A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)
Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)
Inorganic chemicals that contain manganese as an integral part of the molecule.
An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1.
A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.
Spectrophotometric techniques by which the absorption or emmision spectra of radiation from atoms are produced and analyzed.
A group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Peroxidases are enzymes that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water, while oxidizing various organic and inorganic compounds, playing crucial roles in diverse biological processes including stress response, immune defense, and biosynthetic reactions.
A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.
Porphyrins which are combined with a metal ion. The metal is bound equally to all four nitrogen atoms of the pyrrole rings. They possess characteristic absorption spectra which can be utilized for identification or quantitative estimation of porphyrins and porphyrin-bound compounds.
Welding is not typically considered a medical term, but rather refers to a process in manufacturing and construction involving the joining of metal components through heat or pressure, which isn't directly related to medicine or healthcare.
Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.
Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.
Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
A genus of fungi in the family Corticiaceae, order Stereales, that degrades lignin. The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a frequently used species in research.
Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.
A large multisubunit protein complex found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. It uses light energy derived from LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES to catalyze the splitting of WATER into DIOXYGEN and of reducing equivalents of HYDROGEN.
A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).
A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.
Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.
A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.
A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.
An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in ACATALASIA.
Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them.
A family of bracket fungi, order POLYPORALES, living in decaying plant matter and timber.
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.
An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.
The protein components of enzyme complexes (HOLOENZYMES). An apoenzyme is the holoenzyme minus any cofactors (ENZYME COFACTORS) or prosthetic groups required for the enzymatic function.
Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.
Alcohols derived from the aryl radical (C6H5CH2-) and defined by C6H5CHOH. The concept includes derivatives with any substituents on the benzene ring.
An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.
An order of fungi in the phylum BASIDIOMYCOTA having macroscopic basidiocarps. The members are characterized by their saprophytic activities as decomposers, particularly in the degradation of CELLULOSE and LIGNIN. A large number of species in the order have been used medicinally. (From Alexopoulos, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, pp504-68)
The at-home administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered via a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).
A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.
Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)
Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.

Automatic activity in depolarized guinea pig ventricular myocardium. Characteristics and mechanisms. (1/4482)

Membrane potential was changed uniformly in segments, 0.7-1.0 mm long, of guinea pig papillary muscles excised from the right ventricle by using extracellular polarizing current pulses applied across two electrically insulated cf preparations superfused with Tyrode's solution at maximum diastolic membrane potentials ranging from-35.2+/-7.5 (threshold) to +4.0+/-9.2 mV. The average maximum dV/dt of RAD ranged from 17.1 to 18.0 V/sec within a membrane potential range of -40 to +20 mV. Raising extracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]0 from 1.8 to 6.8 mM, or application of isoproterenol (10(-6)g/ml) enhanced the rate of RAD, but lowering [Ca2+]0 to 0.4 mM or exposure to MnCl2 (6 mM) abolished RAD. RAD were enhanced by lowering extracellular K+ concentration [K+]0 from 5.4 to 1.5 mM. RAD were suppressed in 40% of fibers by raising [K+]0 to 15.4 mM, and in all fibers by raising [K+]0 to 40.4 mM. This suppression was due to increased [K+]0 and not to K-induced depolarization because it persisted when membrane potential was held by means of a conditioning hyperpolarizing puled gradually after maximum repolarization. These observations suggest that the development of RAD in depolarized myocardium is associated with a time-dependent decrease in outward current (probably K current) and with increase in the background inward current, presumably flowing through the slow cha-nel carrying Ca or Na ions, or both.  (+info)

Synechocystis sp. slr0787 protein is a novel bifunctional enzyme endowed with both nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase and 'Nudix' hydrolase activities. (2/4482)

Synechocystis sp. slr0787 open reading frame encodes a 339 residue polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 38.5 kDa. Its deduced amino acid sequence shows extensive homology with known separate sequences of proteins from the thermophilic archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii. The N-terminal domain is highly homologous to the archaeal NMN adenylyltransferase, which catalyzes NAD synthesis from NMN and ATP. The C-terminal domain shares homology with the archaeal ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase, a member of the 'Nudix' hydrolase family. The slr0787 gene has been cloned into a T7-based vector for expression in Escherichia coli cells. The recombinant protein has been purified to homogeneity and demonstrated to possess both NMN adenylyltransferase and ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase activities. Both activities have been characterized and compared to their archaeal counterparts.  (+info)

A functional model for O-O bond formation by the O2-evolving complex in photosystem II. (3/4482)

The formation of molecular oxygen from water in photosynthesis is catalyzed by photosystem II at an active site containing four manganese ions that are arranged in di-mu-oxo dimanganese units (where mu is a bridging mode). The complex [H2O(terpy)Mn(O)2Mn(terpy)OH2](NO3)3 (terpy is 2,2':6', 2"-terpyridine), which was synthesized and structurally characterized, contains a di-mu-oxo manganese dimer and catalyzes the conversion of sodium hypochlorite to molecular oxygen. Oxygen-18 isotope labeling showed that water is the source of the oxygen atoms in the molecular oxygen evolved, and so this system is a functional model for photosynthetic water oxidation.  (+info)

Increased calcium entry into dystrophin-deficient muscle fibres of MDX and ADR-MDX mice is reduced by ion channel blockers. (4/4482)

1. Single fibres were enzymatically isolated from interosseus muscles of dystrophic MDX mice, myotonic-dystrophic double mutant ADR-MDX mice and C57BL/10 controls. The fibres were kept in cell culture for up to 2 weeks for the study of Ca2+ homeostasis and sarcolemmal Ca2+ permeability. 2. Resting levels of intracellular free Ca2+, determined with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2, were slightly higher in MDX (63 +/- 20 nM; means +/- s.d.; n = 454 analysed fibres) and ADR-MDX (65 +/- 12 nM; n = 87) fibres than in controls (51 +/- 20 nM; n = 265). 3. The amplitudes of electrically induced Ca2+ transients did not differ between MDX fibres and controls. Decay time constants of Ca2+ transients ranged between 10 and 55 ms in both genotypes. In 50 % of MDX fibres (n = 68), but in only 20 % of controls (n = 54), the decay time constants were > 35 ms. 4. Bath application of Mn2+ resulted in a progressive quench of fura-2 fluorescence emitted from the fibres. The quench rate was about 2 times higher in MDX fibres (3.98 +/- 1.9 % min-1; n = 275) than in controls (2.03 +/- 1.4 % min-1; n = 204). The quench rate in ADR-MDX fibres (2.49 +/- 1.4 % min-1; n = 87) was closer to that of controls. 5. The Mn2+ influx into MDX fibres was reduced to 10 % by Gd3+, to 19 % by La3+ and to 47 % by Ni2+ (all at 50 microM). Bath application of 50 microM amiloride inhibited the Mn2+ influx to 37 %. 6. We conclude that in isolated, resting MDX muscle fibres the membrane permeability for divalent cations is increased. The presumed additional influx of Ca2+ occurs through ion channels, but is well compensated for by effective cellular Ca2+ transport systems. The milder dystrophic phenotype of ADR-MDX mice is correlated with a smaller increase of their sarcolemmal Ca2+ permeability.  (+info)

SodA and manganese are essential for resistance to oxidative stress in growing and sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis. (5/4482)

We constructed a sodA-disrupted mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168, BK1, by homologous recombination. The mutant was not able to grow in minimal medium without Mn(II). The spore-forming ability of strain BK1 was significantly lower in Mn(II)-depleted medium than that of the wild-type strain. These deleterious effects caused by the sodA mutation were reversed when an excess of Mn(II) was used to supplement the medium. Moreover, the growth inhibition by superoxide generators in strain BK1 and its parent strain was also reversed by the supplementation with excess Mn(II). We therefore estimated the Mn-dependent superoxide-scavenging activity in BK1 cells. Whereas BK1 cells have no detectable superoxide dismutase (Sod) on native gel, the superoxide-scavenging activity in crude extracts of BK1 cells grown in Mn(II)-supplemented LB medium (10 g of tryptone, 5 g of yeast extract, and 5 g of NaCl per liter) was significantly detected by the modified Sod assay method without using EDTA. The results obtained suggest that Mn, as a free ion or a complex with some cellular component, can catalyze the elimination of superoxide and that both SodA and Mn(II) are involved not only in the superoxide resistance of vegetative cells but also in sporulation.  (+info)

RNA metabolism, manganese, and RNA polymerases of zinc-sufficient and zinc-deficient Euglena gracilis. (6/4482)

The three major RNA classes from zinc-sufficient [(+Zn)] and zinc-deficient [(=Zn)] Euglena gracilis have been separated by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)- and N-[N'-[m-(dihydroxyboryl)phenyl]succinamoyl]aminoethyl (DBAE)-celluloses. The total RNA content and the ribosomal and transfer RNA fractions are the same in (+Zn) and (=Zn) cells. IN (-Zn) cells, the messenger RNA fraction increases, and its altered base composition reveals additional bases and a 2-fold increase in the (G+C)/(A+U) ratio. Since the intracellular content of manganese increases in (-Zn) cells, we have examined its role in determining these changes in RNA composition. An increase in the Mn2+ content from 1 to 10 mM in assays with RNA polymerases I and II from (+Zn) cells and those with the single RNA polymerase from (-Zn) cells decreases the ratio of UMP to CMP incorporated from 1.7 to 1.0, 2.1 to 0.8 and 3.5 to 0.4, respectively. Thus, Mn2+ concentration can significantly alter the products of the enzymatic action of RNA polymerases from both (+Zn) and (-Zn) E. gracilis cells.  (+info)

Sequential activation of different Ca2+ entry pathways upon cholinergic stimulation in mouse pancreatic acinar cells. (7/4482)

1. We have studied capacitative calcium entry (CCE) under different experimental conditions in fura-2-loaded mouse pancreatic acinar cells by digital microscopic fluorimetry. CCE was investigated during [Ca2+]i decay after cell stimulation with a supramaximal concentration of ACh (10 microM) or during Ca2+ readmission in Ca2+-depleted cells (pretreated with thapsigargin or ACh). 2. La3+ and Zn2+ (100 microM) inhibited CCE during Ca2+ readmission but had negligible effects during ACh decay. In contrast flufenamic acid (100 microM), an inhibitor of non-selective cation channels, genistein (10 microM), a broad-range tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and piceatannol (10 microM), an inhibitor specific for non-receptor Syk tyrosine kinase, inhibited CCE during ACh decay but not during Ca2+ reintroduction. 3. Simultaneous detection of Mn2+ entry and [Ca2+]i measurement showed that, in the presence of extracellular calcium, application of 100 microM Mn2+ during ACh decay resulted in manganese influx without alteration of calcium influx, whilst when applied during Ca2+ readmission, Mn2+ entry was significantly smaller and induced a clear inhibition of CCE. 4. Application of the specific protein kinase C inhibitor GF109293X (3 microM) reduced CCE in Ca2+-depleted cells, whereas the activator phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (3 microM) increased Ca2+ entry. 5. Based on these results we propose that cholinergic stimulation of mouse pancreatic acinar cells induces Ca2+ influx with an initial phase operated by a non-specific cation channel, sensitive to flufenamic acid and tyrosine kinase inhibitors but insensitive to lanthanum and divalent cations, followed by a moderately Ca2+-selective conductance inhibited by lanthanum and divalent cations.  (+info)

Arginase from human full-term placenta. (8/4482)

Arginase was purified about 1800-fold from extracts of human full-term placenta; the enzyme appeared to be homogenous by disc electrophoresis and molecular-sieve chromatography. The mol. wt. determination by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis yielded a value of 70000 for the most pure and the partially purified enzyme. The human placenta arginase is a metalloenzyme with an optimum pH of 9.1. The Km for L-arginine is 27 mM. L-Ornithine and L-lysine show competitive inhibition with Ki values of 6.3 and 14 mM respectively.  (+info)

Manganese is not a medical condition, but it's an essential trace element that is vital for human health. Here is the medical definition of Manganese:

Manganese (Mn) is a trace mineral that is present in tiny amounts in the body. It is found mainly in bones, the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Manganese helps the body form connective tissue, bones, blood clotting factors, and sex hormones. It also plays a role in fat and carbohydrate metabolism, calcium absorption, and blood sugar regulation. Manganese is also necessary for normal brain and nerve function.

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for manganese is 2.3 mg per day for adult men and 1.8 mg per day for adult women. Good food sources of manganese include nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, and tea.

In some cases, exposure to high levels of manganese can cause neurological symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease, a condition known as manganism. However, this is rare and usually occurs in people who are occupationally exposed to manganese dust or fumes, such as welders.

Manganese poisoning, also known as manganism, is a condition that results from excessive exposure to manganese. Manganese is an essential nutrient, but at high levels, it can become toxic to the body. The symptoms of manganese poisoning can be similar to those of Parkinson's disease and may include tremors, difficulty walking, and mood changes. In severe cases, manganese poisoning can lead to irreversible neurological damage. Exposure to manganese can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, and is often associated with occupational exposure in industries such as welding, mining, and manufacturing of batteries and fertilizers.

Manganese compounds refer to substances that contain manganese (Mn) combined with other elements. Manganese is a trace element that is essential for human health, playing a role in various physiological processes such as bone formation, enzyme function, and antioxidant defense. However, excessive exposure to manganese compounds can be harmful and may lead to neurological disorders.

Manganese can form compounds with various elements, including oxygen, chlorine, sulfur, and carbon. Some common examples of manganese compounds include:

* Manganese dioxide (MnO2): a black or brownish-black powder used in dry cell batteries, ceramics, and pigments.
* Manganese sulfate (MnSO4): a white or grayish-white crystalline solid used as a fertilizer and in animal feed supplements.
* Manganese chloride (MnCl2): a colorless or white solid used as a dehydrating agent, in electroplating, and as a source of manganese ions in chemical reactions.
* Manganese carbonate (MnCO3): a white or grayish-white powder used in the production of dry cell batteries, ceramics, and pigments.

It is important to note that while manganese compounds are essential for human health in small amounts, exposure to high levels of these substances can be toxic and may cause neurological symptoms similar to those seen in Parkinson's disease. Therefore, it is important to handle manganese compounds with care and follow appropriate safety precautions when working with them.

Medical Definition:

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide radicals (O2-) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This essential antioxidant defense mechanism helps protect the body's cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced during normal metabolic processes and can lead to oxidative stress when their levels become too high.

There are three main types of superoxide dismutase found in different cellular locations:
1. Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD or SOD1) - Present mainly in the cytoplasm of cells.
2. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD or SOD2) - Located within the mitochondrial matrix.
3. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD or SOD3) - Found in the extracellular spaces, such as blood vessels and connective tissues.

Imbalances in SOD levels or activity have been linked to various pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and aging-related disorders.

In the context of medicine, iron is an essential micromineral and key component of various proteins and enzymes. It plays a crucial role in oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and energy production within the body. Iron exists in two main forms: heme and non-heme. Heme iron is derived from hemoglobin and myoglobin in animal products, while non-heme iron comes from plant sources and supplements.

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron varies depending on age, sex, and life stage:

* For men aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 8 mg/day
* For women aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 18 mg/day
* During pregnancy, the RDA increases to 27 mg/day
* During lactation, the RDA for breastfeeding mothers is 9 mg/day

Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Excessive iron intake may result in iron overload, causing damage to organs such as the liver and heart. Balanced iron levels are essential for maintaining optimal health.

Atomic spectrophotometry is a type of analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific atoms or ions in a sample by measuring the intensity of light absorbed or emitted at wavelengths characteristic of those atoms or ions. This technique involves the use of an atomic spectrometer, which uses a source of energy (such as a flame, plasma, or electrode) to excite the atoms or ions in the sample, causing them to emit light at specific wavelengths. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of the element of interest.

Atomic spectrophotometry can be further divided into two main categories: atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES). In AAS, the sample is atomized in a flame or graphite furnace and the light from a lamp that emits light at the same wavelength as one of the elements in the sample is passed through the atoms. The amount of light absorbed by the atoms is then measured and used to determine the concentration of the element. In AES, the sample is atomized and excited to emit its own light, which is then measured and analyzed to determine the concentration of the element.

Atomic spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, forensic science, and industrial quality control for the determination of trace elements in a variety of sample types including liquids, solids, and gases.

Trace elements are essential minerals that the body needs in very small or tiny amounts, usually less than 100 milligrams per day, for various biological processes. These include elements like iron, zinc, copper, manganese, fluoride, selenium, and iodine. They are vital for maintaining good health and proper functioning of the human body, but they are required in such minute quantities that even a slight excess or deficiency can lead to significant health issues.

Peroxidases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of various substrates using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the electron acceptor. These enzymes contain a heme prosthetic group, which plays a crucial role in their catalytic activity. Peroxidases are widely distributed in nature and can be found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. They play important roles in various biological processes, including defense against oxidative stress, lignin degradation, and host-pathogen interactions. Some common examples of peroxidases include glutathione peroxidase, which helps protect cells from oxidative damage, and horseradish peroxidase, which is often used in laboratory research.

Basidiomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi that consists of organisms commonly known as club fungi or club mushrooms. The name Basidiomycota is derived from the presence of a characteristic reproductive structure called a basidium, which is where spores are produced.

The basidiomycetes include many familiar forms such as mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, and other types of polypores. They have a complex life cycle that involves both sexual and asexual reproduction. The sexual reproductive stage produces a characteristic fruiting body, which may be microscopic or highly visible, depending on the species.

Basidiomycota fungi play important ecological roles in decomposing organic matter, forming mutualistic relationships with plants, and acting as parasites on other organisms. Some species are economically important, such as edible mushrooms, while others can be harmful or even deadly to humans and animals.

Metalloporphyrins are a type of porphyrin molecule that contain a metal ion at their center. Porphyrins are complex organic compounds containing four modified pyrrole rings connected to form a planar, aromatic ring known as a porphine. When a metal ion is incorporated into the center of the porphyrin ring, it forms a metalloporphyrin.

These molecules have great biological significance, as they are involved in various essential processes within living organisms. For instance, heme, a type of iron-containing porphyrin, plays a crucial role in oxygen transport and storage in the body by forming part of hemoglobin and myoglobin molecules. Chlorophyll, another metalloporphyrin with magnesium at its center, is essential for photosynthesis in plants, algae, and some bacteria.

Metalloporphyrins have also found applications in several industrial and medical fields, including catalysis, sensors, and pharmaceuticals. Their unique structure and properties make them valuable tools for researchers and scientists to study and utilize in various ways.

I must apologize, but "welding" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. Welding is a process that is commonly used in manufacturing and construction to join two pieces of metal together by melting them and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten metal (the weld puddle) that cools to become a strong joint.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.

In the context of medicine, there is no specific medical definition for 'metals.' However, certain metals have significant roles in biological systems and are thus studied in physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Some metals are essential to life, serving as cofactors for enzymatic reactions, while others are toxic and can cause harm at certain levels.

Examples of essential metals include:

1. Iron (Fe): It is a crucial component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and various enzymes involved in energy production, DNA synthesis, and electron transport.
2. Zinc (Zn): This metal is vital for immune function, wound healing, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. It acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes.
3. Copper (Cu): Copper is essential for energy production, iron metabolism, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue formation. It serves as a cofactor for several enzymes.
4. Magnesium (Mg): Magnesium plays a crucial role in many biochemical reactions, including nerve and muscle function, protein synthesis, and blood pressure regulation.
5. Manganese (Mn): This metal is necessary for bone development, protein metabolism, and antioxidant defense. It acts as a cofactor for several enzymes.
6. Molybdenum (Mo): Molybdenum is essential for the function of certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs.
7. Cobalt (Co): Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12, which plays a vital role in DNA synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and nerve function.

Examples of toxic metals include:

1. Lead (Pb): Exposure to lead can cause neurological damage, anemia, kidney dysfunction, and developmental issues.
2. Mercury (Hg): Mercury is highly toxic and can cause neurological problems, kidney damage, and developmental issues.
3. Arsenic (As): Arsenic exposure can lead to skin lesions, cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
4. Cadmium (Cd): Cadmium is toxic and can cause kidney damage, bone demineralization, and lung irritation.
5. Chromium (Cr): Excessive exposure to chromium can lead to skin ulcers, respiratory issues, and kidney and liver damage.

Zinc is an essential mineral that is vital for the functioning of over 300 enzymes and involved in various biological processes in the human body, including protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, immune function, wound healing, and cell division. It is a component of many proteins and participates in the maintenance of structural integrity and functionality of proteins. Zinc also plays a crucial role in maintaining the sense of taste and smell.

The recommended daily intake of zinc varies depending on age, sex, and life stage. Good dietary sources of zinc include red meat, poultry, seafood, beans, nuts, dairy products, and fortified cereals. Zinc deficiency can lead to various health problems, including impaired immune function, growth retardation, and developmental delays in children. On the other hand, excessive intake of zinc can also have adverse effects on health, such as nausea, vomiting, and impaired immune function.

Heavy metals are a group of elements with a specific gravity at least five times greater than that of water. They include metals such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb). These metals are considered toxic when they accumulate in the body beyond certain levels, interfering with various biological processes and causing damage to cells, tissues, and organs.

Heavy metal exposure can occur through various sources, including occupational exposure, contaminated food, water, or air, and improper disposal of electronic waste. Chronic exposure to heavy metals has been linked to several health issues, such as neurological disorders, kidney damage, developmental problems, and cancer. Monitoring and controlling exposure to these elements is essential for maintaining good health and preventing potential adverse effects.

Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: *cuprum*) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Copper is found as a free element in nature, and it is also a constituent of many minerals such as chalcopyrite and bornite.

In the human body, copper is an essential trace element that plays a role in various physiological processes, including iron metabolism, energy production, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue synthesis. Copper is found in a variety of foods, such as shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and organ meats. The recommended daily intake of copper for adults is 900 micrograms (mcg) per day.

Copper deficiency can lead to anemia, neutropenia, impaired immune function, and abnormal bone development. Copper toxicity, on the other hand, can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, liver damage and neurological symptoms. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced copper intake through diet and supplements if necessary.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "oxides" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Oxides are a class of chemical compounds that contain at least one oxygen atom and one other element. They can be formed through the process of oxidation, which involves the combination of oxygen with another substance.

In a broader sense, you might encounter the term "oxide" in a medical context when discussing various materials or substances used in medical devices, treatments, or research. For instance, titanium dioxide is a common ingredient in medical-grade sunscreens due to its ability to block and scatter UV light. However, it's important to note that the term "oxides" itself doesn't have a direct connection to medicine or human health.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

"Phanerochaete" is a genus of saprotrophic fungi in the family Phanerochaetaceae. These fungi are characterized by their ability to degrade lignocellulosic materials, making them important decomposers in many ecosystems. They produce various extracellular enzymes that break down complex polymers such as cellulose and lignin, which are abundant in plant biomass. The genus Phanerochaete includes several species with medical relevance due to their potential role in human health and disease. For instance, some species have been studied for their ability to produce bioactive compounds with antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory properties. However, it is important to note that most Phanerochaete species are not typically associated with human diseases and are generally considered to be beneficial organisms in natural environments.

Cation transport proteins are a type of membrane protein that facilitate the movement of cations (positively charged ions) across biological membranes. These proteins play a crucial role in maintaining ion balance and electrical excitability within cells, as well as in various physiological processes such as nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and signal transduction.

There are several types of cation transport proteins, including:

1. Ion channels: These are specialized protein structures that form a pore or channel through the membrane, allowing ions to pass through rapidly and selectively. They can be either voltage-gated or ligand-gated, meaning they open in response to changes in electrical potential or binding of specific molecules, respectively.

2. Ion pumps: These are active transport proteins that use energy from ATP hydrolysis to move ions against their electrochemical gradient, effectively pumping them from one side of the membrane to the other. Examples include the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) and calcium pumps (Ca2+ ATPase).

3. Ion exchangers: These are antiporter proteins that facilitate the exchange of one ion for another across the membrane, maintaining electroneutrality. For example, the sodium-proton exchanger (NHE) moves a proton into the cell in exchange for a sodium ion being moved out.

4. Symporters: These are cotransporter proteins that move two or more ions together in the same direction, often coupled with the transport of a solute molecule. An example is the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT), which facilitates glucose uptake into cells by coupling its movement with that of sodium ions.

Collectively, cation transport proteins help maintain ion homeostasis and contribute to various cellular functions, including electrical signaling, enzyme regulation, and metabolic processes. Dysfunction in these proteins can lead to a range of diseases, such as neurological disorders, cardiovascular disease, and kidney dysfunction.

Photosystem II Protein Complex is a crucial component of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. It is a multi-subunit protein complex located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts. Photosystem II plays a vital role in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where it absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to drive the oxidation of water molecules into oxygen, electrons, and protons.

The protein complex consists of several subunits, including the D1 and D2 proteins, which form the reaction center, and several antenna proteins that capture light energy and transfer it to the reaction center. Photosystem II also contains various cofactors, such as pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), redox-active metal ions (manganese and calcium), and quinones, which facilitate the charge separation and electron transfer processes during photosynthesis.

Photosystem II Protein Complex is responsible for the initial charge separation event in photosynthesis, which sets off a series of redox reactions that ultimately lead to the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH and the synthesis of ATP, providing energy for the carbon fixation reactions in the Calvin cycle. Additionally, Photosystem II Protein Complex is involved in oxygen evolution, contributing to the Earth's atmosphere's oxygen levels and making it an essential component of global carbon fixation and oxygen production.

Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and the body's ability to detoxify them or repair the damage they cause. This imbalance can lead to cellular damage, oxidation of proteins, lipids, and DNA, disruption of cellular functions, and activation of inflammatory responses. Prolonged or excessive oxidative stress has been linked to various health conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging-related diseases.

Cobalt is a chemical element with the symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is a hard, silver-white, lustrous, and brittle metal that is found naturally only in chemically combined form, except for small amounts found in meteorites. Cobalt is used primarily in the production of magnetic, wear-resistant, and high-strength alloys, as well as in the manufacture of batteries, magnets, and pigments.

In a medical context, cobalt is sometimes used in the form of cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope, for cancer treatment through radiation therapy. Cobalt-60 emits gamma rays that can be directed at tumors to destroy cancer cells. Additionally, small amounts of cobalt are present in some vitamin B12 supplements and fortified foods, as cobalt is an essential component of vitamin B12. However, exposure to high levels of cobalt can be harmful and may cause health effects such as allergic reactions, lung damage, heart problems, and neurological issues.

Radioisotopes, also known as radioactive isotopes or radionuclides, are variants of chemical elements that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, or conversion electrons. These isotopes are formed when an element's nucleus undergoes natural or artificial radioactive decay.

Radioisotopes can be produced through various processes, including nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and particle bombardment in a cyclotron or other types of particle accelerators. They have a wide range of applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, research, and energy production. In the medical field, radioisotopes are used for diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and in the labeling of molecules for research purposes.

It is important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires proper training, safety measures, and regulatory compliance due to their ionizing radiation properties, which can pose potential health risks if not handled correctly.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lignin" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of biology and chemistry, particularly in botany and wood science. Lignin is a complex organic polymer that binds cellulose fibers together, providing strength and rigidity to the cell walls of plants. It is a major component of wood and bark.

If you have any medical terms you would like defined or any other questions, please let me know!

Chlorides are simple inorganic ions consisting of a single chlorine atom bonded to a single charged hydrogen ion (H+). Chloride is the most abundant anion (negatively charged ion) in the extracellular fluid in the human body. The normal range for chloride concentration in the blood is typically between 96-106 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).

Chlorides play a crucial role in maintaining electrical neutrality, acid-base balance, and osmotic pressure in the body. They are also essential for various physiological processes such as nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of membrane potentials, and digestion (as hydrochloric acid in the stomach).

Chloride levels can be affected by several factors, including diet, hydration status, kidney function, and certain medical conditions. Increased or decreased chloride levels can indicate various disorders, such as dehydration, kidney disease, Addison's disease, or diabetes insipidus. Therefore, monitoring chloride levels is essential for assessing a person's overall health and diagnosing potential medical issues.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nickel" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. Nickel is a hard, silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. It is one of four elements that are ferromagnetic and is used as a common component in various alloys due to its properties such as resistance to corrosion and heat.

However, in a medical context, nickel may refer to:

* Nickel allergy: A type of allergic contact dermatitis caused by an immune system response to the presence of nickel in jewelry, clothing fasteners, or other items that come into contact with the skin. Symptoms can include redness, itching, and rash at the site of exposure.
* Nickel carbonyl: A highly toxic chemical compound (Ni(CO)4) that can cause respiratory and neurological problems if inhaled. It is produced during some industrial processes involving nickel and carbon monoxide and poses a health risk to workers if proper safety measures are not taken.

If you have any concerns about exposure to nickel or symptoms related to nickel allergy, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a colorless, odorless, clear liquid with a slightly sweet taste, although drinking it is harmful and can cause poisoning. It is a weak oxidizing agent and is used as an antiseptic and a bleaching agent. In diluted form, it is used to disinfect wounds and kill bacteria and viruses on the skin; in higher concentrations, it can be used to bleach hair or remove stains from clothing. It is also used as a propellant in rocketry and in certain industrial processes. Chemically, hydrogen peroxide is composed of two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms, and it is structurally similar to water (H2O), with an extra oxygen atom. This gives it its oxidizing properties, as the additional oxygen can be released and used to react with other substances.

Catalase is a type of enzyme that is found in many living organisms, including humans. Its primary function is to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). This reaction helps protect cells from the harmful effects of hydrogen peroxide, which can be toxic at high concentrations.

The chemical reaction catalyzed by catalase can be represented as follows:

H2O2 + Catalase → H2O + O2 + Catalase

Catalase is a powerful antioxidant enzyme that plays an important role in protecting cells from oxidative damage. It is found in high concentrations in tissues that produce or are exposed to hydrogen peroxide, such as the liver, kidneys, and erythrocytes (red blood cells).

Deficiency in catalase activity has been linked to several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. On the other hand, overexpression of catalase has been shown to have potential therapeutic benefits in various disease models, such as reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.

Divalent cations are ions that carry a positive charge of +2. They are called divalent because they have two positive charges. Common examples of divalent cations include calcium (Ca²+), magnesium (Mg²+), and iron (Fe²+). These ions play important roles in various biological processes, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and bone metabolism. They can also interact with certain drugs and affect their absorption, distribution, and elimination in the body.

Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that constitutes about 21% of the earth's atmosphere. It is a crucial element for human and most living organisms as it is vital for respiration. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is used to convert nutrients into energy and carbon dioxide, a waste product that is exhaled.

Medically, supplemental oxygen therapy may be provided to patients with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, or other medical conditions that impair the body's ability to extract sufficient oxygen from the air. Oxygen can be administered through various devices, including nasal cannulas, face masks, and ventilators.

Organometallic compounds are a type of chemical compound that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. This means that the metal is directly attached to carbon atom(s) from an organic molecule. These compounds can be synthesized through various methods, and they have found widespread use in industrial and medicinal applications, including catalysis, polymerization, and pharmaceuticals.

It's worth noting that while organometallic compounds contain metal-carbon bonds, not all compounds with metal-carbon bonds are considered organometallic. For example, in classical inorganic chemistry, simple salts of metal carbonyls (M(CO)n) are not typically classified as organometallic, but rather as metal carbonyl complexes. The distinction between these classes of compounds can sometimes be subtle and is a matter of ongoing debate among chemists.

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy, also known as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy, is a technique used to investigate materials with unpaired electrons. It is based on the principle of absorption of energy by the unpaired electrons when they are exposed to an external magnetic field and microwave radiation.

In this technique, a sample is placed in a magnetic field and microwave radiation is applied. The unpaired electrons in the sample absorb energy and change their spin state when the energy of the microwaves matches the energy difference between the spin states. This absorption of energy is recorded as a function of the magnetic field strength, producing an ESR spectrum.

ESR spectroscopy can provide information about the number, type, and behavior of unpaired electrons in a sample, as well as the local environment around the electron. It is widely used in physics, chemistry, and biology to study materials such as free radicals, transition metal ions, and defects in solids.

Inhalation exposure is a term used in occupational and environmental health to describe the situation where an individual breathes in substances present in the air, which could be gases, vapors, fumes, mist, or particulate matter. These substances can originate from various sources, such as industrial processes, chemical reactions, or natural phenomena.

The extent of inhalation exposure is determined by several factors, including:

1. Concentration of the substance in the air
2. Duration of exposure
3. Frequency of exposure
4. The individual's breathing rate
5. The efficiency of the individual's respiratory protection, if any

Inhalation exposure can lead to adverse health effects, depending on the toxicity and concentration of the inhaled substances. Short-term or acute health effects may include irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, or lungs, while long-term or chronic exposure can result in more severe health issues, such as respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, or cancer.

It is essential to monitor and control inhalation exposures in occupational settings to protect workers' health and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Various methods are employed for exposure assessment, including personal air sampling, area monitoring, and biological monitoring. Based on the results of these assessments, appropriate control measures can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with inhalation exposure.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Polyporaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in mycology, which is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi.

Polyporaceae is a family of fungi that includes various types of polypores, which are characterized by having pores on the underside of their fruiting bodies (the above-ground reproductive structures) instead of gills. These fungi are mostly saprotrophic, meaning they decompose dead or decaying organic matter to obtain nutrients. Some species can also be parasitic and cause diseases in living trees.

Examples of genera within Polyporaceae include Trametes, Ganoderma, Fomes, and Irpex, among others. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please feel free to ask!

Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various biological processes in the human body. It is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. Magnesium also contributes to the structural development of bones and teeth.

In medical terms, magnesium deficiency can lead to several health issues, such as muscle cramps, weakness, heart arrhythmias, and seizures. On the other hand, excessive magnesium levels can cause symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, and muscle weakness. Magnesium supplements or magnesium-rich foods are often recommended to maintain optimal magnesium levels in the body.

Some common dietary sources of magnesium include leafy green vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, and dairy products. Magnesium is also available in various forms as a dietary supplement, including magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate, magnesium chloride, and magnesium glycinate.

Mitochondria are specialized structures located inside cells that convert the energy from food into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary form of energy used by cells. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate most of the cell's supply of chemical energy. Mitochondria are also involved in various other cellular processes, such as signaling, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Mitochondria have their own DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is inherited maternally. This means that mtDNA is passed down from the mother to her offspring through the egg cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to a variety of diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and aging.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Chromium is an essential trace element that is necessary for human health. It is a key component of the glucose tolerance factor, which helps to enhance the function of insulin in regulating blood sugar levels. Chromium can be found in various foods such as meat, fish, whole grains, and some fruits and vegetables. However, it is also available in dietary supplements for those who may not get adequate amounts through their diet.

The recommended daily intake of chromium varies depending on age and gender. For adults, the adequate intake (AI) is 20-35 micrograms per day for women and 35-50 micrograms per day for men. Chromium deficiency is rare but can lead to impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

It's important to note that while chromium supplements are marketed as a way to improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control, there is limited evidence to support these claims. Moreover, excessive intake of chromium can have adverse effects on health, including liver and kidney damage, stomach irritation, and hypoglycemia. Therefore, it's recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplements containing chromium.

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that is a byproduct of the mining and smelting of zinc, lead, and copper. It has no taste or smell and can be found in small amounts in air, water, and soil. Cadmium can also be found in some foods, such as kidneys, liver, and shellfish.

Exposure to cadmium can cause a range of health effects, including kidney damage, lung disease, fragile bones, and cancer. Cadmium is classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP).

Occupational exposure to cadmium can occur in industries that produce or use cadmium, such as battery manufacturing, metal plating, and pigment production. Workers in these industries may be exposed to cadmium through inhalation of cadmium-containing dusts or fumes, or through skin contact with cadmium-containing materials.

The general population can also be exposed to cadmium through the environment, such as by eating contaminated food or breathing secondhand smoke. Smoking is a major source of cadmium exposure for smokers and those exposed to secondhand smoke.

Prevention measures include reducing occupational exposure to cadmium, controlling emissions from industrial sources, and reducing the use of cadmium in consumer products. Regular monitoring of air, water, and soil for cadmium levels can also help identify potential sources of exposure and prevent health effects.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules containing oxygen, including peroxides, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen. They are naturally produced as byproducts of normal cellular metabolism in the mitochondria, and can also be generated by external sources such as ionizing radiation, tobacco smoke, and air pollutants. At low or moderate concentrations, ROS play important roles in cell signaling and homeostasis, but at high concentrations, they can cause significant damage to cell structures, including lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to oxidative stress and potential cell death.

An apoenzyme is the protein component of an enzyme that is responsible for its catalytic activity. It combines with a cofactor, which can be either an organic or inorganic non-protein molecule, to form the active enzyme. The cofactor can be a metal ion or a small organic molecule called a coenzyme.

The term "apoenzyme" is used to describe the protein portion of an enzyme after it has lost its cofactor. When the apoenzyme combines with the cofactor, the active holoenzyme is formed, which is capable of carrying out the specific biochemical reaction for which the enzyme is responsible.

In some cases, the loss of a cofactor can result in the complete loss of enzymatic activity, while in other cases, the apoenzyme may retain some residual activity. The relationship between an apoenzyme and its cofactor is specific, meaning that each cofactor typically only binds to and activates one particular type of apoenzyme.

Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that the body produces as a reaction to environmental and other pressures. Antioxidants are able to neutralize free radicals by donating an electron to them, thus stabilizing them and preventing them from causing further damage to the cells.

Antioxidants can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains. Some common antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and selenium. Antioxidants are also available as dietary supplements.

In addition to their role in protecting cells from damage, antioxidants have been studied for their potential to prevent or treat a number of health conditions, including cancer, heart disease, and age-related macular degeneration. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using antioxidant supplements.

Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol with the chemical formula C6H5CH2OH. It is a colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant odor and is used as a solvent and preservative in cosmetics, medications, and other products. Benzyl alcohol can also be found as a natural component of some essential oils, fruits, and teas.

Benzyl alcohol is not typically considered a "drug" or a medication, but it may have various pharmacological effects when used in certain medical contexts. For example, it has antimicrobial properties and is sometimes used as a preservative in injectable medications to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. It can also be used as a local anesthetic or analgesic in some topical creams and ointments.

It's important to note that benzyl alcohol can be harmful or fatal to infants and young children, especially when it is used in high concentrations or when it is introduced into the body through intravenous (IV) routes. Therefore, it should be used with caution in these populations and only under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Aminosalicylic acid is an anti-inflammatory medication that is primarily used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It works by reducing the production of chemicals in the body that cause inflammation in the intestines.

Aminosalicylic acid is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and enema formulations. The medication is typically taken at regular intervals, often several times a day, to maintain its effectiveness in reducing inflammation.

Common side effects of aminosalicylic acid include headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In some cases, the medication may cause more serious side effects such as kidney or liver problems, allergic reactions, or blood disorders. It is important to discuss any potential risks or side effects with a healthcare provider before starting treatment with aminosalicylic acid.

Polyporales is an order of class Agaricomycetes, division Basidiomycota, in the kingdom Fungi. This order consists of various wood-decay fungi, characterized by their typically annual growth rings and pores on the underside of the cap. The fruiting bodies or conks of these fungi can be either resupinate (crust-like) or pileate (cap-like). Polyporales includes several economically important species that cause decay in trees and timber, as well as some medicinal mushrooms. Examples of genera within this order include Polyporus, Trametes, Fomes, and Ganoderma.

Parenteral Nutrition, Home (HPN) is a medical definition referring to the specialized medical treatment in which nutrients are delivered directly into a patient's bloodstream through a vein outside of the gastrointestinal tract. This technique is used when a patient cannot receive adequate nutrition through enteral feeding or oral intake alone, often due to conditions such as severe malabsorption, intestinal failure, or chronic bowel disorders.

HPN specifically refers to the administration of parenteral nutrition in the home setting rather than in a hospital or healthcare facility. This approach allows patients to receive ongoing nutritional support while maintaining their quality of life and independence. HPN requires careful monitoring by healthcare professionals, including regular laboratory tests and clinical assessments, to ensure that the patient is receiving appropriate nutrition and to minimize potential complications such as infection, dehydration, or electrolyte imbalances.

Paraquat is a highly toxic herbicide that is used for controlling weeds and grasses in agricultural settings. It is a non-selective contact weed killer, meaning it kills any green plant it comes into contact with. Paraquat is a fast-acting chemical that causes rapid desiccation of plant tissues upon contact.

In a medical context, paraquat is classified as a toxicological emergency and can cause severe poisoning in humans if ingested, inhaled, or comes into contact with the skin or eyes. Paraquat poisoning can lead to multiple organ failure, including the lungs, kidneys, and liver, and can be fatal in severe cases. There is no specific antidote for paraquat poisoning, and treatment typically focuses on supportive care and managing symptoms.

It's important to note that paraquat is highly regulated and its use is restricted to licensed professionals due to its high toxicity. Proper protective equipment, including gloves, goggles, and respiratory protection, should be used when handling paraquat to minimize the risk of exposure.

Potassium permanganate is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with the formula KMnO4. It's a dark purple crystalline solid that is soluble in water and has strong oxidizing properties. In a medical context, potassium permanganate is occasionally used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant, particularly for treating minor wounds, burns, and ulcers. It's also used to treat certain skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. However, its use is limited due to the potential for skin irritation and staining of the skin and clothing. It should always be used under medical supervision and with caution.

Electrolysis is a medical procedure that involves the use of electrical current to permanently remove hair growth. It works by passing a thin, solid metal electrode (called a probe) into the natural opening of the hair follicle and applying an electrical charge to destroy the hair root. This process can be used to remove hair from any part of the body, including the face, legs, arms, underarms, and bikini area.

During electrolysis, a trained professional called an electrologist inserts a small needle into the hair follicle and applies a mild electrical current. The current heats up and destroys the hair root, preventing future growth. Multiple treatments are usually necessary to achieve permanent hair removal, as only one or two hairs can be treated at a time.

Electrolysis is considered a safe and effective method for permanent hair removal, but it can cause some discomfort during and after treatment. Common side effects include redness, swelling, and tenderness in the treated area. These side effects typically resolve within a few hours to a few days after treatment.

It's important to note that electrolysis should only be performed by a licensed and trained electrologist. Improper technique can cause scarring, infection, or other complications. Before undergoing electrolysis, it's recommended to consult with a dermatologist or other healthcare provider to discuss the risks and benefits of the procedure.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

In the context of medicine and biology, sulfates are ions or compounds that contain the sulfate group (SO4−2). Sulfate is a polyatomic anion with the structure of a sphere. It consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement.

Sulfates can be found in various biological molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, which are important components of connective tissue and the extracellular matrix. Sulfate groups play a crucial role in these molecules by providing negative charges that help maintain the structural integrity and hydration of tissues.

In addition to their biological roles, sulfates can also be found in various medications and pharmaceutical compounds. For example, some laxatives contain sulfate salts, such as magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) or sodium sulfate, which work by increasing the water content in the intestines and promoting bowel movements.

It is important to note that exposure to high levels of sulfates can be harmful to human health, particularly in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a common air pollutant produced by burning fossil fuels. Prolonged exposure to SO2 can cause respiratory problems and exacerbate existing lung conditions.

... and compounds Fact Sheet International Manganese Institute NIOSH Manganese Topic Page Manganese at The Periodic Table ... Many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as the aquo complexes derived from manganese(II) sulfate (MnSO4) and manganese(II ... Fuels containing manganese tend to form manganese carbides, which damage exhaust valves. Compared to 1953, levels of manganese ... Delta manganese (δ-Mn) forms when heated above 1,406 K (1,130 °C; 2,070 °F) and is stable up to the manganese melting point of ...
Particulate manganese phosphate[disambiguation needed], manganese sulfate, and manganese oxide[disambiguation needed] are the ... The particulate manganese is dissolved via reduction that forms Mn (II), adding it to the internal cycle of manganese in ... There are bacteria that oxidise manganese to insoluble oxides, and others that reduce it to Mn2+ in order to use it. Manganese ... Manganese is a necessary element for biological functions such as photosynthesis, and some manganese oxidizing bacteria utilize ...
... may refer to the following chemical compounds: Manganese monosilicide, MnSi Manganese disilicide, MnSi 2 ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manganese silicide. ... page lists articles associated with the title Manganese ...
10.1361/105497198770341798 The Crystal Structure of Manganese Diselenide and Manganese Ditelluride, Norman Elliott, J. Am. Chem ... "The Mn-Se (Manganese-selenium) System" Journal of Phase Equilibria, Volume 19, Number 6, 12/1998, pp.588-590, M. E. Schlesinger ... Manganese(II) diselenide is the inorganic compound with the formula MnSe2. This rarely encountered solid is structurally ... Manganese(II) compounds, Transition metal dichalcogenides, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...
... (MnGe) is an intermetallic compound, a germanide of manganese. Its crystals have a cubic symmetry with no ... Manganese germanide is a non-stoichiometric compound where the Ge:Mn ratio often deviates from 1. The Mn3Ge5 compound is a ... Manganese compounds, Germanides, Iron monosilicide structure type). ...
... (MnSi2) is an intermetallic compound, a silicide of manganese. It is a non-stoichiometric compound, with a ... Higgins, Jeremy M.; Schmitt, Andrew L.; Guzei, Ilia A.; Jin, Song (2008). "Higher Manganese Silicide Nanowires of Nowotny ... Levinson, Lionel M. (1973). "Investigation of the defect manganese silicide MnnSi2n−m". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 6 (1 ...
... may refer to: Manganese(II) chloride (manganous chloride, manganese dichloride), MnCl2, stable pink solid ... Manganese(III) chloride (manganic chloride, manganese trichloride), MnCl3, hypothetical chemical compound This set index ...
Reaction of sodium laurate with manganese chloride.[citation needed] Manganese laurate forms pale pink chrystalline powder. ... Manganese laurate is an metal-organic compound with the chemical formula C 24H 48MnO 4. The compound is classified as a ... Manganese compounds, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...
Manganese(VII) oxide (manganese heptoxide) is an inorganic compound with the formula Mn2O7. This volatile liquid is highly ... H. Lux (1963). "Manganese(VII) Oxide". In G. Brauer (ed.). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Vol. 1. NY,NY: ... Manganese heptoxide reacts with hydrogen peroxide in presence of sulfuric acid, liberating oxygen and ozone: 2 Mn2O7 + 2 H2O2 ... Manganese(VII) compounds, Acid anhydrides, Acidic oxides). ...
Manganese sensitivity and intracellular manganese levels significantly increased in bacteria when the mntP (formerly yebN) gene ... The Manganese (Mn2+) Exporter (MntP) Family (TC# 2.A.107) is a member of the Lysine Exporter (LysE) Superfamily. The MntP ... While manganese is a highly important trace nutrient for organisms from bacteria to humans, acting as an important element in ... At least one member (YebN of E. coli, TC# 2.A.107.1.1) has been shown to function as a putative manganese efflux pump. ...
... (MnSi) is an intermetallic compound, a silicide of manganese. It occurs in cosmic dust as the mineral ... Manganese monosilicide is a non-stoichiometric compound, meaning that the 1:1 Mn:Si composition, lattice constant and many ... Levinson, Lionel M. (1973). "Investigation of the defect manganese silicide MnnSi2n−m". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 6 (1 ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manganese silicide. Shinoda, Daizaburo; Asanabe, Sizuo (1966). "Magnetic Properties of ...
In a given manganese nodule, there is one part of iron oxide for every two parts of manganese dioxide. A wide range of trace ... "Manganese-Cycling Microbial Communities Inside Deep-Sea Manganese Nodules". Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (13): 7692-7700. Bibcode: ... Manganese nodules are essentially composed of hydrated phyllomanganates. These are layered Mn-oxide minerals with interlayers ... Wegorzewski, A.V.; Kuhn, T. (2014). "The influence of suboxic diagenesis on the formation of manganese nodules in the Clarion ...
H2O Manganese lactate forms light pink crystals. Manganese lactate is soluble in water and ethanol. Manganese lactate forms ... Manganese lactate is an organic chemical compound, a salt of manganese and lactic acid with the formula Mn(C3H5O3)2. The ... "Jost Chemical - Manganese Lactate, CAS Number 51877-53-3 (anh.)". Jost Chemical. Retrieved 17 January 2022. "Manganese(II) ... Kemmitt, Tim; Mills, Ann M.; Gainsford, Graeme J. (2001). "The Formation of Manganese Carboxylates from MnO and MnO2 and their ...
... is a chemical compound, a salt of manganese and oxalic acid with the chemical formula MnC 2O 4. The compound ... Manganese oxalate precursor is used to synthesize single phase nanoparticles of various manganese oxides, such as MnO, Mn 2O 3 ... Donkova, B.; Mehandjiev, D. (2004). "Mechanism of decomposition of manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate and manganese(II) oxalate ... Exchange reaction between sodium oxalate and manganese chloride: M n C l 2 + N a 2 C 2 O 4 + 2 H 2 O → M n C 2 O 4 ⋅ 2 H 2 O ...
Wariishi H, Valli K, Gold MH (November 1992). "Manganese(II) oxidation by manganese peroxidase from the basidiomycete ... In enzymology, a manganese peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 Mn(II) + 2 H+ + H2O2 ... Manganese peroxidase (commonly referred to as MnP) was discovered in 1985 simultaneously by the research groups of Michael H. ... Banci L, Bertini I, Dal Pozzo L, Del Conte R, Tien M (June 1998). "Monitoring the role of oxalate in manganese peroxidase". ...
... may refer to: Manganese(II) phosphate, Mn3(PO4)2 Manganese(III) phosphate, MnPO4 Manganese violet, a ... Ca This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Manganese phosphate. If an internal link led you here, you ... Manganese(III) ammonium pyrophosphate used as a pigment Minerals Gatehouseite, Mn5(PO4)2(OH)4 Hureaulite, Mn5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2· ...
... is a metal-organic compound, a salt of manganese and stearic acid with the chemical formula C 36H 70MnO 4. ... Manganese stearate is synthesized by the reaction of stearic acid with sodium hydroxide, followed by reacting with manganese ... "manganese stearate". chemsrc.com. Retrieved 6 March 2023. "Manganese Stearate , CAS 3353-05-7". Santa Cruz Biotechnology. ... Also, the reaction of manganese(II) acetate with stearic acid. The compound forms pale pink powder. Insoluble in water. The ...
Manganese may also refer to: Manganese, Minnesota, a ghost town Manganese, West Virginia SS Manganese, a steamship Wikimedia ... Isotopes of manganese All pages with titles beginning with Manganese All pages with titles containing Manganese This ... Look up manganese or manganèse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic ... disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Manganese. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to ...
... is an unincorporated community in Colchester County, Nova Scotia, Canada. 45°24′46″N 63°9′46″W / 45.41278°N ... The name of this community derives from the discovery and mining of manganese here, beginning in the 1880s and ending in the ... Atlas of Canada - Manganese Mines (unincorporated area) "Municipality of Colchester: The Heart of Nova Scotia". Retrieved April ... Also, Lafarge Canada operated a limestone quarry at Manganese Mines which closed in 1996. The limestone was used to produce ...
... can refer to: Manganese(II) acetate Manganese(III) acetate This set index article lists chemical compounds ...
... also catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water: 2 H 2O 2 → 2 H 2O + O 2 Manganese ... Naturally occurring manganese dioxide contains impurities and a considerable amount of manganese(III) oxide. Production of ... Batteries require "electrolytic manganese dioxide" while ferrites require "chemical manganese dioxide". One method starts with ... Wellbeloved, David B.; Craven, Peter M.; Waudby, John W. (2000). "Manganese and Manganese Alloys". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of ...
... may refer to: Manganese bronze, one of many possible alloys called bronze Manganese Bronze Holdings, a British ... engineering company This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Manganese bronze. If an internal link led ...
... can refer to: Manganese(II) fluoride, MnF2 Manganese(III) fluoride, MnF3 Manganese(IV) fluoride, MnF4 This ...
Many Manganese residents were superstitious and convinced that both the town of Manganese, and the Milford mine, were cursed. ... "Manganese Base Camp". Manganese Base Camp. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020. Morey, G. B ... "Manganese a Busy Town". Brainerd Dispatch. July 3, 1914. p. 5. Sloan, Jim (May 8, 1985). "Manganese Revisited". Brainerd ... Village of Manganese. "Welcome Letter". Archival Material, File: Manganese, Minnesota. Crosby, Minnesota: Cuyuna Iron Range ...
MnO Manganese(II,III) oxide, Mn3O4 Manganese(III) oxide, Mn2O3 Manganese dioxide, MnO2 Manganese(VI) oxide, MnO3 Manganese(VII ... Manganese oxide is any of a variety of manganese oxides and hydroxides. These include Manganese(II) oxide, ... a manganese(II) iron(III) oxide mineral Columbite, (FeII,MnII)Nb2O6, a niobate of iron(II) and manganese(II) Tantalite, (FeII, ... MnIVO2 Manganese may also form mixed oxides with other metals : Bixbyite, (FeIII,MnIII)2O3, a manganese(III) iron(III) oxide ...
... (MnAs) is an intermetallic compound, an arsenide of manganese. It forms ferromagnetic crystals with ... Manganese compounds, Arsenides, Nickel arsenide structure type). ...
In 1965, she was sold to the Sinai Manganese Co, Egypt and was renamed Manganese. The ship was deleted from Lloyd's Register in ... Manganese was a 964 GRT coaster that was built in 1925 by Norderwerft AG, Hamburg, Germany as Wiedau for German owners. She was ... In 1965, she was sold to Egypt and renamed Manganese. The ship was deleted from Lloyd's Register in 1993. The ship was built in ...
... may refer to: Manganese deficiency (medicine) Manganese deficiency (plant) This disambiguation page lists ... articles associated with the title Manganese deficiency. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to ...
... is the chemical compound composed of manganese and bromine with the formula MnBr2. It can be used in ... Manganese(II) compounds, Bromides, Metal halides, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...
... is an organomanganese compound with the formula BrMn(CO)5. It is a bright orange solid that is ... a precursor to other manganese complexes. The compound is prepared by treatment of dimanganese decacarbonyl with bromine: Mn2( ...
Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet International Manganese Institute NIOSH Manganese Topic Page Manganese at The Periodic Table ... Many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as the aquo complexes derived from manganese(II) sulfate (MnSO4) and manganese(II ... Fuels containing manganese tend to form manganese carbides, which damage exhaust valves. Compared to 1953, levels of manganese ... Delta manganese (δ-Mn) forms when heated above 1,406 K (1,130 °C; 2,070 °F) and is stable up to the manganese melting point of ...
Exposure to excess levels of manganese may occur from breathing air, particularly where manganese is used in manufacturing, and ... Manganese is a trace element and eating a small amount from food or water is needed to stay healthy. ... What is manganese?. Manganese is a naturally occurring metal that is found in many types of rocks. Pure manganese is silver- ... How might I be exposed to manganese?. * The primary way you can be exposed to manganese is by eating food or manganese- ...
The substance may have effects on the lungs and central nervous system. This may result in increased susceptibility to bronchitis, pneumonitis and neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders (manganism). Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development ...
Manganese is vital to human and animal life in metabolic functions. Many alloys containing manganese are used in steel ... Pyrolusite (manganese dioxide) is one of the most common manganese minerals. (Image credit: Shutterstock) ... One major research area involving manganese is in health. It is known that manganese is essential for human systems to function ... According to the Los Alamos National Laboratory, the word manganese comes from the Latin word for magnets, "magnes." Manganese ...
Panasonic Manganese Battery is ideal for devices that require a small and continuous supply of power such as clocks, remote ...
Products for construction, machinery, and transportation are leading end uses of manganese. Manganese also is a key component ... Manganese. PDF Format:. 2023: , Jan , Feb , Mar , Apr , May , Jun , Jul , Aug , Sep ,. 2022: , Sep , Oct , Nov , Dec ,. XLSX ... Manganese (Mn) is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties. ... Manganese ferroalloys, consisting of various grades of ferromanganese and silicomanganese, are used to provide most of this key ...
... in the human manganese (Mn) SOD gene and schizophrenia or TD (192 schizophrenics : 39 with TD and 153 without TD; 141 controls ... Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Gene Polymorphism and Schizophrenia: Relation to Tardive Dyskinesia. *Hiroko Hori MD1, ... Analysis of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD Ala-9Val) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1 Pro 198 Leu) gene polymorphisms in ... Hori, H., Ohmori, O., Shinkai, T. et al. Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Gene Polymorphism and Schizophrenia: Relation to ...
This WebElements periodic table page contains crystal structures for the element manganese ... Manganese - 25Mn Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. 🔊 ...
Find and compare a variety of well water manganese downloads , environmental xprt on the worlds largest environmental portal. ... SEIBOLD Online Analyser for Iron and Manganese - Brochure This Instrument was developed and built for Drinking Water Industry. ... Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) from well water. These contaminants, left untreated, can produce ... ...
What is manganese? Manganese is a trace element or microelement essential for the body. It is called trace element because the ... Benefits of manganese WHAT IS MANGANESE NECESSARY FOR? ... WHAT IS MANGANESE NECESSARY FOR?. What is manganese?. Manganese ... Sources of manganese. Foods rich in manganese. Where can manganese be found? ... Manganese is involved in many vital functions:. * Antioxidant: Manganese is an antioxidant mineral that protects cells from ...
Manganese is a chemical element, having the chemical symbol Mn. Its atomic number (the number of protons) is 25. It has a ... Manganese is considered to be a member of the "Transition metal" class of element. At a pressure of 101.325 kPa, it has a ... Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Manganese&oldid=565234" ...
Upon activation with manganese powder, a cobalt-catalyzed C-H bond activation of coumarins with aryl halides or pseudohalides ... A Ni-catalyzed three-component cross-electrophile coupling of 1,3-dienes with aldehydes and aryl bromides using manganese metal ... A generally applicable, sequential reaction of dichloroesters with various aldehydes is promoted by active manganese to give α, ... Stereoselective β-elimination of diastereomeric mixtures of 2-bromo-3-hydroxy esters is achieved by using unactivated manganese ...
Find and compare a variety of manganese water treatment downloads , environmental xprt on the worlds largest environmental ... Iron & Manganese Control Brochure Chlorine Dioxide IRON & MANGANESE CONTROL Iron & manganese are common problems associated ... ERCOPure - Iron and Manganese Control - Datasheet Iron and manganese are common problems associated with potable water ... Pyrolox® is a granular water filtration media used for the removal of hydrogen sulfide, iron and manganese. A naturally mined ...
Separate serum or plasma from cells within 4 hours of collection. Transfer serum or plasma into a trace element vial. Indicate Metal Free (MF) serum or plasma on specimen and on batch sheet.. ...
Manganese Chloride MnCl2 bulk & research qty manufacturer. Properties, SDS, Applications, Price. Free samples program. Term ... Manganese. 25 Mn 54.938045000 Manganese See more Manganese products. Manganese (atomic symbol: Mn, atomic number: 25) is a ... About Manganese Chloride. Manganese Chloride (Manganese(II) Chloride, or Manganese Dichloride) is an excellent water soluble ... Manganese Chloride Synonyms. Manganese(II) chloride, Manganese dichloride, Manganous chloride, Manganese(2+) dichloride, ...
SOLUTIONS TO MANGANESE PROBLEMSManganese (Mn) is very common in soils and sediment. It is commonly found with iron as mineral ... MANGANESE PROBLEMSThis article, written by the American Ground Water Trust was originally published in THE AMERICAN WELL OWNER ... Manganese is commonly found in water as manganese ions (Mn++) or as manganese bicarbonate (Mn[HCO3]-). Dissolved manganese is ... MANGANESE PROBLEMS. MANGANESE PROBLEMS. This article, written by the American Ground Water Trust was originally published in ...
Heath tile is made using a manganese clay body, which means the clay beneath the glaze has an earthy brown tone. Its a ... Part of our Sausalito factory floor is tiled in Natural Manganese tile from the 1960s and it has developed a beautiful honed ... The new designs fill out each palette with fresh color, texture, depth, and variation-all on our signature manganese clay body. ... Natural Manganese is available on tile shapes in the Classic Field and Dimensional collections. ...
... cause of manganese deficiency. However, other factors can contribute to a need for more manganese. Like zinc, manganese is a ... Foods That Contain Manganese. Naturally occurring manganese can be found in the following foods:. 1. Mustard Greens 2. Kale 3. ... Forms of manganese found in dietary supplements?. As a dietary supplement, manganese is found in complex with sulfate, chloride ... Manganese Toxicity Symptoms. Almost all reported cases of manganese toxicity are found in industrial workers who are exposed to ...
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Manganese exposure helps spread Parkinsons disease protein High levels of the heavy metal coax nerve cells to pump out ... Heavy exposure to manganese can cause people to develop similar symptoms, but they dont respond to available Parkinsons ... When they exposed nerve cells in cell culture dishes and in mice to manganese, the researchers found that the cells spit out ... But you could monitor the blood of people who are chronically exposed to manganese, such as welders and people who live in ...
Effects of Octahedral Tilting on the Site of Substitution of Manganese in CaTiO3. ... https://www.nist.gov/publications/effects-octahedral-tilting-site-substitution-manganese-catio3 ... Effects of Octahedral Tilting on the Site of Substitution of Manganese in CaTiO3, ACTA Materialia, [online], https://doi.org/ ...
The options for high-manganese cathodes include LMO (lithium-manganese oxide), LNMO (lithium-nickel-manganese oxide), Li-Mn- ... LMO (LiMn2O4) - firstly, commercially available high-manganese cathodes already exist in the form of the lithium-manganese ... lithium-manganese-iron phosphate). A comparison between NMC 811 and three high-manganese cathodes (LMFP, Li-Mn-rich, LNMO) ... Comparison between NMC 811 and three high-manganese cathodes (LMFP, Li-Mn-rich, LNMO). Source: IDTechEx ...
Mass Tort Defense Lawyer & Attorney Sean P. Wajert of Shook, Hardy & Bacon LLP, offering services relating to mass torts, product liability, class actions, medical monitoring, pharmaceutical litigation, consumer fraud act defense, complex litigation.. ...
Manganese is found in a wide range of plant foods.. Although manganese is an essential nutrient, manganese toxicity has been ... The DRI for manganese if 1.8 mg for adult women and 2.3 mg for men. One study has measured the manganese intakes in vegans and ... Manganese in Vegan Diets. Manganese is a mineral that is essential for humans. It is part of the antioxidant system in the ... Manganese absorption is very low, from 1 to 5% (Finley, 1999). The phytic acid in a soy formula was shown to cut manganese ...
Forest University Baptist Medical Center researcher has uncovered the unique finding that groundwater and airborne manganese in ... "People need manganese in trace amounts, but if you get too much of it, manganese can be dangerous," Spangler said. "Its my ... Spangler points out that because manganese now replaces lead in gasoline globally, the amount of manganese in the environment ... Environmental manganese good in trace amounts but can correlate to cancer rates. July 10, 2009. ScienceBlog.com ...
... yields an unusually high grade of manganese ore, which is suitable for making steel. Several manganiferous lodes of promising ... The characteristic and generally the most abundant manganese mineral in this belt is bementite, a silicate of manganese that is ... The manganese is thought to have been deposited originally with the limestone as a carbonate. The concentration and change of ... Hausmannite, a suboxide of manganese (Mn3O4) that is also rather uncommon, occurs in several of the deposits and is locally ...
Designed for the build-up and joining of austenitic Manganese steels only. ... Hardalloy 118 is a work-hardening austenitic Manganese steel alloy. ... This is a work hardening austenitic Manganese steel alloy. Designed for the build-up and joining of austenitic Manganese steels ... manganese bucket teeth; manganese steel railroad crossovers and frogs; sizing screens Construction, Railroad, ...
The development forms part of the companys strategy of building a manganese portfolio in the Northern Cape and diversifying ... Initial project activities are under way at the R250-million cash-funded East Manganese project in Hotazel, Northern Cape, ... Manganese Market. The manganese market is a volatile market. A month ago, the price of manganese was $5 per dry metric tonne ... East Manganese is located in the manganese-rich Kalahari basin, which hosts 80% of the worlds manganese orebodies. ...
To get manganese trioxide, heat the manganese in a stream with ammonia. ConcentWhat is Manganese dioxide? Manganese bioxide Is ... and beChemical property of manganese dioxide MnO2 Manganese oxide is the manganese atom above the octahedron. You can either ... The preparation of manganese sodium can be done with manganese dioxide. Also, it can be used to oxidize, removeManganese ... In order to make manganese oxide or manganese dioxide, heat it in a stream with hydrogen at 1400K. ...
  • Certain occupations like welding or working in a factory where steel is made may increase your chances of being exposed to high levels of manganese. (cdc.gov)
  • The most common health problems in workers exposed to high levels of manganese involve the nervous system. (cdc.gov)
  • Almost all reported cases of manganese toxicity are found in industrial workers who are exposed to high levels of manganese dust. (hairboutique.com)
  • For decades, doctors have reported that people exposed to high levels of manganese through the air or water can develop tremors and other symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease. (acs.org)
  • Pyrolusite (manganese dioxide) is one of the most common manganese minerals. (livescience.com)
  • Cave artists in France used the black ore (manganese dioxide or pyrolusite) at least 30,000 years ago. (livescience.com)
  • Chlorine Dioxide IRON & MANGANESE CONTROL Iron & manganese are common problems associated with potable water treatment. (environmental-expert.com)
  • Oxidation of iron & manganese with chlorine dioxide offers utilities a simple solution without compromising regulatory compliance. (environmental-expert.com)
  • Oxidation of dissolved manganese creates particles of manganese dioxide (MnO2). (agwt.org)
  • The leachate is then purified th Manganese dioxide (MnO2) occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, about 62-63% of manganese. (mis-asia.com)
  • Among its several allotropic forms, electrochemical activity is the highest for γ What is Manganese dioxide?Manganese dioxide (MnO2) occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, about 62-63% of manganese. (mis-asia.com)
  • Among its several allotropic forms, electrochemical act The type of manganese dioxide (MnO2) and its quantity used in dry cells are mainly responsible for cell capacity. (mis-asia.com)
  • Performance characteristics depend on individual crystal structure, varying degrees of hydration, and the activity of the manganese dioxide. (mis-asia.com)
  • Manganese dioxide potentials are additionally affected by the pH of the electrolyte. (mis-asia.com)
  • Four different types of manganese dioxide are applied in dry cells: (NMD alpha- and beta-structure), activated m What is manganese dioxide?The type of manganese dioxide (MnO2) and its quantity used in dry cells are mainly responsible for cell capacity. (mis-asia.com)
  • Four different types of manganese dioxide are applied in dry cells: (NMD alpha- and be Chemical property of manganese dioxide MnO2 Manganese oxide is the manganese atom above the octahedron. (mis-asia.com)
  • The process of oxidizing manganese dioxide (not salt-forming oxide or amphoteric oxide) occurs when it comes into contact with reducing agents. (mis-asia.com)
  • In order to make manganese oxide or manganese dioxide, heat it in a stream with hydrogen at 1400K. (mis-asia.com)
  • Concent What is Manganese dioxide? (mis-asia.com)
  • The preparation of manganese sodium can be done with manganese dioxide. (mis-asia.com)
  • Also, it can be used to oxidize, remove Manganese Dioxide Pulver Overview Manganese dioxide This inorganic compound has the chemical formula MnO2. (mis-asia.com)
  • manganese dioxide This is crucial. (mis-asia.com)
  • This usually is expressed in grams per Manganese dioxide is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula MnO2. (mis-asia.com)
  • Manganese dioxide is used as the cathode (electron acceptor) material in standard and alkaline disposable dry cells and batteries. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Delve into the expanding world of the Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) market , an industry expected to reach a landmark value of US$3 Billion by 2030. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The global market for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) estimated at US$1.6 Billion in the year 2022, is projected to reach a revised size of US$3 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 8.4% over the analysis period 2022-2030. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) market in the U.S. is estimated at US$429.5 Million in the year 2022. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • What is the estimated value of the Global Market for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD)? (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The Global Market for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) was estimated to be valued at $1.6 Billion in 2022. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • What is the growth rate of the Global Market for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD)? (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The growth rate of the Global Market for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) is 8.2%, with an estimated value of $3 Billion by 2030. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • What is the forecasted size of the Global Market for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD)? (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The Global Market for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) is estimated to be worth $3 Billion by 2030. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Who are the key companies in the Global Market for Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD)? (researchandmarkets.com)
  • WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. - In the first ecological study of its kind in the world, a Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center researcher has uncovered the unique finding that groundwater and airborne manganese in North Carolina correlates with cancer mortality at the county level. (scienceblog.com)
  • Lead researcher John Spangler, M.D., professor of family and community medicine at Wake Forest Baptist, found that groundwater manganese appears to be positively associated with total cancer, colon cancer and lung cancer death rates, while airborne manganese concentrations appear to be inversely associated with total cancer, breast cancer and lung cancer death rates. (scienceblog.com)
  • He found that airborne manganese was associated at the county level with an 14 percent decrease in total cancer deaths, a 43 percent decrease in breast cancer deaths and a 22 percent decrease in lung cancer deaths. (scienceblog.com)
  • The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency researchers conducted a health study of airborne manganese exposure in three Ohio towns, Marietta (in August 2009), Mt. Vernon (in August 2009) and East Liverpool (in November 2011). (cdc.gov)
  • The main purpose of this study was to evaluate whether nervous system health effects (neurotoxicity) were detectable in community residents with long-term, airborne manganese exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Elevated airborne manganese and low executive function in school-aged children in Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
  • Like zinc , manganese is a mineral that can be excreted in significant amounts through sweat, and individuals who go through periods of excessive sweating may be at increased risk for manganese deficiency. (hairboutique.com)
  • People with liver damage are also at risk for manganese deficiency ( Aschner, 2009 ). (veganhealth.org)
  • Manganese is an antioxidant mineral that protects cells from damage caused by activity. (botanical-online.com)
  • Most high-quality supplement manufacturers use a form of manganese where this mineral has been hooked together (chelated) with an organic acid like gluconic acid or an amino acid like glycine or arginine . (hairboutique.com)
  • Manganese is a mineral that is essential for humans. (veganhealth.org)
  • According to the Linus Pauling Institute , "A single case of manganese toxicity was reported in a person who took large amounts of mineral supplements for years, while another case was reported as a result of a person taking a Chinese herbal supplement. (veganhealth.org)
  • The characteristic and generally the most abundant manganese mineral in this belt is bementite, a silicate of manganese that is rare elsewhere. (usgs.gov)
  • Pregnant women with lower concentrations of the trace mineral manganese or higher amounts of the metal cadmium in their blood may be more likely to develop preeclampsia, according to a new study. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Manganese influences ecosystem C dynamics by mediating biochemical pathways that include photosynthesis, serving as a reactive intermediate in the breakdown of organic molecules, and binding and/or oxidizing organic molecules through organo-mineral associations. (ornl.gov)
  • Manganese is a trace mineral that naturally occurs in our bodies in tiny amounts. (evergreen.ie)
  • Common oxidation states of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6, and +7, although all oxidation states from −3 to +7 have been observed. (wikipedia.org)
  • If dissolved manganese levels are above 0.05 mg/L, black or gray staining and a bitter metallic taste may result from oxidation of the water. (agwt.org)
  • Oxidation and precipitation of manganese will occur when well water mixes with oxygen in the air. (agwt.org)
  • Oxidation treatment is more effective for removing higher concentrations of dissolved manganese than ion exchange. (agwt.org)
  • Depending on their oxidation state, manganese ions have various colors and are used industrially as pigments. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Manganese(II) ions function as cofactors for a number of enzymes in higher organisms, where they are essential in detoxification of superoxide free radicals. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The structures are similar but serandite has a significant percentage of manganese ions which substitute for a portion of the calciums in the pectolite. (galleries.com)
  • It is the manganese ions which cause the pink color of serandite. (galleries.com)
  • La teneur faible en ions calcium et magnésium et élevée en ions sodium de l'eau douce affecte négativement les résultats de la coloration de routine à l'hématoxyline-éosine. (who.int)
  • It appears that manganese is more important to animals than to humans , since symptoms of deficiency are not common in humans. (botanical-online.com)
  • Manganese deficiency causes impaired glucose utilization in humans. (botanical-online.com)
  • Chickens develop a bone disease called perosis , due to manganese deficiency. (botanical-online.com)
  • What factors might contribute to a deficiency of manganese? (hairboutique.com)
  • Poor dietary intake of manganese appears to be the most common cause of manganese deficiency. (hairboutique.com)
  • However, iron deficiency can cause an increase in manganese absorption and vegans with iron deficiency should make sure they eat vitamin C at meals so that iron is absorbed instead of manganese. (veganhealth.org)
  • Despite the fact that overt manganese toxicity from food rarely occurs, iron deficiency has been shown to increase the risk of manganese accumulation in the brain ( Aschner, 2009 ). (veganhealth.org)
  • From this research, it seems possible that long-term iron deficiency (not necessarily anemia, but low iron stores) could increase manganese absorption on a vegan diet high enough to cause problems, though I have not heard of any long term vegans getting Parkinson's-like symptoms or manganese toxicity. (veganhealth.org)
  • Manganese deficiency can contribute to infertility, bone malformation, weakness high blood pressure, high cholesterol and even seizures. (evergreen.ie)
  • Manganese deficiency has not been conclusively documented, although one experimental case in a volunteer resulted in transient dermatitis, hypocholesterolemia, and increased alkaline phosphatase levels. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vegetarians, who consume foods rich in manganese such as grains, beans and nuts, as well as heavy tea drinkers, may have a higher intake of manganese than the average person. (cdc.gov)
  • intake of manganese than the average person. (cdc.gov)
  • People who have adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D , along with manganese, significantly reduce the risk of fractures. (botanical-online.com)
  • The CDC reported that an Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake (ESADDI) for manganese for adults is 2 to 5 mg/day. (agwt.org)
  • Symptoms of manganese toxicity do not normally appear even at the very highest levels of dietary intake. (hairboutique.com)
  • One study has measured the manganese intakes in vegans and it found an average intake of 4.1 mg for women and 5.6 mg for men (not including supplements) ( Haddad, 1999 ), though some vegans get much higher amounts. (veganhealth.org)
  • HealthDay)-Higher intake of manganese is associated with a lower type 2 diabetes risk among postmenopausal women, independent of known risk factors, according to a study published online April 15 in Diabetes Care. (medicalxpress.com)
  • However, excessive intake of manganese in animals and plant is detrimental for their growth. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • Manganese also is a key component of certain widely used aluminum alloys and, in oxide form, dry cell batteries. (usgs.gov)
  • The system should have a forceful backwash (100% bed expansion), preferably in a down flow direction to help remove the relatively heavy manganese oxide particles. (agwt.org)
  • The greensand is a resin coated with manganese oxide. (agwt.org)
  • As the raw water passes through the greensand the manganese oxide reacts with the dissolved manganese to form particles that become trapped in the resin bed. (agwt.org)
  • The options for high-manganese cathodes include LMO (lithium-manganese oxide), LNMO (lithium-nickel-manganese oxide), Li-Mn-rich (also abbreviated as LMR-NMC), and LMP (lithium manganese phosphate) or LMFP (lithium-manganese-iron phosphate). (idtechex.com)
  • LMO (LiMn2O4) - firstly, commercially available high-manganese cathodes already exist in the form of the lithium-manganese oxide spinel, which was used for the 1st generation Nissan Leaf cars. (idtechex.com)
  • Li-Mn-rich (xLi2MnO3·(1 - x)LiMO3 where M = Ni, Mn, Co) - the lithium-manganese rich, layered-oxide cathode is one of only a few options, alongside conversion type cathodes, that offer a capacity improvement over current state-of-the-art NMC and NCA materials. (idtechex.com)
  • Oral contraceptives (birth control pills) and antacids (for example, Tums) may interfere with manganese absorption. (hairboutique.com)
  • The phytic acid in a soy formula was shown to cut manganese absorption in half (from 1.6 to .7%) in adults ( Davidsson, 1995 ). (veganhealth.org)
  • Phytic acid has a similar effect on iron absorption, but vitamin C can overcome phytic acid's effect on iron, whereas it does not do so for manganese ( Davidsson, 1995 ). (veganhealth.org)
  • Manganese absorption in humans: the effect of phytic acid and ascorbic acid in soy formula. (veganhealth.org)
  • 1.1 These test methods cover the atomic absorption determination of dissolved and total recoverable manganese in water and certain wastewaters. (ansi.org)
  • foods rich in manganese such as grains, beans and Manganese occurs naturally in most foods and may be nuts, as well as heavy tea drinkers, may have a higher added to some foods. (cdc.gov)
  • Manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with chromium isotopic contents and have found application in isotope geology and radiometric dating. (wikipedia.org)
  • The EPA concluded that existing scientific information cannot determine whether or not excess manganese can cause cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • Several tests are available to measure manganese in cannot determine whether or not excess manganese can blood, urine, hair, or feces. (cdc.gov)
  • Because excess manganese is usually removed from the Studies in children have suggested that extremely high body within a few days, past exposures are difficult to levels of manganese exposure may produce undesirable measure with common laboratory tests. (cdc.gov)
  • Humans with a healthy liver generally have no problem with toxic manganese issues since the lives plays a very important role in eliminating excess manganese easily and swiftly from the body. (hairboutique.com)
  • Manganese toxicity symptoms tend to be neurological problems. (veganhealth.org)
  • Rich sources of manganese include whole grains, nuts and vegetables. (health4youonline.com)
  • Manganese is present in a number of foods including whole grains, seeds, nuts and pineapple. (evergreen.ie)
  • Exposure to excess levels of manganese may occur from breathing air, particularly where manganese is used in manufacturing, and from drinking water and eating food. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to high levels of manganese in air can cause lung irritation and reproductive effects. (cdc.gov)
  • Studies in children have suggested that extremely high levels of manganese exposure may produce undesirable effects on brain development, including changes in behavior and decreases in the ability to learn and remember. (cdc.gov)
  • Heavy exposure to manganese can cause people to develop similar symptoms, but they don't respond to available Parkinson's treatments, leading some to call their illnesses "Parkinson's-like. (acs.org)
  • Objectives To explore the potential dose-response relationship between manganese (Mn) exposure and cognitive function and also plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in occupational Mn exposure workers. (bmj.com)
  • Manganese sulfate can be used as a fungicide. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is obtained by precipitating manganese carbonate from manganese sulfate and sodium carbonate solutions. (lookchem.com)
  • citation needed] Naturally occurring manganese is composed of one stable isotope, 55Mn. (wikipedia.org)
  • Manganese is a naturally occurring metal that is found in many types of rocks. (cdc.gov)
  • Pure manganese is silver-colored, but does not occur naturally. (cdc.gov)
  • Manganese occurs naturally in most foods and may be added to some foods. (cdc.gov)
  • Manganese is a very hard, brittle, gray-white transition metal that is naturally found in a variety of minerals, but never on its own. (livescience.com)
  • Manganese bioxide Is an inorganic compound that has the chemical MnO2 and is naturally found as pyrolusite. (mis-asia.com)
  • The other supplementing factors of the manganese market are recovery in prices of both manganese ore and manganese ferroalloy, and emergence of new application markets. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • It's composition simply makes it outstanding against the contemporary filter media available in water treatment industries, like sand, BIRM, Greensand Plus, Manganese Greensand etc. (environmental-expert.com)
  • There is a concern that manganese intakes in vegan diets can be high. (veganhealth.org)
  • Manganese is essential for proper enzyme activation, healthy antioxidant function in cells, metabolism and healthy bone development. (vitacost.com)
  • But what does 'high-manganese' refer to, and how do they compare to other cathode materials? (idtechex.com)
  • BASF 's high manganese cathode, NCM 217, may refer to a Li-Mn-rich type material. (idtechex.com)
  • Ion exchange using a sodium chloride salt (NaCl) brine solution can remove low concentrations of dissolved manganese when the pH is greater than 6.8. (agwt.org)
  • Manganese is a trace element and eating a small amount from food or water is needed to stay healthy. (cdc.gov)
  • Manganese is an essential trace element that is necessary for good health. (agwt.org)
  • The study, titled, "Environmental Manganese and Cancer Mortality Rates by County in North Carolina: An Ecological Study," was published online last month by Biological Trace Element Research . (scienceblog.com)
  • Manganese is a silvery-gray metal that resembles iron. (wikipedia.org)
  • Manganese tarnishes slowly in air and oxidizes ("rusts") like iron in water containing dissolved oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Manganese is part of the iron group of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in large stars shortly before the supernova explosion. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1740, Johann Heinrich Pott, a German chemist, observed that pyrolusite contained a new earth metal, rather than iron as was commonly believed, according to Chemicool , and Ignatius Gottfried Kaim, an Austrian chemist, first isolated manganese in 1770. (livescience.com)
  • Manganese (Mn) is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties. (usgs.gov)
  • This system is designed to solve problem water concerns that are commonly found in lakes and water wells: iron, sulphur, manganese, or tannins. (environmental-expert.com)
  • Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) from well water . (environmental-expert.com)
  • or well water from a clean aquifer with no sand, iron or manganese . (environmental-expert.com)
  • Processes for the removal of iron must be approached with an understanding of the water source, iron and manganese concentration, chemical form, and any additional contaminants or species that require removal. (environmental-expert.com)
  • Pyrolox® is a granular water filtration media used for the removal of hydrogen sulfide, iron and manganese. (environmental-expert.com)
  • Pyrolox filter media works by oxidizing iron, manganese and hydrogen sulfide in problem water. (environmental-expert.com)
  • Hydrogen Sulfide, Iron and Manganese are referred to in the water treatment industry as the "troublesome trio" because they are difficult to remove from water without using oxidizing chemicals. (environmental-expert.com)
  • It removes iron, scale and manganese depositions as well as deposits of aluminium compounds. (environmental-expert.com)
  • It is recommended that the total iron, manganese, hardness, alkalinity and pH of the water be tested by a state-certified laboratory before purchasing equipment. (agwt.org)
  • Dissolved manganese generally oxidizes more slowly than iron which means it is relatively slower to form scale (precipitate), but is also harder to remove efficiently (quickly and cost effectively) from a water source by a treatment system. (agwt.org)
  • A study in miners whose drinking water was contaminated with manganese showed that manganese toxicity decreased iron status which returned to normal after the manganese was minimized in their environment ( Boojar, 2002 ). (veganhealth.org)
  • Long-term follow-up of workplace and well water manganese effects on iron status indexes in manganese miners. (veganhealth.org)
  • Manganese is a brittle silvery white metal found in combination with iron. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • The physical and chemical properties of manganese are similar to that of iron. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
  • is a time proven media and with the added AIO (non-chemical) addition, they are very effective at removing hydrogen sulfide up to 7 ppm, iron to 15 ppm & manganese to 5 ppm. (affordablewater.us)
  • Here, we assess the dynamics of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and phosphorus (P) in sediments of the eutrophic, brackish Gulf of Finland populated by cable bacteria. (lu.se)
  • A unique food supplement that provides Manganese in the form of citrate, a compound that is known to be well absorbed. (health4youonline.com)
  • Manganese(II) citrate is white powder. (lookchem.com)
  • 2. Manganese Citrate is a nutrient supplement that is a pale orange or pinkish white powder. (lookchem.com)
  • Manganese is added to multivitamin supplements . (botanical-online.com)
  • Manganese can be consumed though our multivitamin supplements They are available in many forms including tablet, capsule, liquid and powder so you are sure to find one that suits yours and your family's needs. (evergreen.ie)
  • Headaches, muscle cramps, fatigue, and aggressiveness are early signs of manganese toxicity, which can then proceed into Parkinson's disease-like symptoms such as tremors ( Aschner, 2009 ). (veganhealth.org)
  • Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal that, at excessive levels in the brain, produces extrapyramidal symptoms similar to those in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). (cdc.gov)
  • Too much manganese, however, can be toxic. (livescience.com)
  • Manganese dusts and fumes are toxic. (citizendium.org)
  • Is Manganese Toxic? (hairboutique.com)
  • Some experts may claim that manganese can be toxic when taken as excessively high levels. (hairboutique.com)
  • Manganese is both an essential nutrient and a toxic chemical, primarily obtained through diet, water, supplements, and environmental elements. (medicalxpress.com)
  • It should be noted that the primary risk of Manganese toxicity is actually in the form of inhalation and not ingestion. (hairboutique.com)
  • In severe and unusual cases, again linked to manganese dust inhalation and not ingestion, manganese toxicity can lead to excessive irritability and in some remote cases, hallucinations. (hairboutique.com)
  • In larger amounts, and apparently with far greater activity by inhalation, manganese can cause a poisoning syndrome in mammals, with neurological damage which is sometimes irreversible. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Nervous system and reproductive effects have been observed in animals after high oral doses of manganese. (cdc.gov)
  • to high levels of manganese involve the nervous system. (cdc.gov)
  • An efficient, nickel-catalyzed direct reductive cross-coupling of equimolar amounts of alkyl halides with aryl halides in the presence of manganese is generally high-yielding, highly functional-group-tolerant, and easy to perform. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • Kanthasamy's team performed a series of experiments that showed that welders who are chronically exposed to manganese have high levels of misfolded α-synuclein in their blood. (acs.org)
  • Whilst relatively light on technical content, an interesting point during Volkswagen 's recent Power Day referred to their long-term strategy of employing high-manganese cathodes for their 'volume segment' - a prominent role for a chemistry not currently in widespread use. (idtechex.com)
  • Improvements to energy density are unlikely using high-manganese cathodes, with motivation for developing these materials instead stemming from a desire to reduce cost and eliminate cobalt consumption. (idtechex.com)
  • High-manganese' cathodes could refer to several different materials, and so it is unclear as to the specific material Volkswagen were referring to. (idtechex.com)
  • A comparison between NMC 811 and three high-manganese cathodes (LMFP, Li-Mn-rich, LNMO) shows that trade-offs in performance are always involved. (idtechex.com)
  • Comparison between NMC 811 and three high-manganese cathodes (LMFP, Li-Mn-rich, LNMO). (idtechex.com)
  • Cycle life tends to be low, due to the high manganese content, while the material has poor electronic and ionic conductivity, meaning that reasonable capacities are generally only measured at low charge/discharge rates. (idtechex.com)
  • As outlined by Volkswagen themselves, the use of high-manganese cathodes represents a long-term strategy. (idtechex.com)
  • The graph below shows how both nickel and cobalt intensity can be reduced by high manganese cathodes such as LNMO, offering a path to lower Li-ion battery costs. (idtechex.com)
  • The Crescent mine, situated a short distance west of Lake Crescent, in the Olympic Mountains of Washington, yields an unusually high grade of manganese ore, which is suitable for making steel. (usgs.gov)
  • The positive association between groundwater manganese and specific cancer mortality rates might be a function of the high concentrations measures, while the inverse relationship between air manganese and death rates might point toward adequate (e.g. healthy) county-level manganese exposures. (scienceblog.com)
  • Using dextrin, a cheap organic reductant, the direct or complete dissolution of the manganese in the furnace dust is possible without needing high temperature pre reduction. (mis-asia.com)
  • Manganese -enhanced magnetic resonance imaging has high repeatability and reproducibility in healthy myocardium and high repeatability in diseased myocardium . (bvsalud.org)
  • Conventional MnO2 production requires the pre reduction of low-grade ores around 900 °C to convert the manganese oxides present in the ore into their respective acid soluble forms. (mis-asia.com)
  • This new study "bridges the gap between a group of scientists who think that manganese doesn't cause Parkinson's disease and the data that says that it does," says Kim Tieu, who studies the disease at Florida International University. (acs.org)
  • People with manganese toxicity have more of a tendency to fall backwards than do those with Parkinson's ( Aschner, 2009 ). (veganhealth.org)
  • Aschner M, Erikson KM, Herrero Hernández E, Tjalkens R. Manganese and its role in Parkinson's disease: from transport to neuropathology. (veganhealth.org)
  • We do not know whether children are more sensitive than adults to the effects of manganese, but there is some indication from experiments in laboratory animals that they may be. (cdc.gov)
  • Manganese has also been found to affect some children adversely in large amounts (over 60 mg per day), but many experts recommend that children not be allowed to take ingredients designed for adults. (hairboutique.com)
  • Manganese is very abundant in soils, occurring in both oxides and hydroxides, according to Lenntech . (livescience.com)
  • Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Designed for the build-up and joining of austenitic Manganese steels only. (hobartbrothers.com)
  • As a free element, manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. (medicalxpress.com)
  • This process may begin as ground water containing dissolved manganese enters a well and continues within the building's plumbing. (agwt.org)
  • Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. (wikipedia.org)
  • Manganese is also an essential human dietary element, important in macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result, individuals with chronic liver or gallbladder disorders may need more dietary manganese. (hairboutique.com)
  • Forms of manganese found in dietary supplements? (hairboutique.com)
  • Ionic Manganese is a concentrated liquid dietary supplement that provides manganese in an ionic form - the form most widely recognized by the body. (vitacost.com)
  • Manganese is routinely contained in groundwater, drinking water, and soil at low levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, Spangler found there was up to a 28 percent increase in county-level colon cancer deaths and a 26 percent increase in lung cancer deaths at the county level related to elevation of manganese in groundwater as opposed to air. (scienceblog.com)
  • Spangler points out that because manganese now replaces lead in gasoline globally, the amount of manganese in the environment is increasing and may worsen the groundwater concentration numbers in the future. (scienceblog.com)
  • Manganese is found in a wide range of plant foods. (veganhealth.org)
  • Manganese toxicity resulting from foods alone has not been reported in humans, even though certain vegetarian diets could provide up to 20 mg/day of manganese. (veganhealth.org)
  • Manganese has been found in at least 869 of the 1,669 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (cdc.gov)
  • Studies of manganese workers have not found increases in birth defects or low birth weight in their offspring. (cdc.gov)
  • Manganese is primarily found in the bones, liver, kidneys, and pancreas, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center , and helps the body form connective tissue, bones, blood-clotting factors, and sex hormones. (livescience.com)
  • There are three isoforms of SOD which contain different prosthetic groups: the manganese (Mn) isoform (SOD2) is found in mitochondria, and the copper and zinc (CuZn) isoforms are present in the cytoplasm (SOD1) as well as in the extracellular space (SOD3). (nature.com)
  • Where can manganese be found? (botanical-online.com)
  • To date, manganese toxicity in vegans has not been studied, but manganese toxicity usually does not occur with amounts of manganese found in the diet. (veganhealth.org)
  • Manganese is an unregulated contaminant often found in drinking water, but safe levels of this metal are currently unknown, and prior research has indicated that overexposure to manganese may be harmful to children. (medicalxpress.com)
  • In many areas across the U.S. and around the world, there's plenty of manganese to be found. (wateronline.com)
  • Manganese can be released to the air, soil, and water from the manufacture, use, and disposal of manganese-based products. (cdc.gov)
  • In water, manganese tends to attach to particles in the water or settle into the sediment. (cdc.gov)
  • Drinking water containing manganese or swimming or bathing in water containing manganese may expose you to low levels of this chemical. (cdc.gov)
  • Pure manganese is reactive, burns in oxygen, rusts in water and dissolves in dilute acids, according to Lenntech . (livescience.com)
  • Drinking water containing manganese or swimming or bathing in · Manganese can be released to the air, soil, and water containing manganese may expose you to low water from the manufacture, use, and disposal of levels of this chemical. (cdc.gov)
  • The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that the level of manganese in drinking water be less than 0.05 milligrams per liter (mg/L) to avoid aesthetic staining problems. (agwt.org)
  • There are several technologies for reducing the level of manganese in water. (agwt.org)
  • Manganese in drinking water is the biggest concern since manganese in food is not as easily absorbed. (veganhealth.org)
  • Minnesota will keep, for now, an existing rule imposing limits on manganese in drinking water. (freshwater.org)
  • The water is flowing from Lake Manganese to Manganese Falls but the falls have no opened up yet. (copperharbor.org)
  • Manganese (Mn) has long been recognized as a nuisance - its brown-to-black stains and metallic taste can make well water unpleasant, to say the least. (wateronline.com)
  • Many alloys containing manganese are used in steel production, glass making, and even to make the aluminum in soda cans thinner and stronger. (livescience.com)
  • While Manganese toxicity may potentially occur due to ingestion, as most medical studies and cases report, it is only in extremely huge quantities, much greater than those in the recommended daily dose of the majority of vitamin supplements currently on the market. (hairboutique.com)
  • Although manganese is an essential nutrient, manganese toxicity has been relatively common in places where workers are accidentally exposed to large amounts of manganese. (veganhealth.org)
  • People need manganese in trace amounts, but if you get too much of it, manganese can be dangerous," Spangler said. (scienceblog.com)
  • At small dose, manganese is good for us, but in larger amounts it can harm the nervous system. (freshwater.org)
  • Manganese (Mn), necessary for healthy bone structure, is a component of several enzyme systems, including manganese -specific glycosyltransferases and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Manganese is used principally in steel production to improve hardness, stiffness, and strength. (cdc.gov)
  • Manganese is used principally in steel production to · Certain occupations like welding or working in improve hardness, stiffness, and strength. (cdc.gov)
  • The manganese is thought to have been deposited originally with the limestone as a carbonate. (usgs.gov)
  • Several other manganese minerals have a distinct pink color such as the carbonate rhodochrosite and the silicates rhodonite and inesite . (galleries.com)
  • These levels have been in question by other experts who have proposed that the human body can ingest and process much higher levels of manganese with not problem. (hairboutique.com)
  • Manganese is an essential nutrient, and eating a small amount of it each day is important to stay healthy. (cdc.gov)
  • Manganese is essential to photosynthesis and is used to create oxygen, according to Chemicool . (livescience.com)
  • Manganese is essential to metabolic functions, according to Chemicool . (livescience.com)
  • According to Lenntech , manganese is essential not only to humans, but also to all species. (livescience.com)
  • Manganese is an essential nutrient, and eating a small separated from particles. (cdc.gov)
  • Manganese is a transition metal, according to Chemicool . (livescience.com)
  • Manganese is considered to be a member of the "Transition metal" class of element. (citizendium.org)
  • The primary way you can be exposed to manganese is by eating food or manganese-containing nutritional supplements. (cdc.gov)
  • The primary way you can be exposed to manganese in many types of rocks. (cdc.gov)
  • According to the Royal Society of Chemistry , manganese is the fifth most abundant metal in Earth's crust. (livescience.com)
  • Hausmannite, a suboxide of manganese (Mn 3 O 4 ) that is also rather uncommon, occurs in several of the deposits and is locally abundant in the Crescent mine, where it forms the most valuable constituent of the ore. (usgs.gov)