Marek Disease Vaccines
Herpesvirus 2, Gallid
Marek Disease
Bacterial Vaccines
Viral Vaccines
Lyme Disease
Vaccines
Vaccines, Synthetic
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi Group
Vaccines, Inactivated
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Neisseria lactamica
Vaccination
Vaccines, DNA
AIDS Vaccines
Antigens, Surface
Borrelia burgdorferi
Lipoproteins
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Vaccines, Subunit
Vaccines, Conjugate
Aphthovirus
Adjuvants, Immunologic
Replication kinetics of Marek's disease vaccine virus in feathers and lymphoid tissues using PCR and virus isolation. (1/8)
CVI988 (Rispens), an avirulent strain of Marek's disease virus, is the most widely used vaccine against Marek's disease. The kinetics of replication of CVI988 was examined in tissues of chickens vaccinated at either 1 day or 14 days of age and sampled regularly up to 28 days post-vaccination. Age at vaccination had no significant effect on the kinetics of CVI988 virus replication. During the cytolytic phase of infection (1-7 days), virus levels peaked in the spleen, bursa and thymus with very close correlation among these organs. Virus load in peripheral blood lagged behind and did not reach high levels. Significant numbers of virus genomes were detected in the feather tips only after 7 days, but subsequently rose to levels almost 10(3)-fold greater than in the other tissues. This is the first accurate quantitative data for kinetics of CVI988 replication in a variety of tissues. There was good correlation between data from virus isolation and PCR, with real-time PCR being the preferred method for rapid, accurate and sensitive quantification of virus. Feathers were ideal for non-invasive sampling to detect and measure CVI988 in live chickens and, from 10 days onwards, virus load in feather tips was predictive of virus load in lymphoid tissues where immune responses will occur. The potential for real-time PCR analysis of feather samples for further investigation of the mechanism of vaccinal protection, and to assist optimization of vaccination regimes, is discussed. (+info)Herpesvirus of turkey reconstituted from bacterial artificial chromosome clones induces protection against Marek's disease. (2/8)
Herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) is an alphaherpesvirus that is widely used as a live vaccine against Marek's disease because of its antigenic relationship with Marek's disease virus (MDV). In spite of a similar genome structure, HVT has several unique genes, the functions of which are not completely understood. As a first step in carrying out detailed analysis of the functions of the HVT genes, a full-length infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of HVT was constructed. DNA from two independent BAC clones, upon transfection into chicken embryo fibroblasts, produced plaques similar to those produced by the wild-type virus. Viruses derived from the BAC clones were stable during in vitro passage, but showed differences in in vitro growth kinetics compared with the wild-type virus. Using a one-step mutagenesis protocol to delete the essential glycoprotein B gene from the HVT genome, followed by construction of the revertant virus, BAC clones of HVT were shown to be amenable to standard mutagenesis techniques. In spite of the difference in in vitro growth, viruses from both clones induced 100 % protection against infection by the virulent MDV strain RB-1B, indicating that the BAC-derived viruses could be used as vaccines with efficacies similar to that of the parental virus. The construction of HVT BAC is a major step in understanding the functions of HVT genes by exploiting the power of BAC technology. Furthermore, the availability of the BAC clones enables use of HVT as a vector for expressing foreign genes. (+info)Quantitative profiling of the shedding rate of the three Marek's disease virus (MDV) serotypes reveals that challenge with virulent MDV markedly increases shedding of vaccinal viruses. (3/8)
The shedding profile of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV1, virulent), serotype 2 (MDV2, vaccinal) and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT, vaccinal) in commercial broiler chickens was determined by measuring the daily rate of production of feather dander from chickens housed in isolators and by quantifying the viral load of each of these serotypes in the dander using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). MDV1 and HVT viruses were detectable in dander filtered from isolator exhaust air from day 7 and MDV2 from day 12 after infection and thereafter until the end of the experiment at 61 days of age of the chickens. There was no difference in shedding rate among the three MDV1 isolates. Daily shedding of MDV1 increased sharply between days 7 and 28 and stabilized thereafter at about 10(9) virus copies per chicken per day, irrespective of vaccination status. Challenge with the three different MDV1 isolates markedly increased shedding of the vaccinal viruses HVT and MDV2 in dander by 38- and 75-fold, respectively. These results demonstrate the utility of qPCR for the differentiation and quantification of different MDV serotypes in feather dander and have significant implications for the routine monitoring of Marek's disease using qPCR assays of dust, for epidemiological modelling of the behaviour and spread of MDVs in chicken populations and for studies into the evolution of virulence in MDV1 in the face of blanket vaccination with imperfect vaccines that ameliorate disease but do not prevent infection and replication of virulent virus. (+info)Development of a nested polymerase chain reaction method to detect oncogenic Marek's disease virus from feather tips. (4/8)
For the easy survey of Marek's disease virus (MDV), feather tip-derived DNA from MDV-infected chickens can be used because feather tips are easy to collect and feather follicle epithelium is known to be the only site of productive replication of cell-free MDV. To develop a diagnostic method to differentiate highly virulent strains of MDV from the attenuated MDV vaccine strain, CVI988, which is widely used, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect a segment of the meq gene in feather tip samples of chickens experimentally infected with MDV. In chickens infected with Md5, a strain of oncogenic MDV, the meq gene was consistently detected, whereas the L-meq gene, in which a 180-base pair (180-bp) sequence is inserted into the meq gene, was detected in CVI988-infected chickens. Moreover, the meq gene was mainly detected even in chickens co-infected with both Md5 and CVI988. These results suggest that this method is appropriate for the surveillance of the highly virulent MDV infection in the field. (+info)Revaccination with Marek's disease vaccines induces productive infection and superior immunity. (5/8)
(+info)Microarray analysis of host immune responses to Marek's disease virus infection in vaccinated chickens. (6/8)
Marek's disease (MD) is a commercially important disease of chickens caused by MD virus (MDV). Although avirulent MDV strains have been used for vaccination to prevent MD outbreaks, the protective mechanism of the vaccine has not been elucidated. In this study, a comprehensive transcriptional analysis using microarray was conducted in MDV-infected chickens with and without vaccination at 7 and 21 days post-infection (dpi). The data suggested that the expression of T cell receptor (TCR) 1-related genes was up-regulated in vaccinated-challenged compared to unvaccinated-challenged chickens during the latent phase of infection. Consistently, this induction was confirmed by quantitative PCR. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that most of TCR1(+) cells expressed CD8alpha chain brightly. The number of this subpopulation was significantly and specifically increased in vaccinated-challenged chickens at 21 dpi compared to unvaccinated-challenged chickens, though it was not the major population in spleen of chickens. The number of CD8alpha(high) TCR2(+) cells, the major subpopulation of chicken CD8alpha(high) cells, was increased in vaccinated chickens with or without challenge compared to unvaccinated control chickens. These data suggested that both CD8alpha(high) TCR1(+) and CD8alpha(high) TCR2(+) cells could be induced by the vaccination. It is also possible that CD8alpha(high) TCR1(+) cells might be primed by the vaccination and specifically induced by the challenge with virulent strain of MDV during the latent phase of infection. Thus, CD8alpha(high) TCR1(+) cell population is probably one of the key factors involved in the protective mechanism induced by a vaccine strain, CVI988. (+info)Late Marek's disease in adult chickens inoculated with virulent Marek's disease virus. (7/8)
Recently, excessive losses from Marek's disease (MD) have been noted in adult laying flocks over the age of 40 weeks. We defined these late outbreaks in adult chickens as "late MD", and experimentally reproduced the disease in adult SPF P2 line (50-week-old) or commercial line (74-week-old) chickens inoculated with a virulent strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV). Commercial line chickens were given MDV vaccines (HVT and CVI 988) at hatch. The occurrence of MD was evaluated periodically by the evidence of neurologic signs such as paralysis, torticollis, ataxia, and/or nervous tics, as well as histopathological examination. In P2 line chickens, neurologic signs and MD lymphoma were observed from day 21 onward, and they tended to increase in a time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, in commercial line chickens, only one chicken exhibited MD lymphoma on day 70 post inoculation, but its pathogenesis was questionable. No regression of MD lymphoma was noted in either case. The lesions in the visceral organs, thymus, peripheral nerves, and feather pulps of P2 line chickens were characterized by proliferation of variably sized lymphoid cells. In the feather follicle epithelium, numerous inclusion bodies were noted on day 21 post-inoculation, which tended to decrease afterwards. The morphological findings obtained resembled late MD in field cases. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that adult SPF P2 line chickens are susceptible to virulent MDV, and would be useful for investigation of late MD. (+info)Molecular characteristics of Polish field strains of Marek's disease herpesvirus isolated from vaccinated chickens. (8/8)
(+info)Marek's disease vaccines are a type of veterinary vaccine used to prevent Marek's disease, a highly contagious and deadly neoplastic disease in chickens caused by the alphaherpesvirus Gallid herpesvirus 2. The vaccines contain attenuated or killed strains of the virus, which when administered to chicks, stimulate an immune response that protects against subsequent infection with virulent strains of the virus.
There are several types of Marek's disease vaccines available, including:
1. Herpesvirus of Turkey (HVT) based vaccines: These vaccines use a related herpesvirus from turkeys that has been attenuated to be safe for chickens. They provide protection against Marek's disease and also offer cross-protection against other related herpesviruses.
2. CVI988 (Rispens) vaccine: This is a bivalent vaccine that contains both the HVT strain and a further attenuated strain of Marek's disease virus. It provides excellent protection against Marek's disease and also reduces the shedding of the virus in vaccinated birds.
3. SB-1 vaccine: This is a further attenuated strain of Marek's disease virus that offers good protection against the disease but may not prevent the spread of the virus in a flock.
4. Combination vaccines: These vaccines combine Marek's disease vaccines with other vaccines, such as those for infectious bronchitis or Newcastle disease, to provide comprehensive protection against multiple diseases.
It is important to note that while Marek's disease vaccines are effective at preventing the development of clinical signs and reducing mortality associated with the disease, they do not prevent infection or shedding of the virus. Therefore, it is still possible for vaccinated birds to transmit the virus to unvaccinated birds.
A Lyme disease vaccine is not currently available on the market. However, in the past, there was a vaccine called Lymerix, which was a recombinant OspA (outer surface protein A) vaccine. It was approved by the FDA in 1998 for use in people aged 15 to 70 years to prevent Lyme disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. However, due to low consumer demand and unfounded concerns about potential adverse events, the manufacturer voluntarily withdrew it from the market in 2002.
Currently, there is no licensed vaccine available for Lyme disease. Researchers are continuing to work on developing new vaccines, but none have yet been approved for use.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be a mistake in the terminology you provided. There is no virus known as "Herpesvirus 2, Gallid." However, I can provide some information on a related topic.
Gallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2), also known as Marek's disease virus (MDV), is a member of the Herpesviridae family and is a significant pathogen in chickens. It causes Marek's disease, a lymphoproliferative disorder that results in various clinical manifestations such as T-cell lymphomas, neurological disorders, and immunosuppression. GaHV-2 is not known to infect or cause disease in humans or other mammalian species.
If you meant to ask about human herpesviruses, please let me know and provide the correct name so I can offer an accurate definition.
Marek's disease is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects chickens and other members of the Galliformes order (which includes turkeys, quails, and pheasants). The disease is caused by the alphaherpesvirus known as Gallid herpesvirus 2 or Marek's disease virus (MDV).
The infection primarily targets the chicken's immune system, leading to various clinical manifestations such as:
1. T-cell lymphomas (cancerous growths) in the peripheral nerves, visceral organs, and skin. These tumors can cause paralysis, especially in the legs, and affect the bird's mobility and overall health.
2. Enlarged, pale, or discolored spleens and livers due to the proliferation of infected lymphocytes.
3. Lesions on the feather follicles, skin, and eyes (such as iritis, conjunctivitis, and blindness) caused by viral replication in these areas.
4. Immunosuppression, which makes affected birds more susceptible to secondary bacterial or viral infections, leading to a decline in overall health and production.
Marek's disease is primarily transmitted through the inhalation of dust particles containing infected dander or feather follicle epithelium. The virus can also be spread via contaminated equipment, clothing, and transportation vehicles.
Vaccination is an effective method to control Marek's disease in commercial poultry operations. However, the continuous evolution of more virulent strains poses a challenge for long-term protection and eradication efforts.
Bacterial vaccines are types of vaccines that are created using bacteria or parts of bacteria as the immunogen, which is the substance that triggers an immune response in the body. The purpose of a bacterial vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to develop protection against specific bacterial infections.
There are several types of bacterial vaccines, including:
1. Inactivated or killed whole-cell vaccines: These vaccines contain entire bacteria that have been killed or inactivated through various methods, such as heat or chemicals. The bacteria can no longer cause disease, but they still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response.
2. Subunit, protein, or polysaccharide vaccines: These vaccines use specific components of the bacterium, such as proteins or polysaccharides, that are known to trigger an immune response. By using only these components, the vaccine can avoid using the entire bacterium, which may reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
3. Live attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain live bacteria that have been weakened or attenuated so that they cannot cause disease but still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine can provide long-lasting immunity, but it may not be suitable for people with weakened immune systems.
Bacterial vaccines are essential tools in preventing and controlling bacterial infections, reducing the burden of diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. They work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of the bacteria or its components, which triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and fight off future infections with that same bacterium.
It's important to note that while vaccines are generally safe and effective, they may cause mild side effects such as pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, fever, or fatigue. Serious side effects are rare but can occur, so it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine.
A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.
Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.
It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.
Lyme disease is not a "medical definition" itself, but it is a medical condition named after the town of Lyme, Connecticut, where it was first identified in 1975. Medical definitions for this disease are provided by authoritative bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). According to the CDC, Lyme disease is a "infection caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks."
The WHO defines Lyme borreliosis (LB), also known as Lyme disease, as "an infectious disease caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Ixodes spp. ticks."
Both definitions highlight that Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread by tick bites, specifically from black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the United States and Ixodes pacificus on the Pacific Coast) or deer ticks (Ixodes ricinus in Europe). The primary cause of the disease is the spirochete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles the disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters in the future.
Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight disease that is already present). The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccinations are generally administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cowpox to create immunity to smallpox. The first successful vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who showed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. He reasoned that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox and tested his theory by injecting a boy with pus from a cowpox sore and then exposing him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract. The word "vaccine" is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 during a conversation with a fellow physician and later in the title of his 1801 Inquiry.
Synthetic vaccines are artificially produced, designed to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against specific diseases. Unlike traditional vaccines that are derived from weakened or killed pathogens, synthetic vaccines are created using synthetic components, such as synthesized viral proteins, DNA, or RNA. These components mimic the disease-causing agent and trigger an immune response without causing the actual disease. The use of synthetic vaccines offers advantages in terms of safety, consistency, and scalability in production, making them valuable tools for preventing infectious diseases.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and buffalo. The virus can also infect wild animals like deer and antelope. FMD is not a direct threat to human health but may have significant economic impacts due to restrictions on trade and movement of infected animals.
The disease is characterized by fever, blister-like sores (vesicles) in the mouth, on the tongue, lips, gums, teats, and between the hooves. The vesicles can rupture, causing painful erosions that make it difficult for affected animals to eat, drink, or walk. In severe cases, FMD can lead to death, particularly among young animals.
The causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease is the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which belongs to the Picornaviridae family and Aphthovirus genus. There are seven serotypes of FMDV: O, A, C, Asia 1, and South African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2, and SAT 3. Infection with one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes.
Prevention and control measures for foot-and-mouth disease include vaccination, quarantine, movement restrictions, disinfection, and culling of infected animals in severe outbreaks. Rapid detection and response are crucial to prevent the spread of FMD within and between countries.
The Borrelia burgdorferi group, also known as the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex, refers to a genetically related group of spirochetal bacteria that cause Lyme disease and other related diseases worldwide. The group includes several species, with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), B. afzelii, and B. garinii being the most common and best studied. These bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the United States and Ixodes pacificus on the West Coast; Ixodes ricinus in Europe).
Lyme disease is a multisystem disorder that can affect the skin, joints, nervous system, and heart. Early symptoms typically include a characteristic expanding rash called erythema migrans, fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle and joint pain. If left untreated, the infection can spread to other parts of the body and cause more severe complications, such as arthritis, neurological problems, and carditis.
Diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, exposure history, and laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, such as doxycycline, amoxicillin, or ceftriaxone, and is generally most effective when initiated early in the course of the illness. Preventive measures, such as using insect repellent, checking for ticks after being outdoors, and promptly removing attached ticks, can help reduce the risk of Lyme disease and other tick-borne infections.
Inactivated vaccines, also known as killed or non-live vaccines, are created by using a version of the virus or bacteria that has been grown in a laboratory and then killed or inactivated with chemicals, heat, or radiation. This process renders the organism unable to cause disease, but still capable of stimulating an immune response when introduced into the body.
Inactivated vaccines are generally considered safer than live attenuated vaccines since they cannot revert back to a virulent form and cause illness. However, they may require multiple doses or booster shots to maintain immunity because the immune response generated by inactivated vaccines is not as robust as that produced by live vaccines. Examples of inactivated vaccines include those for hepatitis A, rabies, and influenza (inactivated flu vaccine).
Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are a type of protein found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane is a unique characteristic of gram-negative bacteria, and it serves as a barrier that helps protect the bacterium from hostile environments. OMPs play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and selective permeability of the outer membrane. They are involved in various functions such as nutrient uptake, transport, adhesion, and virulence factor secretion.
OMPs are typically composed of beta-barrel structures that span the bacterial outer membrane. These proteins can be classified into several groups based on their size, function, and structure. Some of the well-known OMP families include porins, autotransporters, and two-partner secretion systems.
Porins are the most abundant type of OMPs and form water-filled channels that allow the passive diffusion of small molecules, ions, and nutrients across the outer membrane. Autotransporters are a diverse group of OMPs that play a role in bacterial pathogenesis by secreting virulence factors or acting as adhesins. Two-partner secretion systems involve the cooperation between two proteins to transport effector molecules across the outer membrane.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial OMPs is essential for developing new antibiotics and therapies that target gram-negative bacteria, which are often resistant to conventional treatments.
"Neisseria lactamica" is a gram-negative, beta-hemolytic, coccoid bacterium that belongs to the family Neisseriaceae. It commonly colonizes the upper respiratory tract of young children and is considered part of the normal flora of the human nasopharynx. "Neisseria lactamica" shares many biochemical and genetic similarities with its close relative, "Neisseria meningitidis," which can cause serious invasive diseases such as meningitis and sepsis. However, "Neisseria lactamica" is generally considered to be non-pathogenic and does not typically cause illness in healthy individuals.
Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.
A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.
If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.
Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.
Combined vaccines are defined in medical terms as vaccines that contain two or more antigens from different diseases, which are given to provide protection against multiple diseases at the same time. This approach reduces the number of injections required and simplifies the immunization schedule, especially during early childhood. Examples of combined vaccines include:
1. DTaP-Hib-IPV (e.g., Pentacel): A vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and poliovirus components in one injection to protect against these five diseases.
2. MMRV (e.g., ProQuad): A vaccine that combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) antigens in a single injection to provide immunity against all four diseases.
3. HepA-HepB (e.g., Twinrix): A vaccine that combines hepatitis A and hepatitis B antigens in one injection, providing protection against both types of hepatitis.
4. MenACWY-TT (e.g., MenQuadfi): A vaccine that combines four serogroups of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, Y) with tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein in one injection for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by these serogroups.
5. PCV13-PPSV23 (e.g., Vaxneuvance): A vaccine that combines 13 pneumococcal serotypes with PPSV23, providing protection against a broader range of pneumococcal diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.
Combined vaccines have been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy to ensure they provide a strong immune response and an acceptable safety profile. They are essential tools in preventing various infectious diseases and improving overall public health.
I could not find a specific medical definition for "Vaccines, DNA." However, I can provide you with some information about DNA vaccines.
DNA vaccines are a type of vaccine that uses genetically engineered DNA to stimulate an immune response in the body. They work by introducing a small piece of DNA into the body that contains the genetic code for a specific antigen (a substance that triggers an immune response). The cells of the body then use this DNA to produce the antigen, which prompts the immune system to recognize and attack it.
DNA vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines. They are relatively easy to produce, can be stored at room temperature, and can be designed to protect against a wide range of diseases. Additionally, because they use DNA to stimulate an immune response, DNA vaccines do not require the growth and culture of viruses or bacteria, which can make them safer than traditional vaccines.
DNA vaccines are still in the experimental stages, and more research is needed to determine their safety and effectiveness. However, they have shown promise in animal studies and are being investigated as a potential tool for preventing a variety of infectious diseases, including influenza, HIV, and cancer.
Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.
An AIDS vaccine is a type of preventive vaccine that aims to stimulate the immune system to produce an effective response against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The goal of an AIDS vaccine is to induce the production of immune cells and proteins that can recognize and eliminate HIV-infected cells, thereby preventing the establishment of a persistent infection.
Despite decades of research, there is still no licensed AIDS vaccine available. This is due in part to the unique challenges posed by HIV, which has a high mutation rate and can rapidly evolve to evade the immune system's defenses. However, several promising vaccine candidates are currently being tested in clinical trials around the world, and researchers continue to explore new approaches and strategies for developing an effective AIDS vaccine.
Surface antigens are molecules found on the surface of cells that can be recognized by the immune system as being foreign or different from the host's own cells. Antigens are typically proteins or polysaccharides that are capable of stimulating an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells such as T-cells.
Surface antigens are important in the context of infectious diseases because they allow the immune system to identify and target infected cells for destruction. For example, viruses and bacteria often display surface antigens that are distinct from those found on host cells, allowing the immune system to recognize and attack them. In some cases, these surface antigens can also be used as targets for vaccines or other immunotherapies.
In addition to their role in infectious diseases, surface antigens are also important in the context of cancer. Tumor cells often display abnormal surface antigens that differ from those found on normal cells, allowing the immune system to potentially recognize and attack them. However, tumors can also develop mechanisms to evade the immune system, making it difficult to mount an effective response.
Overall, understanding the properties and behavior of surface antigens is crucial for developing effective immunotherapies and vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer.
'Borrelia burgdorferi' is a species of spirochete bacteria that is the primary cause of Lyme disease in humans. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the northeastern, midwestern, and eastern parts of the United States; Ixodes pacificus on the Pacific Coast).
The bacterium was first identified and named after Willy Burgdorfer, who discovered the spirochete in the mid-1980s. The infection can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. If left untreated, the infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system, leading to more severe complications.
Antibiotic treatment is usually effective in eliminating the bacteria and resolving symptoms, especially when initiated early in the course of the disease. However, some individuals may experience persistent symptoms even after treatment, a condition known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). The exact cause of PTLDS remains unclear, with ongoing research investigating potential factors such as residual bacterial infection, autoimmune responses, or tissue damage.
Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of multiple proteins and lipids (fats) that play a crucial role in the transport and metabolism of fat molecules in the body. They consist of an outer shell of phospholipids, free cholesterols, and apolipoproteins, enclosing a core of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters.
There are several types of lipoproteins, including:
1. Chylomicrons: These are the largest lipoproteins and are responsible for transporting dietary lipids from the intestines to other parts of the body.
2. Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL): Produced by the liver, VLDL particles carry triglycerides to peripheral tissues for energy storage or use.
3. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL): Often referred to as "bad cholesterol," LDL particles transport cholesterol from the liver to cells throughout the body. High levels of LDL in the blood can lead to plaque buildup in artery walls and increase the risk of heart disease.
4. High-density lipoproteins (HDL): Known as "good cholesterol," HDL particles help remove excess cholesterol from cells and transport it back to the liver for excretion or recycling. Higher levels of HDL are associated with a lower risk of heart disease.
Understanding lipoproteins and their roles in the body is essential for assessing cardiovascular health and managing risks related to heart disease and stroke.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae and the genus Aphthovirus. It is the causative agent of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), a highly contagious and severe viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and buffalo. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, as well as through aerosolized particles in the air. FMDV has seven distinct serotypes (O, A, C, Asia 1, and South African Territories [SAT] 1, 2, and 3), and infection with one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes. The virus primarily targets the animal's epithelial tissues, causing lesions and blisters in and around the mouth, feet, and mammary glands. FMD is not a direct threat to human health but poses significant economic consequences for the global livestock industry due to its high infectivity and morbidity rates.
A subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains a specific piece or component of the microorganism (such as a protein, sugar, or part of the bacterial outer membrane), instead of containing the entire organism. This piece of the microorganism is known as an antigen, and it stimulates an immune response in the body, allowing the development of immunity against the targeted infection without introducing the risk of disease associated with live vaccines.
Subunit vaccines offer several advantages over other types of vaccines. They are generally safer because they do not contain live or weakened microorganisms, making them suitable for individuals with weakened immune systems or specific medical conditions that prevent them from receiving live vaccines. Additionally, subunit vaccines can be designed to focus on the most immunogenic components of a pathogen, potentially leading to stronger and more targeted immune responses.
Examples of subunit vaccines include the Hepatitis B vaccine, which contains a viral protein, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, which uses pieces of the bacterial polysaccharide capsule. These vaccines have been crucial in preventing serious infectious diseases and reducing associated complications worldwide.
Conjugate vaccines are a type of vaccine that combines a part of a bacterium with a protein or other substance to boost the body's immune response to the bacteria. The bacterial component is usually a polysaccharide, which is a long chain of sugars that makes up part of the bacterial cell wall.
By itself, a polysaccharide is not very immunogenic, meaning it does not stimulate a strong immune response. However, when it is conjugated or linked to a protein or other carrier molecule, it becomes much more immunogenic and can elicit a stronger and longer-lasting immune response.
Conjugate vaccines are particularly effective in protecting against bacterial infections that affect young children, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal disease. These vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of these diseases and their associated complications, such as meningitis and pneumonia.
Overall, conjugate vaccines work by mimicking a natural infection and stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against future infections with the same bacterium. By combining a weakly immunogenic polysaccharide with a protein carrier, these vaccines can elicit a stronger and more effective immune response, providing long-lasting protection against bacterial infections.
Aphthovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Picornaviridae, order Picornavirales. This genus includes several species of viruses that are primarily associated with causing oral and foot lesions in cloven-hoofed animals, such as cattle, sheep, and pigs. The most well-known member of this genus is foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which causes a highly contagious and economically significant disease in livestock. Other species in the Aphthovirus genus include equine rhinitis A virus, bovine rhinitis virus, and porcine teschovirus. These viruses are typically transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions and excretions, and they can cause a range of clinical signs including fever, loss of appetite, lameness, and lesions in the mouth and feet. There are currently no vaccines available for all serotypes of FMDV, and control measures typically involve quarantine, slaughter of infected animals, and strict biosecurity practices to prevent spread of the virus.
Immunologic adjuvants are substances that are added to a vaccine to enhance the body's immune response to the antigens contained in the vaccine. They work by stimulating the immune system and promoting the production of antibodies and activating immune cells, such as T-cells and macrophages, which help to provide a stronger and more sustained immune response to the vaccine.
Immunologic adjuvants can be derived from various sources, including bacteria, viruses, and chemicals. Some common examples include aluminum salts (alum), oil-in-water emulsions (such as MF59), and bacterial components (such as lipopolysaccharide or LPS).
The use of immunologic adjuvants in vaccines can help to improve the efficacy of the vaccine, particularly for vaccines that contain weak or poorly immunogenic antigens. They can also help to reduce the amount of antigen needed in a vaccine, which can be beneficial for vaccines that are difficult or expensive to produce.
It's important to note that while adjuvants can enhance the immune response to a vaccine, they can also increase the risk of adverse reactions, such as inflammation and pain at the injection site. Therefore, the use of immunologic adjuvants must be carefully balanced against their potential benefits and risks.
Marek's disease
Donald Shaver
Houghton Poultry Research Station
K-mer
Marek Pienkowski
Specific-pathogen-free
Vaccine resistance
Leeuwenhoek Lecture
Permanent cell
List of MeSH codes (D20)
Cervical cancer
Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1
Jack Makari
Poultry disease
Metallosphaera hakonensis
Syndemic
Turks in Germany
Pandemic prevention
Helminthiasis
Mona Nemer
Nicotine dependence
Cancer research
Viral quasispecies
Ceva Santé Animale
COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia
List of OBO Foundry ontologies
Glanders
SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant
Medical centers in the United States
Krystyna Janda
Zinc
Marek's disease - Wikipedia
In vitro characterization of the Meq proteins of Marek's disease virus vaccine strain CVI988. - Texas A&M University (TAMU)...
Baby Chicks: Silver Doubled Laced Barnevelder - My Pet Chicken
Baby Chicks: Brown Egg Layer Assortment - My Pet Chicken
Poultry Products | Merck Animal Health USA
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Immune Responses in the Eye-Associated Lymphoid Tissues of Chickens after Ocular Inoculation with...
Publication : USDA ARS
Marek's Vaccination
Marek's Disease
Project : USDA ARS
The Doomsday Prophecy of Dr. Geert Vanden Bossche | Office for Science and Society - McGill University
Zoetis - Research and Markets
Vaccinating Chickens
Moving the Covid Vaccine Goalposts
Volume 4 Issue 2 | Avian Diseases Digest
WikiGenes - Fowlpox
Chick Care | HenCam
Baby Chicks For Sale and Chicken Terms | Cackle Hatchery
Infectious Bursal Disease Discussed at Major Veterinary Conference | The Poultry Site
Joe Rogan on Breakthrough Cases and Vaccine Passports - Organic Consumers
Study explores unusual interaction between vi | EurekAlert!
Zoetis Poulvac Procerta HVT-ND vaccine From: Zoetis | WATTPoultry.com
Horowitz: The data is in, and we are now worse off than before the experimental shots | Blaze Media
Poultry Medication & Vaccines | Stromberg's Chickens
Citations - WJV - Scientific Research Publishing
Advances made in poultry vaccines | Meatpoultry.com | January 15, 2014 14:38 | MEAT+POULTRY
Deadly New Pertussis Strain Linked with Whooping Cough Vaccine | Wake Up World
Global Poultry and Porcine Vaccines Market (2022-2027) by Disease, Technology, Dosage Form, Geography, Competitive Analysis and...
Poulvac Procerta HVT-IBD: Pending EC decision | European Medicines Agency
Marek's67
- Marek's disease is a highly contagious viral neoplastic disease in chickens. (wikipedia.org)
- Marek's disease is caused by an alphaherpesvirus known as "Marek's disease virus" (MDV) or Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2). (wikipedia.org)
- Viruses related to MDV appear to be benign and can be used as vaccine strains to prevent Marek's disease. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, the related herpesvirus found in turkeys (HVT), causes no apparent disease in the birds, and continues to be used as a vaccine strain for prevention of Marek's disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Six syndromes are known to occur after infection with Marek's disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Classical Marek's disease or neurolymphomatosis causes asymmetric paralysis of one or more limbs. (wikipedia.org)
- Cutaneous Marek's disease causes round, firm lesions at the feather follicles. (wikipedia.org)
- Immunosuppression is impairment of the T-lymphocytes resulting from Marek's disease, preventing a competent immunological response against pathogenic challenge, with the affected birds become more susceptible to disease conditions such as coccidiosis and Escherichia coli infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Virological characteristics The demonstration of peripheral nerve enlargement along with suggestive clinical signs in a bird that is around three to four months old (with or without visceral tumors) is highly suggestive of Marek's disease. (wikipedia.org)
- The presence of nodules on the internal organs may also suggest Marek's disease, but further testing is required for confirmation. (wikipedia.org)
- In vitro characterization of the Meq proteins of Marek's disease virus vaccine strain CVI988. (tamu.edu)
- Gallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2), commonly known as Marek's disease virus serotype-1 (MDV-1), causes T cell lymphomas in chickens. (tamu.edu)
- We offer the Marek's Disease vaccine on the checkout page. (mypetchicken.com)
- For vaccination of healthy 18-day old chicken embryos or 1-day old chickens for the prevention of Marek's disease and Infectious Laryngotracheitis. (merck-animal-health-usa.com)
- The B congenic lines have demonstrable differences in resistance to Marek's disease (MD), and in responses to MD viral vaccines. (usda.gov)
- Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) is a highly contagious viral infection that predominantly affects chickens but can also affect pheasants, quail, gamefowl and turkeys. (poultryhub.org)
- Marek's Disease (MD) results in enlarged nerves and in tumour formation in nerve, organ, muscle and epithelial (cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body) tissue. (poultryhub.org)
- What causes Marek's Disease? (poultryhub.org)
- Marek's disease is a disease that owners often want to vaccinate against as the effects of the illness are particularly nasty and can be lifelong in your flock. (poultrykeeper.com)
- However, suppose your chickens have had no previous symptoms suggestive of Marek's, and you do not buy in birds regularly from unknown disease status flocks. (poultrykeeper.com)
- To overcome this knowledge gap, we focus on Marek's disease virus (MDV), the most widely cited example of vaccine-driven viral evolution. (usda.gov)
- Disseminate information on Marek's disease and the impact of vaccination to the broader public through K-12 training, workshops, online videos, seminars, and more. (usda.gov)
- The CVI988 strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly effective vaccine to protect chicken against very virulent strains of MDV. (thepoultrysite.com)
- Dr Reddy said it was his expectation that this recombinant vector can provide protection against IBD and Marek's disease challenge. (thepoultrysite.com)
- This theory proved highly controversial when it was rst proposed over a decade ago, but here we report experiments with Marek's disease virus in poultry that show that modern commercial leaky vaccines can have precisely this effect: they allow the onward transmission of strains otherwise too lethal to persist. (organicconsumers.org)
- The study focused on Marek's disease, a viral infection that spreads when one chicken inhales fragments of dead skin or feather tissue from an infected chicken. (eurekalert.org)
- The poultry industry has a practice of vaccinating newly hatched chickens against the Marek's disease virus, Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 . (eurekalert.org)
- Vaccines made from live viruses do a better job than other vaccines in training the immune system to recognize Marek's disease virus, but these vaccines do not lead to eradication of the virus, Jarosinski said. (eurekalert.org)
- The study also found that a Marek's disease virus that lacked a particular molecule needed for infection - in this case a protein on the virus's outer envelope - was able to pick up that molecule from a vaccine that had infected the same cell. (eurekalert.org)
- Zoetis presents the Poulvac Procerta HVT-ND, a vectored recombinant vaccine that protects broiler chickens against Newcastle and Marek's disease viruses. (wattagnet.com)
- The new vaccine could protect chickens from infectious laryngotracheitis (LT) and Marek's disease. (meatpoultry.com)
- The new recombinant vaccine is made by inserting genes of infectious laryngotracheitis virus into a Marek's disease virus, according to USPOULTRY. (meatpoultry.com)
- By Disease, the market is classified into Infectious Bronchitis, Marek's Disease, and New Castle Disease. (researchandmarkets.com)
- SEPRL researchers also study avian reoviruses, infectious bursal disease and Marek's disease. (gfb.org)
- The endemic poultry viral team, led by Dr. John Dunn, that studies reoviruses, infectious bursal disease and Marek's disease is housed in the second new building. (gfb.org)
- Poulvac Procerta HVT-IBD is an immunological veterinary medicinal product containing turkey herpes virus, strain FC-126, expressing infectious bursal disease virus VP2 protein, live (ATCvet code QI01AD15) as active substance which induces active immunity against infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) and Marek's disease in chickens. (europa.eu)
- The benefits of Poulvac Procerta HVT-IBD are its ability to provide active immunisation of one-day-old chickens and 18-19 day old embryonated chicken eggs to reduce mortality, clinical signs and lesions caused by Marek's disease (MD) virus and prevent mortality and clinical signs and reduce lesions caused by infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus. (europa.eu)
- If you are a 4-H agent or Program Assistant who will hatch out chicks with 4-H Embryology, please join us for a training to learn about Marek's Disease and how to vaccinate chicks. (ncsu.edu)
- Marek's is a disease ubiquitous in the environment that can cause death. (ncsu.edu)
- Sign up to learn more about Marek's Disease and how to administer this vaccine to chicks. (ncsu.edu)
- Boehringer Ingelheim hails PREVEXXION® RN innovation A vaccine described as "the new golden standard" in preventing Marek's disease has been launched in the UK. (nivettoday.com)
- Some hatcheries automatically vaccinate against certain diseases (Coccidia, Marek's, Newcastle, Infectious bronchitis and laryngotracheitis, Fowl pox and cholera). (colostate.edu)
- Ideally, backyard chickens (because they usually live longer than commercial chickens) should be vaccinated against a range of diseases during their lifetime, including Marek's Disease, Fowl Pox, and Infectious Laryngotracheitis. (rspca.org.au)
- For example, Marek's Disease vaccination comes in 1,000 dose vials, must be used within hours of reconstituting, and given at one day of age. (rspca.org.au)
- Marek's Disease is a viral infection that usually affects chickens under one year of age. (rspca.org.au)
- A chicken affected by leg paralysis due to Marek's Disease. (rspca.org.au)
- In the 2015 paper, we reported experiments with variants of Marek's disease virus - the name of the chicken virus we were studying. (aspioneer.com)
- Chickens with Marek's disease virus became capable of transmitting the virus about 10 days after they get infected. (aspioneer.com)
- In our lab experiments, we worked with variants of Marek's disease virus that were so lethal they would kill all unvaccinated birds in 10 days or fewer. (aspioneer.com)
- As evolutionary ecologist David Kennedy and I have written about previously, the evolutionary path that the Marek's disease virus took is one of many that are possible - in rare cases where vaccines drive evolution. (aspioneer.com)
- Marek's and SARS-CoV-2 are very different viruses, with very different vaccines, very different hosts and very different mechanisms by which they sicken and kill. (aspioneer.com)
- Sacrificing chickens was not the solution the poultry industry adopted for Marek's disease virus. (aspioneer.com)
- Those newer vaccines provided excellent disease control, and no lethal breakthrough variants of Marek's have emerged in over 20 years. (aspioneer.com)
- Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT), used originally as a vaccine against Marek's disease (MD), has recently been shown to be a highly effective viral vector for generation of recombinant vaccines that deliver protective antigens of other avian pathogens. (mdpi.com)
- Chickens are the most important natural host for Marek's disease virus (MDV), a highly cell-associated but readily transmitted alphaherpesvirus with lymphotropic properties of gammaherpesviruses. (folusn.online)
- However, severe clinical outbreaks of Marek's disease in commercial turkey flocks, with mortality from tumors reaching 40%-80% between 8 and 17 weeks of age, were reported in France, Israel, and Germany. (folusn.online)
- Turkeys are also commonly infected with turkey herpesvirus (HVT), an avirulent strain related to Marek's disease virus that is commonly used as a Marek's disease vaccine in chickens. (folusn.online)
- Marek's disease virus is a member of the genus Mardivirus within the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. (folusn.online)
- Within the genus Mardivirus are three closely related species previously designated as three serotypes of Marek's disease virus. (folusn.online)
- Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3 (MDV serotype 2) and Meleagrid alphaherpesvirus 1 (turkey herpesvirus, MDV serotype 3) represent avirulent virus strains isolated from chickens and turkeys, respectively, and are commonly used as vaccines against Marek's disease. (folusn.online)
- Marek's disease is highly contagious and readily transmitted among chickens. (folusn.online)
- Unlike virulent strains of Marek's disease virus, which are highly contagious, turkey herpesvirus is not readily transmissible among chickens (although it is easily transmitted among turkeys, its natural host). (folusn.online)
- Marek's disease virus is not vertically transmitted. (folusn.online)
- These include the retroviruses avian leucosis/sarcoma viruses (ALSV) and reticuloendothesiosis viruses (REV), and the herpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV). (cdc.gov)
- Influence of some physical factors on survival of Marek's disease vaccine virus. (medscape.com)
- Marek's disease (MD) vaccines reduce the incidence of MD but cannot control virus shedding. (bvsalud.org)
- To develop new vaccines, it is essential to elucidate mechanisms of immunity to Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection. (bvsalud.org)
Chickens16
- For the vaccination of healthy chickens 1-day of age against Newcastle disease. (merck-animal-health-usa.com)
- For the vaccination of healthy chickens against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis virus, Mass. and Conn. types. (merck-animal-health-usa.com)
- In chickens, as in humans, there is one family of inherited genes that is most important in resistance to disease and response to vaccines. (usda.gov)
- Firstly, let's look at what a vaccine is before we consider vaccinating chickens. (poultrykeeper.com)
- however in backyard flock situations, vacciniating chickens is often only necessary if at all to protect against the prevalent diseases. (poultrykeeper.com)
- Before vaccinating chickens, it is best to identify which pathogen your birds are suffering from to know which vaccine to use. (poultrykeeper.com)
- If you decide vaccinating chickens is an option, vaccines can be ordered through our vets, St. Davids Poultry team Ltd . (poultrykeeper.com)
- It is still worth remembering that vaccinating chickens is not always 100% effective at preventing the disease for which they are made. (poultrykeeper.com)
- I've written more about chickens and human diseases here . (hencam.com)
- CHAMPAIGN, Ill. - A study of a herpes virus that infects chickens offers new insights into potentially problematic interactions between vaccines made from live viruses and the viruses they are meant to thwart. (eurekalert.org)
- Reported in the journal Virulence, the study offers direct evidence that a vaccine and virus can infect the same cells in living animals and share molecular tools that allow the virus to infect other animals - in this case, chickens. (eurekalert.org)
- The goals of the new study were to determine whether vaccines and natural viruses could infect the same cells in living chickens and to track whether a vaccine could supply a molecule that helps the virus spread to healthy chickens. (eurekalert.org)
- The researchers inoculated some chickens with both a virus and a vaccine and housed them with chickens that had not been exposed to either. (eurekalert.org)
- LT is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens that can cause significant economic losses to the poultry industry. (meatpoultry.com)
- A vaccination failure occurs when the chickens do not develop suitable antibody titer levels and/or are susceptible to a field disease outbreak. (edicionesedra.com)
- Therefore, an updated review (visual-type) has been thoroughly developed in order to highlight the importance of detecting and solving the major vaccination failures in commercial chickens to control diseases affecting this species. (edicionesedra.com)
Vaccination17
- There is no treatment for MD. Vaccination is the central strategy for the prevention and control of MD. While vaccination will prevent clinical disease and reduce shedding of infective virus it will not prevent infection. (poultryhub.org)
- Over time, increasingly virulent strains of MD virus have emerged, which has resulted in an ongoing need to develop new vaccines and vaccination programs to combat the disease. (poultryhub.org)
- The vaccination protocol is similar to respiratory vaccines. (poultrykeeper.com)
- Objective 1 - Our goal in Subobjective 1.1 is to examine downstream effect of vaccination on disease incidence in susceptible birds following 10 serial passages in live birds as well as to disentangle the influence of vaccine treatment on unvaccinated birds and vice versa. (usda.gov)
- In it, Dr. Bossche makes a number of incorrect or exaggerated claims about the use of mass vaccination during a pandemic and urges international health authorities to stop the current crop of COVID-19 vaccines or else risk unleashing "a global catastrophe without equal. (mcgill.ca)
- A study of the Moderna vaccine in 34 participants showed "high levels of binding and neutralizing antibodies that declined slightly over time, as expected, but [that] remained elevated in all participants three months after the booster vaccination. (mcgill.ca)
- As seen in real world data released from the Israel Ministry of Health, vaccine efficacy in preventing both infection and symptomatic disease has declined six months post-vaccination, although efficacy in preventing serious illnesses remains high," Pfizer said in a statement emailed to CNN. (nakedcapitalism.com)
- For example, Rogan cites 2015 research 3 showing that nonsterilizing vaccination - meaning when a vaccine fails to fully prevent infection, also known as a leaky vaccine - can promote the creation and transmission of more virulent pathogens. (organicconsumers.org)
- The vaccine is backed by technical expertise and support associated with the Inovoject system - an Embrex biodevice and market leader for vaccination of eggs in ovo . (wattagnet.com)
- Whether this vaccine actually sheds the spike protein onto other people is still not yet proven (although Pfizer seems to indicate it can spread through skin-to-skin contact in 'inhalation '), but the principle of mass vaccination with a faulty vaccine making a virus both more transmissible and more virulent is something that is hard to deny at this point. (theblaze.com)
- Vaccination against two avian viruses, the Marek disease virus, and the infectious bursal disease virus, were associated with the emergence of more virulent strains. (wakeup-world.com)
- Even though the CDC is aware of the link between vaccination and a new super-strain pertussis bacterium, their 'solution' for the epidemic is to increase vaccine use. (wakeup-world.com)
- Smart Vaccination by HIPRA is a revolutionary concept that combines: A smart vaccine including RFID technology in its label, a vaccination device which ensures precision and efficiency, and a new world of digital solutions in HIPRAlink Vaccination. (hipra.com)
- In Poultry, the HIPRA Smart Vaccination is spearheaded by our innovative vaccines GUMBOHATCH ® , EVANT ® and EVALON ® , the medical devices Hipraject ® and Hipraspray ® , and the professional veterinary app HIPRAlink ® Vaccination. (hipra.com)
- As there are no longer many options available for treating infectious diseases in poultry, vaccination remains one of the best disease defenses besides good sanitation and maintaining your flock in an "all in-all out" fashion, keeping all birds of the same age together without additions and replacing all at the same time. (colostate.edu)
- But up against the hugely beneficial impact of COVID-19 vaccines on reducing transmission and disease severity - even against the delta variant - the possibility of silent spread of more lethal variants among the vaccinated is still no argument against vaccination. (aspioneer.com)
- Infection with ALSV also occurs through vaccination with live vaccines grown in chicken embryo cells such as measles, mumps and yellow fever vaccines. (cdc.gov)
Efficacy4
- Our Covid brain trust member GM has been on a tear recently with his readings of fresh studies and news reports about vaccine efficacy, particularly against the Delta variant. (nakedcapitalism.com)
- Among those in their 40s, the case rate is nearly double among the vaccinated, for a vaccine efficacy - at least against infection - of a stunning -86% . (theblaze.com)
- Moreover, the notion that somehow the vaccines stop death is simply not true, especially not after they began to leak in efficacy after the first few months. (theblaze.com)
- In nearly all of those cases - which include the hepatitis B virus and bacteria that cause whooping cough and pneumonia - vaccine efficacy was reduced by new variants. (aspioneer.com)
Strains9
- Currently, virulent serotype 1 strains are further divided into pathotypes (classification based on the severity of disease caused by that particular strain of virus), which are often referred to as mild (m), virulent (v), very virulent (vv), and very virulent plus (vv+) MD virus strains. (poultryhub.org)
- Shanika Kurukulasuriya of the Western College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada explained recent studies have demonstrated that the majority of Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses (IBDVs) circulating in Canada are 'variant' strains and capable of immunosuppression in broilers. (thepoultrysite.com)
- But when vaccines leak, allowing at least some pathogen transmission, they could create the ecological conditions that would allow hot strains to emerge and persist. (organicconsumers.org)
- Thus, the use of leaky vaccines can facilitate the evolution of pathogen strains that put unvaccinated hosts at greater risk of severe disease. (organicconsumers.org)
- It points out that the strain was first isolated in the United States in 1984, and that the virulent ptxP3 strains have been replacing the vaccines' ptxP1 strains. (wakeup-world.com)
- Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (MDV serotype 1) represents all virulent Marek disease virus strains and is further divided into pathotypes, designated as mild (m), virulent (v), very virulent (vv), and very virulent plus (vv+). (folusn.online)
- Productive infection may occur transiently in B lymphocytes within a few days after infection with virulent Marek disease virus strains and is characterized by antigen production, which leads to cell death. (folusn.online)
- Some T cells, latently infected with oncogenic Marek disease virus strains, undergo neoplastic transformation. (folusn.online)
- HPV vaccines protect against two to seven high-risk strains of this family of viruses and may prevent up to 90% of cervical cancers. (wikipedia.org)
Pathogen5
- It is always best to vaccinate birds from day olds when they have not already been exposed to the pathogen which the vaccine is trying to prevent. (poultrykeeper.com)
- Vaccines that let the hosts survive but do not prevent the spread of the pathogen relax this selection, allowing the evolution of hotter pathogens to occur. (organicconsumers.org)
- Based on mathematical modeling, vaccines designed to reduce pathogen growth rate and/or toxicity may result in the evolution of pathogens with higher levels of virulence. (wakeup-world.com)
- Only a minority of human and animal vaccines have influenced pathogen evolution. (aspioneer.com)
- The ability of the bird to fight infection and disease is determined by its capacity to respond to invading pathogen. (avonah.com)
Viruses10
- image: U. of I. pathobiology professor Keith Jarosinski led a team that found that live vaccines and viruses can infect the same cells in living animals and sometimes share molecular tools that aid new infections. (eurekalert.org)
- The findings should inform the design of vaccines to eliminate potential attributes that might help viruses spread, Jarosinski said. (eurekalert.org)
- Previous studies have shown that viruses can pick up genes from the vaccines designed to fight them, allowing the viruses to evolve in ways that sometimes boost virulence. (eurekalert.org)
- But no studies have demonstrated that viruses and vaccines actually infect the same cells in live animals, Jarosinski said. (eurekalert.org)
- Another potential interaction between viruses and vaccines involves a process known as "complementation," where vaccines, for example, produce a molecule that the virus can use to help it become infectious or more infectious, he said. (eurekalert.org)
- To do this, researchers used a combination of viruses and vaccines, some of which contained all the genes for transmission and some that were modified in ways that rendered them unable to infect new hosts. (eurekalert.org)
- Other studies haven't really shown that complementation between vaccines and viruses occurs except in artificial laboratory circumstances where they're using human-specific herpes viruses in mice or pigs, for example," Jarosinski said. (eurekalert.org)
- The lab tracks outbreaks and the spread of the viruses that cause AI and Newcastle, has developed vaccines for these viruses for emergency use and commercial application, and conducts research to understand how to break the transmission cycle of the viruses. (gfb.org)
- Vaccines are glorious for stable viruses (measles, smallpox), but less comprehensively effective for flus and coronaviruses - which is saying nothing controversial. (review-mag.com)
- Origins of the arctic fox variant rabies viruses responsible for recent cases of the disease in southern Ontario. (cdc.gov)
COVID12
- A Belgian virus expert has scared the Internet by claiming the COVID-19 vaccines will doom humanity. (mcgill.ca)
- So the question becomes: do the COVID-19 vaccines give us low or high levels of neutralizing antibodies? (mcgill.ca)
- Meanwhile, a small study published in The Lancet showed that giving people who had never had COVID-19 a single dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine resulted in them making similar levels of anti-spike protein antibodies as individuals who had had COVID-19 but had not yet been vaccinated. (mcgill.ca)
- Many vaccines prevent transmission of the virus from person to person, and there is mounting evidence that the COVID-19 vaccines do as well. (mcgill.ca)
- But even if the COVID-19 vaccines were "leaky," meaning they still allowed some vaccinated people to transmit the virus to others, there is evidence that they could still efficiently contain the spread of the disease. (mcgill.ca)
- In this clip, Rogan lets his opinions rip on vaccine passports, COVID "vaccinations" and breakthrough cases. (organicconsumers.org)
- As of August 2, 2021, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data reported by the Kaiser Family Foundation 2 showed 59% of Americans who had received at least one COVID injection were Caucasian, 10% were Black, 16% Hispanic, 6% Asian and only 1% were American Indian or Alaska Native. (organicconsumers.org)
- The COVID shots, which do not provide you with immune protection against the virus but, rather, only lessen symptoms of infection, are a perfect example of leaky vaccines that can allow the virus to mutate within the mildly ill host, who then transmits the mutated virus to others. (organicconsumers.org)
- CNN made similar points back when Trump was pushing for rapid approval of the Covid vaccines, but hastened to forget all that when the Biden administration decided rapid vaccine deployment was a good idea. (review-mag.com)
- by Paul Elias Alexander via Brownstone Institute The following research papers and studies raise doubts that Covid vaccine mandates are backed by science and good public-health practice. (fastrope.com)
- Vaccines against COVID-19 are the safest - and fastest - way to prevent the spread of variants. (aspioneer.com)
- booster campaigns have been undertaken widely in response to failing covid vaccines. (substack.com)
Strain6
- Vaccines prepared from the attenuated CVI988/Rispens MDV-1 strain currently offer the best protection. (tamu.edu)
- This phenomena, which is unique to MD and is strongly serotype specific, has led to the development of polyvalent vaccines (vaccines containing more than one vaccine strain). (poultryhub.org)
- The CDC would like to keep the American population ignorant about this startling fact: Our current pertussis epidemic is caused by a deadly new strain of Bordetella pertussis bacterium (ptxP3) and its emergence is directly connected to the whooping cough vaccine. (wakeup-world.com)
- The Mooi report focuses on the virulence of the new whooping cough strain and makes a direct association with the vaccine. (wakeup-world.com)
- Whooping Cough Epidemic Caused by Virulent New Pertussis Strain - And It's the Result of Vaccine" Gaia Health. (wakeup-world.com)
- this spike protein is a pernicious agent and the one used in the vaccines is an older, more virulent strain. (substack.com)
Birds13
- Affected birds are immunosuppressed and as a consequence are more susceptible to other infectious diseases. (poultryhub.org)
- Simple protocols such as buying in birds bred from stock that have a high health status (as clear from as many diseases as possible at the time of purchase) and regular cleaning out of coops, feeders and drinkers with a good detergent (such as PoultryShield ) and a disinfectant will also help keep pathogens to a minimum. (poultrykeeper.com)
- However, the vaccines used tend only to protect birds against infections from two species of salmonella. (poultrykeeper.com)
- Vaccines are usually produced in large quantities for hundreds of thousands of birds, but we can break them down into 1000 bird doses that are relatively well priced. (poultrykeeper.com)
- Some of the inoculated birds were exposed to a nontransmissible form of the virus and a nontransmissible vaccine. (eurekalert.org)
- The research revealed that some cells in inoculated birds contained both virus and vaccine - the first demonstration of this phenomenon in live animals, Jarosinski said. (eurekalert.org)
- Due to the small number of birds and isolation from other flocks, small flock owners usually have limited disease problems. (colostate.edu)
- In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, this notice announces the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service's intention to request an extension of approval of an information collection associated with the regulations to prevent the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza, all subtypes, and Newcastle disease into the United States through the importation of birds, poultry, and unprocessed bird and poultry products. (justia.com)
- So prior to the vaccine, the birds died before they could transmit the lethal variants to other birds. (aspioneer.com)
- But we found that the first-generation vaccine protected the birds from dying. (aspioneer.com)
- Other birds and mammals appear to be refractory to the disease or infection. (folusn.online)
- Parasites may create an infection, intestine diseases, and loss of weight in young poultry birds. (poultryidea.com)
- These results suggest that MDV vaccines activate effector γδ T cells which may be involved in the development of protective immune responses against MD. Further, it was demonstrated that MDV infection increases the frequency of a subpopulation of γδ T cells expressing membrane-bound TGF-ß in MDV-infected birds. (bvsalud.org)
Immunity6
- We discuss changes in the ecology of B. pertussis that may sons who have waning vaccine-induced immunity ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
- Reticuloendotheliosis, although rare, can easily be confused with MD because both diseases feature enlarged nerves and T-cell lymphomas (a type of tumour that involves white blood cells called T-cells, which are part of the active acquired immunity system) in visceral (soft internal) organs. (poultryhub.org)
- Still, the immunity lasts for a shorter period than inactivated vaccines which create an immune response that lasts longer but tends to be less effective. (poultrykeeper.com)
- Drugmaker Pfizer said Thursday it is seeing waning immunity from its coronavirus vaccine and says it is picking up its efforts to develop a booster dose that will protect people from variants. (nakedcapitalism.com)
- The Pfizer vaccine requires two doses to provide full immunity. (nakedcapitalism.com)
- it might have some better potential to generate early and possibly sterilizing immunity because it's training to recognize actual S protein so your immune system will respond to live virus instead of to the effects of virus once it has infected cells as in mRNA vaccines. (substack.com)
Flocks6
- It is one of the most common diseases that affect poultry flocks worldwide. (poultryhub.org)
- Clinical disease is not always apparent in infected flocks, however subclinical disease is often more economically important as it reduces weight gain and egg production. (poultryhub.org)
- Raleigh, NC, have evaluated a new vaccine to protect poultry flocks from two diseases, USPOULTRY and the USPOULTRY Foundation announced Jan. 15. (meatpoultry.com)
- Today SEPRL, which is a key part of the U.S. National Poultry Research Center, conducts research on viral poultry diseases to protect poultry flocks worldwide and the international trade of poultry that feeds so many. (gfb.org)
- Flock owners who raise their flocks "organically" will need to check with the hatchery where they get their chicks to see if they have been treated with any vaccine or medication. (colostate.edu)
- Although clinical disease is not always apparent in infected flocks, a subclinical decrease in growth rate and egg production may be economically important. (folusn.online)
Leaky vaccine3
- This type of vaccine is often called a leaky vaccine. (organicconsumers.org)
- This virus has taken a painful toll on both the vaccinated and unvaccinated over the past few months, a phenomenon that is very well explained with a leaky vaccine that fails to sterilize the virus but causes viral immune escape and a degree of vaccine mediated enhancement. (theblaze.com)
- In fact, Israel is practically a textbook example of a leaky vaccine creating a degree of viral enhancement. (theblaze.com)
Pertussis vaccines1
- ation) and their regulation, we extended our studies on the UnitedArabEmiratesUniversity,AlAin,UnitedArabEmirates(N. evolution of B. pertussis by investigating polymorphism in Nagelkerke);andUniversityofTurku,Turku(J.Mertsola) the promoter of Ptx ( ptxP ), a major virulence factor and DOI:10.3201/eid1508.081511 component of all pertussis vaccines ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Newcastle2
- SEPRL researchers developed the molecular test used globally to diagnose avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease. (gfb.org)
- Thanks to the new facility, Suarez's team, which researches exotic and emerging diseases like avian flu and Newcastle, has consolidated from three small buildings to one of the new ones. (gfb.org)
Virulence4
- Determine the influence of imperfect vaccines, host genetics, and viral mutation rate on transmission and evolution to higher virulence 2. (usda.gov)
- Subobjective 1.4 adds infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which enables us to compare and contrast two different avian pathogens, both controlled by imperfect vaccines, for viral transmission and virulence evolution. (usda.gov)
- When vaccines prevent transmission, as is the case for nearly all vaccines used in humans, this type of evolution towards increased virulence is blocked. (organicconsumers.org)
- Finally, there is a not insignificant risk of the vaccine virus reverting to wild-type virulence, as has sometimes occurred with the oral polio vaccine-which is not intended to be fully virulent or transmissible, but which has reverted to become both neurovirulent and transmissible in rare instances. (theblaze.com)
Chicken5
- It is not uncommon that more than one avian tumor virus can be present in a chicken, thus one must consider both the diagnosis of the disease/tumors (pathological diagnosis) and of the virus (etiological diagnosis). (wikipedia.org)
- This variability in form, and/or number, of class II genes expressed could be important in disease resistance, since we have previously shown these chicken lines differ dramatically in resistance to viral induced tumors. (usda.gov)
- The serotypes that exist are 'virulent' (disease causing) chicken isolates (serotype 1) and 'avirulent' (non-disease causing) chicken isolates (serotype 2). (poultryhub.org)
- We provide frequently required chicken medicine and vaccines such as Marek's disease vaccine, Pullorum antigen, and mite and lice spray . (strombergschickens.com)
- If you think that your chicken is losing weight gradually but eating enough , this contagious disease is also the main reason for it. (poultryidea.com)
Respiratory4
- The relative contribution of these factors may ordetella pertussis causes whooping cough or pertus- differ between countries and is the subject of ongoing de- sis, a respiratory disease that is most severe in infants. (cdc.gov)
- Respiratory disease is a common problem faced by keepers. (poultrykeeper.com)
- It finds that the variant grows more rapidly inside people's respiratory tracts and to much higher levels, researchers at the Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported. (nakedcapitalism.com)
- A high level of ammonia increases the flock's susceptibility to respiratory disease. (cacklehatchery.com)
Communicable diseases1
- One of the many bone-chilling sections in this publication (pp. 45-47) provides a blueprint for 'self-spreading vaccines,' described as vaccines 'genetically engineered to move through populations in the same way as communicable diseases, but rather than causing disease, they confer protection. (theblaze.com)
Among the vaccinated1
- As novel variants of the coronavirus spread in the months and years ahead, it will be vital to work out whether their evolutionary advantage is arising because of reduced disease severity among the vaccinated. (aspioneer.com)
Zoetis2
- Zoetis is a global animal health company, they produce quality medicines and vaccines to fight animal diseases to help those veterinarians and livestock producers. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Thank you, Franklin County Extension for providing use of their facilities for this event, Mr. Neal Martin of Zoetis for supplying vaccine, and Dr. Rocio Crespo and the NC State College of Veterinary Medicine Avian Health program for sharing their expertise. (ncsu.edu)
Immune4
- Live vaccines tend to provoke a better immune response by the animal. (poultrykeeper.com)
- I reached out to Dr. Paul Offit, a paediatrician specialized in vaccines and immunology and the co-inventor of the rotavirus vaccine, to get his thoughts on whether antibiotic resistance and vaccine-associated immune escape are indeed comparable. (mcgill.ca)
- Maintaining immune response in the bird is a major challenge as diseases are becoming more complex. (avonah.com)
- frankly, it might wind up being a safer option than the mRNA and adenovirus vaccines, but this is also a novel modality in which SARSCOV-2's spike protein is cultured in moth cells and then injected as "nanoparticles" to induce an immune response and generate antigenic training. (substack.com)
Live vaccine2
- A vaccine is made up of either an inactivated form of the organism that causes the disease you are trying to prevent or a live vaccine containing a less dangerous version to the animal. (poultrykeeper.com)
- Cloned live vaccine against Gumboro disease, in oral freeze-dried tablet. (hipra.com)
Clinical4
- The clinical signs associated with MD can look similar to those caused by Lymphoid Leukosis and Reticuloendotheliosis, however, the rareness of bursal tumours with MD helps distinguish this disease from Lymphoid Leukosis. (poultryhub.org)
- More broadly, data from the vaccine clinical trials and from countries that have vaccinated a large percentage of their population show a significant reduction in cases and mortality. (mcgill.ca)
- prevent mortality and clinical signs and reduce lesions caused by infectious bursal disease virus. (europa.eu)
- Although clinical disease remains rare, the susceptibility to diphtheria observed in these serosurveys highlights the importance of strengthened surveillance. (cambridge.org)
Transmissible1
- Some were inoculated with a nontransmissible virus and a transmissible vaccine. (eurekalert.org)
Virus9
- To date it is not known to what extent virus transmission (infectivity) is genetically controlled, nor how biosecurity measures such as vaccines impact it. (usda.gov)
- Because, he says, the vaccines are imperfect, they will allow the virus to keep being transmitted from person to person and thus mutate inside of us, until a dangerous new variant emerges. (mcgill.ca)
- A vaccine shows your body an inert part of the virus so that it can make neutralizing antibodies against it. (mcgill.ca)
- For this purpose, the VP2 gene of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was cloned into CVRM genome by recombination. (thepoultrysite.com)
- This leaves room for the natural virus and the modified viral vaccines to interact in ways that may promote viral evolution or infectiousness. (eurekalert.org)
- The vaccines were tagged with a red fluorescent molecule and the nontransmissible virus was tagged with green, allowing the researchers to track the course of vaccine and viral infection in cells. (eurekalert.org)
- A combination of red and green fluorescence yields yellow light, so only cells that glowed yellow were infected with both the virus and vaccine. (eurekalert.org)
- contrary to what many seem to think, it is not a whole virus vaccine. (substack.com)
- this vaccine will not train for N antibodies that attack the nucleocapsid of the virus. (substack.com)
Vaccinate1
- It is a very common disease, but difficult to vaccinate against on a small scale (see above). (rspca.org.au)
Contagious2
- Whooping cough is an extremely contagious disease of the lung that can be contracted at any age, but is especially dangerous for children. (wakeup-world.com)
- Marek disease is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry characterized by T-cell lymphomas and peripheral nerve enlargement. (folusn.online)
Tumors1
- The use of live vaccines that have been modified so that they're not infectious is the most effective strategy for controlling symptoms of the disease, which include failure to thrive, tumors and death. (eurekalert.org)
Pathogens1
- There is a theoretical expectation that some types of vaccines could prompt the evolution of more virulent ('hotter') pathogens. (organicconsumers.org)
Imperfect1
- Dr. Bossche asserts that vaccines are like antibiotics in that, when they are both overused and imperfect, they allow germs to mutate in dangerous ways. (mcgill.ca)
Evaluation1
- The report offers a comprehensive evaluation of the Global Poultry and Porcine Vaccines Market. (researchandmarkets.com)
Prevalent1
- Further, in the 1990s a resurgence of pertussis pertussis was observed in a number of countries with high- was observed in several countries with highly vaccinated ly vaccinated populations, and pertussis has become the populations ( 3 , 4 ), and pertussis has become the most preva- most prevalent vaccine-preventable disease in industrial- izedcountries.WepresentevidencethatintheNetherlands lent vaccine-preventable disease in industrialized countries. (cdc.gov)
Coronavirus1
- Dr. Bossche's idea that the coronavirus will simply continue moving from person to person and that vaccines will only prevent severe disease is contradicted by the data that is accumulating. (mcgill.ca)
Delta2
- When England got the first round of Delta in May, about two months before the American South got crushed and before Israeli research showed the vaccine leaking, Delta was actually much less virulent ( described as a cold ). (theblaze.com)
- The rationale the CDC is citing to claim the Delta variant renders the vaccines substantially less effective for stopping infection than President Biden was touting are the same ones that have been hyped with unrelenting propaganda for many months, including stigmatization and demonization of those who refuse. (review-mag.com)
Dose3
- It said it would seek emergency use authorization from the US Food and Drug Administration for a booster dose in August after releasing more data about how well a third dose of vaccine works. (nakedcapitalism.com)
- No symptoms have been observed after the administration of one dose or a 10-fold dose of the vaccine. (europa.eu)
- no symptoms have been observed after the administration of a 10-fold dose of the vaccine. (europa.eu)
Vaccinations3
- Considering a majority of those who contract the disease are vaccinated , the absurdity of the call for increased pertussis vaccinations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is yet another example of our broken medical system. (wakeup-world.com)
- However, the actual diseases vaccinated against, the vaccines used, and program and timing of vaccinations will vary according to the disease risks in the region, as well as the practicality for the owner. (rspca.org.au)
- Again, this is a very common disease, and usually vaccinations are given when an outbreak occurs. (rspca.org.au)
Centers2
- Hours after Pfizer issued its statement, the FDA and Centers for Disease and Control issued a joint statement saying Americans do not need booster shots yet. (nakedcapitalism.com)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (wakeup-world.com)
Serotype2
- Serotypes are identified by reaction with serotype-specific monoclonal (clones from a single cell) antibodies or by biological characteristics such as host range, pathogenicity (severity of disease), growth rate, and plaque morphology (the physical appearance of laboratory grown viral cultures). (poultryhub.org)
- It was found that better protection from MD was obtained when certain combinations of serotypes were used together in a vaccine rather than one serotype alone (protective synergism). (poultryhub.org)
Protective2
- Although no treatment is available, current vaccines are highly protective. (folusn.online)
- Even after administration of good vaccine, bird may not develop require protective titer because of its inability to respond ie, immunosuppression due to various reasons. (avonah.com)
Whooping cough3
- Even more disturbing, scientists now suspect that vaccines are actually causing this upsurge in whooping cough - contributing to mutations of the original bacterium into more virulent forms. (wakeup-world.com)
- This may explain why whooping cough rates are sky high in those who have been vaccinated - bacteria are adapting to the vaccine and mutating, much like antibiotic resistant superbugs, becoming more pronounced and lethal. (wakeup-world.com)
- Has the DTaP vaccine caused the increase in whooping cough? (wakeup-world.com)