Accumulations of solid or liquid animal excreta usually from stables and barnyards with or without litter material. Its chief application is as a fertilizer. (From Webster's 3d ed)
Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity.
The flow of water in enviromental bodies of water such as rivers, oceans, water supplies, aquariums, etc. It includes currents, tides, and waves.
The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.
Water particles that fall from the ATMOSPHERE.
The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.
The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.
Frozen water crystals that fall from the ATMOSPHERE.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Contamination of the air, bodies of water, or land with substances that are harmful to human health and the environment.
Contamination of bodies of water (such as LAKES; RIVERS; SEAS; and GROUNDWATER.)
Substances or organisms which pollute the water or bodies of water. Use for water pollutants in general or those for which there is no specific heading.
The continuation of the femoral artery coursing through the popliteal fossa; it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
Disposal, processing, controlling, recycling, and reusing the solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes of plants, animals, humans, and other organisms. It includes control within a closed ecological system to maintain a habitable environment.
A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.
Large natural streams of FRESH WATER formed by converging tributaries and which empty into a body of water (lake or ocean).
The discarding or destroying of garbage, sewage, or other waste matter or its transformation into something useful or innocuous.
'Dairying' is not a term used in medical definitions; it refers to the practice of keeping dairy animals for milk production and its related processes, which is an agricultural or farming concept.
An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.
The anterior and posterior arteries created at the bifurcation of the popliteal artery. The anterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle and lies along the tibia at the distal part of the leg to surface superficially anterior to the ankle joint. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg, ankle, and foot. The posterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, lies behind the tibia in the lower part of its course, and is found situated between the medial malleolus and the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg and foot.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
The volatile portions of substances perceptible by the sense of smell. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
The degree to which BLOOD VESSELS are not blocked or obstructed.
Any of the various plants of the genus Lactuca, especially L. sativa, cultivated for its edible leaves. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
'Housing, Animal' refers to the physical structure or environment designed and constructed to provide shelter, protection, and specific living conditions for various domestic or captive animals, meeting their biological and behavioral needs while ensuring their welfare and well-being.
Science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on and below the earth's surface, and atmosphere.
An alternative to amputation in patients with neoplasms, ischemia, fractures, and other limb-threatening conditions. Generally, sophisticated surgical procedures such as vascular surgery and reconstruction are used to salvage diseased limbs.
A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
Environmental reservoirs of water related to natural WATER CYCLE by which water is obtained for various purposes. This includes but is not limited to watersheds, aquifers and springs.
The discarding or destroying of liquid waste products or their transformation into something useful or innocuous.
Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nebraska" is a state located in the central United States and does not have a medical definition. If you have any medical terms or concepts you would like defined, I would be happy to help!
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.
Leisure activities engaged in for pleasure.
## I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ohio" is a U.S. state and not a term used in medical definitions.
Infections with bacteria of the genus LISTERIA.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. It has been isolated from sewage, soil, silage, and from feces of healthy animals and man. Infection with this bacterium leads to encephalitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion.
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with improving and maintaining farm income and developing and expanding markets for agricultural products. Through inspection and grading services it safeguards and insures standards of quality in food supply and production.
Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.

"Manure" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, it is commonly referred to in agriculture and horticulture. Manure is defined as organic matter, such as animal feces and urine, that is used as a fertilizer to enrich and amend the soil. It is often rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are essential for plant growth. While manure can be beneficial for agriculture and gardening, it can also pose risks to human health if not handled properly due to the potential presence of pathogens and other harmful substances.

Fertilizers are substances that are added to soil to provide nutrients necessary for plant growth and development. They typically contain macronutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in forms that can be readily taken up by plants. These three nutrients are essential for photosynthesis, energy transfer, and the production of proteins, nucleic acids, and other vital plant compounds.

Fertilizers may also contain secondary nutrients like calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) as well as micronutrients such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo). These elements play crucial roles in various plant metabolic processes, including enzyme activation, chlorophyll synthesis, and hormone production.

Fertilizers can be organic or synthetic. Organic fertilizers include materials like compost, manure, bone meal, and blood meal, which release nutrients slowly over time as they decompose. Synthetic fertilizers, also known as inorganic or chemical fertilizers, are manufactured chemicals that contain precise amounts of specific nutrients. They can be quickly absorbed by plants but may pose environmental risks if not used properly.

Proper fertilization is essential for optimal plant growth and crop yield. However, overuse or improper application of fertilizers can lead to nutrient runoff, soil degradation, water pollution, and other negative environmental impacts. Therefore, it's crucial to follow recommended fertilizer application rates and practices based on the specific needs of the plants and local regulations.

I'm not aware of a medical definition for the term "water movements." It is possible that it could be used in a specific context within a certain medical specialty or procedure. However, I can provide some general information about how the term "water" is used in a medical context.

In medicine, "water" often refers to the fluid component of the body, which includes all the fluids inside and outside of cells. The movement of water within the body is regulated by various physiological processes, such as osmosis and hydrostatic pressure. Disorders that affect the regulation of water balance can lead to dehydration or overhydration, which can have serious consequences for health.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "water movements," I may be able to give a more specific answer.

I apologize for any confusion, but "agriculture" is not a term that has a medical definition. Agriculture refers to the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants, and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It is an important industry and practice that has been developed over thousands of years and continues to play a critical role in global food production and security.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "rain" is not a medical term. In general, rain refers to water droplets that fall from the sky as part of the Earth's weather cycle. These drops form when moisture in the air condenses and cools, creating clouds which eventually become heavy enough to release the collected water.

If you have any medical concerns or questions, I'd be happy to try and help answer those for you!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soil" is not a term that has a medical definition. Soil is defined as the top layer of earth in which plants grow, a mixture of organic material, clay, sand, and silt. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding and raising animals for agricultural purposes, such as for the production of meat, milk, eggs, or fiber. It involves providing proper care for the animals, including feeding, housing, health care, and breeding management. The goal of animal husbandry is to maintain healthy and productive animals while also being mindful of environmental sustainability and animal welfare.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Snow" is not a medical term. It is a natural phenomenon and a common type of precipitation that occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes into ice crystals. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

I apologize, but there seems to be a misunderstanding. "Soil microbiology" is not a medical term; rather, it is a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms in soil. It involves understanding the diversity, ecology, and biochemistry of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and other microscopic life forms found in soil. This field has applications in agriculture, environmental science, and waste management but is not directly related to medical definitions or human health.

Environmental pollution is the introduction or presence of harmful substances, energies, or objects in the environment that can cause adverse effects on living organisms and ecosystems. These pollutants can be in the form of chemical, physical, or biological agents that contaminate air, water, soil, or noise levels, exceeding safe limits established by environmental regulations.

Examples of environmental pollution include:

1. Air pollution: The presence of harmful substances such as particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air that can cause respiratory and other health problems.
2. Water pollution: Contamination of water sources with chemicals, heavy metals, pathogens, or other pollutants that can harm aquatic life and make the water unsafe for human consumption or recreational use.
3. Soil pollution: The presence of harmful substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial waste in soil that can reduce soil fertility, contaminate crops, and pose a risk to human health.
4. Noise pollution: Excessive noise levels from transportation, industrial activities, or other sources that can cause stress, sleep disturbances, and hearing loss in humans and animals.
5. Light pollution: The excessive use of artificial light that can disrupt ecosystems, affect human circadian rhythms, and contribute to energy waste.

Environmental pollution is a significant global health issue that requires urgent attention and action from governments, industries, and individuals to reduce pollutant emissions, promote sustainable practices, and protect the environment for future generations.

Water pollution is defined medically as the contamination of water sources by harmful or sufficient amounts of foreign substances (pathogens, chemicals, toxic compounds, etc.) which tend to interfere with its normal functioning and can have negative effects on human health. Such pollutants can find their way into water bodies through various means including industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, oil spills, sewage and wastewater discharges, and accidental chemical releases, among others.

Exposure to polluted water can lead to a range of health issues, from minor problems like skin irritation or stomach upset, to severe conditions such as neurological disorders, reproductive issues, cancer, and even death in extreme cases. It also poses significant risks to aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and leading to the decline or extinction of various species. Therefore, maintaining clean and safe water supplies is critical for both human health and environmental preservation.

Water pollutants refer to any substances or materials that contaminate water sources and make them unsafe or unsuitable for use. These pollutants can include a wide range of chemicals, microorganisms, and physical particles that can have harmful effects on human health, aquatic life, and the environment as a whole. Examples of water pollutants include heavy metals like lead and mercury, industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and microplastics. Exposure to water pollutants can cause a variety of health problems, ranging from minor irritations to serious illnesses or even death in extreme cases. Additionally, water pollution can have significant impacts on the environment, including harming or killing aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems, and reducing biodiversity.

The popliteal artery is the continuation of the femoral artery that passes through the popliteal fossa, which is the area behind the knee. It is the major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lower leg and foot. The popliteal artery divides into the anterior tibial artery and the tibioperoneal trunk at the lower border of the popliteus muscle. Any damage or blockage to this artery can result in serious health complications, including reduced blood flow to the leg and foot, which may lead to pain, cramping, numbness, or even tissue death (gangrene) if left untreated.

I'm happy to help, but I must clarify that I can't provide a "medical definition" of waste management since it is not a medical term per se. Waste management is a broader environmental and public health issue. However, I can offer a definition related to healthcare facilities:

Waste management in the context of healthcare facilities refers to the practices, processes, and systems used to collect, transport, treat, dispose, recycle, or reuse waste materials generated from healthcare activities. This includes various types of waste such as hazardous (e.g., infectious, chemical, pharmaceutical), non-hazardous, and radioactive waste. Proper management is crucial to prevent infection, protect the environment, conserve resources, and ensure occupational safety for healthcare workers and the public.

Ammonia is a colorless, pungent-smelling gas with the chemical formula NH3. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen and is a basic compound, meaning it has a pH greater than 7. Ammonia is naturally found in the environment and is produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as animal waste and decomposing plants. In the medical field, ammonia is most commonly discussed in relation to its role in human metabolism and its potential toxicity.

In the body, ammonia is produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and is typically converted to urea in the liver and excreted in the urine. However, if the liver is not functioning properly or if there is an excess of protein in the diet, ammonia can accumulate in the blood and cause a condition called hyperammonemia. Hyperammonemia can lead to serious neurological symptoms, such as confusion, seizures, and coma, and is treated by lowering the level of ammonia in the blood through medications, dietary changes, and dialysis.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rivers" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical term referring to large, flowing bodies of water that usually empty into a sea or an ocean. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Refuse disposal" is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used in waste management and public health. It refers to the process of getting rid of waste materials generated from human activities, such as household trash or clinical waste from hospitals and healthcare facilities.

However, if you are referring to the medical management of patients who refuse treatment or disposal of their remains after death, here are some relevant definitions:

* "Refusal of treatment" is a term used in medical ethics and law to describe a situation where a patient declines medical intervention or care. This can occur for various reasons, including lack of consent, lack of decision-making capacity, or religious or cultural beliefs.
* "Disposition of human remains" refers to the handling, processing, and final placement of a deceased person's body. In the context of patients who refuse treatment and die, this may involve arranging for their bodies to be transported to a funeral home, crematorium, or other designated facility for disposal.

I hope this clarifies any confusion. Let me know if you have any further questions!

"Dairying" is not a medical term. It refers to the industry or practice of producing and processing milk and milk products, such as butter, cheese, and yogurt, typically from cows but also from other animals like goats and sheep. Dairying involves various activities including breeding and raising dairy animals, milking, processing, and marketing milk and milk products. It is not a medical concept or procedure.

Nitrogen is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is an element that is crucial to medicine and human life.

In a medical context, nitrogen is often mentioned in relation to gas analysis, respiratory therapy, or medical gases. Nitrogen (N) is a colorless, odorless, and nonreactive gas that makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is an essential element for various biological processes, such as the growth and maintenance of organisms, because it is a key component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds.

In some medical applications, nitrogen is used to displace oxygen in a mixture to create a controlled environment with reduced oxygen levels (hypoxic conditions) for therapeutic purposes, such as in certain types of hyperbaric chambers. Additionally, nitrogen gas is sometimes used in cryotherapy, where extremely low temperatures are applied to tissues to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.

However, it's important to note that breathing pure nitrogen can be dangerous, as it can lead to unconsciousness and even death due to lack of oxygen (asphyxiation) within minutes.

Animal feed refers to any substance or mixture of substances, whether processed, unprocessed, or partially processed, which is intended to be used as food for animals, including fish, without further processing. It includes ingredients such as grains, hay, straw, oilseed meals, and by-products from the milling, processing, and manufacturing industries. Animal feed can be in the form of pellets, crumbles, mash, or other forms, and is used to provide nutrients such as energy, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals to support the growth, reproduction, and maintenance of animals. It's important to note that animal feed must be safe, nutritious, and properly labeled to ensure the health and well-being of the animals that consume it.

The tibial arteries are three major arteries that supply blood to the lower leg and foot. They are branches of the popliteal artery, which is a continuation of the femoral artery. The three tibial arteries are:

1. Anterior tibial artery: This artery runs down the front of the leg and supplies blood to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg, as well as to the foot. It becomes the dorsalis pedis artery as it approaches the ankle.
2. Posterior tibial artery: This artery runs down the back of the leg and supplies blood to the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg. It then branches into the fibular (peroneal) artery and the medial and lateral plantar arteries, which supply blood to the foot.
3. Fibular (peroneal) artery: This artery runs down the outside of the leg and supplies blood to the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg. It also provides branches that anastomose with the anterior and posterior tibial arteries, forming a network of vessels that helps ensure adequate blood flow to the foot.

Together, these arteries play a critical role in providing oxygenated blood and nutrients to the lower leg and foot, helping to maintain their health and function.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

In the context of medicine, "odors" refer to smells or scents that are produced by certain medical conditions, substances, or bodily functions. These odors can sometimes provide clues about underlying health issues. For example, sweet-smelling urine could indicate diabetes, while foul-smelling breath might suggest a dental problem or gastrointestinal issue. However, it's important to note that while odors can sometimes be indicative of certain medical conditions, they are not always reliable diagnostic tools and should be considered in conjunction with other symptoms and medical tests.

Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.

Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.

Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.

Vascular patency is a term used in medicine to describe the state of a blood vessel (such as an artery or vein) being open, unobstructed, and allowing for the normal flow of blood. It is an important concept in the treatment and management of various cardiovascular conditions, such as peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, and deep vein thrombosis.

Maintaining vascular patency can help prevent serious complications like tissue damage, organ dysfunction, or even death. This may involve medical interventions such as administering blood-thinning medications to prevent clots, performing procedures to remove blockages, or using devices like stents to keep vessels open. Regular monitoring of vascular patency is also crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of treatments and adjusting care plans accordingly.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "lettuce" is not a medical term. It is a type of vegetable that belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is commonly used in salads and sandwiches due to its crisp leaves and mild flavor. If you have any questions about lettuce or its nutritional value, I would be happy to help with that instead.

Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.

In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.

Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.

Genetic transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is used to create a complementary RNA molecule. This process is the first step in gene expression, where the genetic code in DNA is converted into a form that can be used to produce proteins or functional RNAs.

During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and reads the sequence of nucleotide bases. As it moves along the template, it adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, creating a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand. Once transcription is complete, the RNA molecule may undergo further processing before it can be translated into protein or perform its functional role in the cell.

Transcription can be either "constitutive" or "regulated." Constitutive transcription occurs at a relatively constant rate and produces essential proteins that are required for basic cellular functions. Regulated transcription, on the other hand, is subject to control by various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing cells to respond to changing environmental conditions or developmental cues.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Housing, Animal" is not a standard term in medical terminology. Medical terminology typically relates to the human body, diseases, treatments, and healthcare practices. "Housing, Animal" would be more related to veterinary medicine or animal care fields, which pertain to the accommodation and environment provided for animals. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hydrology" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental impacts of water usage.

However, if you meant to ask about "hemodynamics" or "hydrostatic equilibrium," these are medical terms related to fluid dynamics within the body:

1. Hemodynamics: This term refers to the study of blood flow or the circulation of blood in the body, including the forces involved (such as pressure and resistance) and the properties of the blood vessels. It is a crucial aspect of understanding cardiovascular function and disease.
2. Hydrostatic equilibrium: In medical terms, this concept relates to the balance between the forces exerted by fluids within the body, particularly in reference to the distribution of body fluids and the maintenance of fluid compartments (intracellular and extracellular). It is essential for maintaining proper physiological functioning.

Please let me know if you had a different term or concept in mind, and I would be happy to help further!

Limb salvage is a medical term used to describe the surgical procedures and treatments aimed at preserving and restoring the functionality of a severely injured or diseased limb, rather than amputating it. The goal of limb salvage is to improve the patient's quality of life by maintaining their mobility, independence, and overall well-being.

Limb salvage may involve various surgical techniques such as vascular reconstruction, bone realignment, muscle flap coverage, and external fixation. These procedures aim to restore blood flow, stabilize bones, cover exposed tissues, and prevent infection. Additionally, adjuvant therapies like hyperbaric oxygen treatment, physical therapy, and pain management may be employed to support the healing process and improve functional outcomes.

Limb salvage is typically considered when a limb is threatened by conditions such as severe trauma, tumors, infections, or peripheral arterial disease. The decision to pursue limb salvage over amputation depends on factors like the patient's overall health, age, and personal preferences, as well as the extent of the injury or disease, potential for recovery, and likelihood of successful rehabilitation.

Phosphorus is an essential mineral that is required by every cell in the body for normal functioning. It is a key component of several important biomolecules, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary source of energy for cells, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are the genetic materials in cells.

Phosphorus is also a major constituent of bones and teeth, where it combines with calcium to provide strength and structure. In addition, phosphorus plays a critical role in various metabolic processes, including energy production, nerve impulse transmission, and pH regulation.

The medical definition of phosphorus refers to the chemical element with the atomic number 15 and the symbol P. It is a highly reactive non-metal that exists in several forms, including white phosphorus, red phosphorus, and black phosphorus. In the body, phosphorus is primarily found in the form of organic compounds, such as phospholipids, phosphoproteins, and nucleic acids.

Abnormal levels of phosphorus in the body can lead to various health problems. For example, high levels of phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia) can occur in patients with kidney disease or those who consume large amounts of phosphorus-rich foods, and can contribute to the development of calcification of soft tissues and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, low levels of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia) can occur in patients with malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, or alcoholism, and can lead to muscle weakness, bone pain, and an increased risk of infection.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Water Resources" is not a term typically used in the medical field. It is more commonly found in environmental science, engineering, and policy contexts. Water resources refer to the various sources of water that are potentially useful or available for human use, such as surface waters (lakes, rivers, streams), groundwater, and stored/treated water supplies. The management and protection of water resources are crucial for public health, as access to clean and safe water is essential for preventing waterborne diseases and maintaining good hygiene practices.

Fluid waste disposal in a medical context refers to the proper and safe management of liquid byproducts generated during medical procedures, patient care, or research. These fluids can include bodily excretions (such as urine, feces, or vomit), irrigation solutions, blood, or other biological fluids.

The process of fluid waste disposal involves several steps:

1. Collection: Fluid waste is collected in appropriate containers that are designed to prevent leakage and contamination.
2. Segregation: Different types of fluid waste may require separate collection and disposal methods based on their infectious or hazardous nature.
3. Treatment: Depending on the type and volume of fluid waste, various treatments can be applied, such as disinfection, sterilization, or chemical neutralization, to reduce the risk of infection or harm to the environment and personnel.
4. Disposal: Treated fluid waste is then disposed of according to local regulations, which may involve transporting it to a designated waste management facility for further processing or disposal in a safe and environmentally friendly manner (e.g., deep well injection, incineration, or landfilling).
5. Documentation and tracking: Proper records should be maintained to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and to enable effective monitoring and auditing of the waste disposal process.

It is essential to handle fluid waste disposal carefully to minimize the risk of infection, protect the environment, and maintain regulatory compliance. Healthcare facilities must adhere to strict guidelines and regulations regarding fluid waste management to ensure the safety of patients, staff, and the community.

Nitrogen compounds are chemical substances that contain nitrogen, which is a non-metal in group 15 of the periodic table. Nitrogen forms compounds with many other elements due to its ability to form multiple bonds, including covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, sulfur, and halogens.

Nitrogen can exist in several oxidation states, ranging from -3 to +5, which leads to a wide variety of nitrogen compounds with different properties and uses. Some common examples of nitrogen compounds include:

* Ammonia (NH3), a colorless gas with a pungent odor, used in fertilizers, cleaning products, and refrigeration systems.
* Nitric acid (HNO3), a strong mineral acid used in the production of explosives, dyes, and fertilizers.
* Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), a white crystalline solid used as a fertilizer and explosive ingredient.
* Hydrazine (N2H4), a colorless liquid with a strong odor, used as a rocket fuel and reducing agent.
* Nitrous oxide (N2O), a colorless gas used as an anesthetic and laughing gas in dental procedures.

Nitrogen compounds have many important applications in various industries, such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and energy production. However, some nitrogen compounds can also be harmful or toxic to humans and the environment if not handled properly.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nebraska" is a state in the central United States and not a medical term. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help with those!

Ischemia is the medical term used to describe a lack of blood flow to a part of the body, often due to blocked or narrowed blood vessels. This can lead to a shortage of oxygen and nutrients in the tissues, which can cause them to become damaged or die. Ischemia can affect many different parts of the body, including the heart, brain, legs, and intestines. Symptoms of ischemia depend on the location and severity of the blockage, but they may include pain, cramping, numbness, weakness, or coldness in the affected area. In severe cases, ischemia can lead to tissue death (gangrene) or organ failure. Treatment for ischemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the blocked blood flow, such as through medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hobbies" is not a term that has a medical definition. Hobbies generally refer to activities or interests that are pursued outside of one's professional or obligatory duties, purely for pleasure and relaxation. They can include a wide range of activities such as painting, hiking, playing a musical instrument, gardening, or bird watching, among many others. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ohio" is not a medical term or condition. It is the name of a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, I would be happy to help answer those!

Listeriosis is an infection caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. It primarily affects older adults, individuals with weakened immune systems, pregnant women, and newborns. The bacteria can be found in contaminated food, water, or soil. Symptoms of listeriosis may include fever, muscle aches, headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, and convulsions. In severe cases, it can lead to meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) or bacteremia (bacterial infection in the bloodstream). Pregnant women may experience only mild flu-like symptoms, but listeriosis can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, or serious illness in newborns.

It's important to note that listeriosis is a foodborne illness, and proper food handling, cooking, and storage practices can help prevent infection. High-risk individuals should avoid consuming unpasteurized dairy products, raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood, as well as soft cheeses made from unpasteurized milk.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

"Listeria monocytogenes" is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is a major cause of foodborne illness. It is widely distributed in the environment and can be found in water, soil, vegetation, and various animal species. This pathogen is particularly notable for its ability to grow at low temperatures, allowing it to survive and multiply in refrigerated foods.

In humans, Listeria monocytogenes can cause a serious infection known as listeriosis, which primarily affects pregnant women, newborns, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems. The bacterium can cross the intestinal barrier, enter the bloodstream, and spread to the central nervous system, causing meningitis or encephalitis. Pregnant women infected with Listeria monocytogenes may experience mild flu-like symptoms but are at risk of transmitting the infection to their unborn children, which can result in stillbirth, premature delivery, or severe illness in newborns.

Common sources of Listeria monocytogenes include raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood; unpasteurized dairy products; and ready-to-eat foods like deli meats, hot dogs, and soft cheeses. Proper food handling, cooking, and storage practices can help prevent listeriosis.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is not a medical organization or entity, so it does not provide medical definitions. However, I can give you some information about what the USDA is and what it does.

The USDA is a federal executive department of the U.S. government responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, and food. It was established in 1862 by President Abraham Lincoln and is headed by the Secretary of Agriculture, who is a member of the President's cabinet.

The USDA has several key missions, including:

* Promoting agricultural trade and production
* Ensuring the safety of the food supply
* Providing nutrition assistance to vulnerable populations
* Protecting natural resources and the environment
* Promoting rural development and economic stability

In terms of food and nutrition, the USDA plays an important role in setting dietary guidelines for Americans, establishing standards for school meals and other federal food programs, and regulating the safety of meat, poultry, and egg products. The agency also conducts research on agricultural and food-related topics and provides education and outreach to farmers, ranchers, and consumers.

Foodborne diseases, also known as foodborne illnesses or food poisoning, are defined as disorders caused by the consumption of contaminated foods or beverages, which contain harmful bacteria, parasites, viruses, toxins, or chemicals. These agents can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. The severity of the illness can vary from mild discomfort to severe life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of infectious agent and the individual's immune system and overall health status. Common examples of foodborne diseases include Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Listeria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Norovirus infections. Proper food handling, preparation, storage, and cooking can help prevent the occurrence of foodborne diseases.

With deforestation, manure may be used as cooking fuel making fertility a key problem. Where fertilizers are purchased, ... Valentin, C., 'et al'.(2008)Runoff and sediment losses from 27 upland catchments in Southeast Asia: Impact of rapid land use ... Environmental impacts of this cropping system include loss of biodiversity, carbon dioxide emissions, increased runoff and ... flooding can result in fertilizer runoff contaminating water systems. Rice with deeper roots, as would be predicted with ...
Runoff of pesticides may leach into groundwater causing human health problems from contaminated water wells. Pesticide ... Nitrate can also enter the groundwater via excessive use of fertilizers, including manure spreading. This is because only a ... Chemicals can reach into ground water through precipitation and runoff. New landfills are required to be lined with clay or ... The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as run-off. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined ...
Agricultural runoff is particularly high in nutrients from fertilisers and manure from farm animals. In particular crop ...
BOD comes from natural and anthropogenic sources, including: dead organisms, manure, wastewater, and urban runoff. ... Eutrophication, an influx of nutrients (phosphate/nitrate), often a byproduct of agricultural run-off and sewage discharge, can ...
Nutrient overload is caused by manure and fertilizers, storm water runoff, and wastewater treatment plants. This occurs in a ...
Its watercourse, Outlet Creek, is fed by several springfed tributaries and agricultural runoff (manure and fertilizer). The ...
Runoff of manure can also find its way into surface water such as lakes, streams, and ponds. An example of weather induced ... Nutrient-rich runoff from CAFO's can contribute to Algal blooms in rivers, lakes and seas. The 2009 harmful algal bloom event ... CO2 and ammonia from the pig manure are reused to grow algae which in turn are used to feed the pigs. Another method to reduce ... Runoff can leach through permeable soils to vulnerable aquifers that tap ground water sources for human consumption. ...
Retrieved 2015-04-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "Manure runoff is threat to human health [Letter ...
"Runoff water quality from manured riparian grasslands with contrasting drainage and simulated grazing pressure". Agriculture, ...
One suggested change is keeping manure and fertilizer in large storage tanks to prevent runoff and volatilization into the air ... This would result in less nitrogen proteins (including ammonia) ending up in manure. A final idea is using less urea and ...
The runoff problem has been attributed to the use of "an outdated scientific tool for calculating the correct amount of manure ... The study compared the use of using chicken manure only, cow manure only, 16-20-0 fertilizer only, a mixture of cow manure and ... The study concluded that the use of cow manure only as a fertilizer fared best, and the use of chicken manure only as a ... "Chicken manure stink could be costly". U-T San Diego. April 14, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2015. "Chicken manure adds to ...
As a result, they excrete 30 to 70% less phosphorus in manure depending upon the age and diet. The lower concentrations of ... phosphorus in surface runoff reduces algal growth, because phosphorus is the limiting nutrient for algae. Because algae consume ... August 2001). "Pigs expressing salivary phytase produce low-phosphorus manure". Nature Biotechnology. 19 (8): 741-5. doi: ...
... as well as runoff from urban and suburban areas. About half of the nutrient pollutant loads in the bay are generated by manure ... Soil erosion and runoff of sediment into the bay, exacerbated by devegetation, construction and the prevalence of pavement in ... Today, the body of water is less productive than it used to be because of runoff from urban areas (mostly on the Western Shore ... The Bay, a 2012 found footage-style eco-horror movie about a pandemic due to deadly pollution from chicken factory farm run-off ...
In 1995, the state banned the spreading of manure from December 15 to April 1, to prevent run-off and protect the water. ... Therefore, farms must have environmentally approved facilities to store manure during this time frame. While the state voted ... "Winter manure spreading ban in effect". the chronicle. Barton, Vermont. December 19, 2012. p. 21. "Vermont lawmakers legalize ...
Unabsorbed phosphorus is thus wasted and may end up into the environment in animal manure via agricultural runoff and cause ...
Also, in the spring, the area tends to smell of cow manure, and the run-off into the Castor River begins. In recent years, ...
... and often transports excess agricultural chemicals resulting in contaminated runoff. This runoff, in turn, affects changes to ... The most common sources of excess nutrients in surface water from nonpoint sources are chemical fertilizers and manure from ... Return flows, runoff, and leach ate from irrigated lands may transport sediment, nutrients, salts, and other materials. Finally ... Agricultural nonpoint sources enter surface water through direct surface runoff or through seepage to ground water that ...
In the early 2000s, the Illinois River had high levels of pollution due largely to water runoff contaminated by chicken manure ... although it does not address poultry-farm runoff. In 1996, a report demonstrated that nutrient-fed algae was endangering Lake ... most notoriously phosphorus contamination by sewage and poultry farm runoff. In 1987, wastewater discharge by the city of ...
These techniques help intercept run off of manure, sediments and fertilizer and use them to enhance growth of the planted zones ... Sediment run-off from exposed soils in new subdivisions does occur and if it occurs due to breaches of the resource consent ... Urban runoff is polluted with detergents, waste oil, litter and fecal matter. Some stormwater drains have a fish logo painted ... Water run-off from roads contains pollutants such as zinc, copper, lead and hydrocarbons from vehicle wear, vehicle emissions ...
Rainwater runoff from these CAFOs was identified in the fatal Walkerton E. coli outbreak as the contaminant of municipal ... in 2009 Liquid manure tank in Belgium A liquid manure storage silo in the Netherlands in 2012 Chicken manure Cow manure Manure ... Liquid manure was developed in the 20th-century as an alternative to fermented manure. Manure in both forms is used as a ... Iowan pre-agribusiness manuring implements A horse-drawn manure spreader Post-agribusiness era liquid manure spreader A liquid ...
... as can runoff from manure used as fertilizer. A lagoon that burst in 1995 released 25 million gallons of nitrous sludge in ... This runoff contains an overabundance of nutrients from fertilizers, wastewater treatment plants, and other sources. Union of ... This image from a NOAA animation shows how runoff from farms (green areas) and cities (red areas) drains into the Mississippi. ... A traditional component of crop rotation is the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of legumes and green manure in ...
The word is used by farmers in Britain to describe the place where farm yard manure from cows or other animals is collected. ... Grants are sometimes available to protect these from rain to avoid runoff and pollution. In the animal kingdom, some species ... "Manure/Slurry Storage". Scottish Government. Investment under this storage and handling Option may include: action to minimise ... as well as making necessary repairs to the midden itself to prevent possible run-off to a nearby beck. The midden can now ...
Nearby Gridley Park, in an adjacent direct runoff zone to the east, was named Cascade Park when the city was laid out in the ... The horses are expected to produce up to ten tons of manure and hay waste per day, which will be transported and sold. Fifteen ... Erie International Airport is located in the largest of these direct runoff zones, west of the City of Erie, between Walnut ... Crooked Creek Some Pennsylvania lands have surface runoff that drains directly into Lake Erie. 24 such stretches of land can be ...
Runoff from several feedlots was dumped into the river until laws made the practice illegal. Fertilizer, manure and other ... Agricultural runoff from farms and ranches in the Snake River Plain and many other areas has severely damaged the ecology of ... Agricultural lands and their resulting runoff have also had a significant impact on the success rate of migrating fish. Salmon ... Agricultural runoff and water held in reservoirs higher upstream on the Snake warm its waters as it flows through the Snake ...
Many organisms enhance soil aggregation and porosity, thus increasing infiltration and reducing surface runoff. Soil organisms ... Soil organisms decompose organic compounds, including manure, plant residues, and pesticides, preventing them from entering ...
... as it is impacted by runoff from nearby farms. A large manure spill in the 1990s contributed to the poor quality of river. The ...
This process involves storing the manure in a location that is free from any type of run-offs, and lies below direct sunlight. ... The process of making manure tea begins with the collection of manure. Manure of all different types of livestock may be used. ... Manure tea is the product of the manure of livestock being steeped in a bag submerged in water. This tea is used for the ... The remains of manure left in the gunny sack may also be spread as fertilizer around crops. The process of using manure tea as ...
... has had a high level of pollution due to water runoff contaminated with chicken manure. The incineration of poultry wastes has ... This had the undesirable side effect of turning the chicken manure from a valuable fertilizer that could be used profitably on ...
The nutrients come from: crop and livestock production, surface runoff containing fertilizers, pesticides, and manure, waste ... With only 2% increase from runoff, water scarcity could be a problem in the near future. On the other hand, severe flooding of ...
Impairment of water quality by manure and other substances in runoff and infiltrating water is a concern, especially where ... Non-point sources are more diffuse, such as agricultural runoff. Pollution is the result of the cumulative effect over time. ... use of animal manure as fertilizer as a substitute for those synthetic fertilizers that require considerable fossil fuel use ... and urban runoff including stormwater. Water pollution is either surface water pollution or groundwater pollution. This form of ...
The article on the meeting about Ag agency exemption policies focused, in part, on manure run-off on a Panton farm. An ... Letter to the editor: Dismayed by tone used in manure-runoff article. Jul 25, 2019 , Op/Ed ... Letter to the editor: Dismayed by tone used in manure-runoff article. July 25, 2019 ... One example is the sewage run-off from towns that was mentioned in the article. We are all anxious and afraid about what is ...
Proposed cuts to Wisconsins agricultural programs could exacerbate a recent spike in manure spills and runoff accidents, ... WI cuts affect manure spills, runoff mitigation February 20, 2015 by Green Bay Press Gazette ... remove dollars for developing safe manure management plans and limit research into the impact of agricultural runoff. READ MORE ... Proposed cuts to Wisconsins agricultural programs could exacerbate a recent spike in manure spills and runoff accidents, state ...
Video: Inside the Manure Expos first-ever Safety & Operation Knowledge Event. *. Tools of the trade: Fencing, barriers and ... Researchers look for new ways to reduce nutrient runoff September 12, 2017 by Lancaster Farming ...
Selection of a Water-Extractable Phosphorus Test for Manures and Biosolids as an Indicator of Runoff Loss Potential. Title. ... Selection of a Water-Extractable Phosphorus Test for Manures and Biosolids as an Indicator of Runoff Loss Potential. ... Selection of a Water-Extractable Phosphorus Test for Manures and Biosolids as an Indicator of Runoff Loss Potential ...
Manureanimal manure management, manure, manure application, manure runoff, nebraska, nutrient concentrations, phosphorus, ... Figure 2. Concentration of dissolved phosphorus in runoff as affected by setback distance for the manure and no-manure ... What setback distance is required to reduce the concentration of manure constituents in runoff to background values? John E. ... This blog reviews results published in a Transactions of the ASABE article "Removal of Cattle Manure Constituents in Runoff ...
Before You Apply Manure, Calculate the Runoff Risk In Your Fields. Keeping manure on the field where its placed can be a ... Runoff risk is grouped into four categories: no event, low, medium and high. When the risk is medium or high, the applicator ... The Minnesota Runoff Risk Advisory Forecast (RRAF) system is designed to help farmers and commercial applicators to determine ... Manure that moves off target can decrease productivity and increase the risk of impairing local bodies of water. ...
The challenge for a livestock producer is to apply manure in a way that is labor-efficient, cost-effective and environmentally ... Land application of manure to frozen and snow-covered ground is a common practice in Michigan. ... If there is a rapid snowmelt or if it rains on frozen ground where manure has been applied, the runoff will move manure ... Cover crops may decrease the risks of runoff winter-applied manure.. Actions to Prevent Runoff from Frozen and Snow-covered ...
... runoff could lead to offsite contamination. Shallow or deep injection of manures could be used to limit runoff of manure ... The runoff potential of tylosin and chlortetracycline from soils treated with manure from swine fed rations containing the ... 287-9 Antimicrobial Runoff From Manure Treated Soils. See more from this Division: S11 Soils & Environmental Quality. See more ... Tylosin also was applied directly to the soil surface to examine runoff potential if manure was not present. A sprinkler ...
This subsoil manuring project aims to develop economically viable techniques to ameliorate subsoils with physical constraints. ... Runoff losses of rain water also increase. Restricted root growth into the clay subsoil restricts the bucket size or the ... whether the incorporated organic manures will improve crop performance. *how best to incorporate organic manures 30 to 40 cm ... what would be the critical rate of incorporation of the manures.. We currently have three sites in the western districts of ...
With deforestation, manure may be used as cooking fuel making fertility a key problem. Where fertilizers are purchased, ... Valentin, C., et al.(2008)Runoff and sediment losses from 27 upland catchments in Southeast Asia: Impact of rapid land use ... Environmental impacts of this cropping system include loss of biodiversity, carbon dioxide emissions, increased runoff and ... flooding can result in fertilizer runoff contaminating water systems. Rice with deeper roots, as would be predicted with ...
Additionally, manure and fertilizer runoff from dairy farms can pollute water resources. The increased nutrients in local ... Dairy cows and their manure produce greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to climate change. Poor handling of manure and ... On the other hand, well-managed manure application and grazing can improve the soil health of pastures and crop lands. ... Dairy operations can also be significant contributors to water pollution and soil degradation when manure and feed crop ...
So the manure buildup would often run off into streams, ditches, whatever.. Todays "commercial" livestock producers have done ... Rarely is it laid on top and exposed to runoff. Do some Nitrates leech into ground water? Probably yes, but the runoff of ... Winter was no time to spread manure for two reasons. First, the ground was frozen (as was the manure). Precipitation was also ... Modern hog facilities contain the manure in well designed cement holding pits until its ready to be pumped out. And then its ...
Technical Abstract: Phosphorus runoff from soils fertilized with animal manures, such as poultry manure, can be relatively high ... Title: REDUCING NON-POINT SOURCE PHOSPHORUS RUNOFF FROM POULTRY MANURE WITH ALUMINUM SULFATE Author. Moore, Philip ... Phosphorus runoff from normal and alum-treated poultry manure was evaluated from field sized plots (1 acre each) for three ... Phosphorus concentrations in runoff water from alum-treated litter were 75% lower than from normal manure. Aluminum ...
Stop considering manure as pollutant or hazardous: Favors topic 8 No EPA permits required for forest road runoff: Strongly ... Stop considering manure as pollutant or hazardous. (Sep 2011) *Rated 50% by HSLF, indicating a mixed voting record on animal ... No EPA permits required for forest road runoff. (Jun 2013) *No EPA expansion of regulated waters. (Jul 2014) ...
As the size of Vermont dairies grew, Extension emphasized managing manure to prevent runoff. Many more photographs in the free ... In 1935, a statewide manure conservation program taught farmers how to make the most of their manure. ...
RNG production may also reduce manure runoff into rivers and water supplies ... RNG could reduce yearly emissions from animal manure by 258 million tons ...
It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from ...
Improved farmyard manure through sunlight, rain and runoff protection. Improving farmyard manure by protecting it from direct ... Collection and proper storage of farmyard manure in heaps or pits Farmyard manure - a varying mixture of animal manure, urine ... and runoff to reduce volatilisation and leaching Farmyard manure is the ... ... It should be protected from direct sunlight, rainfall and runoff so as to reduce volatilisation and leaching of nutrients. The ...
The worlds largest biomass power plant running exclusively on chicken manure has opened in the Netherlands. The power plant ... the run off or slurry is used as fertilizer. you can either use the bio gas to run vehicles or to run generators which will ... yes, the dry bovine manure can be used as fuel in the boiler. Please inform how much manure you can supply per day? Based on ... 90,000 Homes To Be Powered By Chicken Manure. By Justin Thomas / September 4, 2008 / 14 Comments / Uncategorized ...
Manure processing and management. *Agricultural runoff treatment systems. *Waste- to-energy technologies (anaerobic digestion, ... Assessing certified manure analysis laboratory accuracy and variability. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 36(6):905-912. ... Treatment of horizontal silage bunker runoff using biochar amended vegetative filter strips. Journal of Environmental ... Inexpensive In-Field Manure Solids Tester. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 32(1), 63-68. https://doi.org/10.13031/aea. ...
This study presents results from a five-year plot study on a flat area measuring surface and subsurface runoff losses. The ... Losses of total phosphorus through subsurface runoff were also lower from spring ploughing compared to autumn ploughing. Total ... On flat areas, the subsurface runoff is the dominating pathway for water, soil and nutrients. ... The results showed that subsurface runoff was the main source for soil (67%), total phosphorus (76%), dissolved reactive ...
Rain, snow, runoff and dumped water buckets add to the moisture from urine and manure. Indoor housing brings ventilation ... Keeping manure out of muddy areas, spreading manure in a thin layer to promote drying, eliminating gaps under water tanks and ... Both the house and stable fly breed in manure, manure piles, decaying silage, moist waste feed, bedding, wet straw and grass ... Manure storage and spreading costs represented 3% of total rearing expense. The Arkansas study used 22 lbs of straw and 49 lbs ...
Protect crops and water supplies from manure runoff.. *Perform regular checks of septic systems to ensure theyre working ... Adequately compost all manure before applying to farmland.. * ...
Composting manure reduces its testosterone and estrogen concentrations, limiting the runoff of these hormones, which can harm ...
Increased risk of soil damage due to wetter weather in spring- runoff and compaction ... Increased costs and pressures on manure producing livestock industries.. Improved manure and slurry storage facilities may help ... This is not the case. The RPS has been issued to allow applications of manures this autumn, even when the applications will ... Clarity over manure spreading guidance. The CLA offers more information and guidance to members following an updated statement ...
Horse manure compost is a very good source of organic matter. It also increases the water-holding capacity of sandy soils and ... In addition to turning the compost, though, it also needs to be covered to prevent runoff. At Pinsch of Soil, they use a four- ... However, if fresh manure needs to be used, Sachse recommended incorporating it into the soil as soon as possible and applying ... Why compost horse manure? Sachse listed many reasons: It decomposes medical residues as well as carbonaceous materials; it ...
FORAGE SPECIES AND CANOPY COVER EFFECTS ON RUNOFF FROM SMALL PLOTS.-(Peer Reviewed Journal) Self-Davis, M.L., Moore Jr, P.A., ... AIR FLOW AND MICROCLIMATE AROUND EARTHEN MANURE STORAGE UNITS-(Abstract Only) *PHOSPHORUS BALANCE MODEL TO PREDICT LAND BASE ... I continued my studies receiving an M.S. in soil science with a thesis project on pesticide runoff under the direction of Tommy ... NUTRIENT RUNOFF FROM TALL FESCUE PLOTS TREATED WITH POULTRY LITTER AND DAIRY ANIMAL WASTE-(Proceedings) ...
Runoff from agriculture, including fertiliser and animal manure, is a key driver of cyanobacteria growth. ...
Study: Warming Winters Will Thaw Frozen Manure, Further Polluting US Waters Nearly half the countrys waters could see an ... increase in toxic agricultural runoff.. * By John McCracken, Grist * October 14, 2022. ...
More than manure, more than fertilizer Erosion, wind, water and tillage erosion have been occurring for years. Todays problem ... Infiltration and runoff of manure. *Runoff seen in Western Canada is majority snowmelt runoff, this can be addressed by ... Solid manure injection unit research, still not as good as liquid manure for nutrient incorporation but did allow them to look ... Soil amendments, manure, composted manure, bio-chars, byproducts such as thin stillage, and more! ...
  • Keeping manure on the field where it's placed can be a challenge in many fields, but the risk of nutrients leaving the field is both expensive and environmentally hazardous. (centralagsupply.com)
  • Management strategies that capture land-applied manure in the root zone will make the nutrients available for the next crop, improve soil quality, and prevent manure nutrient and contaminant loss to the environment. (msu.edu)
  • If there is a rapid snowmelt or if it rains on frozen ground where manure has been applied, the runoff will move manure nutrients and contaminants. (msu.edu)
  • It should be protected from direct sunlight, rainfall and runoff so as to reduce volatilisation and leaching of nutrients. (icimod.org)
  • On flat areas, the subsurface runoff is the dominating pathway for water, soil and nutrients. (mdpi.com)
  • These nutrients are commonly introduced from runoff or soil erosion from fertilizer and manure. (farmprogress.com)
  • This confluence of events may mean that the soil will not have a chance to soak up the nutrients and carbon from the manure. (no-tillfarmer.com)
  • Instead, the manure completely bypasses the soil and nutrients and dissolved organic carbon from surface-applied manure runs unprocessed into streams or sinkholes. (no-tillfarmer.com)
  • Besides, the cover crop is part of the soil food web and will take up nutrients from the manure. (no-tillfarmer.com)
  • Cover crops decrease runoff and the loss of nutrients, pesticides and herbicides, while also protecting the quality of our streams, rivers and lakes. (cargill.com)
  • Cover crops help store nutrients from manure, mineralized organic nitrogen or underutilized fertilizer, and reduce nutrient runoff and leaching. (cargill.com)
  • The challenge for a livestock producer is to apply manure in a way that is labor-efficient, cost-effective and environmentally responsible. (msu.edu)
  • Apply manure, observe what happens, and evaluate the effectiveness in capturing manure in the root zone, where it will be of benefit to your cropping system rather than a hazard to society. (msu.edu)
  • Without the RPS, farmers who apply manure in excess of crop and soil need would risk being in breach of the EA's new interpretation of the Farming Rules for Water. (cla.org.uk)
  • Although legally allowed to land apply manure on frozen and snow-covered ground, feedlot producers should know that late winter application on snow-covered ground is likely to cause runoff and a water quality violation. (iowadnr.gov)
  • A first-order exponential decay function can be used to quantify the effectiveness of setback distance in reducing the concentration of selected runoff constituents including dissolved phosphorus (Figure 2). (soilhealthnexus.org)
  • Dissolved phosphorus was selected for illustration because it is an important parameter used to determine potential environmental impacts resulting from manure application. (soilhealthnexus.org)
  • Concentration of dissolved phosphorus in runoff as affected by setback distance for the manure and no-manure treatments. (soilhealthnexus.org)
  • Phosphorus runoff from soils fertilized with animal manures, such as poultry manure, can be relatively high even when moderate application rates are used. (usda.gov)
  • Phosphorus runoff from normal and alum-treated poultry manure was evaluated from field sized plots (1 acre each) for three years. (usda.gov)
  • Phosphorus concentrations in runoff water from alum-treated litter were 75% lower than from normal manure. (usda.gov)
  • The results showed that subsurface runoff was the main source for soil (67%), total phosphorus (76%), dissolved reactive phosphorus (75%) and total nitrogen (89%) losses. (mdpi.com)
  • Composted horse manure has decent amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as well as micronutrients for plant growth. (countryfolks.com)
  • A serious problem occurs when the crops cannot use all the nitrogen and phosphorus from the sprayfield application of untreated manures. (biocycle.net)
  • On frozen and snow-covered ground, the appropriate rate will likely be considerably less than the allowable rate based on manure nutrient content. (msu.edu)
  • After the use of the manure in this application its more ecological friendly and has almost the same nutrient value than before. (metaefficient.com)
  • Most chose to install digesters for noneconomic reasons, primarily to control odors or contain excess nutrient runoff. (biocycle.net)
  • It is unpredictable because the infiltration rate of frozen soil is very low and any manure applied will be slow to enter the root zone. (msu.edu)
  • Because most pores are continuously filled with water infiltration capacity is low, and the threat of runoff high. (no-tillfarmer.com)
  • The cover crop helps to dry out the soil, provides natural barriers to runoff and the roots improve soil aggregation and porosity, boosting infiltration. (no-tillfarmer.com)
  • This greatly reduces soil erosion and runoff, and increases infiltration. (cargill.com)
  • Application to frozen or snow-covered soils should be avoided, but when it is necessary, control runoff and erosion with soil and water conservation practices. (msu.edu)
  • Surface-applied manure should not be applied to soils within 150 feet of surface waters or to areas subject to flooding. (msu.edu)
  • Abstract: Antimicrobial Runoff From Manure Treated Soils. (confex.com)
  • Additionally, manure and fertilizer runoff from dairy farms can pollute water resources. (worldwildlife.org)
  • Risk of Hepatitis E Virus Infection from Swine Manure? (cdc.gov)
  • Dairy operations can consume large volumes of water to grow feed, water cows, manage manure and process products. (worldwildlife.org)
  • A lot has been reported on how to manage manure from beef and dairy cattle, but thanks to a slightly different digestive system and sometimes a different diet, handling horse manure has its own protocols. (countryfolks.com)
  • We don t have to spread manure on the field and have it run into the Bay. (somd.com)
  • It is also wise not to spread manure immediately before a heavy precipitation event is expected. (no-tillfarmer.com)
  • Several cuts tucked into Gov. Scott Walker's proposed budget would decrease staff who ensure farmers meet environmental standards, remove dollars for developing safe manure management plans and limit research into the impact of agricultural runoff. (manuremanager.com)
  • Nearly half the country's waters could see an increase in toxic agricultural runoff. (route-fifty.com)
  • Compost making is an efficient way of converting all kinds of biomass into high value fertiliser that serves as a good alternative to farmyard manure, especially for crop-growing households without livestock. (icimod.org)
  • Adequately compost all manure before applying to farmland. (hobbyfarms.com)
  • For those concerned about any outside influence in the compost, Sachse noted that a portion of any medications his horses are given, once metabolized, are excreted in the manure and the urine, but said based on his conversations with veterinarians and composting professionals, it's generally accepted that a good composting process - consistent high temperatures plus consistent decomposition - will likely reduce or eliminate most medications, including antibiotics. (countryfolks.com)
  • Why compost horse manure? (countryfolks.com)
  • In addition to turning the compost, though, it also needs to be covered to prevent runoff. (countryfolks.com)
  • They make sure to turn the manure/compost mixture often enough to add oxygen and keep at about 50% moisture. (countryfolks.com)
  • The longer a farmer can age manure compost, the better. (countryfolks.com)
  • Horse manure compost is a very good source of organic matter. (countryfolks.com)
  • As previously mentioned, different livestock have different digestive systems, so take into account if planning to compost manures together. (countryfolks.com)
  • Chickens that run around outside, peck in the dirt, eat weeds, slugs, snails, and compost, fertilize the soil with their manure, and aerate the earth with their claws and beaks could be a relatively nonviolent and healthy part of a sustainable farm. (foodrevolution.org)
  • These results indicate that treating poultry manure with alum is a cost-effective best management practice that reduces non-point source P runoff. (usda.gov)
  • Composting manure reduces its testosterone and estrogen concentrations, limiting the runoff of these hormones, which can harm wildlife. (sciencenews.org)
  • and it reduces runoff. (countryfolks.com)
  • A riparian buffer he put in reduces runoff and saves soil. (somd.com)
  • Runoff from agriculture, including fertiliser and animal manure, is a key driver of cyanobacteria growth. (rcinet.ca)
  • A cropland setback is an area where manure is not applied but crops continue to be grown. (soilhealthnexus.org)
  • Cover crops may decrease the risks of runoff winter-applied manure. (msu.edu)
  • Protect crops and water supplies from manure runoff. (hobbyfarms.com)
  • A horse farm as well as a vegetable operation, Sachse talked about how he managed manure while sitting on Jacobsen Creek and its watershed and utilizing it for the crops he grows. (countryfolks.com)
  • However, if fresh manure needs to be used, Sachse recommended incorporating it into the soil as soon as possible and applying it at least four months before harvesting any crops that may come into direct contact with it. (countryfolks.com)
  • The Minnesota Runoff Risk Advisory Forecast (RRAF) system is designed to help farmers and commercial applicators to determine the best time for manure application. (centralagsupply.com)
  • In 1935, a statewide manure conservation program taught farmers how to make the most of their manure. (uvm.edu)
  • Increased costs and pressures on manure producing livestock industries. (cla.org.uk)
  • Sources of pollution at beaches include urban runoff, sewage overflow and failing septic systems, and concentrated livestock manure, according to the report. (kpax.com)
  • Lastly, the main source of odors from livestock operations are the barns and manure storage pits. (biocycle.net)
  • For example, three-year-old Matthew Scheffert in October 2000 drowned in 15 inches of water and manure in a runoff' gutter at the end of a livestock feedlot. (cdc.gov)
  • John E. Gilley, Aaron J. Sindelar, and Bryan L. Woodbury, researchers with the USDA-Agricultural Research Service, examined the effects of setback distance on concentrations of selected constituents in runoff following land application of beef cattle manure to a site in Southeast Nebraska (Figure 1). (soilhealthnexus.org)
  • A setback distance of 12.2 m (40 ft) effectively reduced the concentrations of DP to background values similar to those measured on the no-manure treatment (Figure 2). (soilhealthnexus.org)
  • Aluminum concentrations in runoff were not significantly affected by either treatment. (usda.gov)
  • A field rainfall simulation study was performed to identify the effectiveness of setbacks in reducing cattle manure constituents in runoff. (soilhealthnexus.org)
  • Cattle manure was then applied to the upper 4.9 m (16.1 ft) of each plot and additional rainfall simulation tests were conducted. (soilhealthnexus.org)
  • Environmental impacts of this cropping system include loss of biodiversity, carbon dioxide emissions, increased runoff and decreased rainfall. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, stormwater runoff from the Lake Soyang watershed was monitored during four rainfall events at 10 locations throughout 2016. (mdpi.com)
  • Most studies on the effects of tillage operations documented the effects of tillage on losses through surface runoff. (mdpi.com)
  • Incorporating manure using tillage would remove the manure from the soil surface and mix it with soil. (no-tillfarmer.com)
  • The ground may thaw slowly with little manure movement, or rain or a rapid snowmelt may carry manure, sediment and unanchored debris to low-lying areas. (msu.edu)
  • For the given experimental conditions, the concentration of selected pollutants in runoff following land application of cattle manure was significantly reduced when appropriate setback distances were used. (soilhealthnexus.org)
  • Land application of manure to frozen and snowcovered ground is a common practice in Michigan. (msu.edu)
  • High application rates increase the likelihood of runoff from frozen and snow covered ground. (msu.edu)
  • Records should be kept of manure analysis, soil test reports and rates of manure application for individual fields. (msu.edu)
  • Excessive application rates increase the chance of runoff from any field, frozen or thawed. (msu.edu)
  • On the other hand, well-managed manure application and grazing can improve the soil health of pastures and crop lands. (worldwildlife.org)
  • Increased storage also does not solve the issue of manure application. (cla.org.uk)
  • Many of the tips for fall confinement site manure application are still valid. (iowadnr.gov)
  • Land application restrictions on frozen and snow-covered ground do not apply to open feedlots, dry manure, small animal feeding operations (SAFOs with 500 or less animal units), or manure that is injected or can be incorporated within 24 hours. (iowadnr.gov)
  • Therefore, patience is your best companion until soil conditions are fit for manure application. (no-tillfarmer.com)
  • therefore, application of manure to land and subsequent runoff could contaminate coastal water, leading to contamination of shellfish and, subsequently, possible human infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Dairy cows and their manure produce greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to climate change. (worldwildlife.org)
  • In the US, the greatest sources of these emissions in milk production include feed production, enteric fermentation and manure management. (worldwildlife.org)
  • Total emissions consist of point source emissions from wastewater and nonpoint source emissions by runoff of oocysts in manure from agricultural lands. (bvsalud.org)
  • As land slope increases, the risk of runoff and erosion also increases. (msu.edu)
  • A roofed structure eliminates runoff and increases control over manure. (iastate.edu)
  • It's important to apply solids or feedlot effluent in a way that prevents runoff," Martens said. (iowadnr.gov)
  • It is well known that organic manures can improve soil physical conditions (porosity, strength and water movement). (edu.au)
  • Although the farmer has done everything to improve soil health, this type of runoff can still be problematic. (no-tillfarmer.com)
  • The biomass power plant will utilize approximately 440,000 tons of chicken manure, roughly one third of the total amount produced each year in the Netherlands. (metaefficient.com)
  • Our composting program diverts 75% of animal waste into about 1,200 tons of manure annually. (kansascityzoo.org)
  • AGRICULTURE in the U.S. produces more than 350 million tons of manure every year, and some farms have become so large that they cannot efficiently dispose of the enormous amounts of manure created. (biocycle.net)
  • Many European countries, including the Netherlands, suffer under an excess of different types of animal manure that pollute the environment. (metaefficient.com)
  • A third approach is to ameliorate the upper part of the subsoil (around 30 cm below the surface) with organic manure. (edu.au)
  • RPS 252 seems to have led to a misunderstanding that applications of organic manures are prohibited from this autumn, following harvest. (cla.org.uk)
  • Manure that moves off target can decrease productivity and increase the risk of impairing local bodies of water. (centralagsupply.com)
  • 2020. Assessing certified manure analysis laboratory accuracy and variability. (wisc.edu)
  • 2020. Treatment of horizontal silage bunker runoff using biochar amended vegetative filter strips. (wisc.edu)
  • What setback distance is required to reduce the concentration of manure constituents in runoff to background values? (soilhealthnexus.org)
  • Improved manure and slurry storage facilities may help reduce the chances of applications being made in sub optimal conditions when stores are full, though the EA and Defra must appreciate that increased storage is costly, may require planning permission and cannot be provided overnight. (cla.org.uk)
  • They do nothing to reduce the amount of manure that must be dealt with. (biocycle.net)
  • Environmental Protection Agency requirements for a concentrated animal feeding operation dictate that manure be applied no closer than 30.5 m (100 ft) to any down-gradient surface water, open tile intake structure, sinkhole, agricultural well head, or other conduit to surface waters ( EPA, 2012 ). (soilhealthnexus.org)
  • The Kansas City Zoo & Aquarium sells composted animal manure, or Zoo Manoo, to the public year-round. (kansascityzoo.org)
  • There is no doubt that air pollution from untreated animal manure is associated with a number of health impacts in people living near farms. (biocycle.net)
  • Additional manure management resources are available for each state at the links above. (centralagsupply.com)
  • You can download a printable copy of the Generally Accepted Agricultural Management Practices (GAAMPS) for Manure Management and Utilization with a more detailed explanation from http://www.michigan.gov/ mda. (msu.edu)
  • See Iowa State University's Winter Manure Management . (iowadnr.gov)
  • Manure management is achieved solely with bedding addition. (iastate.edu)
  • Dairy operations can also be significant contributors to water pollution and soil degradation when manure and feed crop production are poorly managed. (worldwildlife.org)
  • The RPS has been issued to allow applications of manures this autumn, even when the applications will exceed crop and soil need, provided certain steps are followed. (cla.org.uk)
  • The publication of the RPS represents an improvement on the position the EA held earlier in the year: their proposal was to prohibit all autumn applications of manures altogether, with the exception of grass and oil seed rape, on the basis that all other applications would not be justified from a crop need perspective. (cla.org.uk)
  • Further, we recommend that manure be applied only to living and growing vegetation, such as a cover crop. (no-tillfarmer.com)
  • Bedding use is fairly consistent throughout the year and is more influenced by humidity and cattle size (manure production) than by season. (iastate.edu)
  • Be prepared to add dry bedding as necessary to maintain good floor conditions and prevent carrying manure tag on the cattle. (iastate.edu)
  • The processes that may transport chlorfenvinphos from soil to other media include volatilization to the air, leaching to groundwater, runoff to surface water, and absorption by plants. (cdc.gov)
  • Several environmental factors may have contributed to the well water contamination such as surface water runoff from grazing areas onto cultivated fields, construction of irrigation wells, direct use of surface water for irrigation, and groundwater-surface water interaction. (cdc.gov)
  • A recent USDA report states that only 18 percent of large hog farms and 23 percent of large dairy farms are applying manure on enough cropland to meet a nitrogen-based standard to protect water quality. (biocycle.net)
  • Subsidizing anaerobic digesters diverts EQIP (Environmental Quality Incentives Program) funds to support a technology that will only encourage factory farms to continue producing unsustainable amounts of manure and pollution. (biocycle.net)
  • The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of alum applications to poultry manure on (1) ammonia volatilization rates from manure, (2) atmospheric ammonia levels in poultry houses, (3) poultry performance (weight gains, feed conversion, etc.), (4) energy use, and (5) P runoff from small watersheds. (usda.gov)
  • If you have a manure discharge or a basin overflows, call the 24-hour DNR spill line at 515-725-8694 to report the spill . (iowadnr.gov)
  • I saw an Amish manure spreader with a bumper sticker that said, No farms, no food, but I believe we can have farms and food and save the environment. (somd.com)
  • Current practices of disposing manure in giant open-air lagoons, and spraying liquefied manure over fields is an unacceptable option. (biocycle.net)
  • what would be the critical rate of incorporation of the manures. (edu.au)
  • If the chicken manure were to be spread out over farm land, it would release not only CO2, but also methane, a very potent greenhouse gas. (metaefficient.com)
  • In addition, it utilizes water more efficiently because less moisture is lost due to evaporation and runoff thereby permitting better absorption. (kansascityzoo.org)
  • GAAMPs Helpful in Preventing Surface Runoff from Frozen and Snow-covered Fields. (msu.edu)
  • Liquid manures should be applied in a manner that will not result in ponding or runoff to adjacent property, drainage ditches or surface water. (msu.edu)
  • This study presents results from a five-year plot study on a flat area measuring surface and subsurface runoff losses. (mdpi.com)
  • Simulations of water and thermal dynamics for soil surface with residue mulch and surface runoff. (usda.gov)
  • Runoff losses of rain water also increase. (edu.au)
  • Even gently sloping fields can produce considerable runoff when the ground is frozen, so manure should not be applied in areas of fields where runoff is likely. (msu.edu)
  • Although runoff can occur from most fields, problems are more likely on sloping fields and in fields where soil and water conservation practices are not used. (msu.edu)
  • And sheep, llamas and alpacas digest their food better than horses, so their manure is more easily and safely applied fresh to fields. (countryfolks.com)
  • He now stores manure rather than spreading it on his fields to get rid or it. (somd.com)
  • Soil and water conservation practices should be used to control runoff and erosion or the field should not be utilized. (msu.edu)