Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.
Mandibular diseases refer to medical conditions that affect the jawbone, including infections, tumors, and degenerative disorders.
Extraoral body-section radiography depicting an entire maxilla, or both maxilla and mandible, on a single film.
The total absence of teeth from either the mandible or the maxilla, but not both. Total absence of teeth from both is MOUTH, EDENTULOUS. Partial absence of teeth in either is JAW, EDENTULOUS, PARTIALLY.
The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck.
The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve.
The measurement of the dimensions of the HEAD.
One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.
Injuries to the lower jaw bone.
A physical misalignment of the upper (maxilla) and lower (mandibular) jaw bones in which either or both recede relative to the frontal plane of the forehead.
The facial skeleton, consisting of bones situated between the cranial base and the mandibular region. While some consider the facial bones to comprise the hyoid (HYOID BONE), palatine (HARD PALATE), and zygomatic (ZYGOMA) bones, MANDIBLE, and MAXILLA, others include also the lacrimal and nasal bones, inferior nasal concha, and vomer but exclude the hyoid bone. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p113)
Bone lengthening by gradual mechanical distraction. An external fixation device produces the distraction across the bone plate. The technique was originally applied to long bones but in recent years the method has been adapted for use with mandibular implants in maxillofacial surgery.
An articulation between the condyle of the mandible and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone.
Insertion of an implant into the bone of the mandible or maxilla. The implant has an exposed head which protrudes through the mucosa and is a prosthodontic abutment.
The force applied by the masticatory muscles in dental occlusion.
The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.
The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth.
Biocompatible materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone to support a crown, bridge, or artificial tooth, or to stabilize a diseased tooth.
Neoplasms produced from tooth-forming tissues.
Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA.
The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.
The stable placement of surgically induced fractures of the mandible or maxilla through the use of elastics, wire ligatures, arch bars, or other splints. It is used often in the cosmetic surgery of retrognathism and prognathism. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p636)
The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)
Cancers or tumors of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE unspecified. For neoplasms of the maxilla, MAXILLARY NEOPLASMS is available and of the mandible, MANDIBULAR NEOPLASMS is available.
Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Congenital or acquired asymmetry of the face.
A prosthesis that gains its support, stability, and retention from a substructure that is implanted under the soft tissues of the basal seat of the device and is in contact with bone. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.
Maxillary diseases refer to medical conditions that affect the maxilla bone or the structures located in the maxillary sinus, such as infections, tumors, and cysts.
Necrosis of bone following radiation injury.
Surgical procedures used to treat disease, injuries, and defects of the oral and maxillofacial region.
A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.
Malocclusion in which the mandible is anterior to the maxilla as reflected by the first relationship of the first permanent molar (mesioclusion).
The relationship of all the components of the masticatory system in normal function. It has special reference to the position and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth for the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p556, p472)
Any of the eight frontal teeth (four maxillary and four mandibular) having a sharp incisal edge for cutting food and a single root, which occurs in man both as a deciduous and a permanent tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p820)
Moving a retruded mandible forward to a normal position. It is commonly performed for malocclusion and retrognathia. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Abnormally small jaw.
One of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing.
Removable prosthesis constructed over natural teeth or implanted studs.
Computed tomography modalities which use a cone or pyramid-shaped beam of radiation.
Cysts found in the jaws and arising from epithelium involved in tooth formation. They include follicular cysts (e.g., primordial cyst, dentigerous cyst, multilocular cyst), lateral periodontal cysts, and radicular cysts. They may become keratinized (odontogenic keratocysts). Follicular cysts may give rise to ameloblastomas and, in rare cases, undergo malignant transformation.
A mobile U-shaped bone that lies in the anterior part of the neck at the level of the third CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. The hyoid bone is suspended from the processes of the TEMPORAL BONES by ligaments, and is firmly bound to the THYROID CARTILAGE by muscles.
The length of the face determined by the distance of separation of jaws. Occlusal vertical dimension (OVD or VDO) or contact vertical dimension is the lower face height with the teeth in centric occlusion. Rest vertical dimension (VDR) is the lower face height measured from a chin point to a point just below the nose, with the mandible in rest position. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p250)
A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws.
Malocclusion in which the mandible is posterior to the maxilla as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (distoclusion).
The curve formed by the row of TEETH in their normal position in the JAW. The inferior dental arch is formed by the mandibular teeth, and the superior dental arch by the maxillary teeth.
The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Saccular lesions lined with epithelium and contained within pathologically formed cavities in the jaw; also nonepithelial cysts (pseudocysts) as they apply to the jaw, e.g., traumatic or solitary cyst, static bone cavity, and aneurysmal bone cyst. True jaw cysts are classified as odontogenic or nonodontogenic.
One of the eight permanent teeth, two on either side in each jaw, between the canines (CUSPID) and the molars (MOLAR), serving for grinding and crushing food. The upper have two cusps (bicuspid) but the lower have one to three. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p822)
Preprosthetic surgery involving rib, cartilage, or iliac crest bone grafts, usually autologous, or synthetic implants for rebuilding the alveolar ridge.
Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.
Extraoral devices for applying force to the dentition in order to avoid some of the problems in anchorage control met with in intermaxillary traction and to apply force in directions not otherwise possible.
The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.
Loose, usually removable intra-oral devices which alter the muscle forces against the teeth and craniofacial skeleton. These are dynamic appliances which depend on altered neuromuscular action to effect bony growth and occlusal development. They are usually used in mixed dentition to treat pediatric malocclusions. (ADA, 1992)
Two of the masticatory muscles: the internal, or medial, pterygoid muscle and external, or lateral, pterygoid muscle. Action of the former is closing the jaws and that of the latter is opening the jaws, protruding the mandible, and moving the mandible from side to side.
Rigid or flexible appliances that overlay the occlusal surfaces of the teeth. They are used to treat clenching and bruxism and their sequelae, and to provide temporary relief from muscle or temporomandibular joint pain.
Congenital malformation characterized by MICROGNATHIA or RETROGNATHIA; GLOSSOPTOSIS and CLEFT PALATE. The mandibular abnormalities often result in difficulties in sucking and swallowing. The syndrome may be isolated or associated with other syndromes (e.g., ANDERSEN SYNDROME; CAMPOMELIC DYSPLASIA). Developmental mis-expression of SOX9 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR gene on chromosome 17q and its surrounding region is associated with the syndrome.
Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.
The third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either jaw, situated between the second INCISOR and the premolar teeth (BICUSPID). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p817)
Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.
A mixed tumor of odontogenic origin, in which both the epithelial and mesenchymal cells exhibit complete differentiation, resulting in the formation of tooth structures. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
The planning, calculation, and creation of an apparatus for the purpose of correcting the placement or straightening of teeth.
A benign tumor composed of bone tissue or a hard tumor of bonelike structure developing on a bone (homoplastic osteoma) or on other structures (heteroplastic osteoma). (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Surgery performed to repair or correct the skeletal anomalies of the jaw and its associated dental and facial structures (e.g. CLEFT PALATE).
A condition marked by abnormal protrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Syndromes of bone destruction where the cause is not obvious such as neoplasia, infection, or trauma. The destruction follows various patterns: massive (Gorham disease), multicentric (HAJDU-CHENEY SYNDROME), or carpal/tarsal.
The mouth, teeth, jaws, pharynx, and related structures as they relate to mastication, deglutition, and speech.
Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
Jaw diseases refer to medical conditions that affect the jawbone, jaw joint, and the muscles of the jaw, causing pain, swelling, and limited movement.
Three-dimensional representation to show anatomic structures. Models may be used in place of intact animals or organisms for teaching, practice, and study.
Reference points located by visual inspection, palpation, or computer assistance, that are useful in localizing structures on or within the human body.
A tooth that is prevented from erupting by a physical barrier, usually other teeth. Impaction may also result from orientation of the tooth in an other than vertical position in the periodontal structures.
An odontogenic fibroma in which cells have developed into cementoblasts and which consists largely of cementum.
X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.
A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws; its posterior portion retracts the mandible.
Loose-fitting removable orthodontic appliances which redirect the pressures of the facial and masticatory muscles onto the teeth and their supporting structures to produce improvements in tooth arrangements and occlusal relations.
The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate (PALATE, HARD) and the posterior soft palate (PALATE, SOFT).
Either one of the two small elongated rectangular bones that together form the bridge of the nose.
Intraoral OSTEOTOMY of the lower jaw usually performed in order to correct MALOCCLUSION.
Absence of teeth from a portion of the mandible and/or maxilla.
Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.
Either of a pair of bones that form the prominent part of the CHEEK and contribute to the ORBIT on each side of the SKULL.
Malocclusion in which the mandible and maxilla are anteroposteriorly normal as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (i.e., in neutroclusion), but in which individual teeth are abnormally related to each other.
A malocclusion in which maxillary incisor and canine teeth project over the mandiblar teeth excessively. The overlap is measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane and is also called vertical overlap. When the overlap is measured parallel to the occlusal plane it is referred to as overjet.
Gingival neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the gums, typically benign but sometimes malignant.
Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.
The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The scientific study of variations in size, shape, and proportion of the cranium.
The plan and delineation of dental prostheses in general or a specific dental prosthesis. It does not include DENTURE DESIGN. The framework usually consists of metal.
A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.
A hollow part of the alveolar process of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE where each tooth fits and is attached via the periodontal ligament.
Contact between opposing teeth during a person's habitual bite.
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.
A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components.
The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.
An orthodontic method used for correcting narrow or collapsed maxillary arches and functional cross-bite. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry),
The complement of teeth in the jaws after the eruption of some of the permanent teeth but before all the deciduous teeth are absent. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Fractures of the upper or lower jaw.
The aftermost permanent tooth on each side in the maxilla and mandible.
The location of the maxillary and the mandibular condyles when they are in their most posterior and superior positions in their fossae of the temporomandibular joint.
The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The study of the teeth of early forms of life through fossil remains.
A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.
A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination.
Use of optic and geometric techniques to enhance radiographic image quality and interpretation. It includes use of microfocal X-ray tubes and intensifying fluoroscopic screens.
A mass of tissue that has been cut away from its surrounding areas to be used in TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION.
The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.
The process of TOOTH formation. It is divided into several stages including: the dental lamina stage, the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage. Odontogenesis includes the production of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS), dentin (DENTINOGENESIS), and dental cementum (CEMENTOGENESIS).
Presentation devices used for patient education and technique training in dentistry.
Radiographic techniques used in dentistry.
The surgical cutting of a bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the teeth.
Orthodontic appliances, fixed or removable, used to maintain teeth in corrected positions during the period of functional adaptation following corrective treatment. These appliances are also used to maintain the positions of the teeth and jaws gained by orthodontic procedures. (From Zwemer, Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p263)
Peculiarities associated with the internal structure, form, topology, or architecture of organisms that distinguishes them from others of the same species or group.
The emergence of a tooth from within its follicle in the ALVEOLAR PROCESS of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE into the ORAL CAVITY. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Recognition and elimination of potential irregularities and malpositions in the developing dentofacial complex.
Family of the suborder HAPLORHINI (Anthropoidea) comprising bipedal primate MAMMALS. It includes modern man (HOMO SAPIENS) and the great apes: gorillas (GORILLA GORILLA), chimpanzees (PAN PANISCUS and PAN TROGLODYTES), and orangutans (PONGO PYGMAEUS).
The selective extraction of deciduous teeth during the stage of mixed dentition in accordance with the shedding and eruption of the teeth. It is done over an extended period to allow autonomous adjustment to relieve crowding of the dental arches during the eruption of the lateral incisors, canines, and premolars, eventually involving the extraction of the first premolar teeth. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A extremely rare bone tumor characterized by abundant collagen formation and a fibrous stroma, without evidence of mitosis or pleomorphism. It appears on x-rays as an osteolytic lesion with well-defined margins and must be differentiated from primary fibrosarcoma of bone. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1441)
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.
Increase in the mass of bone per unit volume.
The phase of orthodontics concerned with the correction of malocclusion with proper appliances and prevention of its sequelae (Jablonski's Illus. Dictionary of Dentistry).
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE involving only one bone.
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)
The process whereby calcium salts are deposited in the dental enamel. The process is normal in the development of bones and teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p43)
The wearing away of a tooth as a result of tooth-to-tooth contact, as in mastication, occurring only on the occlusal, incisal, and proximal surfaces. It is chiefly associated with aging. It is differentiated from TOOTH ABRASION (the pathologic wearing away of the tooth substance by friction, as brushing, bruxism, clenching, and other mechanical causes) and from TOOTH EROSION (the loss of substance caused by chemical action without bacterial action). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p86)
The science devoted to the comparative study of man.
Insertion of an endosseous implant with a narrow wedge-shaped infrastructure extending through the oral mucosa into the mouth and bearing openings or vents through which tissue grows to obtain retention.
A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the PITUITARY GLAND.
Production of a radiographic image of a small or very thin object on fine-grained photographic film under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination or enlargement of the radiograph at linear magnifications of up to several hundred and with a resolution approaching the resolving power of the photographic emulsion (about 1000 lines per millimeter).
Procedures used to reconstruct, restore, or improve defective, damaged, or missing structures.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
A circular structural unit of bone tissue. It consists of a central hole, the Haversian canal through which blood vessels run, surrounded by concentric rings, called lamellae.
Holding a DENTAL PROSTHESIS in place by its design, or by the use of additional devices or adhesives.
A denture replacing all natural teeth and associated structures in both the maxilla and mandible.
The comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Orthodontic techniques used to correct the malposition of a single tooth.
An extra tooth, erupted or unerupted, resembling or unlike the other teeth in the group to which it belongs. Its presence may cause malposition of adjacent teeth or prevent their eruption.
The description and measurement of the various factors that produce physical stress upon dental restorations, prostheses, or appliances, materials associated with them, or the natural oral structures.
The fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE surrounding the TOOTH ROOT, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).
Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).
Attachment of orthodontic devices and materials to the MOUTH area for support and to provide a counterforce to orthodontic forces.
The study of early forms of life through fossil remains.
Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.
Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth.
Transverse sectioning and repositioning of the maxilla. There are three types: Le Fort I osteotomy for maxillary advancement or the treatment of maxillary fractures; Le Fort II osteotomy for the treatment of maxillary fractures; Le Fort III osteotomy for the treatment of maxillary fractures with fracture of one or more facial bones. Le Fort III is often used also to correct craniofacial dysostosis and related facial abnormalities. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1203 & p662)
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
The anterior portion of the head that includes the skin, muscles, and structures of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and jaw.
The retention of a denture in place by design, device, or adhesion.
A dead body, usually a human body.
Bleeding from the blood vessels of the mouth, which may occur as a result of injuries to the mouth, accidents in oral surgery, or diseases of the gums.
The cat family in the order CARNIVORA comprised of muscular, deep-chested terrestrial carnivores with a highly predatory lifestyle.
The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones.
An abnormal opening or fissure between two adjacent teeth.
A dental specialty concerned with the diagnosis and surgical treatment of disease, injuries, and defects of the human oral and maxillofacial region.
The upper part of the tooth, which joins the lower part of the tooth (TOOTH ROOT) at the cervix (TOOTH CERVIX) at a line called the cementoenamel junction. The entire surface of the crown is covered with enamel which is thicker at the extremity and becomes progressively thinner toward the cervix. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p216)
Fractures of the upper jaw.
INSECTS of the order Coleoptera, containing over 350,000 species in 150 families. They possess hard bodies and their mouthparts are adapted for chewing.
Techniques used to determine the age of materials, based on the content and half-lives of the RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES they contain.
Devices used for influencing tooth position. Orthodontic appliances may be classified as fixed or removable, active or retaining, and intraoral or extraoral. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p19)
A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.
Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A rare aggressive variant of chondrosarcoma, characterized by a biphasic histologic pattern of small compact cells intermixed with islands of cartilaginous matrix. Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas have a predilection for flat bones; long tubular bones are rarely affected. They tend to occur in the younger age group and are highly metastatic. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1456)
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
Traumatic injuries to the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. It may result in extreme pain, abnormal sensation in the areas the nerve innervates on face, jaw, gums and tongue and can cause difficulties with speech and chewing. It is sometimes associated with various dental treatments.
A registration of any positional relationship of the mandible in reference to the maxillae. These records may be any of the many vertical, horizontal, or orientation relations. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone and bone marrow, typically caused by bacteria or fungi.
Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.
The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)
Usually a written medical and nursing care program designed for a particular patient.
The killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).
A disease of young infants characterized by soft tissue swellings over the affected bones, fever, and irritability, and marked by periods of remission and exacerbation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A region, of SOMITE development period, that contains a number of paired arches, each with a mesodermal core lined by ectoderm and endoderm on the two sides. In lower aquatic vertebrates, branchial arches develop into GILLS. In higher vertebrates, the arches forms outpouchings and develop into structures of the head and neck. Separating the arches are the branchial clefts or grooves.
The tip or terminal end of the root of a tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p62)
A benign tumor that consists chiefly of fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE, with variable numbers of MUSCLE CELLS forming portions of the neoplasm (From Stedman's, 27th ed).
Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.
The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the NASAL BONE and the CHEEK BONE on each side of the face.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.
Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.
The species Megaptera novaeangliae, in the family Balaenopteridae, characterized by its huge flippers and the arching of their back when diving. They are also known for their breaching and singing.
X-ray image-detecting devices that make a focused image of body structures lying in a predetermined plane from which more complex images are computed.
General or unspecified injuries involving the face and jaw (either upper, lower, or both).
A condition in which certain opposing teeth fail to establish occlusal contact when the jaws are closed.
Fibrous blood-filled cyst in the bone. Although benign it can be destructive causing deformity and fractures.
The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.
The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).
Descriptive anatomy based on three-dimensional imaging (IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL) of the body, organs, and structures using a series of computer multiplane sections, displayed by transverse, coronal, and sagittal analyses. It is essential to accurate interpretation by the radiologist of such techniques as ultrasonic diagnosis, MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, and computed tomography (TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED). (From Lane & Sharfaei, Modern Sectional Anatomy, 1992, Preface)
Partial or total surgical excision of the tongue. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A plate of fibrous tissue that divides the temporomandibular joint into an upper and lower cavity. The disc is attached to the articular capsule and moves forward with the condyle in free opening and protrusion. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p92)
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).
The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.
Congenital or postnatal overgrowth syndrome most often in height and occipitofrontal circumference with variable delayed motor and cognitive development. Other associated features include advanced bone age, seizures, NEONATAL JAUNDICE; HYPOTONIA; and SCOLIOSIS. It is also associated with increased risk of developing neoplasms in adulthood. Mutations in the NSD1 protein and its HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY are associated with the syndrome.
A normal developing tooth which has not yet perforated the oral mucosa or one that fails to erupt in the normal sequence or time interval expected for the type of tooth in a given gender, age, or population group.
Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)
The teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth.
Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.

The development and structure of the chimpanzee mandible. (1/1956)

The sites of growth and remodeling, and the associated changes in cortical bone structure, have been studied in the chimpanzee mandible and compared with those previously reported in the human and macaque mandibles. The location of the principal sites of growth, and the distribution of the areas of deposition and resorption in the ramus, were found to be similar in all three species. In the chimpanzee, unlike Man, the bone being deposited at the condyle, posterior border of the ramus and coronoid process was plexiform in nature, indicating very rapid growth. The pattern of remodeling in the mandibular body, on the other hand, showed marked species differences at the chin and on the submandibular lingual surface, which account for the contrasts seen in the adult morphology of these regions. Although the pattern of distribution of cortical densities differed from that of surface remodeling, the information they give is complementary in analysing bone growth. The densest regions were found to coincide with sites of consistent lamellar deposition, while the least dense regions were those where plexiform bone was formed. Areas where remodeling led to the greatest reorientation of bone tissue within the cortex showed the greatest disparity between the two patterns.  (+info)

Modified cuspal relationships of mandibular molar teeth in children with Down's syndrome. (2/1956)

A total of 50 permanent mandibular 1st molars of 26 children with Down's syndrome (DS) were examined from dental casts and 59 permanent mandibular 1st molars of normal children were examined from 33 individuals. The following measurements were performed on both right and left molars (teeth 46 and 36 respectively): (a) the intercusp distances (mb-db, mb-d, mb-dl, db-ml, db-d, db-dl, db-ml, d-dl, d-ml, dl-ml); (b) the db-mb-ml, mb-db-ml, mb-ml-db, d-mb-dl, mb-d-dl, mb-dl-d angles; (c) the area of the pentagon formed by connecting the cusp tips. All intercusp distances were significantly smaller in the DS group. Stepwise logistic regression, applied to all the intercusp distances, was used to design a multivariate probability model for DS and normals. A model based on 2 distances only, mb-dl and mb-db, proved sufficient to discriminate between the teeth of DS and the normal population. The model for tooth 36 for example was as follows: p(DS) = (e(30.6-5.6(mb-dl)+25(mb-db)))/(1 + e(30.6 5.6(mb-dl)+25(mb db))). A similar model for tooth 46 was also created, as well as a model which incorporated both teeth. With respect to the angles, significant differences between DS and normals were found in 3 out of the 6 angles which were measured: the d-mb-dl angle was smaller than in normals, the mb-d-dl angle was higher, and the mb-dl-d angle was smaller. The dl cusp was located closer to the centre of the tooth. The change in size occurs at an early stage, while the change in shape occurs in a later stage of tooth formation in the DS population.  (+info)

Role of the Bicoid-related homeodomain factor Pitx1 in specifying hindlimb morphogenesis and pituitary development. (3/1956)

Pitx1 is a Bicoid-related homeodomain factor that exhibits preferential expression in the hindlimb, as well as expression in the developing anterior pituitary gland and first branchial arch. Here, we report that Pitx1 gene-deleted mice exhibit striking abnormalities in morphogenesis and growth of the hindlimb, resulting in a limb that exhibits structural changes in tibia and fibula as well as patterning alterations in patella and proximal tarsus, to more closely resemble the corresponding forelimb structures. Deletion of the Pitx1 locus results in decreased distal expression of the hindlimb-specific marker, the T-box factor, Tbx4. On the basis of similar expression patterns in chick, targeted misexpression of chick Pitx1 in the developing wing bud causes the resulting limb to assume altered digit number and morphogenesis, with Tbx4 induction. We hypothesize that Pitx1 serves to critically modulate morphogenesis, growth, and potential patterning of a specific hindlimb region, serving as a component of the morphological and growth distinctions in forelimb and hindlimb identity. Pitx1 gene-deleted mice also exhibit reciprocal abnormalities of two ventral and one dorsal anterior pituitary cell types, presumably on the basis of its synergistic functions with other transcription factors, and defects in the derivatives of the first branchial arch, including cleft palate, suggesting a proliferative defect in these organs analogous to that observed in the hindlimb.  (+info)

Canine sexual dimorphism in Egyptian Eocene anthropoid primates: Catopithecus and Proteopithecus. (4/1956)

Two very small late Eocene anthropoid primates, Catopithecus browni and Proteopithecus sylviae, from Fayum, Egypt show evidence of substantial sexual dimorphism in canine teeth. The degree of dimorphism suggests that these early anthropoids lived in social groups with a polygynous mating system and intense male-male competition. Catopithecus and Proteopithecus are smaller in estimated body size than any living primates showing canine dimorphism. The origin of canine dimorphism and polygyny in anthropoids was not associated with the evolution of large body size.  (+info)

A modern human pattern of dental development in lower pleistocene hominids from Atapuerca-TD6 (Spain). (5/1956)

The study of life history evolution in hominids is crucial for the discernment of when and why humans have acquired our unique maturational pattern. Because the development of dentition is critically integrated into the life cycle in mammals, the determination of the time and pattern of dental development represents an appropriate method to infer changes in life history variables that occurred during hominid evolution. Here we present evidence derived from Lower Pleistocene human fossil remains recovered from the TD6 level (Aurora stratum) of the Gran Dolina site in the Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Spain. These hominids present a pattern of development similar to that of Homo sapiens, although some aspects (e.g., delayed M3 calcification) are not as derived as that of European populations and people of European origin. This evidence, taken together with the present knowledge of cranial capacity of these and other late Early Pleistocene hominids, supports the view that as early as 0.8 Ma at least one Homo species shared with modern humans a prolonged pattern of maturation.  (+info)

Hindlimb patterning and mandible development require the Ptx1 gene. (6/1956)

The restricted expression of the Ptx1 (Pitx1) gene in the posterior half of the lateral plate mesoderm has suggested that it may play a role in specification of posterior structures, in particular, specification of hindlimb identity. Ptx1 is also expressed in the most anterior ectoderm, the stomodeum, and in the first branchial arch. Ptx1 expression overlaps with that of Ptx2 in stomodeum and in posterior left lateral plate mesoderm. We now show that targeted inactivation of the mouse Ptx1 gene severely impairs hindlimb development: the ilium and knee cartilage are absent and the long bones are underdeveloped. Greater reduction of the right femur size in Ptx1 null mice suggests partial compensation by Ptx2 on the left side. The similarly sized tibia and fibula of mutant hindlimbs may be taken to resemble forelimb bones: however, the mutant limb buds appear to have retained their molecular identity as assessed by forelimb expression of Tbx5 and by hindlimb expression of Tbx4, even though Tbx4 expression is decreased in Ptx1 null mice. The hindlimb defects appear to be, at least partly, due to abnormal chondrogenesis. Since the most affected structures derive from the dorsal side of hindlimb buds, the data suggest that Ptx1 is responsible for patterning of these dorsal structures and that as such it may control development of hindlimb-specific features. Ptx1 inactivation also leads to loss of bones derived from the proximal part of the mandibular mesenchyme. The dual role of Ptx1 revealed by the gene knockout may reflect features of the mammalian jaw and hindlimbs that were acquired at a similar time during tetrapod evolution.  (+info)

Cognitive function and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. (7/1956)

Among patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), impairment of cognitive function, i.e. deficits in memory, attention, and visuconstructive abilities are common. We applied different forms of treatment for patients with newly diagnosed OSAS in a randomized study with a one-year follow-up. Patients with BMI > 40 kg/m2 were excluded. After the initial diagnostic work-up, male patients were considered to be candidates for either nasal continuous airway pressure (nCPAP) (27 patients) or surgical treatment (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty with or without mandibular osteotomy) (23 patients). Within the groups, the patients were then randomized to active treatment (nCPAP/surgery) or to conservative management. Cognitive function and severity of OSAS were assessed prior to treatment and 3 and 12 months later. At 12 months, all patients on nCPAP had a normal ODI4 index (< 10), and were significantly less somnolent than their controls; 3/11 of the surgically treated patients had a normal ODI4 index. Daytime somnolence was significantly less severe in the surgically treated patients than in their controls. Cognitive function did not correlate importantly with daytime sleepiness or severity of OSAS; the best Pearson pairwise correlation coefficient was between ODI4 and the Bourdon-Wiersma (r = 0.36). Success in treatment of OSAS did not affect neuropsychological outcome. We concluded that the standard cognitive test battery is insufficiently sensitive to identify positive changes in patients with OSAS, especially among those with a high level of overall mental functioning.  (+info)

Clinical characteristics of CHARGE syndrome. (8/1956)

CHARGE syndrome, first described by Pagon, was named for its six major clinical features. They are: coloboma of the eye, heart defects, atresia of the choanae, retarded growth and development including CNS anomalies, genital hypoplasia and/or urinary tract anomalies, and ear anomalies and/or hearing loss. We experienced three cases of CHARGE syndrome who displayed ocular coloboma, heart defects, retarded growth and development, and external ear anomalies, and we also review the previously reported literature concerning CHARGE syndrome.  (+info)

Mandibular neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the bones of the lower jaw, also known as the mandible. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and they can affect both the bone and the surrounding soft tissues. Mandibular neoplasms can be classified into several types, including: 1. Benign neoplasms: These are non-cancerous tumors that grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples of benign mandibular neoplasms include osteoma, osteoblastoma, and osteoid osteoma. 2. Malignant neoplasms: These are cancerous tumors that can spread to other parts of the body. Examples of malignant mandibular neoplasms include squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and osteosarcoma. Mandibular neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, swelling, difficulty chewing or speaking, and changes in the appearance of the jaw. Treatment options for mandibular neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Mandibular diseases refer to medical conditions that affect the mandible, which is the lower jawbone. The mandible is an important part of the human skeletal system, and it plays a crucial role in the function of the mouth and the digestive system. Mandibular diseases can affect the structure, function, or both of the mandible, and they can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, injury, genetic disorders, and degenerative conditions. Some common examples of mandibular diseases include: 1. Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ disorder): This is a condition that affects the joint that connects the mandible to the skull. It can cause pain, stiffness, and limited movement in the jaw. 2. Periodontal disease: This is a condition that affects the gums and supporting structures of the teeth. It can lead to inflammation, bone loss, and tooth loss if left untreated. 3. Osteomyelitis: This is an infection of the bone, including the mandible. It can cause pain, swelling, and redness in the affected area. 4. Osteoporosis: This is a degenerative condition that causes the bones to become weak and brittle. It can increase the risk of fractures, including fractures of the mandible. 5. Cleft palate: This is a birth defect that affects the roof of the mouth. It can cause difficulty with eating, speaking, and breathing. Treatment for mandibular diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medications, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches. Early detection and treatment are important for preventing complications and improving outcomes.

In the medical field, "Jaw, Edentulous" refers to a condition where an individual has lost all of their natural teeth in the upper or lower jaw, or both. This can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay, gum disease, injury, or aging. An edentulous jaw can affect an individual's ability to chew, speak, and maintain good oral hygiene. Treatment options for an edentulous jaw may include the use of dentures, dental implants, or other prosthetic devices to replace the missing teeth and restore function and aesthetics.

Mandibular injuries refer to any type of damage or trauma that affects the mandible, which is the lower jawbone. These injuries can range from minor fractures to more severe injuries that involve damage to the teeth, nerves, and muscles of the face. Mandibular injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including falls, sports injuries, car accidents, and physical altercations. Treatment for mandibular injuries depends on the severity of the injury and may include rest, ice, pain medication, physical therapy, or surgery. In some cases, dental implants or other restorative procedures may be necessary to repair damage to the teeth or jawbone.

Retrognathia is a medical term that refers to a condition in which the lower jawbone (mandible) is positioned behind the upper jawbone (maxilla) in the skull. This can result in a protruding chin or an underbite, and can cause problems with speech, chewing, and breathing. Retrognathia can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, developmental issues, and certain medical conditions. It may also be a symptom of other conditions, such as cleft palate or Down syndrome. Treatment for retrognathia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, orthodontic treatment may be used to correct the position of the jawbones and improve the bite. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the jawbones and correct the underbite.

Odontogenic tumors are a group of tumors that arise from the cells that give rise to teeth, including the enamel, dentin, cementum, and the dental pulp. These tumors can occur in the jawbone, the soft tissues of the mouth, or in the maxillary sinus. Odontogenic tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Some common examples of odontogenic tumors include ameloblastoma, odontoma, and dentigerous cyst. These tumors can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and difficulty chewing or speaking. Treatment for odontogenic tumors typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by monitoring to ensure that the tumor has not returned. In some cases, additional treatment may be necessary to prevent the recurrence of the tumor.

Jaw neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the bones, soft tissues, or salivary glands of the jaw. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) in nature. Jaw neoplasms can occur in any part of the jaw, including the mandible (lower jaw) and the maxilla (upper jaw). They can also affect the surrounding tissues, such as the gums, teeth, and facial muscles. Symptoms of jaw neoplasms may include pain or discomfort in the jaw, swelling or a lump in the jaw, difficulty chewing or speaking, and changes in the shape or appearance of the jaw. Diagnosis of jaw neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment for jaw neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Facial asymmetry refers to a condition where there is a difference in the size, shape, or position of facial structures on both sides of the face. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, injury, or disease. In some cases, facial asymmetry may be noticeable to others, while in other cases it may be subtle and only noticeable to the person affected. In the medical field, facial asymmetry can be a concern for both cosmetic and functional reasons. For example, if the asymmetry is severe enough, it may affect a person's ability to chew, speak, or breathe properly. In these cases, treatment may involve surgery or other medical interventions to correct the asymmetry and improve function.

Ameloblastoma is a rare, slow-growing benign tumor that arises from the cells that produce enamel in the teeth. It typically occurs in the jawbone, but can also occur in the maxillary sinus or other areas of the skull. The tumor can cause swelling, pain, and difficulty opening the mouth, and can also lead to bone destruction and facial deformity if left untreated. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, and in some cases, radiation therapy may be used to prevent recurrence.

Maxillary diseases refer to medical conditions that affect the maxilla, which is the upper jawbone that supports the teeth and forms the upper part of the face. The maxilla is a complex structure that contains the sinuses, the maxillary teeth, and the maxillary sinus ostia (openings that connect the sinuses to the nasal cavity). Maxillary diseases can be classified into several categories, including infections, tumors, cysts, and developmental abnormalities. Some common examples of maxillary diseases include: 1. Maxillary sinusitis: Inflammation of the maxillary sinuses that can cause pain, congestion, and facial swelling. 2. Maxillary cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that develop in the maxilla and can cause pain, swelling, and tooth displacement. 3. Maxillary tumors: Benign or malignant growths that develop in the maxilla and can cause pain, swelling, and facial deformity. 4. Maxillary developmental abnormalities: Congenital defects that affect the development of the maxilla, such as cleft palate or maxillary hypoplasia. Maxillary diseases can be diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options depend on the specific disease and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions.

Osteoradionecrosis is a condition that occurs when healthy bone tissue becomes damaged or dies as a result of radiation therapy. It is a complication that can occur in patients who have received radiation to the head and neck, spine, pelvis, or other areas of the body. The damage to the bone tissue can lead to infection, pain, and other complications, and it can be difficult to treat. Treatment options may include antibiotics, surgery, and other therapies, depending on the severity of the condition.

Malocclusion, Angle Class III is a dental condition in which the upper jaw (maxilla) is positioned in front of the lower jaw (mandible) when the teeth are in contact. This type of malocclusion is also known as retrognathism or prognathism, depending on whether the maxilla or mandible is positioned too far forward or backward, respectively. In a Class III malocclusion, the upper teeth may overlap the lower teeth, and the lower jaw may protrude forward. This can cause a number of problems, including difficulty chewing, speech difficulties, and problems with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). In some cases, a Class III malocclusion may also affect the appearance of the face, leading to a "weak chin" or an overly prominent forehead. Treatment for a Class III malocclusion may involve orthodontic appliances such as braces or clear aligners, or surgery to correct the position of the jaws. The specific treatment approach will depend on the severity of the malocclusion and the individual patient's needs.

Micrognathism is a medical condition characterized by a small or underdeveloped lower jawbone (mandible). This can result in a receding chin, an abnormal bite, and difficulty with speech and swallowing. Micrognathism can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic inheritance, developmental abnormalities, and certain medical conditions such as cleft palate. Treatment for micrognathism may involve orthodontic therapy, surgery, or a combination of both, depending on the severity of the condition.

Odontogenic cysts are a type of cyst that develops in the jawbone and is associated with the teeth. They are classified as developmental cysts, which means they form during tooth development or after tooth eruption. Odontogenic cysts are further classified into two main categories: dentigerous cysts and non-dentigerous cysts. Dentigerous cysts are the most common type of odontogenic cyst and are associated with unerupted or impacted teeth. They form around the crown of the tooth and can cause the tooth to become displaced or resorb. Non-dentigerous cysts, on the other hand, are not associated with teeth and can develop anywhere in the jawbone. They include keratocystic odontogenic tumors, radicular cysts, and gingival cysts. Odontogenic cysts are usually asymptomatic and are often discovered incidentally during routine dental X-rays. However, they can cause swelling, pain, and infection if they become infected or if they grow large enough to compress surrounding structures. Treatment for odontogenic cysts typically involves surgical removal of the cyst and the affected tooth or teeth.

Malocclusion, Angle Class II is a dental condition in which the upper teeth overlap the lower teeth. This type of malocclusion is named after the American orthodontist, Henry H. Angle, who classified malocclusions into different categories based on the relative positions of the upper and lower teeth. In Angle Class II malocclusion, the upper jaw is usually larger than the lower jaw, causing the upper teeth to protrude or stick out. This can result in an "overbite" or "buck teeth" appearance. The severity of the malocclusion can vary, ranging from mild to severe. Angle Class II malocclusion can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, jaw growth problems, and habits such as thumb sucking or mouth breathing. Treatment options for Angle Class II malocclusion may include orthodontic braces, clear aligners, or surgery in severe cases. The goal of treatment is to correct the misalignment of the teeth and jaws, improve chewing and speaking functions, and enhance the patient's appearance and self-confidence.

Jaw cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop in the bones of the jaw. They are also known as odontogenic cysts because they are usually associated with the teeth. Jaw cysts can occur in both the upper and lower jaws and can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. There are several types of jaw cysts, including dentigerous cysts, radicular cysts, and keratocystic odontogenic tumors. Dentigerous cysts are the most common type of jaw cyst and are usually associated with unerupted teeth. Radicular cysts occur when the root of a tooth becomes infected or damaged, and keratocystic odontogenic tumors are a more aggressive type of cyst that can cause significant damage to the jawbone. Jaw cysts are usually asymptomatic and are often discovered incidentally during routine dental or medical exams. However, larger cysts can cause symptoms such as swelling, pain, and difficulty chewing or speaking. Treatment for jaw cysts typically involves surgical removal of the cyst and the affected bone. In some cases, the cyst may recur, and additional treatment may be necessary.

Maxillary neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the maxillary region of the face, which includes the upper jawbone (maxilla) and the surrounding soft tissues. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) in nature. Some common types of maxillary neoplasms include: 1. Odontogenic tumors: These are tumors that develop from the cells that give rise to teeth, such as ameloblastomas, odontomas, and dentigerous cysts. 2. Benign tumors: These include lipomas, fibromas, and hemangiomas. 3. Malignant tumors: These include squamous cell carcinomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Maxillary neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their location and size. These may include pain, swelling, difficulty chewing or swallowing, changes in facial appearance, and dental problems. Treatment options for maxillary neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Pierre Robin Syndrome (PRS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of the head and face. It is characterized by a combination of three main features: micrognathia (small jaw), glossoptosis (drooping of the tongue), and cleft palate. The syndrome is named after Pierre Robin, a French pediatrician who first described the condition in 1924. PRS can occur as an isolated condition or as part of a larger genetic disorder, such as CHARGE syndrome or Treacher Collins syndrome. In addition to the physical features, individuals with PRS may also experience breathing difficulties, feeding problems, and speech and language delays. Treatment for PRS typically involves surgery to correct the jaw and tongue abnormalities, as well as speech therapy and other supportive care.

Alveolar bone loss is a condition in which the bone that supports the teeth in the jaw (alveolar bone) gradually deteriorates or is lost. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including periodontal disease (gum disease), tooth loss, and certain medical conditions such as osteoporosis or diabetes. Alveolar bone loss can lead to a number of problems, including tooth sensitivity, loose teeth, and even tooth loss. It can also affect the appearance of the face, as the loss of bone can cause the teeth to shift and the jaw to become more prominent. Treatment for alveolar bone loss may include nonsurgical procedures such as scaling and root planing to remove plaque and tartar from the teeth and gums, as well as the use of antibiotics to treat any underlying infections. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to replace lost bone or to stabilize the teeth. It is important to seek treatment for alveolar bone loss as soon as possible to prevent further damage and to maintain good oral health.

An odontoma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that develops in the jawbone, typically in the molars or premolars area. It is made up of abnormal tooth tissue, including enamel, dentin, and cementum, and can range in size from a small nodule to a large mass that can affect the surrounding teeth and jawbone. Odontomas are usually discovered during routine dental check-ups, and they are more common in children and young adults. While they are not typically painful, they can cause problems if they grow large enough to crowd other teeth or cause damage to the jawbone. Treatment for odontomas typically involves surgical removal, which is usually a straightforward procedure. In some cases, if the odontoma is small and not causing any problems, it may not require treatment.

An osteoma is a benign (non-cancerous) bone tumor that arises from the periosteum, which is the layer of tissue that covers the surface of bones. Osteomas are typically slow-growing and may remain asymptomatic for many years. They can occur in any bone in the body, but are most commonly found in the skull, particularly in the frontal and ethmoid sinuses. There are two types of osteomas: solitary osteomas, which are single tumors, and multiple osteomas, which are multiple tumors that occur in the same bone or in different bones. Solitary osteomas are more common than multiple osteomas. Symptoms of osteomas may include headaches, facial pain, nasal congestion, and vision problems if the tumor is located in the skull or sinuses. Treatment for osteomas typically involves surgical removal, although in some cases, the tumor may be monitored if it is small and not causing any symptoms.

Prognathism is a medical term that refers to an abnormal forward projection of the lower jaw, also known as a prognathic jaw. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, hormonal imbalances, and certain medical conditions. Prognathism can affect both the upper and lower jaws, and it can cause a number of symptoms, including difficulty chewing, difficulty speaking, and problems with breathing. In severe cases, prognathism can also cause cosmetic issues, such as an unattractive facial profile. Treatment for prognathism typically involves orthodontic therapy, which involves wearing braces or other appliances to gradually move the jaw into a more normal position. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct the condition.

Osteolysis, essential is a medical condition characterized by the gradual breakdown and destruction of bone tissue. It is a common complication of certain medical conditions, such as osteoporosis, and can also occur as a result of long-term use of certain medications, such as corticosteroids. Essential osteolysis is typically caused by an imbalance between the processes of bone formation and resorption, which leads to an excess of bone breakdown and a decrease in bone density. This can result in the formation of bone cysts, which are fluid-filled cavities in the bone, and can cause pain, swelling, and weakness in the affected area. Treatment for essential osteolysis typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, such as stopping the use of medications that contribute to bone breakdown or treating the underlying medical condition. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help slow down bone breakdown or promote bone growth. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged bone or to fuse together bones that have become separated.

Malocclusion is a term used in the medical field to describe a misalignment or improper fit of the teeth. It can refer to a variety of conditions, including overbite, underbite, crossbite, open bite, and spacing problems. Malocclusion can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, and habits such as thumb sucking or mouth breathing. Malocclusion can lead to a number of problems, including difficulty chewing, speech problems, and jaw pain. Treatment options for malocclusion may include orthodontic appliances such as braces or clear aligners, orthognathic surgery, or a combination of both.

Jaw diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the jawbone, the muscles of the jaw, and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). These conditions can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty chewing or speaking. Some common jaw diseases include: 1. Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD): This is a group of conditions that affect the TMJ, which is the joint that connects the lower jaw to the skull. TMD can cause pain, stiffness, and limited movement of the jaw. 2. Periodontal disease: This is a bacterial infection that affects the gums and bone that support the teeth. If left untreated, periodontal disease can lead to tooth loss and damage to the jawbone. 3. Osteoarthritis: This is a degenerative joint disease that can affect the TMJ, causing pain, stiffness, and limited movement. 4. Osteomyelitis: This is an infection of the bone, which can affect the jawbone and cause pain, swelling, and fever. 5. Fibrous dysplasia: This is a rare bone disorder that can affect the jawbone, causing pain, swelling, and deformity. 6. Giant cell tumor: This is a rare tumor that can affect the jawbone, causing pain, swelling, and deformity. Treatment for jaw diseases depends on the specific condition and may include medications, physical therapy, braces, or surgery. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent pain or difficulty chewing or speaking.

In the medical field, an "impacted tooth" refers to a tooth that is unable to fully emerge from the gums due to a lack of space or obstruction. This can occur in any of the three main types of teeth: incisors, canines, and molars. There are several reasons why a tooth may become impacted. One common cause is a lack of space in the jawbone, which can occur due to genetics or developmental issues. Other factors that can contribute to tooth impaction include cysts, tumors, or other abnormalities in the jawbone. Impacted teeth can cause a variety of problems, including pain, swelling, and infection. In some cases, an impacted tooth may also damage neighboring teeth or lead to gum disease. Treatment options for impacted teeth depend on the severity of the problem and may include extraction, orthodontic treatment, or surgery to remove the obstruction preventing the tooth from emerging.

Cementoma is a rare benign tumor that arises from the cementum, which is the hard, calcified tissue that covers the roots of teeth. It typically occurs in the jawbone, particularly in the posterior mandible (lower jaw) and maxilla (upper jaw). Cementomas are usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms until they become large enough to cause pressure on surrounding structures or cause pain. They are usually diagnosed through imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment for cementomas typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, which may involve the removal of the affected tooth or jawbone. In some cases, cementomas may recur after surgery, and additional treatment may be necessary.

In the medical field, "Jaw, Edentulous, Partially" refers to a condition where a person has lost some, but not all, of their teeth in the upper or lower jaw. The term "edentulous" means toothless, so "Jaw, Edentulous, Partially" indicates that the person has some remaining teeth in the jaw. This condition is also known as partial edentulism. Partial edentulism can be caused by a variety of factors, including tooth decay, gum disease, injury, or aging. Treatment options for partial edentulism may include dental implants, bridges, dentures, or a combination of these. The specific treatment plan will depend on the individual's specific needs and the condition of their remaining teeth and gums.

In the medical field, "Mouth, Edentulous" refers to a condition where an individual has lost all of their natural teeth. This can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay, gum disease, injury, or aging. An edentulous mouth can affect an individual's ability to chew, speak, and maintain good oral hygiene. Treatment options for an edentulous mouth may include dentures, dental implants, or other prosthetic devices to replace missing teeth and restore function and aesthetics.

Malocclusion, Angle Class I is a dental term used to describe a specific type of misalignment of the teeth. It is one of the three main classifications of malocclusion, the other two being Angle Class II and Angle Class III. In an Angle Class I malocclusion, the upper and lower teeth are aligned in a way that allows the upper front teeth to overlap the lower front teeth when the mouth is closed. This is considered to be the most ideal and natural position for the teeth, as it allows for proper chewing and speaking. However, even in an Angle Class I malocclusion, there may be some degree of misalignment or crowding of the teeth. In these cases, orthodontic treatment may be recommended to correct the alignment and improve the overall appearance of the teeth. It is important to note that malocclusion, Angle Class I is not a medical condition, but rather a dental one. It is typically diagnosed by a dentist or orthodontist and treated with orthodontic appliances such as braces or clear aligners.

In the medical field, overbite refers to a condition where the upper front teeth overlap or protrude beyond the lower front teeth when the mouth is closed. This can cause the lower jaw to appear smaller or receded, and can also lead to problems with chewing, speaking, and biting. Overbite can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, poor oral habits, and developmental issues. Treatment options for overbite may include orthodontic appliances, such as braces or retainers, or surgery in severe cases.

Gingival neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the gums, which are the soft tissues that line the inner surface of the mouth. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can occur in both adults and children. Gingival neoplasms can be further classified into several types, including: 1. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that are made up of connective tissue. 2. Epulis fissuratum: This is a benign growth that occurs on the gums near a tooth. 3. Pyogenic granuloma: This is a benign growth that occurs in response to an injury or irritation to the gums. 4. Leukoplakia: This is a white patch or plaque that develops on the gums, tongue, or other areas of the mouth. It can be caused by smoking, tobacco use, or other factors. 5. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: This is a type of cancer that develops in the cells that line the inside of the mouth, including the gums. Gingival neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including swelling, redness, bleeding, pain, and difficulty chewing or speaking. Treatment for gingival neoplasms depends on the type and severity of the growth, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. It is important to seek prompt medical attention if you notice any changes in your gums or mouth.

A granuloma, giant cell is a type of inflammatory response that involves the formation of a mass of immune cells, including giant cells, in response to an infectious agent or foreign substance. The term "giant cell" refers to the large, multinucleated cells that are characteristic of this type of inflammation. Giant cell granulomas are typically seen in the lungs, where they can form in response to a variety of stimuli, including bacteria, fungi, and certain types of inhaled particles. They can also occur in other parts of the body, such as the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Giant cell granulomas are usually benign and do not cause any symptoms unless they become large enough to compress surrounding tissues. In some cases, they may resolve on their own, while in other cases, treatment may be necessary to remove the granuloma or to treat the underlying cause of the inflammation.

Craniofacial abnormalities refer to any structural deformities or disorders that affect the development or function of the skull, face, and associated structures. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or may develop later in life due to injury, disease, or other factors. Examples of craniofacial abnormalities include cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis (premature fusion of skull bones), microcephaly (abnormally small head), craniofacial dysostosis (disorders affecting the development of the skull and facial bones), and facial paralysis. Craniofacial abnormalities can have a significant impact on an individual's physical appearance, speech, hearing, and overall quality of life. Treatment options may include surgery, orthodontics, speech therapy, and other interventions depending on the specific condition and severity.

Jaw fractures refer to a break or crack in one or both bones of the jaw, which are located in the lower part of the face. The jaw bones, also known as the mandible, are responsible for supporting the teeth and allowing the mouth to open and close. Jaw fractures can occur as a result of trauma, such as a blow to the face, or from other medical conditions, such as osteoporosis or tumors. Symptoms of a jaw fracture may include pain, swelling, difficulty opening or closing the mouth, and misalignment of the teeth. Treatment for jaw fractures may involve the use of a splint or brace to hold the jaw in place, as well as pain medication and antibiotics to prevent infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the fracture and realign the jaw.

Cherubism is a rare genetic disorder that affects the bones of the face, particularly the jaw and cheekbones. It is characterized by the development of large, rounded, and bony growths on the face, which can cause the face to appear swollen or misshapen. These growths, called "cherubism-like" lesions, are caused by an overproduction of bone tissue by the body's cells. Cherubism is usually diagnosed in children between the ages of 2 and 10 years old, and it is more common in boys than in girls. The disorder is caused by a mutation in the SH3BP2 gene, which is responsible for regulating the growth and development of bone tissue. There is no cure for cherubism, but treatment is usually focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. This may include medications to reduce inflammation, surgery to remove the growths, and physical therapy to help with speech and swallowing difficulties. In some cases, treatment may also include dental care to address problems with the teeth and gums.

Tooth abnormalities refer to any deviation from the normal structure, shape, or function of teeth. These abnormalities can be congenital, meaning present at birth, or acquired later in life due to injury, disease, or other factors. Some common examples of tooth abnormalities include: 1. Malocclusion: This refers to an incorrect alignment of the teeth, which can cause problems with chewing, speaking, and overall oral health. 2. Tooth decay: This occurs when bacteria in the mouth produce acid that erodes the tooth enamel, leading to cavities and other dental problems. 3. Tooth sensitivity: This can be caused by a variety of factors, including tooth decay, gum disease, or exposure of the tooth root. 4. Tooth erosion: This occurs when the tooth enamel is worn away due to acid from the stomach or other sources. 5. Tooth discoloration: This can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, age, smoking, or certain medications. 6. Tooth abnormalities due to injury: This can include chips, cracks, or fractures in the tooth, as well as missing teeth. 7. Tooth abnormalities due to disease: This can include conditions such as periodontitis (gum disease), which can cause tooth loss, or oral cancer, which can affect the shape and function of the teeth. Treatment for tooth abnormalities depends on the specific condition and may include dental procedures such as fillings, crowns, bridges, or implants, as well as lifestyle changes such as improving oral hygiene habits or quitting smoking.

Desmoplastic fibroma is a rare, benign (non-cancerous) tumor that typically affects the jawbone. It is also known as ossifying fibroma or fibrous dysplasia. The tumor is characterized by the overproduction of fibrous tissue, which replaces the normal bone tissue in the affected area. This can lead to the formation of a hard, bony mass that can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty chewing or speaking. Desmoplastic fibroma is usually diagnosed in young adults, although it can occur in children as well. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, although in some cases, the tumor may be monitored with regular imaging studies to ensure that it does not grow or cause any problems.

Facial injuries refer to any type of damage or trauma that affects the structures of the face, including the skin, bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. These injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, such as accidents, falls, assaults, sports injuries, or surgery. Facial injuries can range from minor cuts and bruises to more severe injuries that can result in disfigurement, loss of function, or even death. Some common types of facial injuries include: 1. Fractures: These occur when the bones of the face are broken or cracked. Fractures can be open or closed, and may involve one or more bones in the face. 2. Lacerations: These are deep cuts or tears in the skin that can result from trauma or surgery. 3. Contusions: These are bruises that occur when blood vessels are damaged and blood leaks into the surrounding tissue. 4. Disfigurement: This refers to any type of permanent or temporary damage to the face that results in a change in appearance or function. 5. Nerve damage: This can occur when the nerves that control facial muscles are damaged, resulting in weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles. 6. Dental injuries: These can occur when the teeth are damaged or knocked out as a result of trauma to the face. Treatment for facial injuries depends on the severity of the injury and the specific structures that are affected. Treatment may include surgery, physical therapy, medications, or other interventions to promote healing and restore function.

Osteonecrosis is a medical condition characterized by the death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply to the bone. It can occur in any bone in the body, but it is most commonly seen in the femoral head (the ball-shaped portion of the hip joint) and the upper end of the tibia (the shinbone). Osteonecrosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, alcohol abuse, long-term use of corticosteroids, and certain medical conditions such as sickle cell disease and hypercoagulability disorders. The condition can also occur spontaneously, without an apparent cause. Symptoms of osteonecrosis may include pain in the affected bone, difficulty walking or bearing weight, and swelling or tenderness in the affected area. In some cases, osteonecrosis may be asymptomatic and only discovered through imaging tests such as X-rays or MRI. Treatment for osteonecrosis depends on the severity and location of the affected bone, as well as the underlying cause of the condition. Options may include medications to reduce pain and inflammation, physical therapy, and surgery to remove damaged bone or to fuse the joint. In some cases, a hip or knee replacement may be necessary.

Hyperostosis is a medical term that refers to an abnormal increase in bone density or thickness, usually in response to increased stress or pressure on the bone. It can occur in any bone in the body, but is most commonly seen in the spine, pelvis, and long bones of the limbs. Hyperostosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, infection, and certain medical conditions such as Paget's disease or fibrous dysplasia. It can also be a normal response to aging or physical activity. In some cases, hyperostosis may cause symptoms such as pain, stiffness, or limited range of motion. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery.

Fibrous dysplasia, monostotic, is a rare bone disorder that affects only one bone in the body. It occurs when the normal bone tissue is replaced with a mixture of fibrous and abnormal bone tissue, which can cause the bone to weaken and become fragile. This can lead to bone pain, deformities, and an increased risk of fractures. The most commonly affected bones are the femur, tibia, and pelvis, but the disorder can affect any bone in the body. The exact cause of fibrous dysplasia is not known, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations. Treatment for fibrous dysplasia typically involves managing symptoms and preventing complications, such as fractures. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace affected bones.

Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMDs) are a group of conditions that affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which is the joint that connects the lower jaw (mandible) to the skull. TMDs can cause pain, stiffness, and limited movement in the jaw, as well as other symptoms such as headaches, earaches, and neck pain. TMDs can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, arthritis, teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism), and stress. They can also be related to other medical conditions, such as fibromyalgia or temporomandibular joint ankylosis. Treatment for TMDs depends on the underlying cause and the severity of symptoms. It may include medications, physical therapy, bite guards or splints, and in some cases, surgery. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional, such as an oral and maxillofacial surgeon or a dentist, if you are experiencing symptoms of TMDs.

Tooth attrition is the gradual wearing down of the tooth enamel and dentin caused by normal tooth-to-tooth contact during chewing, grinding, or clenching. It is a natural process that occurs throughout a person's life, and it can be accelerated by factors such as bruxism (teeth grinding), acid erosion, and aging. Tooth attrition can lead to a variety of dental problems, including sensitivity, cracking, and even tooth loss. It can also affect the shape and size of the teeth, which can impact the way they fit together and affect the function of the jaw. In some cases, tooth attrition may require dental treatment, such as tooth crowns, fillings, or root canal therapy. Preventive measures, such as wearing a mouthguard during sports or sleep, can also help to reduce the risk of tooth attrition.

In the medical field, a supernumerary tooth is a tooth that is present in addition to the normal number of teeth for an individual. Supernumerary teeth can occur in any part of the mouth, but they are most commonly found in the maxillary (upper) premolar region. Supernumerary teeth can be classified based on their location and shape. The most common types are: 1. Mesiodens: This is a supernumerary tooth that is located between the two central incisors. It is the most common type of supernumerary tooth. 2. Paramolar: This is a supernumerary tooth that is located next to the first molar. 3. Distomolar: This is a supernumerary tooth that is located next to the second molar. 4. Accessory: This is a supernumerary tooth that is located anywhere else in the mouth. Supernumerary teeth can cause a variety of problems, including crowding, misalignment, and impaction. They may also lead to dental caries (cavities) if they are not properly cared for. Treatment options for supernumerary teeth depend on their location, size, and whether they are causing any problems. In some cases, they may need to be removed surgically.

In the medical field, a cadaver refers to a dead human body that has been donated for the purpose of medical education, research, or training. Cadavers are often used in anatomy classes, surgical training, and other medical education programs to help students and professionals learn about the human body and its structures. The process of donating a body for medical use is known as body donation or anatomical donation. It involves signing a consent form and making arrangements with a medical school or other organization that accepts body donations. The body is then prepared for use through a process called embalming, which involves preserving the body with chemicals to prevent decay and decomposition. Cadavers are an important resource in medical education and research, as they provide a way for students and professionals to study the human body in detail and gain hands-on experience with surgical procedures and other medical techniques.

Oral hemorrhage refers to bleeding in the mouth or gums. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, infection, inflammation, or underlying medical conditions such as blood disorders or certain medications. The severity of oral hemorrhage can range from minor bleeding that can be easily controlled with pressure or a clotting agent to severe bleeding that requires immediate medical attention. Treatment for oral hemorrhage depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions.

In the medical field, diastema refers to a gap or space between the teeth, particularly the front teeth. This gap can occur due to a variety of factors, including genetics, tooth loss, injury, or the presence of a tongue tie. Diastema can affect both the upper and lower teeth and can be present at birth or develop over time. In some cases, diastema may require treatment, such as orthodontic therapy or dental bonding, to improve the appearance and function of the teeth.

Maxillary fractures refer to fractures or breaks in the maxilla bone, which is the upper jawbone. The maxilla is a complex bone that supports the upper teeth and forms the upper part of the face. It is also involved in the formation of the nasal cavity and the roof of the mouth. Maxillary fractures can occur as a result of trauma, such as a blow to the face, or as a complication of other medical conditions, such as osteoporosis or tumors. Symptoms of a maxillary fracture may include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty opening the mouth, and changes in the appearance of the face. Diagnosis of a maxillary fracture typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment options for maxillary fractures may include conservative measures, such as pain management and the use of a splint, or surgical intervention, such as the use of plates and screws to stabilize the bone. The specific treatment approach will depend on the severity and location of the fracture, as well as the overall health of the patient.

Anodontia is a medical condition characterized by the absence of teeth in one or more areas of the mouth. It can be a congenital condition, meaning that a person is born without teeth, or it can develop later in life due to injury, disease, or other factors. Anodontia can affect the upper or lower jaw, or both, and can range from mild to severe. In severe cases, a person may have no teeth at all. Anodontia can have a significant impact on a person's ability to chew, speak, and maintain good oral hygiene, and may require treatment such as dental implants or dentures.

Chondrosarcoma, mesenchymal is a type of cancer that arises from the mesenchymal cells, which are a type of connective tissue cell that can differentiate into various types of cells, including bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle cells. Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a rare and aggressive form of bone cancer that typically affects the long bones of the arms and legs, although it can also occur in the pelvis, spine, and other bones. The cancer cells in mesenchymal chondrosarcoma produce a hard, bony material called chondroid matrix, which can form tumors in the bone. These tumors can be small or large and can cause pain, swelling, and other symptoms. In some cases, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma can spread to other parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, and brain. Treatment for mesenchymal chondrosarcoma typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for mesenchymal chondrosarcoma depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, the stage of the cancer, and the patient's overall health.

Trigeminal nerve injuries refer to any damage or dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve, which is the largest and most complex cranial nerve in the human body. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensation and motor function in the face, including the eyes, nose, mouth, and teeth. Trigeminal nerve injuries can occur as a result of various factors, including trauma, tumors, infections, and degenerative diseases. Symptoms of trigeminal nerve injuries may include facial pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, and difficulty with facial expression or chewing. Treatment for trigeminal nerve injuries depends on the underlying cause and severity of the injury. In some cases, conservative treatments such as medication, physical therapy, or nerve blocks may be effective. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged nerve tissue.

Osteomyelitis is a type of bone infection that occurs when bacteria enter the bone and cause inflammation and damage to the bone tissue. It can affect any bone in the body, but it is most commonly seen in the long bones of the arms and legs, as well as in the spine and pelvis. Osteomyelitis can be acute or chronic, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial infections, fungal infections, and viral infections. It can also be caused by traumatic injuries, such as fractures or punctures, or by medical procedures, such as surgery or the insertion of a catheter. Symptoms of osteomyelitis may include fever, chills, fatigue, and pain in the affected bone. In some cases, there may be no symptoms at all until the infection has progressed significantly. Treatment for osteomyelitis typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or to drain abscesses. Physical therapy may also be recommended to help restore strength and mobility to the affected bone.

Hyperostosis, Cortical, Congenital is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal thickening of the outer layer of bone (cortex) in the skull. It is a type of bone overgrowth that is present at birth (congenital) and is typically seen in the frontal and parietal bones of the skull. The exact cause of hyperostosis, cortical, congenital is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to genetic factors. It is usually a benign condition and does not cause any symptoms or health problems. However, in some cases, it can cause cosmetic concerns or interfere with the growth of the brain. Treatment for hyperostosis, cortical, congenital is usually not necessary, as it does not cause any health problems. In cases where cosmetic concerns are significant, surgery may be considered to remove the excess bone. However, this is typically only done if the condition is causing significant symptoms or if it is affecting the patient's quality of life.

Myofibroma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from the smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts in the connective tissue of the body. It is most commonly found in the head and neck region, particularly in the muscles of the eyelids, lips, and tongue. Myofibromas can also occur in other parts of the body, such as the chest, abdomen, and extremities. They are usually small, firm, and painless, and may grow slowly over time. In some cases, myofibromas can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, breathing, or speaking, depending on their location. Treatment for myofibromas typically involves surgical removal, although in some cases, they may resolve on their own or with medical management.

Periapical diseases are a group of dental conditions that affect the tissues surrounding the root of a tooth. These diseases are caused by infections that originate in the pulp chamber of the tooth, which contains the nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue of the tooth. The infection can spread from the pulp chamber to the surrounding tissues, including the bone and gum, leading to inflammation and other complications. There are several types of periapical diseases, including: 1. Periapical abscess: This is an infection that forms a pocket of pus around the root of a tooth. It can cause pain, swelling, and redness in the gums, as well as fever and other systemic symptoms. 2. Periapical cyst: This is a fluid-filled sac that forms around the root of a tooth. It is usually asymptomatic but can cause damage to the surrounding bone and teeth if left untreated. 3. Periapical granuloma: This is a chronic inflammatory response to an infection in the pulp chamber of a tooth. It is usually asymptomatic but can cause pain and swelling if it becomes infected. 4. Periapical periodontitis: This is a chronic infection that affects the tissues surrounding the root of a tooth, including the gum and bone. It can cause pain, swelling, and tooth loss if left untreated. Treatment for periapical diseases typically involves root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected pulp from the tooth and cleaning and sealing the canal to prevent further infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected tissue or drain an abscess.

Maxillofacial injuries refer to injuries that affect the bones, muscles, and soft tissues of the face and jaw. These injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma from accidents, sports injuries, or violence. Maxillofacial injuries can range from minor cuts and bruises to more severe fractures, dislocations, and lacerations that can affect the function and appearance of the face. Treatment for maxillofacial injuries may involve surgery, rehabilitation, and other medical interventions to restore function and appearance to the affected area.

In the medical field, an open bite is a type of malocclusion, which refers to a misalignment of the teeth. In an open bite, the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly when the mouth is closed, leaving a gap or space between them. This can occur in both the anterior (front) and posterior (back) regions of the mouth. Open bite can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, poor oral habits (such as thumb-sucking or tongue thrusting), dental trauma, or developmental issues. It can also be a symptom of certain medical conditions, such as cleft palate or craniofacial abnormalities. Open bite can affect a person's ability to chew, speak, and breathe properly, as well as their appearance. Treatment options for open bite may include orthodontic appliances, such as braces or retainers, surgery, or a combination of both. The specific treatment approach will depend on the underlying cause of the open bite and the severity of the condition.

Aneurysmal bone cysts are benign (non-cancerous) bone tumors that occur most commonly in children and young adults. They are characterized by the presence of a fluid-filled sac (cyst) in the bone, which can cause the bone to weaken and become fragile. The cysts are often found in the long bones of the arms and legs, but can also occur in the spine, pelvis, and other bones. Aneurysmal bone cysts are thought to be caused by abnormal blood vessel growth in the bone. The cysts can grow rapidly and cause pain, swelling, and bone deformities. In some cases, the cysts may also cause fractures or other complications. Treatment for aneurysmal bone cysts typically involves draining the fluid from the cyst and then filling the cyst with a substance that helps to stabilize the bone. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the cyst or stabilize the affected bone. The prognosis for aneurysmal bone cysts is generally good, and most people are able to recover fully with appropriate treatment.

Mouth neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the mouth, including the lips, tongue, gums, palate, and throat. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can occur in any part of the mouth. Mouth neoplasms can be further classified based on their type, including: 1. Squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of mouth cancer and usually develops on the lips, tongue, or floor of the mouth. 2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This type of cancer usually develops in the salivary glands and can spread to other parts of the mouth and neck. 3. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that develops in the salivary glands and can spread to other parts of the mouth and neck. 4. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of cancer usually develops on the lips and can spread to other parts of the mouth and neck. 5. Melanoma: This is a type of cancer that develops in the melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) of the mouth. Mouth neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, difficulty swallowing, changes in the appearance of the mouth, and bleeding. Treatment options for mouth neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Fibrous dysplasia of bone is a rare genetic disorder that affects the normal development of bone tissue. It is characterized by the replacement of normal bone with abnormal fibrous tissue, which can lead to weakened bones that are prone to fractures and deformities. Fibrous dysplasia can affect one or more bones in the body, and the severity of the condition can vary widely. In some cases, the disorder may only affect a single bone, while in other cases it can affect multiple bones and cause significant disability. There are two main types of fibrous dysplasia: monostotic and polyostotic. Monostotic fibrous dysplasia affects a single bone, while polyostotic fibrous dysplasia affects multiple bones. In some cases, fibrous dysplasia can also be associated with other conditions, such as McCune-Albright syndrome. Treatment for fibrous dysplasia depends on the severity of the condition and the specific bones affected. In some cases, treatment may involve surgery to repair or replace affected bones, while in other cases medications or other therapies may be used to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Sotos Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects growth and development. It is characterized by tall stature, large head size, and distinctive facial features, such as a prominent forehead, large ears, and a long, thin face. People with Sotos Syndrome may also have intellectual disability, delayed speech and language development, and behavioral problems. The syndrome is caused by a mutation in the NSD1 gene, which is located on the long arm of chromosome 5. Sotos Syndrome is usually diagnosed in early childhood, and there is no cure for the disorder. Treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and providing support for the individual's physical, cognitive, and emotional needs.

In the medical field, an "unerupted tooth" refers to a tooth that has not yet broken through the gums and become visible in the mouth. This can happen for a variety of reasons, including genetic factors, hormonal changes, or dental problems that prevent the tooth from erupting properly. Unerupted teeth can be found in both children and adults, and they can affect the alignment and spacing of the teeth in the mouth. In some cases, an unerupted tooth may need to be surgically removed or guided into the correct position in order to prevent dental problems such as overcrowding or malocclusion.

Gingival hyperplasia is a medical condition characterized by an excessive growth of the gums, also known as the gingiva. It can occur due to a variety of factors, including hormonal changes, certain medications, and chronic inflammation of the gums. Gingival hyperplasia can cause the gums to become red, swollen, and tender, and may also lead to the formation of pockets between the gums and teeth, which can harbor bacteria and increase the risk of gum disease. In severe cases, the excessive growth of the gums can interfere with chewing and speaking, and may require surgical treatment to correct. Treatment for gingival hyperplasia typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as discontinuing a medication or managing hormonal changes. In some cases, a dentist or periodontist may perform a procedure called gingivectomy, which involves removing excess gum tissue to improve oral health and aesthetics.

Diphosphonates are a class of medications that are commonly used in the medical field to treat a variety of conditions related to bone health. They work by inhibiting the activity of enzymes that are involved in the breakdown of bone tissue, which can help to slow down the rate of bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures. Diphosphonates are often used to treat osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones become weak and brittle due to a lack of calcium and other minerals. They may also be used to treat Paget's disease of the bone, a condition in which the bones become abnormally thick and weak due to an overproduction of bone tissue. Diphosphonates are typically taken orally in the form of tablets or capsules. They may be prescribed on a short-term or long-term basis, depending on the specific condition being treated and the individual patient's needs. It is important to follow the instructions provided by your healthcare provider carefully when taking diphosphonates, as they can have side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Jaw abnormalities refer to any deviation from the normal structure, function, or development of the jawbone or the muscles, ligaments, and joints that control its movement. These abnormalities can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developing later in life) and can affect the upper or lower jawbone, or both. Some common examples of jaw abnormalities include: 1. Malocclusion: This refers to an incorrect alignment of the teeth, which can cause problems with chewing, speaking, and overall oral health. 2. Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ): This is a condition that affects the joint that connects the jawbone to the skull, causing pain, stiffness, and limited movement. 3. Cleft palate: This is a birth defect that affects the roof of the mouth, causing difficulty with eating, speaking, and breathing. 4. Jawbone abnormalities: These can include conditions such as osteoporosis, which can cause the jawbone to become weak and brittle, or tumors, which can cause the jawbone to grow abnormally. Jaw abnormalities can be treated with a variety of methods, depending on the specific condition and severity. These may include orthodontic treatment, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Osteosclerosis is a medical condition characterized by the hardening and thickening of bones. It is a type of bone disease that occurs when the normal process of bone remodeling is disrupted, leading to an excess of bone formation and a decrease in bone resorption. In osteosclerosis, the bones become dense and brittle, making them more prone to fractures. The condition can affect any bone in the body, but it is most commonly seen in the spine, pelvis, and skull. There are several types of osteosclerosis, including primary osteosclerosis, which is a genetic disorder, and secondary osteosclerosis, which is caused by other medical conditions such as kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, or vitamin D deficiency. Treatment for osteosclerosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise may be sufficient to manage the symptoms. In more severe cases, medications or surgery may be necessary to prevent fractures and improve mobility.

A fibroma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that consists of fibrous connective tissue. It is a common type of tumor that can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, breast, uterus, and digestive tract. Fibromas can be classified into several types based on their location and characteristics. For example, a skin fibroma is a raised, flesh-colored bump that is usually painless and grows slowly. A breast fibroma is a benign tumor that develops in the breast tissue and can cause breast pain or discomfort. A uterine fibroma is a non-cancerous growth that develops in the uterus and can cause heavy bleeding during menstruation. Fibromas are usually diagnosed through physical examination and medical imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment for fibromas depends on the size, location, and symptoms associated with the tumor. Small fibromas may not require any treatment, while larger fibromas may be removed surgically. In some cases, medications may be used to manage symptoms such as pain or heavy bleeding.

A radicular cyst is a type of cyst that forms in the root of a tooth. It is also known as a dental cyst or a periapical cyst. The cyst is usually caused by an infection or inflammation in the pulp of the tooth, which is the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The infection or inflammation can lead to the formation of a fluid-filled sac around the root of the tooth, which is the radicular cyst. Radicular cysts are usually painless, but they can cause swelling and discomfort in the gums and jaw. If left untreated, they can grow in size and cause damage to the surrounding bone and teeth. Treatment for radicular cysts typically involves the removal of the affected tooth and the cyst. In some cases, the cyst may be drained and treated with antibiotics.

Methyl Green is a dye that is commonly used in the medical field for staining and differentiating various types of cells and tissues. It is a basic dye that stains acidic structures such as nuclei, mitochondria, and lysosomes green. In histology, Methyl Green is often used in combination with other stains, such as eosin, to create a differential stain that allows for the visualization of different cell types and structures. It is also used in microbiology to stain bacteria and other microorganisms. In addition to its use in staining, Methyl Green has also been used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in the past, although its use for this purpose has largely been replaced by other, safer agents.

Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein (IBSP) is a protein that plays a role in bone formation and remodeling. It is also known as osteoblast-specific factor 2 (OSF-2) or bone sialoprotein (BSP). IBSP is synthesized by osteoblasts, which are cells responsible for forming new bone tissue, and is secreted into the extracellular matrix where it binds to integrins, which are cell surface receptors that mediate cell adhesion and migration. IBSP has been shown to regulate bone mineralization, cell proliferation, and differentiation, and is involved in the formation of the dentin matrix in teeth. It is also expressed in other tissues, including the placenta, lung, and kidney, where it may play a role in tissue development and repair.

Gingival diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the gums, which are the tissues that surround and support the teeth. These diseases can range from mild inflammation to severe infections that can lead to tooth loss. Some common types of gingival diseases include: 1. Gingivitis: This is the mildest form of gum disease and is caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis. 2. Periodontitis: This is a more severe form of gum disease that involves the destruction of the gums and the bone that supports the teeth. It is caused by the same bacteria that cause gingivitis, but it is more difficult to treat. 3. Receding gums: This is a condition in which the gums pull away from the teeth, exposing more of the tooth surface. It can be caused by gum disease, brushing too hard, or genetics. 4. Gingival hyperplasia: This is a condition in which the gums become abnormally thick and may overgrow the teeth. It can be caused by certain medications, hormonal changes, or genetic factors. 5. Gingival recession: This is a condition in which the gums pull away from the teeth, exposing more of the tooth surface. It can be caused by gum disease, brushing too hard, or genetics. Gingival diseases can be treated with good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing and flossing regularly, and by seeing a dentist or periodontist for regular cleanings and check-ups. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or to reshape the gums.

MSX1 Transcription Factor is a protein that plays a role in the development of various organs and tissues in the human body. It is a transcription factor, which means that it helps to regulate the expression of other genes by binding to specific DNA sequences. MSX1 is involved in the development of the craniofacial region, including the eyes, ears, and mouth, as well as the limbs and the skeleton. It is also important for the development of the lungs and the digestive system. Mutations in the MSX1 gene can lead to a variety of developmental disorders, including cleft palate, cleft lip, and limb abnormalities. These disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's health and quality of life. In the medical field, MSX1 is studied as a potential target for the development of new treatments for these and other disorders. Understanding the role of MSX1 in development and disease can help researchers develop more effective therapies and improve patient outcomes.

Mouth breathing is a condition in which a person breathes primarily through their mouth, rather than through their nose. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including nasal congestion, allergies, a deviated septum, or structural abnormalities in the nose or mouth. In the medical field, mouth breathing can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as sleep apnea or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It can also be a symptom of a more serious condition, such as a tumor or foreign object in the nasal passages. Mouth breathing can have a number of negative effects on a person's health, including dry mouth, tooth decay, and snoring. It can also lead to a variety of respiratory problems, such as asthma and bronchitis. Treatment for mouth breathing depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, it may be as simple as using nasal decongestants or saline sprays to relieve nasal congestion. In other cases, more invasive treatments may be necessary, such as surgery to correct structural abnormalities in the nose or mouth.

Cephapirin is an antibiotic medication that belongs to the cephalosporin class of drugs. It is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including skin infections, respiratory infections, and urinary tract infections. Cephapirin works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, which helps to kill the bacteria or prevent them from multiplying and causing further infection. It is typically administered orally or intravenously, depending on the severity of the infection and the patient's condition. Like all antibiotics, cephapirin should only be used to treat bacterial infections and should not be used to treat viral infections or other types of infections. It is important to follow the dosing instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to complete the full course of treatment, even if you start to feel better before the medication is finished.

Goldenhar syndrome, also known as oculoauriculovertebral spectrum (OAVS), is a congenital disorder that affects the development of the face, ears, and spine. It is characterized by a range of symptoms that can vary widely in severity and may include: 1. Malformations of the ears, such as microtia (underdeveloped or absent ears) or a cleft ear canal. 2. Abnormalities of the eyes, such as coloboma (a hole in the iris or retina) or ptosis (drooping eyelids). 3. Defects in the formation of the jaw, such as a cleft palate or a small chin. 4. Abnormalities of the spine, such as scoliosis (curvature of the spine) or spina bifida (an opening in the spine). 5. Other symptoms, such as a small head, a cleft lip, or a heart defect. Goldenhar syndrome is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the development of the face and other parts of the body. It is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that a person only needs to inherit one copy of the mutated gene from one parent to develop the condition. However, in some cases, Goldenhar syndrome can occur spontaneously without any family history of the condition.

An odontogenic cyst is a type of cyst that forms in the jawbone and is associated with the development of teeth. Calcifying odontogenic cysts are a specific type of odontogenic cyst that contain calcifications within their lining. These calcifications can be in the form of calcium deposits or bone-like structures. Calcifying odontogenic cysts are relatively uncommon and typically occur in the mandible (lower jaw) in adults. They are usually asymptomatic and are often discovered incidentally on radiographic imaging. Treatment for calcifying odontogenic cysts typically involves surgical removal of the cyst and the affected tooth or teeth. In some cases, the cyst may recur after surgery.

Cleft palate is a birth defect that affects the roof of the mouth, causing a split or cleft in the palate. The palate is the bony structure that separates the mouth from the nasal cavity. In a cleft palate, the roof of the mouth is not fully formed, leaving a gap or opening that can affect speech, eating, and breathing. There are two types of cleft palate: non-syndromic and syndromic. Non-syndromic cleft palate occurs on its own and does not have any other associated medical conditions. Syndromic cleft palate is associated with other medical conditions, such as Down syndrome or Pierre Robin syndrome. Cleft palate can be repaired through surgery, typically performed in infancy or early childhood. The surgery involves closing the gap in the palate and reconstructing the surrounding tissues. Speech therapy may also be necessary to help the child learn to speak clearly.

Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid is a type of cancer that originates in the mucus-producing cells of the salivary glands. It is a rare type of salivary gland cancer, accounting for about 10% of all salivary gland cancers. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma can occur in any of the salivary glands, but it is most commonly found in the parotid gland, which is located in front of the ear. The cancer cells in mucoepidermoid carcinoma can vary in appearance and function, which can affect the behavior and treatment of the cancer. Symptoms of mucoepidermoid carcinoma may include a lump or mass in the neck or mouth, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, and facial weakness. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRI, and a biopsy of the affected tissue. Treatment for mucoepidermoid carcinoma may include surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal connections between arteries and veins that are not part of the normal circulatory system. These connections can cause blood to flow directly from arteries to veins, bypassing the capillaries where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with the body's tissues. AVMs can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most commonly found in the brain, spinal cord, and liver. They can be congenital, meaning they are present at birth, or they can develop later in life. AVMs can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their location and size. In the brain, they can cause headaches, seizures, and strokes. In the spinal cord, they can cause weakness, numbness, and paralysis. In the liver, they can cause abdominal pain, jaundice, and liver failure. Treatment for AVMs depends on the size, location, and symptoms they cause. Small AVMs may not require treatment, while larger ones may require surgery, radiation therapy, or embolization (a procedure in which a material is injected into the AVM to block blood flow).

Rosaniline dyes are a class of synthetic organic compounds that are used as dyes in various applications, including in the medical field. They are derived from aniline, which is an aromatic amine, and are characterized by the presence of a rosaniline group, which is a substituted aniline group with a hydroxyl group attached to the nitrogen atom. In the medical field, rosaniline dyes are used as stains for histological and cytological preparations. They are particularly useful for staining certain types of cells and tissues, such as neurons, muscle fibers, and connective tissue. Rosaniline dyes are also used as indicators in various diagnostic tests, such as the Gram stain, which is used to differentiate between different types of bacteria. Some common examples of rosaniline dyes used in the medical field include methylene blue, azure B, and azure A. These dyes are generally considered safe for use in medical applications, but they can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some individuals.

A granuloma, foreign-body is a type of inflammatory response that occurs when the body's immune system reacts to a foreign substance, such as a particle or a piece of material, that has been introduced into the body. The foreign substance is typically surrounded by a layer of white blood cells called macrophages, which engulf and try to break down the foreign substance. This process can lead to the formation of a granuloma, which is a small, hard lump of tissue that contains the foreign substance and the macrophages that are trying to break it down. Granulomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, and skin, and they can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, allergies, and exposure to certain chemicals or toxins.

An odontogenic tumor is a type of tumor that originates from the cells that form the teeth or the supporting structures of the teeth, such as the gums or the jawbone. Squamous odontogenic tumors are a specific type of odontogenic tumor that arise from the squamous cells, which are a type of epithelial cell that forms the outer layer of the skin and other tissues in the body. There are several different types of squamous odontogenic tumors, including keratocystic odontogenic tumor, ameloblastoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. These tumors can vary in their size, location, and aggressiveness, and they may cause a variety of symptoms, such as pain, swelling, and difficulty chewing or speaking. Treatment for squamous odontogenic tumors typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for squamous odontogenic tumors depends on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient.

Tooth loss, also known as edentulism, is a condition in which one or more teeth are missing from the mouth. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including tooth decay, gum disease, injury, or genetics. Tooth loss can have a significant impact on a person's ability to chew and digest food, as well as their overall oral health and appearance. In some cases, tooth loss may require the use of dental implants, dentures, or other restorative treatments to replace the missing teeth.

A periapical abscess is a collection of pus that forms in the tissue surrounding the root of a tooth. It occurs when there is an infection in the pulp chamber of the tooth, which is the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The infection can spread through the root canal and into the surrounding bone, causing inflammation and the formation of an abscess. Symptoms of a periapical abscess may include pain, swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area of the face, as well as sensitivity to heat and cold. In some cases, the abscess may drain on its own through a small opening in the gum, but it is important to seek medical treatment to prevent the infection from spreading further. Treatment for a periapical abscess typically involves root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected pulp and cleaning and shaping the inside of the tooth to prevent further infection. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to help control the infection before or after the root canal procedure. If the abscess is very large or if there is significant bone loss, surgery may be necessary to remove the abscess and repair the damaged bone.

Facial nerve injuries refer to any damage or trauma that affects the facial nerve, which is responsible for controlling the muscles of the face and controlling various functions such as blinking, smiling, and chewing. These injuries can result from a variety of causes, including surgery, trauma, infections, and tumors. Symptoms of facial nerve injuries may include drooping of the eyelid, difficulty closing the mouth, and a distorted facial expression. Treatment for facial nerve injuries may involve medications, physical therapy, or surgery, depending on the severity and cause of the injury.

Mandibulofacial Dysostosis (MFD) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of the face and jaws. It is also known as Treacher Collins syndrome or Goldenhar syndrome. MFD is caused by mutations in the TCOF1 gene, which is responsible for the development of the first and second branchial arches. These arches give rise to the ears, eyes, nose, mouth, and lower jaw. Symptoms of MFD can vary widely, but may include underdeveloped or absent lower jaw (micrognathia), small or malformed ears, cleft palate, and abnormalities of the eyes, nose, and mouth. In some cases, individuals with MFD may also have hearing loss, vision problems, and other complications. Treatment for MFD typically involves a combination of surgical and nonsurgical interventions, such as orthodontics, speech therapy, and surgery to correct facial abnormalities. Early diagnosis and intervention are important for improving the quality of life for individuals with MFD.

Neurofibroma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from nerve tissue. It is most commonly found in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but can also occur in other parts of the body, such as the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neurofibromas are often associated with the genetic disorder neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), which is characterized by the development of multiple neurofibromas and other related symptoms. In people without NF1, neurofibromas are usually solitary and occur spontaneously. They are usually painless and slow-growing, but can cause cosmetic concerns or compression of surrounding structures if they become large. Treatment for neurofibromas typically involves surgical removal, although in some cases, they may be monitored with regular imaging studies if they are not causing symptoms or if they are too large to remove completely.

Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (BAONJ) is a rare but serious condition that occurs in patients who have been taking bisphosphonates, a class of drugs commonly used to treat osteoporosis and other bone diseases. BAONJ is characterized by the death of bone tissue in the jaw, which can lead to pain, swelling, and infection. The condition is thought to be related to the prolonged suppression of bone turnover by bisphosphonates, which can lead to a weakened jawbone and an increased risk of fractures. Treatment for BAONJ typically involves antibiotics to treat any infections, pain management, and in severe cases, surgery to remove the affected bone tissue.

Alendronate is a medication used to treat and prevent osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones become weak and brittle. It works by slowing down the process of bone breakdown and increasing bone density. Alendronate is typically taken orally in the form of a tablet or liquid, and is usually prescribed once a week. It is also used to treat Paget's disease of the bone, a condition in which the bone tissue is overactive and breaks down too quickly. Alendronate is generally well-tolerated, but can cause side effects such as heartburn, nausea, and difficulty swallowing.

Tooth fractures refer to the partial or complete breakage of the hard outer layer of a tooth, known as the enamel. Tooth fractures can occur as a result of trauma, such as a blow to the face, or from excessive force applied to the tooth during biting or chewing. There are several types of tooth fractures, including: 1. Fractures of the enamel: These occur when the outer layer of the tooth is broken, but the underlying dentin and pulp are not affected. 2. Fractures of the dentin: These occur when the dentin, the layer of tooth beneath the enamel, is broken. 3. Fractures of the pulp: These occur when the innermost layer of the tooth, the pulp, is damaged. 4. Complete tooth fractures: These occur when the entire tooth is broken into two or more pieces. Tooth fractures can cause pain, sensitivity, and difficulty chewing or speaking. Treatment options depend on the severity of the fracture and may include filling the tooth, root canal therapy, or extraction and replacement with a dental implant or bridge.

In the medical field, a dislocation refers to a condition in which a bone is displaced from its normal position in the joint. This can occur when the ligaments or muscles that hold the bone in place are torn or stretched beyond their normal limits, causing the bone to move out of alignment. Dislocations can occur in any joint in the body, but they are most common in the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee. Symptoms of a dislocation may include severe pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected joint. In some cases, a dislocation may also be accompanied by a "pop" or "click" sound, and the affected area may appear deformed or misshapen. Treatment for a dislocation typically involves reducing the joint back into its proper position and immobilizing it to allow the ligaments and muscles to heal. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair torn ligaments or stabilize the joint. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else may have a dislocation, as untreated dislocations can lead to long-term joint damage and disability.

A dentigerous cyst is a type of developmental cyst that forms around a developing tooth, usually in the jawbone. It is the most common type of cyst that affects the jawbone and is usually found in young adults and children. The cyst is named because it is attached to the tooth germ, which is the developing tooth inside the jawbone. The cyst is lined with a layer of epithelial cells and contains fluid. It usually does not cause any symptoms until it becomes large enough to press on the surrounding bone or teeth, causing pain, swelling, or difficulty chewing. Treatment for a dentigerous cyst usually involves surgical removal of the cyst and the affected tooth. In some cases, the cyst may resolve on its own without treatment. Dentigerous cysts are generally considered to be benign, but in rare cases, they can become cancerous. Therefore, it is important to have any cysts in the jawbone evaluated by a dentist or oral surgeon.

An adenomatoid tumor is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from the cells that line the respiratory tract, such as the bronchial tubes or the nasal passages. These tumors are also known as bronchial adenomas or nasal adenomas. Adenomatoid tumors are typically small and slow-growing, and they may not cause any symptoms in the early stages. However, as they grow, they can cause blockages in the airways, leading to breathing difficulties, coughing, and wheezing. In some cases, adenomatoid tumors can also cause bleeding or infection. Treatment for adenomatoid tumors usually involves surgical removal, although in some cases, they may be treated with medications or radiation therapy. The prognosis for patients with adenomatoid tumors is generally good, as they are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, it is important to monitor patients with adenomatoid tumors closely, as they can sometimes recur after surgery.

Sleep Apnea, Obstructive is a medical condition characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. It occurs when the muscles in the throat relax and block the airway, causing a decrease or complete stop in airflow. This can happen multiple times throughout the night, leading to disrupted sleep and a variety of symptoms such as snoring, gasping or choking during sleep, fatigue, and headaches upon waking. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is the most common type of sleep apnea and is often treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, lifestyle changes, or in some cases, surgery.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of bone tissue in the human body. It is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins, which are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and migration. In the medical field, BMP4 is used as a therapeutic agent to promote bone growth and regeneration in a variety of conditions, including fractures, osteoporosis, and spinal cord injuries. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for other diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. BMP4 is produced by a variety of cells in the body, including osteoblasts (cells that produce bone tissue) and chondrocytes (cells that produce cartilage). It acts by binding to specific receptors on the surface of cells, which triggers a signaling cascade that leads to changes in gene expression and cellular behavior. Overall, BMP4 is a critical protein for the development and maintenance of bone tissue, and its therapeutic potential is being actively explored in the medical field.

In the medical field, "fascia" refers to the connective tissue that surrounds and supports muscles, bones, nerves, and other structures in the body. Fascia is a thin, fibrous layer of tissue that covers and connects muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other structures, providing support and stability to the body. The term "fascia" can also be used to describe the appearance of tissue under a microscope. In this context, "fascia" refers to the thin, fibrous layer of tissue that covers and connects cells and other structures in the body. The appearance of fascia under a microscope can provide important information about the health of the tissue and can be used to diagnose a variety of medical conditions. Overall, the term "fascia" has a number of different meanings in the medical field, depending on the context in which it is used.

Dental enamel proteins are a group of proteins that are found in the enamel layer of teeth. These proteins play important roles in the formation, development, and maintenance of dental enamel. They are synthesized by cells called ameloblasts, which are found in the enamel organ of the tooth germ. There are several different types of dental enamel proteins, including amelogenins, enamelin, and tuftelin. Amelogenins are the most abundant proteins in dental enamel and are involved in the formation of the enamel matrix, which provides a scaffold for the mineralization of enamel. Enamelin is a protein that is thought to play a role in the regulation of enamel mineralization, while tuftelin is a protein that is involved in the organization of the enamel matrix. Dental enamel proteins are important for the health and integrity of teeth. Defects in the synthesis or function of these proteins can lead to a variety of dental problems, including enamel hypoplasia, which is a condition characterized by a thin or abnormal enamel layer, and amelogenesis imperfecta, which is a group of inherited disorders that affect the development of dental enamel.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a condition that occurs when a person's diet lacks sufficient amounts of both protein and energy (calories). This can lead to a variety of health problems, including stunted growth, weakened immune system, and organ damage. PEM is commonly seen in developing countries where access to adequate nutrition is limited, but it can also occur in developed countries in cases of illness, injury, or certain medical conditions. Treatment for PEM typically involves increasing the intake of protein and calories through dietary changes or supplements.

Agouti Signaling Protein (ASIP) is a protein that plays a role in regulating pigmentation in mammals. It is encoded by the ASIP gene and is expressed in the skin, hair follicles, and other tissues. In the skin, ASIP acts as a signaling molecule that regulates the production of melanin, the pigment that gives skin, hair, and eyes their color. ASIP inhibits the activity of the enzyme tyrosinase, which is necessary for the production of melanin. This leads to a decrease in melanin production and results in lighter skin, hair, and eyes. ASIP is also involved in the regulation of appetite and energy metabolism. It is expressed in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that controls hunger and satiety, and has been shown to play a role in regulating food intake and body weight. In the medical field, ASIP is of interest for its potential role in the development of obesity and other metabolic disorders. It is also being studied as a potential target for the treatment of these conditions. Additionally, ASIP is being investigated as a potential biomarker for the early detection of certain types of cancer, such as melanoma.

Juvenile hormones are a class of hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands of insects. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the development and growth of insects, particularly during their larval stage. In insects, juvenile hormones are produced by the corpora allata, a gland located in the head of the insect. These hormones are transported to the target tissues, where they bind to specific receptors and initiate a cascade of signaling events that regulate various aspects of insect development, including growth, molting, and metamorphosis. Juvenile hormones are also involved in regulating the reproductive development of insects. In some species, they can stimulate the development of reproductive organs and the production of sex hormones, while in others, they can inhibit these processes. In the medical field, juvenile hormones have been studied for their potential use in controlling insect populations and as a source of therapeutic compounds. For example, some juvenile hormones have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, and they are being investigated as potential treatments for these conditions.

Amelogenin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the formation and development of tooth enamel. It is the most abundant protein in the developing enamel matrix and is responsible for the organization and mineralization of the enamel crystals. During tooth development, amelogenin is secreted by ameloblasts, the cells responsible for producing enamel. The protein forms a complex with other enamel matrix proteins and minerals, including calcium and phosphate, to create a scaffold for the enamel crystals to grow on. Amelogenin also plays a role in regulating the mineralization process by controlling the release of ions and the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals. As the tooth develops, the amelogenin protein is gradually degraded and replaced by other enamel matrix proteins, eventually leading to the formation of a hard, mineralized enamel surface. In the medical field, amelogenin is of interest for its potential use in tooth regeneration and repair. Researchers are exploring the possibility of using amelogenin to stimulate the growth of new enamel in patients with tooth damage or decay. Additionally, amelogenin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, making it a potential target for the treatment of periodontal disease.

Skull neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in or on the skull. These can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign skull neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant skull neoplasms can be aggressive and invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Skull neoplasms can occur in any part of the skull, including the bones, nerves, and meninges (the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). Some common types of skull neoplasms include meningiomas, gliomas, and osteomas. Symptoms of skull neoplasms may include headaches, facial pain or numbness, difficulty with vision or hearing, and changes in behavior or personality. Diagnosis of skull neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, and a biopsy to examine a sample of the tissue. Treatment options for skull neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 (FGF8) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of various tissues in the human body. It is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, which is a group of proteins that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and survival. In the medical field, FGF8 is involved in a wide range of biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and cancer progression. It is expressed in various tissues, including the brain, heart, lungs, and kidneys. FGF8 is also a key regulator of angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels form from existing ones. It has been shown to stimulate the growth of blood vessels in various tissues, including the retina, heart, and tumors. In addition, FGF8 has been implicated in the development of several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. For example, high levels of FGF8 have been associated with the development of certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer and glioblastoma. Overall, FGF8 is a critical protein in the regulation of various biological processes, and its dysregulation has been linked to several diseases. As such, it is an important target for research and potential therapeutic interventions.

Skull fractures are breaks or cracks in the bones of the skull. They can occur as a result of a blow to the head, such as in a car accident or sports injury, or from a fall or other type of trauma. Skull fractures can be classified as either linear or depressed. Linear fractures are cracks in the skull that do not cause the bone to or collapse. Depressed fractures, on the other hand, cause the bone to or collapse, potentially causing damage to the brain or other structures within the skull. Skull fractures can be treated with surgery or conservative measures, depending on the severity of the injury and the location of the fracture.

Titanium is a metal that is commonly used in the medical field due to its unique properties, such as its high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. It is often used in medical implants, such as hip and knee replacements, dental implants, and spinal implants, due to its ability to integrate well with the body and its durability. Titanium is also used in surgical instruments and medical equipment, such as pacemakers and defibrillators, due to its resistance to corrosion and its ability to withstand high temperatures. Additionally, titanium is sometimes used in the fabrication of prosthetic limbs and other medical devices.

Bone resorption is a process in which bone tissue is broken down and removed by osteoclasts, which are specialized cells in the bone marrow. This process is a normal part of bone remodeling, which is the continuous process of bone formation and resorption that occurs throughout life. Bone resorption is necessary for the growth and development of bones, as well as for the repair of damaged bone tissue. However, excessive bone resorption can lead to a number of medical conditions, including osteoporosis, which is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones that are prone to fractures. Other conditions that can be caused by excessive bone resorption include Paget's disease of bone, which is a disorder that causes the bones to become abnormally thick and weak, and hyperparathyroidism, which is a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone, which can lead to increased bone resorption. Bone resorption can also be caused by certain medications, such as corticosteroids, and by certain medical conditions, such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. In these cases, bone resorption can lead to a loss of bone mass and density, which can increase the risk of fractures and other complications.

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme that is found in many tissues throughout the body, including the liver, bone, and intestines. In the medical field, ALP levels are often measured as a diagnostic tool to help identify various conditions and diseases. There are several types of ALP, including tissue-nonspecific ALP (TN-ALP), bone-specific ALP (B-ALP), and liver-specific ALP (L-ALP). Each type of ALP is produced by different tissues and has different functions. In general, elevated levels of ALP can indicate a variety of medical conditions, including liver disease, bone disease, and certain types of cancer. For example, elevated levels of ALP in the blood can be a sign of liver damage or disease, while elevated levels in the urine can be a sign of bone disease or kidney problems. On the other hand, low levels of ALP can also be a cause for concern, as they may indicate a deficiency in certain vitamins or minerals, such as vitamin D or calcium. Overall, ALP is an important biomarker that can provide valuable information to healthcare providers in the diagnosis and management of various medical conditions.

Durapatite is a synthetic bone substitute material that is used in orthopedic and dental surgeries. It is a type of calcium phosphate ceramic that is similar in composition to natural bone and is designed to promote bone growth and regeneration. Durapatite is typically used in procedures such as bone grafting, where it is placed in the body to help fill in gaps or defects in bone tissue. It can also be used as an alternative to autografts (bone taken from the patient's own body) or allografts (bone taken from a donor) in certain cases. Durapatite has several advantages over other bone substitute materials, including its ability to promote bone growth and its biocompatibility with the body. It is also relatively easy to shape and can be customized to fit the specific needs of each patient. Overall, Durapatite is a useful tool for surgeons and dentists who are looking for a safe and effective way to promote bone growth and regeneration in the body.

Calcium phosphates are a group of minerals that are commonly found in the human body, particularly in bones and teeth. They are also used in medical applications, such as in the production of bone grafts and dental implants. Calcium phosphates are composed of calcium and phosphorus ions, and they are typically crystalline in structure. There are several different types of calcium phosphates, including hydroxyapatite, octacalcium phosphate, and brushite. In the medical field, calcium phosphates are often used as a source of calcium and phosphorus for patients who are unable to obtain these nutrients from their diet. They are also used in the treatment of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, and in the repair of bone fractures. In addition, calcium phosphates are used in the production of medical devices, such as dental implants and bone grafts, because of their biocompatibility and ability to support bone growth.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of signaling proteins that play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of bone tissue. They are secreted by various cells in the body, including bone-forming cells called osteoblasts, and are involved in processes such as bone growth, repair, and remodeling. BMPs are also used in medical treatments to promote bone growth and healing. For example, they are sometimes used in orthopedic surgeries to help repair fractures or to stimulate the growth of new bone in areas where bone has been lost, such as in spinal fusion procedures. They may also be used in dental procedures to help promote the growth of new bone in areas where teeth have been lost. BMPs are also being studied for their potential use in other medical applications, such as in the treatment of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, and in the repair of damaged or diseased tissues in other parts of the body.

Homeodomain proteins are a class of transcription factors that play a crucial role in the development and differentiation of cells and tissues in animals. They are characterized by a highly conserved DNA-binding domain called the homeodomain, which allows them to recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences. Homeodomain proteins are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue differentiation, and organogenesis. They regulate the expression of genes that are essential for these processes by binding to specific DNA sequences and either activating or repressing the transcription of target genes. There are many different types of homeodomain proteins, each with its own unique function and target genes. Some examples of homeodomain proteins include the Hox genes, which are involved in the development of the body plan in animals, and the Pax genes, which are involved in the development of the nervous system. Mutations in homeodomain proteins can lead to a variety of developmental disorders, including congenital malformations and intellectual disabilities. Understanding the function and regulation of homeodomain proteins is therefore important for the development of new treatments for these conditions.

Bone neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the bones. They can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign bone neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant bone neoplasms can be invasive and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. There are several types of bone neoplasms, including osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and multiple myeloma. These tumors can affect any bone in the body, but they are most commonly found in the long bones of the arms and legs, such as the femur and tibia. Symptoms of bone neoplasms may include pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected bone, as well as bone fractures that do not heal properly. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI scans, and CT scans, as well as a biopsy to examine a sample of the tumor tissue. Treatment for bone neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Options may include surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy to shrink the tumor, and targeted therapy to block the growth of cancer cells. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be used.

Snoring is a common sleep disorder characterized by the production of loud, harsh sounds during sleep. It occurs when the flow of air through the mouth and nose is partially blocked, causing the tissues in the back of the throat to vibrate. Snoring can be a sign of a more serious sleep disorder, such as obstructive sleep apnea, which can lead to a range of health problems, including high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke. Treatment for snoring may include lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, quitting smoking, and avoiding alcohol and sedatives before bedtime, as well as the use of devices such as mouthguards or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machines. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct structural abnormalities in the throat or nose that are causing the snoring.

Multiple primary neoplasms, also known as synchronous or metachronous neoplasms, are two or more neoplasms (cancerous or non-cancerous tumors) that occur in the same individual at the same time or at different times. In the medical field, multiple primary neoplasms can occur in different organs or tissues of the body, and they can be either cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). The occurrence of multiple primary neoplasms can be due to various factors, including genetic predisposition, exposure to environmental toxins, lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption, and certain medical conditions such as immunosuppression. The diagnosis of multiple primary neoplasms typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy of the tumors. Treatment options depend on the type, location, and stage of the neoplasms, as well as the overall health of the individual.

Osteosarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in the cells that make up the bones. It is the most common type of bone cancer in children and adolescents, and it can occur in any bone in the body, but it most often affects the long bones of the arms and legs, such as the femur and tibia. Osteosarcoma usually develops in the metaphysis, which is the area of the bone where it is still growing and developing. The cancer cells can spread to the surrounding tissue and bone, and in some cases, they can also spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Symptoms of osteosarcoma may include pain and swelling in the affected bone, difficulty moving the affected joint, and the appearance of a lump or mass near the bone. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays and MRI scans, and a biopsy to examine a sample of the tumor tissue. Treatment for osteosarcoma typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The goal of treatment is to remove as much of the cancer as possible while minimizing damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. The prognosis for osteosarcoma depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer at diagnosis, the location of the tumor, and the patient's overall health.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2) is a protein that plays a crucial role in bone development and repair. It is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins, which are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and migration. In the medical field, BMP2 is used as a therapeutic agent to promote bone growth and regeneration in a variety of conditions, including spinal fusion, non-unions, and osteoporosis. It is typically administered as a bone graft substitute or in combination with other growth factors to enhance bone formation. BMP2 has also been studied for its potential use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, where it is used to stimulate the growth of new bone tissue in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, BMP2 has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects, making it a promising target for the development of new therapies for a range of diseases.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell is a type of cancer that originates in the squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that line the surface of the body. Squamous cells are found in the skin, mouth, throat, lungs, and other organs. Carcinoma, Squamous Cell can develop in any part of the body where squamous cells are present, but it is most commonly found in the head and neck, lungs, and skin. The exact cause of Squamous Cell Carcinoma is not always clear, but it is often associated with exposure to certain substances, such as tobacco smoke, alcohol, and certain chemicals. It can also develop as a result of chronic inflammation or infection, such as HPV (human papillomavirus) infection in the cervix. Symptoms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but may include a persistent sore or lesion that does not heal, a change in the appearance of the skin or mucous membranes, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment for Squamous Cell Carcinoma typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, targeted therapy or immunotherapy may also be used. The prognosis for Squamous Cell Carcinoma depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis and the overall health of the patient.

In the medical field, "dog diseases" refers to any illness or condition that affects dogs. These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, infections, environmental factors, and lifestyle. Some common examples of dog diseases include: 1. Canine Influenza: A highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus. 2. Canine Distemper: A highly contagious viral disease that affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. 3. Canine Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the white blood cells. 4. Canine Hip Dysplasia: A genetic disorder that affects the development of the hip joint. 5. Canine Heartworm: A parasitic disease that affects the heart and blood vessels. 6. Canine Cancers: A group of diseases that affect the body's cells and tissues. 7. Canine Arthritis: A joint disease that causes inflammation and pain. 8. Canine Allergies: A condition in which the immune system overreacts to certain substances, such as pollen or food. 9. Canine Eye Diseases: A group of conditions that affect the eyes, including cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal detachment. 10. Canine Skin Diseases: A group of conditions that affect the skin, including allergies, mange, and acne. These are just a few examples of the many diseases that can affect dogs. It is important for pet owners to be aware of the common diseases that affect their dogs and to take steps to prevent and treat them.

Head and neck neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the head and neck region of the body. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect any part of the head and neck, including the mouth, nose, throat, sinuses, salivary glands, thyroid gland, and neck lymph nodes. Head and neck neoplasms can be further classified based on the type of tissue they arise from, such as squamous cell carcinoma (which develops from the squamous cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat), adenoid cystic carcinoma (which develops from the glands that produce mucus), and salivary gland tumors (which develop from the salivary glands). The treatment for head and neck neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving the prognosis and reducing the risk of complications.

Osteoporosis, postmenopausal, is a medical condition characterized by a decrease in bone density and strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures. It typically occurs in women after menopause, when estrogen levels decline, and bone loss accelerates. The condition can also affect men, but it is more common in women. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is caused by a combination of factors, including hormonal changes, aging, and lifestyle factors such as lack of physical activity and poor nutrition. The bones become porous and fragile, making them more susceptible to fractures, especially in the spine, hips, and wrists. Diagnosis of postmenopausal osteoporosis is typically made through a bone density test, which measures the amount of bone mineral density in the hip and spine. Treatment options include lifestyle changes such as regular exercise and a healthy diet, as well as medications to slow bone loss and increase bone density. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair fractures.

Osteopontin (OPN) is a protein that is involved in various biological processes, including bone remodeling, inflammation, and cancer. In the medical field, OPN is often studied in relation to diseases such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. OPN is synthesized by a variety of cells, including osteoblasts (cells that form bone), osteoclasts (cells that break down bone), and immune cells such as macrophages and T cells. It is secreted into the extracellular matrix, where it can interact with other proteins and cells to regulate bone remodeling and inflammation. In osteoporosis, OPN is thought to play a role in bone loss by promoting osteoclast activity and inhibiting osteoblast activity. In rheumatoid arthritis, OPN is involved in the inflammatory response and may contribute to joint damage. In cancer, OPN is often upregulated in tumors and can promote tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Overall, OPN is a complex protein with multiple functions in the body, and its role in various diseases is an active area of research in the medical field.

Collagen is a protein that is found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues throughout the body. It is the most abundant protein in the human body and is responsible for providing strength and support to tissues such as skin, bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. In the medical field, collagen is often used in various medical treatments and therapies. For example, it is used in dermal fillers to plump up wrinkles and improve skin texture, and it is also used in wound healing to promote tissue regeneration and reduce scarring. Collagen-based products are also used in orthopedic and dental applications, such as in the production of artificial joints and dental implants. In addition, collagen is an important biomarker for various medical conditions, including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and liver disease. It is also used in research to study the mechanisms of tissue repair and regeneration, as well as to develop new treatments for various diseases and conditions.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are a diverse group of proteins that are secreted by cells and form a complex network within the extracellular space. These proteins provide structural support to cells and tissues, regulate cell behavior, and play a crucial role in tissue development, homeostasis, and repair. ECM proteins are found in all tissues and organs of the body and include collagens, elastin, fibronectin, laminins, proteoglycans, and many others. These proteins interact with each other and with cell surface receptors to form a dynamic and highly regulated ECM that provides a physical and chemical environment for cells to thrive. In the medical field, ECM proteins are important for understanding the development and progression of diseases such as cancer, fibrosis, and cardiovascular disease. They are also used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to create artificial ECMs that can support the growth and function of cells and tissues. Additionally, ECM proteins are used as diagnostic and prognostic markers in various diseases, and as targets for drug development.

Imidazoles are a class of organic compounds that contain a five-membered heterocyclic ring with two nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms. In the medical field, imidazoles are commonly used as antifungal agents, particularly for the treatment of dermatophytic infections such as athlete's foot, ringworm, and jock itch. They work by inhibiting the growth of fungi by interfering with their metabolism. One of the most well-known imidazole antifungal agents is clotrimazole, which is used topically to treat skin and nail infections caused by fungi. Other imidazole antifungal agents include miconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole, which are used to treat a variety of fungal infections, including systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis and aspergillosis. Imidazoles are also used in other medical applications, such as in the treatment of parasitic infections, as well as in the development of new drugs for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.

In the medical field, a syndrome is a set of symptoms and signs that occur together and suggest the presence of a particular disease or condition. A syndrome is often defined by a specific pattern of symptoms that are not caused by a single underlying disease, but rather by a combination of factors, such as genetic, environmental, or hormonal. For example, Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that is characterized by a specific set of physical and intellectual characteristics, such as a flattened facial profile, short stature, and intellectual disability. Similarly, the flu syndrome is a set of symptoms that occur together, such as fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches, that suggest the presence of an influenza virus infection. Diagnosing a syndrome involves identifying the specific set of symptoms and signs that are present, as well as ruling out other possible causes of those symptoms. Once a syndrome is diagnosed, it can help guide treatment and management of the underlying condition.

Keratins are a family of fibrous proteins that are primarily found in the epidermis and hair of mammals. They are responsible for providing strength and protection to the skin and hair, and are also involved in the formation of nails and claws. In the medical field, keratins are often studied in relation to various skin conditions, such as psoriasis, eczema, and skin cancer. They are also used as markers for the differentiation of various types of skin cells, and as a diagnostic tool for identifying different types of cancer. Keratins are also found in other tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and the eye. In these tissues, they play important roles in maintaining the integrity and function of the epithelial lining. Overall, keratins are an important component of the skin and other tissues, and their study is important for understanding the function and health of these tissues.

In the medical field, body weight refers to the total mass of an individual's body, typically measured in kilograms (kg) or pounds (lbs). It is an important indicator of overall health and can be used to assess a person's risk for certain health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Body weight is calculated by measuring the amount of mass that a person's body contains, which includes all of the organs, tissues, bones, and fluids. It is typically measured using a scale or other weighing device, and can be influenced by factors such as age, gender, genetics, and lifestyle. Body weight can be further categorized into different types, such as body mass index (BMI), which takes into account both a person's weight and height, and waist circumference, which measures the size of a person's waist. These measures can provide additional information about a person's overall health and risk for certain conditions.

Osteoporosis is a medical condition characterized by a decrease in bone density and strength, making bones more fragile and prone to fractures. It is a common condition, particularly in older adults, and can affect both men and women. In osteoporosis, the bones become porous and brittle, which can lead to fractures even with minor trauma or falls. The most common sites for osteoporosis-related fractures are the spine, hip, and wrist. Osteoporosis is often diagnosed through a bone density test, which measures the amount of bone mineral density in the hip and spine. Risk factors for osteoporosis include age, gender, family history, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and certain medical conditions such as thyroid disease or rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment for osteoporosis typically involves medications to increase bone density and reduce the risk of fractures, as well as lifestyle changes such as regular exercise and a healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D.

In the medical field, "neoplasm invasiveness" refers to the ability of a cancerous tumor to invade and spread beyond its original site of origin. This can occur through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, or by direct extension into surrounding tissues. The degree of invasiveness of a neoplasm can be an important factor in determining the prognosis and treatment options for a patient. More invasive tumors are generally considered to be more aggressive and may be more difficult to treat. However, the specific characteristics of the tumor, such as its type, stage, and location, as well as the overall health of the patient, can also play a role in determining the prognosis. Invasive neoplasms may also be referred to as malignant tumors, as they have the potential to spread and cause harm to surrounding tissues and organs. Non-invasive neoplasms, on the other hand, are generally considered to be benign and are less likely to spread.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Neoplasm recurrence, local refers to the return of cancer cells to the original site of the tumor after treatment. This can occur even if the cancer has been completely removed through surgery or other treatments. Local recurrence is typically treated with additional surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the type and stage of the cancer. It is important to note that local recurrence does not necessarily mean that the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

In the medical field, recurrence refers to the reappearance of a disease or condition after it has been treated or has gone into remission. Recurrence can occur in various medical conditions, including cancer, infections, and autoimmune diseases. For example, in cancer, recurrence means that the cancer has come back after it has been treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other treatments. Recurrence can occur months, years, or even decades after the initial treatment. In infections, recurrence means that the infection has returned after it has been treated with antibiotics or other medications. Recurrence can occur due to incomplete treatment, antibiotic resistance, or other factors. In autoimmune diseases, recurrence means that the symptoms of the disease return after they have been controlled with medication. Recurrence can occur due to changes in the immune system or other factors. Overall, recurrence is a significant concern for patients and healthcare providers, as it can require additional treatment and can impact the patient's quality of life.

Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and controlling the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA. They play a crucial role in the development and function of cells and tissues in the body. In the medical field, transcription factors are often studied as potential targets for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, where their activity is often dysregulated. For example, some transcription factors are overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells, and inhibiting their activity may help to slow or stop the growth of these cells. Transcription factors are also important in the development of stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. By understanding how transcription factors regulate gene expression in stem cells, researchers may be able to develop new therapies for diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Overall, transcription factors are a critical component of gene regulation and have important implications for the development and treatment of many diseases.

Changes in the mandible with age Newborn Childhood Adult Old age The mandible forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in ... Figure 3: Mandible of human embryo 24 mm. long. Outer aspect. Figure 4: Mandible of human embryo 24 mm. long. Inner aspect. ... Figure 5: Mandible of human embryo 95 mm. long. Outer aspect. Nuclei of cartilage stippled. Figure 5: Mandible of human embryo ... the rami rise up from the body of the mandible and meet with the body at the angle of the mandible or the gonial angle. The ...
The Xiahe mandible consists of the right half of a partial mandible with two attached molars. The mandible was covered with a ... The Xiahe mandible ([ɕjâxɤ̌], sh'ya-khuh) is a hominin fossil jaw (mandible) discovered in Baishiya Karst Cave, located on the ... Researchers describe the mandible as being "very robust". The Xiahe mandible shares one obvious trait, large teeth, that is ... The mandible also exhibits a single amino acid polymorphism, COL2α1 E583G, that is unique to itself. By way of protein analysis ...
... is a cirque indenting the coast of Daniell Peninsula 8 km (5.0 mi) west-south-west of Cape Phillips, in ... "Mandible Cirque". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the ... "Mandible Cirque". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2020. This article incorporates ... 1966 by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee for its appearance in plan and oblique views suggestive of a mandible. ...
The Peninj Mandible(Peninj 1), also called Natron mandible, is the fossilized lower jaw and teeth of an australopithecine ... This mandible (jaw) is estimated to be 1.5 million years old and it is characterized as having a robust build with large molars ... The mandible was discovered by Kamoya Kimeu in 1964, during an expedition conducted by Richard Leakey and Glynn Isaac. Virginia ... Later that year, Louis Leakey, his wife Mary Leakey and their son Richard, announced the discovery of the Peninj Mandible in an ...
The mandible is the lower jawbone of a vertebrate animal. Mandible may also refer to: Mandible (arthropod mouthpart), one of ... Antarctica Mandibles (film), a 2020 French film The Mandibles, a 2016 American novel "Mandible", a song by Odette from the 2021 ... one of several mouthparts in insects Human mandible, the lower jawbone in humans Mandible Cirque, ... album Herald Mandibular (disambiguation) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mandible. If an ...
Mandible was born in Woolloomooloo, Sydney. Mandible was selected on the first Wallaby 1908-09 Australia rugby union tour of ... "Scrum.com player profile of Edward Mandible". Scrum.com. Retrieved 12 July 2010. "Edward Francis Mandible". www. ... Edward Francis Mandible (11 May 1885 - 3 April 1936) was an Australia national representative rugby union fly-half and one of ... Edward Mandible died in Perth, Western Australia in April 1936. He was buried at Karrakatta Cemetery, in Perth, Western ...
Most adult Hymenoptera have mandibles that follow the general form, as in grasshoppers. The mandibles are used to clip pieces ... During development they lose one mandible, so only the left mandible is present, modified into a stylet. Within the ... Insect mandibles are a pair of appendages near the insect's mouth, and the most anterior of the three pairs of oral appendages ... The mandibles are therefore instrumental in piercing the plant or animal tissues upon which these insects feed, and in helping ...
The lingula of the mandible is a prominent bony ridge on the medial side of the mandible. It is next to the mandibular foramen ... The lingula of the mandible is a prominent bony ridge on the medial side of the mandible. It is next to the mandibular foramen ... Tuli A, Choudhry R, Choudhry S, Raheja S, Agarwal S (2000). "Variation in shape of the lingula in the adult human mandible". J ... The lingula of the mandible can take many shapes, including triangular, truncated, and nodular. In a majority of people, this ...
Some ants use mandibles to injure the enemy and squirt poison into the wound. Harvester ants use their mandibles to collect and ... Caterpillars use sharp mandibles to cut leaves in side-to-side motions. Only a few moths have functional mandibles in the adult ... Mandibles are often simply called jaws. Mandibles are present in the extant subphyla Myriapoda (millipedes and others), ... Most butterflies and moths lack mandibles as they mainly feed on nectar from flowers. Queen bees have mandibles with sharp ...
Mandible bone. Position of angle shown in red. Mandible. Outer surface. Side view. (Angle labeled at bottom right.) Mandible. ... Mandible. Inner surface. Angle of mandible labeled at bottom right. This article incorporates text in the public domain from ... This site is at the apex of the maximum curvature of the mandible, where the ascending ramus becomes the body of the mandible. ... is located at the posterior border at the junction of the lower border of the ramus of the mandible. The angle of the mandible ...
The digastric fossa of the mandible is an anatomical region which occupies a space on the inner surface of the inferior border ... of the body of the mandible, near the midline bilaterally. It is a position of attachment of the anterior belly of the ...
Position of coronoid process in skull (shown in red) Position of coronoid process in mandible (shown in red) Mandible outer ... Fractures of the mandible are common. However, coronoid process fractures are very rare. Isolated fractures of the coronoid ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coronoid process of the mandible. lesson1 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( ... In human anatomy, the mandible's coronoid process (from Greek korōnē, denoting something hooked) is a thin, triangular eminence ...
"Mandibles (2021)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved July 30, 2021. "Mandibles". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. ... Mandibles'". Bloody-Disgusting. Retrieved August 3, 2020. "Mandibles". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 10, 2021. " ... Mandibles had its world premiere at the 77th Venice International Film Festival on September 5, 2020. It was released in France ... Mandibles (French: Mandibules) is a 2020 French-Belgian comedy film written and directed by Quentin Dupieux. It stars David ...
One family, the Mandibles, are hit particularly hard by the devaluation of American currency, as they were all expecting to ... The Mandibles: A Family, 2029-2047 is a 2016 novel by American author Lionel Shriver. It was first published by HarperCollins ... "The Mandibles: A Family, 2029-2047 by Lionel Shriver". Kirkus Reviews. March 17, 2016. ABC Radio Melbourne (22 June 2016). " ... I feel as if that bullet is still whizzing around the planet." Baume, Sarah (14 May 2016). "The Mandibles review: future shock ...
During World War II, Operation Mandibles was a planned 1940/1941 British amphibious assault on Rhodes, Leros and the Dodecanese ...
... at IMDb mandibles from far away 2019 Minuscule 2: Mandibles from Far Away at Rotten ... Cox leaves Mandible & hitches a ride on the truck and then on an airplane headed to Guadalupe at the airport that contains the ... Minuscule 2: Mandibles from Far Away (released in the UK as A Minuscule Adventure) is a 2018 French adventure comedy live ... Later that night, in a small village, Cox's old friend Mandible the black ant and his patrol raid a grocery store to obtain ...
Mandible. Inner surface. Side view. Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion. Mucus ... The gland can be bilaterally palpated (felt) inferior and posterior to the body of the mandible, moving inward from the ... It is situated posteroinferior to the ramus of mandible,: 601 and between the two bellies of the digastric muscle.: 601 The ... inferior border of the mandible near its angle with the head tilted forwards. The terminal part of the submandibular (Wharton's ...
"Mandible". Tufts University Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology. Retrieved 2008-09-26. Portal: Anatomy v t e (Wikipedia ... This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) "Mandible of Intact Skull: ... is an impression on the medial side of the body of the mandible below the mylohyoid line. It is the location for the ...
It depresses and protrudes the mandible. When each muscle works independently, they can move the mandible side to side. The ... Mandible. Inner surface. Side view. Plan of branches of internal maxillary artery. Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular ... It inserts onto the pterygoid fovea at the neck of the condyloid process of the mandible. It lies superior to the medial ... A concerted effort of the lateral pterygoid muscles helps in lowering the mandible and opening the jaw. Unilateral action of a ...
They are bound laterally by the bone of the mandible and inferolaterally by the mylohyoid muscle. The glands can be felt behind ... Mandible. Inner surface. Side view. Sublingual gland Sublingual gland Sublingual gland Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology ...
Mandible. Outer surface. Side view. (Condyle and neck labeled at upper right.) Inner surface of mandible. Condyloid process is ... The condyloid process or condylar process is the process on the human and other mammalian species' mandibles that ends in a ... It is thicker than the coronoid process of the mandible and consists of two portions: the condyle and the constricted portion ... The most superior part of the mandible, the condyle presents an articular surface for articulation with the articular disk of ...
The depressor labii inferioris muscle arises from the lateral surface of the mandible. This is below the mental foramen, and ... Facial muscles Depressor anguli oris muscle Position of depressor labii inferioris muscle (red). Mandible. Outer surface. Side ...
It branches from the external carotid artery just deep to the neck of the mandible. The maxillary artery, the larger of the two ... Mandible. Outer surface. Side view. Lateral head anatomy detail Head anatomy anterior view Maxillary artery Maxillary artery ... The first or mandibular or bony portion passes horizontally forward, between the neck of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ... it passes forward between the ramus of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament, and then runs, either superficial or ...
The mandible and skull were preserved in articulation, laying loose in weathered sandstone blocks from a former river channel. ... It is known from a partial skull and associated mandible that were unearthed in 1971 by a Polish-Mongolian Expedition to the ... The quadrates are elongated and align near perfectly with the mandibles. This allowed for a solid articulation of the skull and ... Its posterior half of the mandible is preserved as well. Most dinosaurs have three fenestrae (hollow spaces) in their skulls, ...
mandible cf. Propottininae indet. Proviverrinae - deciduous tooth Adapidae - mandible, isolated teeth Erinaceidae indet. - ... Xenarthra - phalanx zalambdodont - tiny mandible Amphibians Pipidae - radio-ulna Reptiles Amphisbaenia - vertebrae, mandibles, ... mandible, isolated teeth Namalestes gheerbranti - isolated teeth and maxilla Namaparamys inexpectatus - isolated molar, ... mandible, post-cranial bones Zegdoumys namibiensis - upper molar Pterodon sp. - ...
... may also occur in the mandible from the articular groove of the temporal bone. The mandible can dislocate in the ... Chaudhry, Meher (April 19, 2012). Kulkarni, Rick (ed.). "Mandible dislocation". Medscape Reference. WebMD LLC. Retrieved March ... of a tooth is a dental traumatic injury in which the tooth has increased mobility but has not been displaced from the mandible ...
as, astragalus; c, caniniform; ca, calcaneum; cl, clavicle; co, coracoid; d, digits; ga, gastralia; h, humerus; m, mandible; mt ...
The simian shelf is a bony thickening on the front of the ape mandible. Its function is to reinforce the jaw, though it also ... As stated in the study, both, the human and chimpanzee, start out with a v-shaped mandible during the fetal stages, but the ... The mandibular symphysis consists of the external portion of the mandible, and the symphysis refers to the line seen between ... large mandible... and upper incisors". Although the forward leaning lower incisors began to show up less in apes, the simian ...
"Cervalces Scotti." Maxilla & Mandible. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. . "Stag-moose". Illinois State Museum. Retrieved 2007-03- ...
139-140 mandible The mandible, or lower jaw, is the part of the skull below the cranium. Each half of the mandible, termed a ... 185-186 dentary The dentary is the main bone of the mandible. It is the only mandible bone that bears teeth, and is located ... The mandibles are composed of both dermal and endochondral bones. The skull features a number of openings, which are important ... The mandible consists of both endochondral bones, which ossified from the Meckelian cartilage, and dermal bones. In dinosaurs, ...
This side-loading design is a great match for our Mandible cage and was developed over a two-year period, including testing in ...
ICD-10 code S02.609D for Fracture of mandible, unspecified, subsequent encounter for fracture with routine healing is a medical ... Fracture of mandible, unspecified, subsequent encounter for fracture with routine healing S02 ... ICD-10-CM Code for Fracture of mandible, unspecified, subsequent encounter for fracture with routine healing S02.609D ICD-10 ... code S02.609D for Fracture of mandible, unspecified, subsequent encounter for fracture with routine healing is a medical ...
Osteoblastoma of the mandible Systematic review of the literature and report of a case. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 34, 1-8. ... Alvares, C.A., Gi?o, D.M., Casati, A.L., Negr?o, F.R. and SantAna, E. (2005) Osteoblastoma of the mandible: Systematic review ... TITLE: Osteoblastoma of the mandible: a case report with immunohistochemical evaluation AUTHORS: Evanthia Chrysomali, Ourania ... Aim: The purpose of this report is to present an osteoblastoma of the mandible, with particular emphasis on the differential ...
The Bone Room specializes in real human bones, real animal bones, insects, fossils and more in Berkeley, California.
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VALENTE, Rômulo; ABREU, Taciana Cavalcanti de e REAL, Flávio Henrique. Osteosarcoma in the Mandible- Case report. Rev. cir. ...
The primary bones of the face are the mandible, maxilla, frontal bone, nasal bones, and zygoma. ... Mandible. The mandible is a U-shaped bone. It is the only mobile bone of the facial skeleton, and, since it houses the lower ... The mandible has a large medullary core with a cortical rim 2-4 mm thick. [8] The inferior alveolar canal begins at the ... The mandible is composed of 2 hemimandibles joined at the midline by a vertical symphysis. The hemimandibles fuse to form a ...
The primary bones of the face are the mandible, maxilla, frontal bone, nasal bones, and zygoma. ... Mandible. The mandible is a U-shaped bone. It is the only mobile bone of the facial skeleton, and, since it houses the lower ... The mandible has a large medullary core with a cortical rim 2-4 mm thick. [8] The inferior alveolar canal begins at the ... The mandible is composed of 2 hemimandibles joined at the midline by a vertical symphysis. The hemimandibles fuse to form a ...
Fractures of the Mandible and Midface - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals ... Mandible fractures For a fractured mandible, treatment ranges from soft diet alone to maxillomandibular fixation (wiring the ... Fractures of the lower jaw (mandible) are suspected in patients with post-traumatic malocclusion or focal swelling and ... tenderness over a segment of the mandible. Other clues include defects (stepoff) of the dental occlusal surface, alveolar ridge ...
A hilarious mash-up of buddy comedy and road movie, with a sci-fi twist, MANDIBLES is a wild and surreal film about friendship ... From the twisted mind of Quentin Dupieux (RUBBER), MANDIBLES is an absurdist romp that follows simple-minded friends Jean-Gab ( ...
Dislocated jaw; Fractured jaw; Fractured mandible; Broken jaw; TMJ dislocation; Mandibular dislocation ...
The body of the mandible is curved to a certain degree like a horseshoe, structurally. It comprises of two surfaces and two ... Body of Mandible - Mandibular Body. Contents. *. Features. *. External and Internal Surfaces of the Body. *The external surface ... Body of Mandible - Mandibular Body. Anatomy. ▶ Head and Neck. ▶ Bones and Cartilages. ▶ ... It marks the line of fusion of the two halves of the mandible at the age of 2 years. The symphysis menti expands below into a ...
The inferior alveolar nerve enters the mandibular foramen in the ramus of the mandible (see the image below) to occupy the ... Articaine 4% (Septocaine) with epinephrine 1:100,000 is suitable for dental procedures in the mandible subsequent to anesthesia ... The body of the mandible and the lower portion of the ramus ...
Free shipping in Canada and U.S. everywhere else add 20% tip at check out to cover the extra cost of shipping. Structured, high-profile, six-panel, 3 1/2 crown Flat bill Sewn eyelets Snapback closure meshback
Tongue-mandible coupling movements during saliva swallowing.. Bourdiol, P; Mishellany-Dutour, A; Peyron, M-A; Woda, A. J Oral ... The purpose of this study was to measure the tongue and mandible positions and displacements in relation to the maxilla in the ... Mean duration of tongue-mandible movements were 1·51 ± 0·17 s, 1·63 ± 0·14 s and 2·00 ± 0·08 s for the first, second and third ... In the light of other studies based on intra-oral pressure recordings, our results help to understand the tongue-mandible ...
The mandible (or lower jawbone, Latin: mandibula) is the only movable bone of the skull and the largest, strongest facial bone. ... Mandible by Anatomy Next. Body of mandible. The body is the anterior curved part of the mandible. The body of the mandible can ... Base of mandible. The base is the lower part of the body of the mandible, excluding the alveolar part. The base of the mandible ... Mandible. Article Media (4) The mandible (or lower jawbone, Latin: mandibula) is the only movable bone of the skull and the ...
Miniplates Versus Reconstruction Plates in Vascularized Osteocutaneous Flap Reconstruction of the Mandible , Researchain ... Miniplates Versus Reconstruction Plates in Vascularized Osteocutaneous Flap Reconstruction of the Mandible. ... with the use of miniplates versus reconstruction plates in vascularized osteocutaneous flap reconstruction of the mandible. ...
Synthes Cortex Screw MF 2.0 x 6mm Mandible S/Tap (Each) ... 401.106 - Synthes Cortex Screw MF 2.0 x 6mm Mandible S/Tap ( ... 401.106 - Synthes Cortex Screw MF 2.0 x 6mm Mandible S/Tap (Each) ...
This side-loading design is a great match for our Mandible cage and was developed over a two-year period, including testing in ...
4] Metastatic melanoma most frequently affects the mandible, tongue, and buccal mucosa. ... This mass was excised from the lingual surface of the posterior mandible of an elderly man. The diagnosis is oral melanoma. ... This mass was excised from the lingual surface of the posterior mandible of an elderly man. The diagnosis is oral melanoma. ...
Is Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy of the Mandible With no Step Possible? A Modification in the Technique. MontAlverne, ... Craniofacial Morphometric Features Associated With Pericondylar Fractures of the Mandible. Shilo, Dekel; Elias, Yekaterina ...
Categories: Mandible Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 47 images ...
MANDIBLES. QUENTIN DUPIEUX , Belgium, France , French , 2020 , 77 MIN. Virtual Cinema. From the twisted mind of Quentin Dupieux ...
2021, All Rights Reserved, Western Dental Hospital. ...
Duane Mandible on Neo Catholics September 26th, 2017 , 0 Comments Caitlin ORourke and the Infant of Prague September 26th, ...
Effects of ovariectomy on turnover of alveolar bone in the healed extraction socket in rat edentulous mandible. / Shoji, Kanako ... Effects of ovariectomy on turnover of alveolar bone in the healed extraction socket in rat edentulous mandible. Archives of ... title = "Effects of ovariectomy on turnover of alveolar bone in the healed extraction socket in rat edentulous mandible", ... Effects of ovariectomy on turnover of alveolar bone in the healed extraction socket in rat edentulous mandible. ...
Figure C: Close-up of the anterior end of a larva, showing the mandibles and one of the anterior spiracles. ... Figure F: The cephalopharyngeal skeleton of C. hominovorax dissected from the head of a larva, showing the mandible structure. ... Figure B: Close-up of the anterior end of the larva in Figure A, showing the cephalopharyngeal skeleton and mandibles. ... Figure B: Close-up of the anterior end of one of the larvae from Figure A, showing the mandibles. ...
  • Just lateral to the symphysis on the inner surface of the mandible are 2 paired protuberances termed the superior and inferior mental spines. (medscape.com)
  • The mental protuberance is a prominence found on the outer surface of the mandible forming the chin. (anatomy.app)
  • The mental spine is a bony elevation on the inner surface of the mandible projecting toward the tongue . (anatomy.app)
  • A landmark ridge on the lingual surface of the mandible. (bvsalud.org)
  • The angle of the mandible (also known as the gonial angle ) is the angle seen on each side of the mandible. (anatomy.app)
  • Mass extends from right pre-auricular region to the angle of the mandible. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • A small recession called digastric fossa is present on either side near the median plane on the inferior margin or base of the mandible. (earthslab.com)
  • The base of the mandible has an external and an internal surface. (anatomy.app)
  • Panoramic radiographs are an impor- and whether the BMC was in the right mus of the mandible or extend into tant auxiliary resource in diagnosis and or left side of the mandible. (who.int)
  • The mandible forms the lower jaw and houses the lower or mandibular teeth . (anatomy.app)
  • The alveolar part or alveolar process of the mandible is the portion of the mandibular body that surrounds and supports the lower teeth . (anatomy.app)
  • We report a case of a primary mandibular aneurysmal bone cyst occurring in the mandible of a 10-years girl from the Volta Region of Ghana. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • The inferior alveolar nerve enters the mandibular foramen in the ramus of the mandible (see the image below) to occupy the inferior alveolar canal in the body of the mandible. (medscape.com)
  • Class III BMCs were observed uni- the mandible from the mandibular fora- in 4200 panoramic radiographs of Syr- laterally in eight cases (19.5%), five on men to the mental foramen, involving ian subjects (1899 women and 2301 the right side and three on the left side. (who.int)
  • The dental alveoli of the mandible house the roots of the lower teeth, while the dental alveoli of the maxilla - the upper teeth. (anatomy.app)
  • They can be seen on alveolar processes of both the maxilla and the mandible. (anatomy.app)
  • The average time from emergence of the first tooth to the last tooth was 17.8 months in the mandible and 15.8 months in the maxilla for boys and 22.1 and 20.1 months respectively for girls. (who.int)
  • The rami (singular: ramus) of the mandible are situated on the right and left side of the lower jawbone. (anatomy.app)
  • It is the junction between the body and ramus of the mandible. (anatomy.app)
  • Purpose: The main aim of this article is to compare the complication rate associated with the use of miniplates versus reconstruction plates in vascularized osteocutaneous flap reconstruction of the mandible. (researchain.net)
  • Innovative free costo-chondral rib flap based on the superior epigastric artery for reconstruction of the paediatric hemi-mandible. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Just lateral to the inferior mental spines on the inferior border of the mandible are 2 concavities called the digastric fossae, where the anterior digastric muscles attach. (medscape.com)
  • The mylohyoid line is a paired oblique ridge extending from the posterosuperior to anteroinferior aspect of the body of the mandible. (anatomy.app)
  • It is a paired structure found on the anterior half of the body of the mandible below the mylohyoid line. (anatomy.app)
  • The mandible is composed of 2 hemimandibles joined at the midline by a vertical symphysis. (medscape.com)
  • A slight ridge externally marks the mandible in the midline, denoting the symphysis or line of junction of the two pieces from which the bone is made up of at an early phase of life. (earthslab.com)
  • Anterior belly of digastrics emerges from digastric fossa on the base of mandible near symphysis menti. (earthslab.com)
  • The body is the anterior curved part of the mandible. (anatomy.app)
  • Figure B: Close-up of the anterior end of a larva, showing the mandibles. (cdc.gov)
  • Figure C: Close-up of the anterior end of a larva, showing the mandibles and one of the anterior spiracles. (cdc.gov)
  • Plain right lateral x-ray of the mandible: X-ray shows a huge multiloculated osteolytic lesion limited to the mandible, with thinning of the intra-lesional walls and the cortex. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • The body of the mandible can be divided in two parts: the base and the alveolar part of the mandible. (anatomy.app)
  • The base is the lower part of the body of the mandible, excluding the alveolar part. (anatomy.app)
  • Heersche, Johan N.M. / Effects of ovariectomy on turnover of alveolar bone in the healed extraction socket in rat edentulous mandible . (elsevierpure.com)
  • The body of the mandible is curved to a certain degree like a horseshoe, structurally. (earthslab.com)
  • The lower jawbone has three main parts: a body and two rami of the mandible. (anatomy.app)
  • Solitary plasmacytoma of mandible: A case report. (bvsalud.org)
  • We report a case of 65 years old female patient with solitary bone plasmacytoma of mandible , who has undergone surgical treatment without adjuvant therapy , with a good clinical and radiological outcomes at 12 months follow-up. (bvsalud.org)
  • We report a case of a huge cystic bony lesion on the mandible of a 10-years girl from the Volta Region of Ghana.Histopathological and radiological investigations reported the lesion as a primary aneurysmal bone cyst. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • For a fractured mandible, treatment ranges from soft diet alone to maxillomandibular fixation (wiring the jaw shut), rigid open fixation, or both. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Fractures of the lower jaw (mandible) are suspected in patients with post-traumatic malocclusion or focal swelling and tenderness over a segment of the mandible. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Much of this was made up of dental and mandible fragments. (umass.edu)
  • Figure F: The cephalopharyngeal skeleton of C. hominovorax dissected from the head of a larva, showing the mandible structure. (cdc.gov)
  • It marks the line of fusion of the two halves of the mandible at the age of 2 years. (earthslab.com)