed across the globe? (dal.ca)
  • How is marine biodiversity changing over time? (dal.ca)
  • This work uses Indonesia as a case study, since it is part of the so-called coral triangle, one of the world's centers of marine biodiversity, and has the "largest reef associated population in the world" (Burke et al. (lu.se)
  • In the current decade, holothurians are becoming more popular among researchers due to the recently obtained data about the chemical structures and physiological activities of bioactive ingredients that are extracted from these marine invertebrates. (springer.com)
  • The biotechnological 'treasure chest' of marine microbes, algae and invertebrates. (essex.ac.uk)
  • I took a marine invertebrates course which I found really interesting. (tuftsdaily.com)
  • Building upon the entry level of vertebrate biology during Stage 1, this module will cover in detail aspects of the biology of fish (elasmobranchs and teleosts) and including their locomotion, migratory patterns and physiology. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Given that in biology many phyla, families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy. (wikipedia.org)
  • We're addressing pollution, aquaculture, overfishing and invasive species, and helping create sustainable marine governance. (port.ac.uk)
  • Given that in biology many phyla , families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology deals with those species in which life is spent only (or mainly) in the water, thus its classification is based on the environment rather than on taxonomy . (fact-archive.com)
  • While biologging camera tag devices are being attached to an increasing diversity of marine animals to collect behavioral information about the focal species, the ancillary imagery collected can also be used in analytical techniques developed for diver-based surveys. (springer.com)
  • The Herbarium contains hundreds of beautiful species from around the world, including Marine Algae and Grasses and Marine and Terrestrial Lichens. (mba.ac.uk)
  • Special Volume on the biology of Kogia , species of pygmy and dwarf sperm whales, presents in-depth and up-to-date reviews on all aspects of marine biology. (nhbs.com)
  • The thing about Tufts is we have no marine facilities here, and so I had to find species that could work with no running seawater, no algal culturing facilities, things that you'd find in most marine labs. (tuftsdaily.com)
  • In this way, conservation institutions and policy makers can turn out these insights into conservation initiatives of endangered marine species and policy assessment of Marine Protected Areas. (copernicus.eu)
  • The two-year selective master of science degree program in Marine Biology focuses on life in our seas and oceans. (findamasters.com)
  • In addition, a subfield of marine biology studies the relationships between oceans and ocean life, and global weather and environmental issues (such as carbon dioxide displacement). (fact-archive.com)
  • By fostering a love for marine science in the younger generations, we are cultivating the stewards our oceans and marine life need. (justluxe.com)
  • Marine managers and policy makers rely on marine conservation biologists to inform government agencies and other stakeholders on the ecological health of the oceans and to highlight consequences of change to marine systems, and make recommendations on mitigation and adaptation to anthropogenic impacts. (dal.ca)
  • Oceans Research offers marine biology internships, including a unique shark internship, in South Africa for students interested in gaining hands-on experience in the field. (oceans-research.com)
  • Oceans Research provide marine researchers of tomorrow with a unique,hands-on experience to learn a wide variety of methods and research approaches to practical field research. (oceans-research.com)
  • The Oceans Research's Field Research Program provides unparalleled research training opportunities for aspiring marine scientists and researchers. (oceans-research.com)
  • In 2021, GIS4 Wildlife Movement Analytics has developed and implemented the Wildlife Tracker for Oceans to enrich marine scientists and policy makers with a tool that supports Marine Spatial Planning and MPAs assessment with marine megafauna habitat use. (copernicus.eu)
  • The Wildlife Tracker for Oceans is a cloud geo-framework providing a unique opportunity to overlay the tracks of these animals over ocean bio-physical data layers to observe what may be determining or affecting the movements of the animals. (copernicus.eu)
  • The near-real time visualization including ocean bio-physical variables approachof Wildlife Tracker for Oceans helps to monitor the movements of marine megafauna and allow marine scientists to predict what influence their migration pathways. (copernicus.eu)
  • Guests can channel their inner marine biologist to examine and experience insulation in action at this interactive lab. (justluxe.com)
  • Guests can learn about the fascinating career of a marine biologist, what it takes to become one, their specialties and responsibilities, and more. (justluxe.com)
  • Every budding marine biologist represents a potential solution to the challenges our seas face, from climate change to conservation. (justluxe.com)
  • The list of reasons to study marine science could probably reach the bottom of Mariana's Trench, but no matter the reason, your perfect school helps you feed your love of all things oceanic in order to become the marine biologist you've always dreamt of becoming. (collegemagazine.com)
  • Courtesy Jan Pechenik Professor emeritus and marine biologist Jan Pechenik is pictured. (tuftsdaily.com)
  • Coursework in the minor includes exciting hands-on learning opportunities, such as field trips, internships, research, courses at UW's marine field station, Friday Harbor Laboratories , and study abroad programs. (uwb.edu)
  • Marine science students also get access to internships through their department. (collegemagazine.com)
  • You will have the freedom to choose the subject of your project, which can be conducted in field, within our new aquatic biology research facility, in a working academic research laboratory on campus or alongside one of our research partners across the globe. (essex.ac.uk)
  • 2. Demonstrate marine laboratory concepts, techniques, and procedures. (studentscholarships.org)
  • It is helpful if you can get a placement with a marine laboratory, perhaps during the summer, while you are a student. (planitplus.net)
  • You could work in research, resource management, conservation and education, with a marine research laboratory run by a government department or by a private company. (planitplus.net)
  • Dubai: A marine biology laboratory is being developed by real estate giants Nakheel and the United Nations University to enhance environmental monitoring of the Arabian Gulf and assess water quality. (deeperblue.com)
  • The new marine biology laboratory, and major new analytical instrumentation at the existing lab, EHS will have the resources needed for coastal monitoring activities in Dubai waters and the wider region. (deeperblue.com)
  • looking at how they are affected by their environment and how that affects larger marine creatures and their ecosystem. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Marine Biology research group is at the forefront of international projects investigating diverse marine topics, from the molecular to the ecosystem and community level. (port.ac.uk)
  • What processes underpin a healthy marine ecosystem? (essex.ac.uk)
  • Marine biology covers a great deal, from the microscopic plankton , including femtoplankton as small as 0.02 micrometers, and together with phytoplankton , hugely important as the primary producers of the sea, to the huge cetaceans (or whales) which reach up to a reported 33 meters (109 feet) in length. (fact-archive.com)
  • First published in 1887, the Journal of the Marine Biological Association UK ( JMBA ) is an international journal, publishing original research and reviews on all aspects of marine biology, to support the aims of the Marine Biological Association. (mba.ac.uk)
  • Visit our MSc Marine Science and Sustainable Development course page for information about our other marine postgraduate degree. (essex.ac.uk)
  • You usually need a degree (SCQF Level 9) in marine biology, or a degree in biology or an environmental subject including specialisms in marine biology. (planitplus.net)
  • After evaluating each school's Marine Science degree options, whether or not it borders a large body of water, the accessibility of research and the availability of nearby opportunities, we built a list of 10 colleges with the best marine biology programs for you. (collegemagazine.com)
  • UCLA may offer 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs, but that doesn't stop its marine biology program from standing out. (collegemagazine.com)
  • The course is an optional second-cycle course for a degree of Bachelor or Master of Science in Biology. (lu.se)
  • Flow cytometry have important applications in many fields including fundamental and applied microbiology, bioprocess monitoring, protein engineering, plant biology and marine biology. (lu.se)
  • The unit is open to 24 students and is designed to engage, challenge, excite and inspire you through a hands-on marine science program. (edu.au)
  • This unit, Introduction to temperate marine biology (XAS101) , is an introduction to our Bachelor of Marine and Antarctic Science . (edu.au)
  • This course is also offered with a Science Gateway option if you would like to study FdSc Marine Biology with Conservation but don't have the right qualifications or grades to do so. (cornwall.ac.uk)
  • The day will allow guests to experience live STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) demonstrations and learn about careers in marine biology with their new exhibit. (justluxe.com)
  • Because science is such a culturally diverse field, it is normal for me to be around people from different countries, both in the lecture theatre and the marine research centre . (plymouth.ac.uk)
  • Monmouth University's Biology Department offers a Bachelor of Science in Marine and Environmental Biology and Policy (MEBP) for students who have a passion for nature and the environment, and want an immersive, hands-on experience in their undergraduate education. (monmouth.edu)
  • Marine Conservation Biology is a relatively new field of science, born in 1997, following the First Symposium on Marine Conservation Biology. (dal.ca)
  • For entry you need 4-5 Highers normally including at least 2 from Maths, Biology, Chemistry and Physics, plus Maths and sometimes English or a science subject at National 5. (planitplus.net)
  • Master of Science in Biology with specialisation in exercises. (lu.se)
  • Our MSc Marine Biology programme aims to train graduates in multiple areas of marine biology and includes the acquisition of necessary field skills in sea survival, powerboat handling and marine radio. (findamasters.com)
  • Encompasses the advanced study of the biology and conservation of marine mammals and other marine megafauna (e.g. turtles, sharks, crocodiles and rays). (edu.au)
  • Students will study cutting-edge research on marine mammals, and critically evaluate important case studies. (edu.au)
  • By studying MSc Tropical Marine Biology in our School of Life Sciences you will enjoy a unique training experience, designed to provide you with the specific tools to study and protect fragile marine systems. (essex.ac.uk)
  • The distinctive biomes represented at each of the EcoLeague member colleges gave her the opportunity to study tropical and coastal marine life over the course of her college career. (ecoleague.org)
  • The Postgraduate Certificate in Marine Biology (Conversion Programme) is a six month part-time programme running from September to March for graduates from non-biological or environmental disciplines unable to meet the entry requirements for direct entry onto the MSc in Marine Biology programme. (findamasters.com)
  • Biological Sciences-Marine, Freshwater, and Environmental Biology Major (B.S. (ohio.edu)
  • The B.S. in Marine and Environmental Biology and Policy is a multidisciplinary program with a curriculum that allows students to gain a solid foundation in the sciences, together with an understanding of their application to addressing environmental problems, and conserving and managing natural resources. (monmouth.edu)
  • After graduating with a B.S. in Marine and Environmental Biology and Policy, students will be ready for careers in the public or private sector investigating environmental quality, dealing with conservation and management of natural resources, or implementing environmental policy. (monmouth.edu)
  • Marine litter is one of the most pervasive and fast-growing aspects of contamination in the global ocean, and has been observed in every environmental setting, including the deep seafloor where little is known about the magnitude and consequences of the problem. (researchgate.net)
  • Marine Environmental Research [electronic resource]. (who.int)
  • The environmental, human and ecological damage of plastic waste materials, especially to marine biology, is well documented. (who.int)
  • Such as, clean the water, they draw down carbon, so they help buffer climate change and we need a healthy marine environment for our own well-being because of these things, but also psychological benefits and well-being. (port.ac.uk)
  • We have a broad spectrum of content from marine natural history to exploration, climate change, analytical techniques and ID guides. (mba.ac.uk)
  • An interesting branch of marine biology is aquaculture . (fact-archive.com)
  • UNE offers the usual BS or minor in marine bio as well as more specific options, such as a marine affairs BA or minor, an aquaculture BS or minor, a marine entrepreneurship BS and even a program called MARMAT-a double major in marine sciences and applied mathematics . (collegemagazine.com)
  • We have a number of personal library collections belonging to early prominent marine scientists at the MBA, as well as expedition reports from the HMS Challenger, Charles Darwin's Beagle voyage and Prince Albert of Monaco investigations. (mba.ac.uk)
  • We provide a wide range of courses, training and workshops for professional marine scientists. (mba.ac.uk)
  • They are also called marine scientists. (planitplus.net)
  • Our marine biology internship program allows aspiring scientists and conservationists to collaborate with leading marine biologists. (oceans-research.com)
  • Due to unintentional leakages bio-carriers end up in the aquatic environment and coastlines, where they contribute to plastic pollution. (ospar.org)
  • Entry level salaries for marine biologists are usually in the range of £18,500 to £24,000. (planitplus.net)
  • Some marine laboratories and research organisations pay marine biologists on university lecturer scales (£28,000 to £45,000 a year). (planitplus.net)
  • The module will specifically address aspects of the biology of fish, marine mammals, sea birds and reptiles. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Students will learn about management priorities vital for the continued conservation and recovery of globally threatened populations of marine mammals and other marine megafauna. (edu.au)
  • Threats to marine mammals and effective conservation approaches. (edu.au)
  • The Blubber Glove experiment is a WonderWorks favorite, demonstrating how marine mammals stay warm in cold water temperatures. (justluxe.com)
  • The University of Delaware, UMASS Amherst, Villanova University, Rutgers University, Pace University, the College of Charleston, the Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, Clemson University, the University of Florida, and the University of Hawaii are among the many institutions that graduates of the MEBP Program have attended to further their education. (monmouth.edu)
  • Beyond their location on the coast of Puget Sound, UW owns a marine sciences field station, Friday Harbor Laboratories, located just a few miles north of campus on San Juan Island. (collegemagazine.com)
  • Advanced theory in tropical marine biology is complemented by practical skills training in quantitative methods, data analytics, field survey techniques and a comprehensive range of the practical and professional skills required by today's employers. (essex.ac.uk)
  • Check out the 10 best colleges for marine biology majors. (collegemagazine.com)
  • All marine biology majors take part in MBQ, a quarter spent designing and executing your own research project under the guidance of faculty members. (collegemagazine.com)
  • Looking a little like giant dice, the five concrete cubes on Teats Hill Beach, Plymouth, are an ongoing experiment in how to encourage marine life to inhabit man-made coastal environments. (concretecentre.com)
  • My research has constantly centered into a deeper understanding of different processes and interactions in the marine microbial pelagic food web (including larger zooplankton). (lu.se)
  • 1. Carry out marine field experiments to test a hypothesis, and gather relevant scientific data, with the objective of analyzing this data and drawing the necessary conclusions from it. (studentscholarships.org)
  • WonderWorks has also teamed up with SeaWorld and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to bring guests a new iteration of their "I Think, Therefore I STEM" exhibit, introducing them to the marine biology field. (justluxe.com)
  • To learn more about the field of Marine Biology and potential opportunities for coursework and research at UW Bothell, contact Dr. Heather Galindo or Dr. Jeff Jensen . (uwb.edu)
  • One unique thing UCLA does to help students advance in the field of marine biology is the UCLA Marine Biology Quarter," senior Nury Molina said. (collegemagazine.com)
  • These experiences are available to current and lifelong students wishing to gain field and research experience in marine biology. (oceans-research.com)
  • The Marine Biology minor has no prerequisites , and any undergraduate student-including pre-major students-may declare the minor at any time! (uwb.edu)
  • Any student, regardless of their affiliation with marine biology, can apply for the Undergraduate Research, Experiential & Creative Activities (URECA) program. (collegemagazine.com)
  • Our fundamental and applied research underpins and informs management of coastal and marine resources. (port.ac.uk)
  • Underwater visual surveys represent an essential component of coastal marine research and play a crucial role in supporting the management of marine systems. (springer.com)
  • For Sieger, who's held an interest in marine biology since participating in the semester program, Coastal Studies for Girls in high school, the center was a great fit. (ecoleague.org)
  • discuss the risks associated with human-megafauna interactions in marine systems, and how these can be mitigated. (edu.au)
  • Empowering young minds to pursue STEM careers such as marine biology is essential for our world's future. (justluxe.com)
  • An overview of marine megafauna. (edu.au)
  • Marine life is a vast resource, providing food, medicine, and raw materials, in addition to helping to support recreation and tourism all over the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. (wikipedia.org)
  • 4. Various marine life videos from National Geographic. (studentscholarships.org)
  • There are also subfields reserved for studying the physical effects of continual immersion in sea water , and the ocean in general, as well as for the ways that various changing oceanic properties affect marine life. (fact-archive.com)
  • Students can take their pick of what to get involved in, benefiting from our strong ties with likeminded groups, charities and businesses such as Blue Reef Aquarium, Cornwall Wildlife Trust, Cornwall Seal Group Research Trust, Newquay Marine Group, British Divers Marine Life Rescue and many more. (cornwall.ac.uk)
  • Unfortunately these are usually smooth, uncomplex, and leave little room for marine life. (concretecentre.com)
  • Advanced casting techniques create a rough surface that invites marine life to attach itself, while the interlocking hollow shapes provide reef-like structures where fish and crustacea can breed. (concretecentre.com)
  • The Marine Biological Association conducts, promotes and supports scientific research into all aspects of life in the sea. (mba.ac.uk)
  • The interdisciplinary Minor in Marine Biology is a tri-campus minor open to UW students at all campuses with an interest in exploring life in the marine environment. (uwb.edu)
  • Marine environments are the home to many exotic biological materials that may inspire biomimetic material s. (fact-archive.com)
  • Students focusing on terrestrial environments should consider the wildlife and conservation biology track. (ohio.edu)
  • Diver-based surveys, conducted using underwater visual census (UVC) or diver-operated video systems (DOVs), have been the most commonly used methods for direct, non-destructive observation of marine taxa in neritic environments (Bean et al. (springer.com)
  • Contact your pre-major advisor or the academic advisor for your major at any time to declare the Marine Biology minor. (uwb.edu)
  • Other courses and B BIO 499 research will be considered on a case-by-case basis. (uwb.edu)