Mammals. Medical search

Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.

An infraclass of MAMMALS, also called Metatheria, where the young are born at an early stage of development and continue to develop in a pouch (marsupium). In contrast to Eutheria (placentals), marsupials have an incomplete PLACENTA.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

The suborder of aquatic CARNIVORA comprising the WALRUSES; FUR SEALS; SEA LIONS; and EARLESS SEALS. They have fusiform bodies with very short tails and are found on all sea coasts. The offspring are born on land.

Cold-blooded, air-breathing VERTEBRATES belonging to the class Reptilia, usually covered with external scales or bony plates.

An order of wholly aquatic MAMMALS occurring in all the OCEANS and adjoining seas of the world, as well as in certain river systems. They feed generally on FISHES, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Most are gregarious and most have a relatively long period of parental care and maturation. Included are DOLPHINS; PORPOISES; and WHALES. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp969-70)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

An order of insect eating MAMMALS including MOLES; SHREWS; HEDGEHOGS and tenrecs.

Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.

Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.

Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

The family Phocidae, suborder PINNIPEDIA, order CARNIVORA, comprising the true seals. They lack external ears and are unable to use their hind flippers to walk. It includes over 18 species including the harp seal, probably the best known seal species in the world.

An order of MAMMALS, usually flesh eaters with appropriate dentition. Suborders include the terrestrial carnivores Fissipedia, and the aquatic carnivores PINNIPEDIA.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

An oviparous burrowing mammal of the order Monotremata native to Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. It has hair mingled with spines on the upper part of the body and is adapted for feeding on ants.

Mammals of the families Delphinidae (ocean dolphins), Iniidae, Lipotidae, Pontoporiidae, and Platanistidae (all river dolphins). Among the most well-known species are the BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHIN and the KILLER WHALE (a dolphin). The common name dolphin is applied to small cetaceans having a beaklike snout and a slender, streamlined body, whereas PORPOISES are small cetaceans with a blunt snout and rather stocky body. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp978-9)

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The ceasing of existence of a species or taxonomic groups of organisms.

A family of herbivorous leaping MAMMALS of Australia, New Guinea, and adjacent islands. Members include kangaroos, wallabies, quokkas, and wallaroos.

The physical measurements of a body.

Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.

A family of the order Rodentia which contains 49 genera. Some of the more common genera are MARMOTA, which includes the marmot and woodchuck; Sciurus, the gray squirrel, S. carolinensis, and the fox squirrel, S. niger; Tamias, the eastern and western chipmunk; and Tamiasciurus, the red squirrel. The flying squirrels, except the scaly-tailed Anomaluridae, also belong to this family.

New World marsupials of the family Didelphidae. Opossums are omnivorous, largely nocturnal and arboreal MAMMALS, grow to about three feet in length, including the scaly prehensile tail, and have an abdominal pouch in which the young are carried at birth.

Order of mammals whose members are adapted for flight. It includes bats, flying foxes, and fruit bats.

The dormant state in which some warm-blooded animal species pass the winter. It is characterized by narcosis and by sharp reduction in body temperature and metabolic activity and by a depression of vital signs.

The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

The study of the teeth of early forms of life through fossil remains.

A subfamily of MURIDAE found nearly world-wide and consisting of about 20 genera. Voles, lemmings, and muskrats are members.

A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

Any of several burrowing rodents of the families MURIDAE and Bathyergidae, found in eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia. They have short limbs, small eyes with permanently closed lids, and no tail. Three genera SPALAX (Muridae), Heterocephalus (Bathyergidae) and Cryptomys (Bathyergidae) are used frequently as experimental animals in biomedical research. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed)

An order of small mammals comprising two families, Ochotonidae (pikas) and Leporidae (RABBITS and HARES). Head and body length ranges from about 125 mm to 750 mm. Hares and rabbits have a short tail, and the pikas lack a tail. Rabbits are born furless and with both eyes and ears closed. HARES are born fully haired with eyes and ears open. All are vegetarians. (From Nowak, Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p539-41)

Slow-moving exclusively arboreal mammals that inhabit the tropical forests of South and Central America.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The study of early forms of life through fossil remains.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Large mammals in the family Elephantidae, with columnar limbs, bulky bodies, and elongated snouts. They are the only surviving members of the PROBOSCIDEA MAMMALS.

VERTEBRATES belonging to the class amphibia such as frogs, toads, newts and salamanders that live in a semiaquatic environment.

Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.

A dosage compensation process occurring at an early embryonic stage in mammalian development whereby, at random, one X CHROMOSOME of the pair is repressed in the somatic cells of females.

The species Tursiops truncatus, in the family Delphinidae, characterized by a bottle-shaped beak and slightly hooked broad dorsal fin.

Fish-eating carnivores of the family MUSTELIDAE, found on both hemispheres.

A genus of short-tailed OPOSSUMS in the family Didelphidae found in South American, chiefly Brazil. They are opossums least well-adapted to arboreal life.

The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A group comprised of several species of aquatic carnivores in different genera, in the family Otariidae. In comparison to FUR SEALS, they have shorter, less dense hair.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A genus of large OPOSSUMS in the family Didelphidae, found in the Americas. The species Didelphis virginiana is prominent in North America.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Any of numerous burrowing mammals found in temperate regions and having minute eyes often covered with skin.

The normal length of time of an organism's life.

The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.

The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A family of the order Rodentia containing 250 genera including the two genera Mus (MICE) and Rattus (RATS), from which the laboratory inbred strains are developed. The fifteen subfamilies are SIGMODONTINAE (New World mice and rats), CRICETINAE, Spalacinae, Myospalacinae, Lophiomyinae, ARVICOLINAE, Platacanthomyinae, Nesomyinae, Otomyinae, Rhizomyinae, GERBILLINAE, Dendromurinae, Cricetomyinae, MURINAE (Old World mice and rats), and Hydromyinae.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Large marine mammals of the order CETACEA. In the past, they were commercially valued for whale oil, for their flesh as human food and in ANIMAL FEED and FERTILIZERS, and for baleen. Today, there is a moratorium on most commercial whaling, as all species are either listed as endangered or threatened.

The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.

The protection, preservation, restoration, and rational use of all resources in the total environment.

A genus in the family of EARLESS SEALS (Phocidae) and collectively the most abundant PINNIPEDS in the Northern Hemisphere.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The biological science concerned with similarities or differences in the life-supporting functions and processes of different species.

Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

A genus of pufferfish commonly used for research.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

One of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing.

An order of heavy-bodied, slow-moving, completely aquatic, herbivorous mammals. The body is fusiform, plump, and hairless, except for bristles on the snout. Hindlimbs are absent, the forelimbs are modified to flippers, and the tail is a horizontal fluke. (From Scott, Concise Encyclopedia Biology, 1996)

The consumption of animal flesh.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

Mammals of the family Phocoenidae comprising four genera found in the North Pacific Ocean and both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean and in various other seas. They differ from DOLPHINS in that porpoises have a blunt snout and a rather stocky body while dolphins have a beak-like snout and a slender, streamlined body. They usually travel in small groups. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp1003-4)

The family of agile, keen-sighted mongooses of Asia and Africa that feed on RODENTS and SNAKES.

An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

A genus of the order Sirenia comprising what are commonly called manatees. The distinguishing characteristics include a tail that is not notched, a short nasal cavity, the absence of nasal bones, and enamel-covered teeth. Members of this genus are found in marine bays and/or sluggish rivers, usually in turbid water. (From Scott, Concise Encyclopedia Biology, 1996)

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the Old World MICE and RATS.

A small order of primarily marine fish containing 340 species. Most have a rotund or box-like shape. TETRODOTOXIN is found in their liver and ovaries.

The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)

A group comprised of several species of eared seals found in two genera, in the family Otariidae. In comparison to SEA LIONS, they have an especially dense wooly undercoat.

An ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the OPTIC CHIASM.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

An accessory chemoreceptor organ that is separated from the main OLFACTORY MUCOSA. It is situated at the base of nasal septum close to the VOMER and NASAL BONES. It forwards chemical signals (such as PHEROMONES) to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, thus influencing reproductive and social behavior. In humans, most of its structures except the vomeronasal duct undergo regression after birth.

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

Sexual activities of animals.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Large, long-tailed reptiles, including caimans, of the order Loricata.

Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a MULTIGENE FAMILY; supergenes or PSEUDOGENES.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A family of the order PRIMATES, suborder Strepsirhini (PROSIMII), containing five genera. All inhabitants of Madagascar, the genera are: Allocebus, Cheirogaleus (dwarf lemurs), Microcebus (mouse lemurs), Mirza, and Phaner.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.

Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

General name for two extinct orders of reptiles from the Mesozoic era: Saurischia and Ornithischia.

An animal or plant species in danger of extinction. Causes can include human activity, changing climate, or change in predator/prey ratios.

Number of individuals in a population relative to space.

The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).

Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes.

The family Cervidae of 17 genera and 45 species occurring nearly throughout North America, South America, and Eurasia, on most associated continental islands, and in northern Africa. Wild populations of deer have been established through introduction by people in Cuba, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and other places where the family does not naturally occur. They are slim, long-legged and best characterized by the presence of antlers. Their habitat is forests, swamps, brush country, deserts, and arctic tundra. They are usually good swimmers; some migrate seasonally. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1362)

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

An order of ungulates having an odd number of toes, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.

The mechanisms by which the SEX of an individual's GONADS are fixed.

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

A former branch of knowledge embracing the study, description, and classification of natural objects (as animals, plants, and minerals) and thus including the modern sciences of zoology, botany, and mineralogy insofar as they existed at that time. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries it was much used for the generalized pursuit of certain areas of science. (Webster, 3d ed; from Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Activities performed by humans.

Proteins obtained from species of fish (FISHES).

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The gamete-producing glands, OVARY or TESTIS.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The family of carnivorous or omnivorous bears, having massive bodies, coarse heavy fur, relatively short limbs, and almost rudimentary tails.

The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The presence of two or more genetic loci on the same chromosome. Extensions of this original definition refer to the similarity in content and organization between chromosomes, of different species for example.

The process in developing sex- or gender-specific tissue, organ, or function after SEX DETERMINATION PROCESSES have set the sex of the GONADS. Major areas of sex differentiation occur in the reproductive tract (GENITALIA) and the brain.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A genus of the order Sirenia characterized by a notched tail, the presence of nasal bones and a long nasal cavity, and large columnar teeth lacking enamel. Dugongs inhabit the coastal waters of the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and the Malay Archipelago. (From Scott, Concise Encyclopedia Biology, 1996)

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Circadian rhythm signaling proteins that influence circadian clock by interacting with other circadian regulatory proteins and transporting them into the CELL NUCLEUS.

The time period of daily exposure that an organism receives from daylight or artificial light. It is believed that photoperiodic responses may affect the control of energy balance and thermoregulation.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Changes in biological features that help an organism cope with its ENVIRONMENT. These changes include physiological (ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL), phenotypic and genetic changes.

Animals that have no spinal column.

The family Erinaceidae, in the order INSECTIVORA. Most are true hedgehogs possessing a coat of spines and a very short tail. Those members of the family found in Southeast Asia (moonrats or gymnures) have normal body hair and a long tail.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Sounds used in animal communication.

Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A genus of diurnal rats in the family Octodonidae, found in South America. The species Octodon degus is frequently used for research.

Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA.

A large stout-bodied, sometimes anadromous, TROUT found in still and flowing waters of the Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska. It has a greenish back, a whitish belly, and pink, red, or lavender stripes on the sides, with usually a sprinkling of black dots. It is highly regarded as a sport and food fish. Its former name was Salmo gairdneri. The sea-run rainbow trouts are often called steelheads. Redband trouts refer to interior populations of rainbows.

Genetic mechanisms that allow GENES to be expressed at a similar level irrespective of their GENE DOSAGE. This term is usually used in discussing genes that lie on the SEX CHROMOSOMES. Because the sex chromosomes are only partially homologous, there is a different copy number, i.e., dosage, of these genes in males vs. females. In DROSOPHILA, dosage compensation is accomplished by hypertranscription of genes located on the X CHROMOSOME. In mammals, dosage compensation of X chromosome genes is accomplished by random X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION of one of the two X chromosomes in the female.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).

The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.

Genes that are located on the X CHROMOSOME.

RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes BRUCELLOSIS. Its cells are nonmotile coccobacilli and are animal parasites and pathogens. The bacterium is transmissible to humans through contact with infected dairy products or tissue.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with humans. They include animals domesticated by humans to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches for economic reasons, including LIVESTOCK (specifically CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; etc.), POULTRY; and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship, e.g., PETS; or specifically DOGS; CATS; etc.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during GAMETOGENESIS.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A survey of serum and dietary carotenoids in captive wild animals. (1/5680)

Accumulation of carotenoids varies greatly among animal species and is not fully characterized. Circulating carotenoid concentration data in captive wild animals are limited and may be useful for their management. Serum carotenoid concentrations and dietary intakes were surveyed and the extent of accumulation categorized for 76 species of captive wild animals at Brookfield Zoo. Blood samples were obtained opportunistically from 275 individual animals immobilized for a variety of reasons; serum was analyzed for alpha- and beta-carotene, lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin and canthaxanthin. Total carotenoid content of diets was calculated from tables and chemical analyses of commonly consumed dietary components. Diets were categorized as low, moderate or high in carotenoid content as were total serum carotenoid concentrations. Animals were classified as unknown, high, moderate or low (non-) accumulators of dietary cartenoids. Nonaccumulators had total serum carotenoid concentrations of 0-101 nmol/L, whereas accumulators had concentrations that ranged widely, from 225 to 35,351 nmol/L. Primates were uniquely distinguished by the widest range of type and concentration of carotenoids in their sera. Most were classified as high to moderate accumulators. Felids had high accumulation of beta-carotene regardless of dietary intake, whereas a wide range of exotic birds accumulated only the xanthophylls, lutein + zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin or cryptoxanthin. The exotic ungulates, with the exception of the bovids, had negligible or nondetectable carotenoid serum concentrations despite moderate intakes. Bovids accumulated only beta-carotene despite moderately high lutein + zeaxanthin intakes. Wild captive species demonstrated a wide variety of carotenoid accumulation patterns, which could be exploited to answer remaining questions concerning carotenoid metabolism and function. (+info)

Evidence for a correlation between the number of marginal band microtubules and the size of vertebrate erthrocytes. (2/5680)

In 23 species of vertebrates the dimensions of erythrocytes and the number of their marginal band microtubules were examined. A positive correlation was found between the size of erythrocytes and the number of microtubules. The absence of microtubules in diskoid erythrocytes of mammals-Camelidae-is discussed. (+info)

Isolation of novel GRO genes and a phylogenetic analysis of the CXC chemokine subfamily in mammals. (3/5680)

Approximately 15 different alpha, or CXC, chemokines have thus far been isolated from 11 species of mammals. Among the best studied chemokines are the 12 human proteins that are encoded by 11 paralogous genes. In order to better understand the evolution and function of this group of genes, we isolated and characterized six novel GRO and GRO-related cDNA sequences from the cow (Bos taurus), the sheep (Ovis aries), the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). The amino acid sequence of the diverged guinea pig GRO or KC gene is only 50%-60% similar to presumed orthologs from other species, while the sheep and cow GRO proteins are 90%-99% similar to each other. The presence of multiple GRO genes in the cow, the rabbit, and the sheep is consistent with what has been observed for humans. Phylogenetic analyses of amino acid sequences from 44 proteins indicate that genes orthologous to many of the 11 known from humans exist in other species. One such gene, interleukin 8, or IL8, has been isolated from nine species, including the rodent guinea pig; however, this gene is absent in the rat and the mouse, indicating a unique gene loss event in the rat/mouse (muroid rodent) lineage. The KC (or MIP2) gene of rodents appears to be orthologous to the GRO gene found in other taxonomic orders. Combined evidence from different sources suggests that IP10 and MIG share sister taxon relationships on the evolutionary tree, while the remaining paralogous genes represent independent lineages, with limited evidence for kinship between them. This observation indicates that these genes originated nearly contemporaneously via a series of gene duplication events. Relative-rate tests for synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions in the KC and IL8 genes did not detect rate heterogeneity; however, there are several notable features regarding the IL8 genes. For example, the IL8 proteins from two Old World monkeys are as similar to one another as they are to the IL8 protein from humans, and all observed nucleotide differences between the IL8 genes of the two monkeys cause amino acid changes; in other words, there are no synonymous differences between them. (+info)

Evolutionary and preservational constraints on origins of biologic groups: divergence times of eutherian mammals. (4/5680)

Some molecular clock estimates of divergence times of taxonomic groups undergoing evolutionary radiation are much older than the groups' first observed fossil record. Mathematical models of branching evolution are used to estimate the maximal rate of fossil preservation consistent with a postulated missing history, given the sum of species durations implied by early origins under a range of species origination and extinction rates. The plausibility of postulated divergence times depends on origination, extinction, and preservation rates estimated from the fossil record. For eutherian mammals, this approach suggests that it is unlikely that many modern orders arose much earlier than their oldest fossil records. (+info)

Sequence analysis of cDNA and genomic DNA, and mRNA expression of the medaka fish homolog of mammalian guanylyl cyclase C. (5/5680)

We isolated the cDNA and genomic DNA encoding a membrane guanylyl cyclase of medaka fish (designated as OlGC6), and determined their complete nucleotide sequences. The open reading frame for OlGC6 cDNA predicted a protein of 1,075 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that OlGC6 is a member of the enterotoxin/guanylin receptor family. We also determined the partial genomic structure of the gene of another membrane guanylyl cyclase of medaka fish, OlGC2, which is a member of the natriuretic peptide receptor family. The intron positions relative to the protein-coding sequence are highly conserved in the intracellular domains of OlGC6, OlGC2, mammalian GC-A, and GC-E. Despite their divergent primary structures, some intron positions also seem to be conserved in the extracellular domains of different membrane guanylyl cyclase genes. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that an OlGC6 transcript of 3.9 kb is only present in the intestine, while reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis demonstrated that the OlGC6 transcript is present in the kidney, spleen, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, ovary, testis, brain, and eye. RT-PCR also demonstrated that OlGC6 is only expressed zygotically and that transcripts are present from 1 day after fertilization, i.e. long before the intestinal tissues begin to develop. (+info)

Differences in the actions of some blockers of the calcium-activated potassium permeability in mammalian red cells. (6/5680)

1. The actions of some inhibitors of the Ca2+-activated K+ permeability in mammalian red cells have been compared. 2. Block of the permeability was assessed from the reduction in the net loss of K+ that followed the application of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (2 microM) to rabbit red cells suspended at a haematocrit of 1% in a low potassium solution ([K]0 0.12-0.17 mM) at 37 degrees C. Net movement of K+ was measured using a K+-sensitive electrode placed in the suspension. 3. The concentrations (microM +/- s.d.) of the compounds tested causing 50% inhibition of K+ loss were: quinine, 37 +/- 3; cetiedil, 26 +/- 1; the cetiedil congeners UCL 1269, UCL 1274 and UCL 1495, approximately 150, 8.2 +/- 0.1, 0.92 +/- 0.03 respectively; clotrimazole, 1.2 +/- 0.1; nitrendipine, 3.6 +/- 0.5 and charybdotoxin, 0.015 +/- 0.002. 4. The characteristics of the block suggested that compounds could be placed in two groups. For one set (quinine, cetiedil, and the UCL congeners), the concentration-inhibition curves were steeper (Hill coefficient, nH, > or = 2.7) than for the other (clotrimazole, nitrendipine, charybdotoxin) for which nH approximately 1. 5. Compounds in the first set alone became less active on raising the concentration of K+ in the external solution to 5.4 mM. 6. The rate of K+ loss induced by A23187 slowed in the presence of high concentrations of cetiedil and its analogues, suggesting a use-dependent component to the inhibitory action. This was not seen with clotrimazole. 7. The blocking action of the cetiedil analogue UCL 1274 could not be overcome by an increase in external Ca2+ and its potency was unaltered when K+ loss was induced by the application of Pb2+ (10 microM) rather than by A23187. 8. These results, taken with the findings of others, suggest that agents that block the red cell Ca2+-activated K+ permeability can be placed in two groups with different mechanisms of action. The differences can be explained by supposing that clotrimazole and charybdotoxin act at the outer face of the channel whereas cetiedil and its congeners may block within it, either at or near the K+ binding site that determines the flow of K+. (+info)

Proteasome-dependent degradation of the human estrogen receptor. (7/5680)

In eukaryotic cells, the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is the major mechanism for the targeted degradation of proteins with short half-lives. The covalent attachment of ubiquitin to lysine residues of targeted proteins is a signal for the recognition and rapid degradation by the proteasome, a large multi-subunit protease. In this report, we demonstrate that the human estrogen receptor (ER) protein is rapidly degraded in mammalian cells in an estradiol-dependent manner. The treatment of mammalian cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 inhibits activity of the proteasome and blocks ER degradation, suggesting that ER protein is turned over through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In addition, we show that in vitro ER degradation depends on ubiquitin-activating E1 enzyme (UBA) and ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzymes (UBCs), and the proteasome inhibitors MG132 and lactacystin block ER protein degradation in vitro. Furthermore, the UBA/UBCs and proteasome inhibitors promote the accumulation of higher molecular weight forms of ER. The UBA and UBCs, which promote ER degradation in vitro, have no significant effect on human progesterone receptor and human thyroid hormone receptor beta proteins. (+info)

tRNAVal-heterodimeric maxizymes with high potential as geneinactivating agents: simultaneous cleavage at two sites in HIV-1 Tat mRNA in cultured cells. (8/5680)

It has been demonstrated that shortened forms of (stem II-deleted) hammerhead ribozymes with low intrinsic activity form very active dimers with a common stem II (very active short ribozymes capable of forming dimers were designated maxizymes). Intracellular activities of heterodimeric maxizymes and conventional ribozymes, under the control of a human tRNAVal-promoter, were compared against the cleavage of HIV-1 tat mRNA. The pol III-driven maxizymes formed very active heterodimers, and they successfully cleaved HIV-1 tat mRNA in mammalian cells at two sites simultaneously. The cleaved fragments were identified directly by Northern blotting analysis. Despite the initial concerns that a complicated dimerization process and formation of inactive homodimers were involved in addition to the process of association with the target, the overall intracellular activities of tRNAVal-driven maxizymes were significantly higher in mammalian cells than those of two sets of independent, conventional hammerhead ribozymes that were targeted at the same two sites within HIV-1 tat mRNA. Because the tRNAVal-driven maxizymes tested to date have been more effective than tRNAVal-driven "standard" hammerhead ribozymes, the tRNAVal-driven heterodimeric maxizymes appear to have potential utility as gene-inactivating agents. (+info)

... larger mammals, such as bears, become polyphagic to increase fat stores, whereas smaller mammals prefer to collect and stash ... Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract because the proteins, lipids and minerals found in meat require little in the ... The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type (Allen's rule). Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat- ... Mammals that weigh less than about 18 ounces (510 g; 1.1 lb) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat

Mammals[edit]. Along with invertebrates and birds, vertebrates like the harbour seal also show display behaviour. Since the ... the display behaviours expressed are slightly different from those seen in terrestrial mammal species. Male harbour seals show ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_

Birkhauser.) or mammals ("The British Mammals list" Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ppne.co.uk. Retrieved 7 July ... Mammals[edit]. Scotland was entirely covered in ice during the Pleistocene glaciations.[22] As the post-glacial weather warmed ... Other mammals[edit]. Only nine of the sixteen or seventeen bat species found elsewhere in Britain are present in Scotland. ... "Developing a mammal monitoring programme for the UK" (pdf). Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Retrieved 2 January 2007.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland

Mammals[edit]. *Coon, an alternative name for Maine Coon, a breed of domestic cat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coon

Mammals[edit]. All major Cretaceous mammalian lineages, including monotremes (egg-laying mammals), multituberculates, ... Diversification of mammals stalled across the boundary.[105] Current research indicates that mammals did not explosively ... No purely herbivorous or carnivorous mammals seem to have survived. Rather, the surviving mammals and birds fed on insects, ... The most striking example is the replacement of dinosaurs by mammals. After the K-Pg extinction, mammals evolved rapidly to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous-Paleogene_extinction_event

Carcinogenicity in mammals[edit]. It is considered a potential occupational carcinogen by the U.S. National Institute for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodomethane

"Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-9128 ... Mammals[edit]. Pilosans[edit]. Example Binomial name Native range Status Continental relative ... Raia, P.; Meiri, S. (August 2006). "The island rule in large mammals: paleontology meets ecology". Evolution. 60 (8): 1731-1742 ... "The maximum rate of mammal evolution". PNAS. 109 (11): 4187-4190. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.4187E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1120774109 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_dwarfism

Mammals and birds[edit]. A large number of mammals and predatory birds have a brown coloration. This sometimes changes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown

Mammals[edit]. Bats[edit]. Bat-transmitted rabies occurs throughout North and South America but it was first closely studied in ... Other small mammals[edit]. The most commonly infected terrestrial animals in the U.S.A. are raccoons, skunks, foxes, and ... Rabies, caused by the rabies virus, primarily infects mammals. In the laboratory it has been found that birds can be infected, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_in_animals

Mammals[edit]. *Mice, rats, and other small rodents damage crops and stored produce ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_

Greenwood, Paul J. "Mating Systems, Philopatry and Dispersal in Birds and Mammals." Animal Behaviour 28.4 (1980): 1140-162. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem_

Exotic mammals[edit]. *Anteaters like southern tamanduas. *Bison. *Canidae like Arctic foxes, coydogs, dingoes, fennec foxes, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet

Mammals[edit]. The Indus river dolphin (Platanista indicus minor) is found only in the Indus River. It is subspecies of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River

Mammals[edit]. Clothianidin is moderately toxic in the short-term to mammals that eat it, and long-term ingestion may result in ... To reduce the possibility that birds and small mammals might eat treated seeds, users are required to ensure that soil covers ... It poses lower risks to mammals, including humans, when compared to organophosphates and carbamates. It also plays a key role ... It poses lower risks to mammals, including humans, when compared to organophosphates and carbamates. It has helped prevent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothianidin

"Mammal Nests and Burrows". Kids' Inquiry of Diverse Species. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 3, ... Among mammals, the naked mole-rat displays a caste structure similar to the social insects while building extensive burrows ... "Largest mammal to build a nest". Guinness World Records. Retrieved August 20, 2013.. ... Many mammals, including raccoons and skunks, seek natural cavities in the ground or in trees to build their nests. Raccoons, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest

Mammals also use this trick for increasing the speed of signals in the nervous system, but they can also use myelin to ... Cell cycle regulation in mammals[edit]. Many different types of eukaryotic cells undergo size-dependent transitions during the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_growth

Richard Estes (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. University of ... For smaller mammals a different phenomenon occurs, where urine is discharged as droplets, and urination in smaller mammals, ... Dog-like mammals (Canidae). This section may contain an excessive number of citations. Please consider removing references to ... Apps, Peter (2000). Wild Ways: Field Guide to the Behaviour of Southern African Mammals. Struik. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-86872-443-7 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urination

The majority of the zoo's smaller mammal species live in the Small Mammal House. The species on display include golden lion ... "Small Mammal House". Smithsonian's National Zoo. Retrieved July 10, 2018.. *^ "American Trail". Smithsonian's National Zoo. ... Despite not being mammals, a pair of Von der Decken's hornbills and a green aracari can be found in the building. ... The committee found that most animals were well cared-for, and there was little to question regarding large mammal deaths from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_

2010). Diagnostic Imaging of Exotic Pets: Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles. Germany: Manson Publishing. ISBN 978-3-89993-049-8.. ... In mammals, inhalation at rest is primarily due to the contraction of the diaphragm. This is an upwardly domed sheet of muscle ... Exceptional mammals. Horses. Main article: Respiratory system of the horse. Horses are obligate nasal breathers which means ... Ventilation of the lungs in mammals occurs via the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and the pons of the brainstem.[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory

Mammals[edit]. *Subclass Prototheria, Order Monotremata, Family Ornithorhynchidae *Ornithorhynchus anatinus, platypus (2007[75] ... March 2015). "Convergent evolution of the genomes of marine mammals". Nature Genetics. 47 (3): 272-5. doi:10.1038/ng.3198. PMID ... Infraclass Eutheria (placental mammals) *Order Erinaceomorpha, Family Erinaceidae *Erinaceus europaeus, Western European ... Subclass Theria (marsupials and placental mammals) *Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials) *Order Didelphimorphia, Family ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes

Marine mammal shows[edit]. Marine mammal shows include the display or performance of marine mammals such as polar bears, sea ... Animals perform tricks and stunts in the circus, marine mammal shows, amusement parks, carnivals, independent animal acts, ... Modern amusement parks often feature performing marine mammals and even contain drive-thru animal safari tours. The animal ... otters, whales, porpoises, dolphins, manatees, dugongs, seals, sea lions, walruses, and other mammals with fins or flippers.[1] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_show

Mammals[edit]. See also: Animal sexual behavior § Mammals. Annual breeding cycles sometimes apply to mammals, with regulating ... Migration patterns of a mammal may sometimes govern breeding times. Mammal breeding in the wild sometimes involves the use of ... The polar bear is an example of a mammal who uses a maternity den, whose locations are influenced by migration movements of ... mammals, avafauna, arthropods and lower life forms. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeding_in_the_wild

A deer antler is the only appendage of a mammal that can be regrown every year.[72] While reparative regeneration is a rare ... Mammals are capable of cellular and physiological regeneration, but have generally poor reparative regenerative ability across ... Similar to the physiological regeneration of hair in mammals, birds can regenerate their feathers in order to repair damaged ... Despite these examples, it is generally accepted that adult mammals have limited regenerative capacity compared to most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_

Mammal anatomy[edit]. Main article: Mammal anatomy. Mammals are a diverse class of animals, mostly terrestrial but some are ... The legs of most mammals are situated below the trunk, which is held well clear of the ground. The bones of mammals are well ... Mammals have three bones in the middle ear and a cochlea in the inner ear. They are clothed in hair and their skin contains ... Mammals are amniotes, and most are viviparous, giving birth to live young. The exception to this are the egg-laying monotremes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_physiology

In mammals[edit]. Even before POC theory arose, debates took place over whether infants wean themselves or mothers actively ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent–offspring_conflict

The majority of the zoo's smaller mammal species live in the Small Mammal House. The species on display include golden lion ... The committee found that most animals were well cared-for, and there was little to question regarding large mammal deaths from ... Despite not being a mammal, Von der Decken's hornbills can be found in the same exhibit as the meerkats. ... small mammals and many more. The SCBI facility houses between 30 and 40 endangered species at any given time depending on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_National_Zoological_Park

Mammals[edit]. Visibility varies greatly from species to species due to the nocturnal habits of some and seasonal hibernation ... In addition, 41 species of mammals, 18 species of reptiles, 4 species of amphibians and 15 species of fish have been identified ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Bono_Salton_Sea_National_Wildlife_Refuge

Other mammals[edit]. In primitive placental mammals there are four premolars per quadrant, but the most mesial two (closer to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premolar

In all mammals the ovum is fertilized inside the female body. The human ova grow from primitive germ cells that are embedded in ... A number of ova are present at birth in mammals and mature via oogenesis. White et al. disproved the longstanding dogma that ... that female mammals are born with a finite supply of eggs that is depleted throughout life and exhausted at menopause.[7] ... was a rejection of spontaneous generation and preformationism as well as a bold assumption that mammals also reproduced via ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovum

"New proto-mammal fossil sheds light on evolution of earliest mammals". University of Chicago. August 7, 2013.. ... In forms transitional to mammals, the jaw joint is composed of a large, lower jaw bone (similar to the dentary found in mammals ... they can also be called stem mammals or proto-mammals.[6] Synapsids evolved from basal amniotes and are one of the two major ... are a group of animals that includes mammals and every animal more closely related to mammals than to other living amniotes.[2] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsid

2004 Paleocene biochronology: the Puercan through the Clarkforkian land mammal ages. In Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic mammals of ... 2003 Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 1056-1061. (doi: ... 2013 Response to comment on The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals. Science 341, 613. (doi: ... 2013 The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals. Science 339, 662-667. (doi:10.1126/science. ...

http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/1/20131003

The main article for this category is Mammal.. The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the ... Pages in category "Mammals". The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent ... Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Mammals&oldid=981755386" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mammals

Mammals are critical in maintaining ecosystem functions and services through their diverse roles as grazers, browsers, ... Mammals also provide numerous direct benefits to humans; they are an important food source for many cultures and are used in ... Mammals are critic. al in maintaining ecosystem functions and services through their diverse roles as grazers, browsers, ... It shows that for mammals, the overall trend is one of decline. ... The Global Mammal Assessment Programme. Mammals on The IUCN Red ...

https://www.iucn.org/zh-hans/node/19129

Earliest crown mammals[edit]. The crown group mammals, sometimes called true mammals, are the extant mammals and their ... Mammals of the Mesozoic: The least mammal-like mammals *^ Hu, Yaoming; Meng, Jin; Clark, James M (2009). "A New Tritylodontid ... Mammals or mammaliaforms[edit]. Some writers restrict the term "mammal" to the crown group mammals, the group consisting of the ... Definition of "mammal"[edit]. Figure 1:In mammals, the quadrate and articular bones are small and part of the middle ear; the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals

Earths LAND MAMMALS By Weight [[A graph in which one square equals 1,000,000 tons. Dark grey squares represent humans, light ... Image URL (for hotlinking/embedding): https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/land_mammals.png ...

https://xkcd.com/1338/

Dr. Steve K. Windels, wildlife biologist for Voyageurs National Park, explains how national parks make critical conservation research possible and gives insight into the work being done with wolves at Voyageurs.

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/group/mammals/

pieces breaking off with groups of mammals - different conditions evolved different mammals - geographic isolation Mammals ... Infraclass Metatheria - all marsupial mammals Infraclass Eutheria - all placental mammals NONEUTHERIAN MAMMALS: MONOTREMES AND ... Second largest order of mammals with ~170 genera and 850 species Characterized as the only mammal to have evolved true flight ... Age of mammals ~30 mammalian orders Mesozoic mammals tended to be somewhat insignificant - limited fossil evidence indicated ...

http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/mammals.html

Join the Marine Mammal Foundation in National Science Week 2020 with our Virtually Marine Mammals online presentation! There is ... Sign up form for participating in Marine Mammal Foundations Virtually Marine Mammals Science Week series. ... From resident dolphins and seals to migratory whales, Victorias coasts have an incredible diversity of marine mammals.. This ... In this exciting online presentations, learn about the incredible marine mammal diversity of Victoria, including the newly ...

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdCYDQ8xfC0NUhVdkSsP6eoNZwIsNnU5uHVCAyjI8DHZDlIEA/viewform?usp=send_form

Fundamental » All languages » Vietnamese » All sets » Lifeforms » Animals » Chordates » Vertebrates » Mammals. Vietnamese terms ... Pages in category "vi:Mammals". The following 21 pages are in this category, out of 21 total. ... Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Category:vi:Mammals&oldid=47129799" ...

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:vi:Mammals

Fundamental » All languages » Swedish » All sets » Lifeforms » Animals » Chordates » Vertebrates » Mammals Swedish terms for ... Pages in category "sv:Mammals". The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. ... Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Category:sv:Mammals&oldid=47128390" ...

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:sv:Mammals

Explore facts and photos about mammals found in the United States. Learn about their range, habitat, diet, life history, and ... The United States has more than 400 mammal species. Of those mammals, nearly a quarter are listed on the U.S. endangered ... Unlike other classes of animals, female mammals produce milk to nourish their young. Almost all mammals give birth to live ... Mammals-a group that include humans-are warm-blooded animals with hair and vertebrates, or backbones. ...

https://www.nwf.org/Home/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals

... study fossils and the evolution of mammals, print out classroom activities, find mammal links, and more. ... Explore mammals, learn about their anatomy and behavior, ... Introduction to Mammals. Groups of Mammals. Ice Age Mammals. ... All About Mammals What Is a Mammal?. Mammals are animals that have hair, are warm-blooded, and nourish their young with milk. ... Mammal Extremes. *Fastest mammal (also the fastest land animal): the cheetah (60-70 mph = 97-110 kph) *Slowest mammal - the ...

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/

Mammals: The mammalian kidney is a compact organ with two distinct regions: cortex and medulla. The functional unit of the ... Mammals. The mammalian kidney is a compact organ with two distinct regions: cortex and medulla. The functional unit of the ... Like mammals, and unlike the lower vertebrates, birds and reptiles have skins impermeable to water and thus are well adapted to ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/excretion/Mammals

We have no clue how climate change will affect most land mammals. Weve only studied the effects of climate change for around ... By breeding African mammals like kudu and nilgai, ranches risk running a massive unregulated wildlife experiment. ... Bears usually avoid skunks, but in this throwback clip, both mammals stand their ground for an epic showdown. ... A species of tiny mammals that lived amongst the dinosaurs might have led highly gregarious lives. ...

https://www.popsci.com/tags/mammals/

More than half of all the genera of mammals known to science are present in the collection. ... Explore one of the largest fossil mammal collections of its type in the world. ... More than half of all the genera of mammals known to science are present in the collection. The cataloged collection contains ... In 1968, the fossil collection of Childs Frick, consisting mostly of fossil mammals, was donated to the AMNH. More recently, ...

https://www.amnh.org/research/paleontology/collections/fossil-mammals

Tag Archives: Meet the Mammals SEFS Students Volunteer at "Meet the Mammals". Posted on December 5, 2015. by SEFS ... Posted in Uncategorized , Tagged Burke Museum, Canada lynx, Jack DeLap, Jeff Bradley, Laurel Peelle, Meet the Mammals, Sharlene ... Mammal experts were on hand all day to answer questions about their particular specimens, and other activities ranged from live ... Last month, SEFS grad students Laurel Peelle and Jack DeLap volunteered in the annual "Meet the Mammals" event held at the ...

http://depts.washington.edu/sefsblog/tag/meet-the-mammals/

Birds and Mammals. The risk assessment for birds and mammals uses a tiered approach to assess the risk of mortality and ... De-husking of seeds by small mammals. During evaluation of seed treatment applications, the risk assessment for small mammals ... Prior to refinement, the risk is contextualised by estimating the area that would need to be foraged by a bird or mammal to ... Proportion of different food types in the bird and mammal diet. PD - the proportion of different food types in the bird and ...

https://www.hse.gov.uk/pesticides/pesticides-registration/data-requirements-handbook/birds.htm

... on a contraceptive vaccine for female mammals. It was bioengineered by Jurrien Dean of Bethesda, Maryland. The vaccine inhibits ... Immature ova in mammals are surrounded by a protein called zona pellucida.. Tests on mice and hamsters show that antizona sera ... world (WO 90/15624) on a contraceptive vaccine for female mammals. It was. bioengineered by Jurrien Dean of Bethesda, Maryland ...

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13117794-500-patents-mammals-birth-control/

Cladistic Analysis of Marine Mammals Introduction. Whales and dolphins are both marine mammals. So are walruses, seals, otters ... You will then use this phylogenetic tree to test our hypothesis that all marine mammals have a single common land mammal ... First, we will explore the relationship of the marine mammals to each other vs. their evolutionary relationship to land mammals ... Second, each student will then develop a cladogram which includes a selection of marine mammals and land mammals which ...

https://sites.google.com/site/apbiowiki/lab-notes/cladistic-analysis-of-marine-mammals

Please feel free to send pictures of your pets enclosed or any visible health concernts to [email protected] prior your appointment ...

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdYphzGJN888IYgZhy1cv_Z1cSCrGCsMRPWR7bpPNnQ_3KGUw/viewform?usp=sf_link

This category is located at Category:Marine mammals. Note: This category should be empty. Any content should be recategorised. ... Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Sea_mammals&oldid=297508295" ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sea_mammals

... is dedicated to marine mammal and sea turtle response, rescue, care, research and education. We provide a hotline for the ... Marine Mammals of Maine (MMoME) is dedicated to marine mammal and sea turtle response, rescue, care, research and education. We ... Marine Mammals of Maine (MMoME) is dedicated to marine mammal and sea turtle response, rescue, care, research and education. We ...

https://www.idealist.org/en/nonprofit/0242a1f5f072443cbb06962f855a28a9-marine-mammals-of-maine-bath

... dolphins and a host of other marine mammals that live in the Mediterranean Sea. ... Charting marine mammal behavior is no easy feat, but thats exactly what a group of international citizen scientists is doing ... Charting marine mammal behavior is no easy feat, but thats exactly what a group of international citizen scientists is doing ... dolphins and a host of other marine mammals that live in the Mediterranean Sea. ...

https://www.voanews.com/a/citizen-scientists-chart-marine-mammals/4514250.html

Marine Mammals Management, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, conserves wildlife and wilderness in northeast Alaska ... The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (MMPA), as amended, prohibits, with certain exceptions, the take of marine mammals in ... Marine Mammals Management Fisheries & Ecological Services Alaska Region Home. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Home Page , ... the total of such taking will have no more than a negligible impact on these marine mammal species and does not have an ...

https://www.fws.gov/alaska/fisheries/mmm/itr.htm

The Mammals, 1952 Vincent Black Lightning (orig. Richard Thompson) *The Mammals, Chan Chan (orig. Compay Segundo) *The Mammals ... The Mammals: Lay Down Yr Mountain (text Allan Ginsburg) *Mississippi Fred McDowell: When I Lay My Burden Down(trad.) Cover Lay ... The Mammals, House Carpenter/Pipeline. (from Evolver). As always, all album and label links above take you direct to the source ... The Mammals: Quite Early Morning *Marlene Dietrich: Where Have All The Flowers Gone. *removed at artist/label request. ...

http://web.archive.org/web/20121104070052/http:/coverlaydown.com/category/the-mammals/

Mammal Mammal, (class Mammalia), any member of the group of vertebrate animals in which the young are nourished with milk from ... Mammalogy Mammalogy, scientific study of mammals. Interest in nonhuman mammals dates far back in prehistory, and the modern ... Miners cat Miners cat, carnivorous mammal, a species of cacomistle ... * Mink Mink, either of two species of the weasel ... It is the rarest living rhinoceros and one of the worlds most endangered mammals. Some 46-66 adults survive, all restricted to ...

https://www.britannica.com/browse/Mammals/5

The researchers focused on a gene, Prx1, that plays a part in the elongation of limb bones in mammals. The genes expression is ... Mixing Mammals. Putting bat DNA into mice sheds light on how limbs evolved. ... Starting with a basic limb pattern, "successive slight modifications," he wrote, eventually produce the various mammal limbs we ...

https://www.technologyreview.com/2008/01/22/222298/mixing-mammals/

Owning a small mammal can be a big responsibility, even though the animal itself may be tiny. If you decide that a small mammal ... Pick a small mammal pet that is bright, alert, and active. Small mammal pets should have a glossy coat free of droppings. Do ... Before choosing your small mammal. *Check your state, local, and property laws before choosing or buying a small mammal. Just ... including small mammals. Although rare, Salmonella infections associated with small mammals have been linked to some outbreaks ...

https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/pets/pocket-pets/lcmv.html

... and presses his face against the fence of his pen at the Pacific Marine Mammal Center in Laguna Beach. Tommy arrived at the ... 250 marine mammals each year. The animals taken in by the center are ... to provide marine mammals like Tommy with the food, medicine and care ... The Pacific Marine Mammal Center is where Tommy grew up and for ... 10 the Marine Mammal Center will. host a holiday gathering at ...

https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/news/tn-dpt-xpm-2004-12-03-export1528-story.html

... can be identified by the presence in females of mammary glands that produce milk for offspring. Mammals are warm- ... Globally, 1,199 species of mammals, or about 22 percent of the total 5,513 described mammal species, were deemed endangered or ... The platypus and four echidna species are the sole surviving mammalian egg-layers.) Mammals now encompass approximately 5,400 ... Their gradual evolution from mammal-like "reptiles" called "synapsids" spanned about 70 million years. The first clear evidence ...

https://biologicaldiversity.org/species/mammals/index.html

Led by Mammalogy Collection Manager and SEFS alumnus Jeff Bradley ('00, M.S.) and Curator of Mammals Sharlene Santana, the Burke Museum organizes Meet the Mammals for guests of all ages to explore species from tigers and bats to sea otters and even a live llama. (washington.edu)
There are at least 69 species of wild mammals living in and around Britain and another 29 migratory species (bats and marine mammals), which occasionally visit. (devon.gov.uk)
Bats - highly specialised insectivores, with wing membranes which make them the only mammals capable of flying. (devon.gov.uk)
After tens of millions of years of evolutionary isolation from all mammals except bats, islands of the Central Pacific were quite suddenly besieged by a number of alien rodents, carnivores and both large and small herbivores. (usgs.gov)
Most of the isolated islands of the Pacific existed for tens of millions of years in the absence of terrestrial mammals except for bats, which were able to fly over vast oceans and establish themselves. (usgs.gov)
Previously, the earliest record of flight in mammals was found in fossils of bats dating back to 51 million years ago, said lead study author, Jin Meng from the American Museum of Natural History in New York. (livescience.com)
Bats, our second-largest group of mammals, are the only true flying vertebrates alive today besides birds. (gpnc.org)
To test these assertions, we examined the functionality of the short and medium- to long-wavelength opsin genes in a group of mammals that are supremely adapted to a nocturnal niche: the bats. (pnas.org)
To understand further how opsin genes have adapted in mammals and to investigate whether functionality can indeed be used to infer activity patterns, we undertook an extensive survey of visual genes in bats, which are considered the sensory specialists ( 11 ) and arguably show the greatest adaptation for nocturnality of all of the vertebrates. (pnas.org)
To infer the impact of nocturnality on the evolution of vision in mammals, we sequenced the SWS1 opsin gene (2.2 kb) in 32 species of bat and the M/LWS opsin gene (3.2 kb) in 14 species of bats. (pnas.org)

Later in the Mesozoic , after theropod dinosaurs replaced rauisuchians as the dominant carnivores, mammals spread into other ecological niches . (wikipedia.org)
To do this, we will test whether seals and whales are more closely related to each other than either of them are to representative land mammals: dogs (land carnivores) or cows (land herbivores). (google.com)
Carnivores - flesh eating mammals such as the fox, otter, stoat and weasel. (devon.gov.uk)
Mammals can be carnivores, herbivores or omnivores. (philadelphiazoo.org)

The tiny fossil from the Middle to Late Jurassic of Patagonia is a representative of the recently termed Australosphenida, a group of mammals from Gondwanaland that evolved tribosphenic molars convergently to the Northern Hemisphere Tribosphenida, and probably gave rise to the monotremes 1 . (nature.com)
This is our largest group of mammals, and there's far more than mice in this bunch. (gpnc.org)
A strange group of mammals lived 10,000 years ago in South America. (nhm.ac.uk)

Placental mammals (crown Eutheria) appear in the fossil record after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event 66 Ma ago, when an estimated 76% of all species became extinct [ 1 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
[3] The sauropsids are today's reptiles and birds along with all the extinct animals more closely related to them than to mammals. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists have identified more than 5,400 mammal species on Earth, roughly one-fifth of which are known to be threatened or extinct. (nwf.org)
Although some of the large mammals in these dioramas resemble animals alive today, all of the ones illustrated are extinct for reasons that may include overhunting, climate change, massive meteor impact, emerging diseases, or a combination of factors. (amnh.org)
In North America, about five dozen kinds of mammals, big and small, went extinct as the ice slowly retreated. (amnh.org)
Instead, V. antiquus provides evidence for the independent origin of flight in this now-extinct lineage of mammals, the researchers conclude. (livescience.com)
It's a familiar story--the mighty dinosaurs dominated their prehistoric environment, while tiny mammals took a backseat, until the dinosaurs (besides birds) went extinct 66 million years ago, allowing mammals to shine. (eurekalert.org)
The traditional view is that mammals were suppressed by the dinosaurs' success, and that they didn't really take off until after the dinosaurs went extinct. (eurekalert.org)
These different diets proved key to an unexpected finding regarding mammal species going extinct along with the dinosaurs. (eurekalert.org)
Early mammals were hit by a selective extinction at the same time the dinosaurs died out--generalists that could live off of a wide variety of foods seemed more apt to survive, but many mammals with specialized diets went extinct. (eurekalert.org)
Where these animals, and hundreds of other related, but extinct, species sat in the mammal family tree has baffled many, until now. (nhm.ac.uk)
When teeth of the extinct gondwanathere mammals were first discovered in Argentina in the 1980s, they were thought to be related to xenarthrans, leading to renewed attention for the hypothesis that xenarthrans are not placentals. (wikipedia.org)
Bonaparte argued against George Gaylord Simpson's 1931 view that xenarthrans derive from the Tertiary Palaeanodonta of North America, and instead suggested that xenarthrans, and perhaps pangolins, split from eutherians (placentals and their extinct relatives) as early as the Early Cretaceous and derived from some early "pantothere" (a now-abandoned grouping of early mammals, including dryolestoids among others). (wikipedia.org)

While living mammal species can be identified by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands in the females, other features are required when classifying fossils , because mammary glands and other soft-tissue features are not visible in fossils. (wikipedia.org)

A quarter of Britain's native mammal species, including red squirrels, wildcats and beavers, are at risk of extinction, a new assessment warns. (theecologist.org)
Although mule deer and rock squirrels are two mammals well adapted to Zion's scorching summer temperatures, many other animals avoid the heat of the day altogether. (nps.gov)
A large-scale study of over 100 species of mammals including orcas, reindeer, squirrels, and lions found that females live an average of 18.6% longer than their male counterparts, which may be tied to both genetic and environmental factors. (theonion.com)
Most visitors to the park see mule deer, elk, and squirrels, but many of Grand Canyon's mammals are secretive or nocturnal and move around unnoticed. (nps.gov)

One such feature available for paleontology , shared by all living mammals (including monotremes ), but not present in any of the early Triassic therapsids , is shown in Figure 1 (on the right), namely: mammals use two bones for hearing that all other amniotes use for eating. (wikipedia.org)
The monotremes are primitive egg-laying mammals. (enchantedlearning.com)
mammals whose young are born at a relatively advanced stage (more advanced than the young of other mammals, the monotremes and marsupials). (enchantedlearning.com)
While there are some mammals, called monotremes, that lay eggs, there's a big difference - these eggs have softer shells. (worldatlas.com)
Monotremes like the duck-billed platypus mammals lay shelled eggs. (redorbit.com)
The Jurassic period is an important stage in early mammalian evolution, as it saw the first diversification of this group, leading to the stem lineages of monotremes and modern therian mammals 1 . (nature.com)

[3] This does not include the mammal-like reptiles , a group more closely related to the mammals. (wikipedia.org)
Basic structural body plan is inherited from Therapsid mammal-like reptiles. (shsu.edu)
Like mammals, and unlike the lower vertebrates, birds and reptiles have skins impermeable to water and thus are well adapted to terrestrial life. (britannica.com)
Their gradual evolution from mammal-like "reptiles" called "synapsids" spanned about 70 million years. (biologicaldiversity.org)
Their findings suggest that most birds, fish, and reptiles are likely not at risk of infection, but the majority of the mammals they studied could potentially be infected. (treehugger.com)
Evolutionary developments among the mammals are discussed for each ocean and continent but since the author recognizes that no living creature develops or lives in a vacuum, he also mentions the evolution of other animals, such as birds and reptiles, as well as the dominant flora that was present. (scienceblogs.com)
By studying fossils, it is possible to say that these mammals evolved from early reptiles. (rte.ie)
At this early stage, the mammals were inconspicuous animals, dominated by the reptiles and in particular, the dinosaurs. (rte.ie)

The sudden appearance of placental fossils in the Palaeogene is consistent with an adaptive radiation of mammals assuming ecological niches left vacant by dinosaurs. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
As the paper notes there are plenty of similar specimens out there waiting to be described, fossils that could help us understand how these strange mammals grew during the early parts of their lives, and I hope that an effort is made to get more of them into the literature. (wired.com)
The old hypothesis hinged upon the fact that many of the early mammal fossils that had been found were from small, insect-eating animals--there didn't seem to be much in the way of diversity. (eurekalert.org)

All mammals feed their young milk. (lulu.com)
Unlike other classes of animals, female mammals produce milk to nourish their young. (nwf.org)
Mammals are animals that have hair, are warm-blooded, and nourish their young with milk. (enchantedlearning.com)
Mammals can be identified by the presence in females of mammary glands that produce milk for offspring. (biologicaldiversity.org)
Female mammals feed their young using milk, with no exceptions. (worldatlas.com)
This milk is produced by mammary glands which are the source of the name mammals. (worldatlas.com)
Female whales have produce milk in their mammary glands just like terrestrial mammals to feed their young ones. (worldatlas.com)
Ms. SALLY LOVE (Smithsonian Institution): We have mammals equal hair plus milk plus special ear bones. (npr.org)
Mammals have all of these different traits, and yet we're named after one of these things: milk, mammaries, the breasts, which if you stop for even like a moment and think about it, it's like the worst possible one. (npr.org)
The distinguishing characteristic of mammals is that the mother nourishes newborn young with milk produced by special glands. (philadelphiazoo.org)
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the product is recovered from the milk, urine, hair, blood, skin or meat of the mammal. (freepatentsonline.com)
Mammals are a group of warm-blooded animals that have hair or fur, and secrete milk to feed their young. (redorbit.com)
All female mammals have a specialized sweat gland called a mammary gland which produces milk through a process called lactation. (redorbit.com)
Mammals range in size from the blue whale to the tiny shrew, but all mammals share four characteristics: (1) Females produce milk and nurse their young, (2) Hair, (3) Three middle-ear bones, and (4) Warm-bloodedness. (apologeticspress.org)

doi:10.1126/science.1229237 )) performed a fossil-only dating analysis of mammals, concluding that the ancestor of placentals post-dated the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary, contradicting previous palaeontological and molecular studies that placed the ancestor in the Cretaceous. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
8 ] (see also [ 9 , 10 ]) analysed a data matrix of 4541 morphological characters from 46 extant and 40 fossil mammal species to reconstruct and date the last common ancestor of placentals. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Although mammary glands are a signature feature of modern mammals, little is known about the evolution of lactation as these soft tissues are not often preserved in the fossil record. (wikipedia.org)
Fossil Mammals main content. (amnh.org)
The American Museum of Natural History's fossil mammal collection is the largest collection of its type in the world. (amnh.org)
In 1968, the fossil collection of Childs Frick, consisting mostly of fossil mammals, was donated to the AMNH. (amnh.org)
Today, the AMNH collection of fossil mammals is recognized as a national and international resource for research and teaching in paleomammalogy, systematics, and evolutionary biology. (amnh.org)
A small, 160-million-year-old Chinese fossil has something big to say about the emergence of mammals on Earth. (bbc.co.uk)
A new order of mammals has been named based on a recently discovered fossil of a squirrel-sized Mesozoic-era animal [image] that lived at least 130 million years ago and was capable of gliding flight . (livescience.com)
This fossil, found in Inner Mongolia, China, puts the first record of gliding flight for mammals at least 70 million years earlier than had been known, the researchers write in the Dec. 14 issue of the journal Nature . (livescience.com)
Grossnickle, along with his co-author Elis Newham at the University of Southampton, analyzed the molars of hundreds of early mammal specimens in museum fossil collections. (eurekalert.org)
However, the fossil record of Jurassic mammals is extremely poor, particularly in the southern continents. (nature.com)
Here, we take a fresh look at this problem using a large fossil dataset of mammals from the Neogene of the Old World (NOW). (pnas.org)
In 1910, William King Gregory reviewed the interrelationships of mammals and placed edentates among other placentals, though he gave "Paratheria" as an alternative name for his superorder Edentata, which included Xenarthra and tentatively Pholidota (pangolins), Tubulidentata (aardvarks), and the fossil Taeniodonta. (wikipedia.org)

After the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs ( birds being the only surviving dinosaurs) and several mammalian groups, placental and marsupial mammals diversified into many new forms and ecological niches throughout the Paleogene and Neogene , by the end of which all modern orders had appeared. (wikipedia.org)
Images of nature, birds and mammals with a few thoughts. (lulu.com)
From mammals to birds, and mushrooms to flowers, the nature of the redwood region is incomparably beautiful. (lulu.com)
The risk assessment for birds and mammals uses a tiered approach to assess the risk of mortality and reproductive effects, the current guidance document is the European Food Safety Standards (EFSA) guidance document for risk assessment for birds and mammals ((EFSA-Q-2009-00223). (hse.gov.uk)
EFSA Guidance document for Risk Assessment for Birds and Mammals (EFSA-Q-2009-00223)1. (hse.gov.uk)
Whilst using the EFSA Guidance Document of Risk Assessment for Birds and Mammals (EFSA-Q-2009-00223) several errors in the text have been noticed. (hse.gov.uk)
When a product has more than one active substance, the potential additional risks to birds and mammals must also be considered. (hse.gov.uk)
In such cases a combined assessment is required for acute and long-term effects on birds and mammals. (hse.gov.uk)
Are Birds Mammals? (worldatlas.com)
Birds do not fall under the mammal category but are instead members of the Aves group of animals. (worldatlas.com)
In this article, we will focus more on some of the differences and similarities between birds and mammals. (worldatlas.com)
The similarities between birds and mammals are able to create some confusion, and that is why a lot of people believe that birds are actually mammals. (worldatlas.com)
Following this similarity, both birds and mammals have similar caloric requirements according to their weight and are able to lead an active lifestyle even during colder temperatures. (worldatlas.com)
Another similarity shared by birds and mammals is that they are both vertebrates. (worldatlas.com)
The hearts of birds and mammals are also incredibly similar. (worldatlas.com)
In order to be able to fly, birds need lots of energy, so their hearts have evolved into four-chambered hearts that are the same as those in mammals. (worldatlas.com)
Another common characteristic among mammals and birds is that they care for their young after they have been born or hatched. (worldatlas.com)
Despite sharing all of these characteristics, birds and mammals still remain two wildly different animal classes. (worldatlas.com)
Another physical trait that makes birds wildly different from mammals is the fact that they have beaks and do not have teeth. (worldatlas.com)
Mammals give birth to their young, but the offspring of birds need to hatch from eggs. (worldatlas.com)
Like birds, all mammals are warm-blooded. (philadelphiazoo.org)
Mammals might have taken to the sky before birds, scientists announced today. (livescience.com)
Please note that many species of mammals, birds, invertebrates etc... are protected under law and that, even with the best of intentions, only someone holding a relevant licence from the National Parks & Wildlife Service should attempt the care of these animals. (rte.ie)

The terms "small mammals" or "pocket pets," refer to small animals, often rodents, which are kept as pets and could fit into your pocket. (cdc.gov)
Campylobacter infections are rare in small mammals but have been associated with rodents, such as hamsters, guinea pigs, and gerbils. (cdc.gov)
The following tags are used to highlight each species' status as published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature: Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. (wikipedia.org)

Almost all mammals give birth to live young (except for the platypus and echidna, which lay eggs). (nwf.org)
Only a few mammals are venomous, including the duckbilled platypus (males only) , several species of shrews, and the Solenodon (a small insectivore). (enchantedlearning.com)
Two types of mammals-the platypus and the echidnas-lay eggs, but all others give birth to live babies. (philadelphiazoo.org)

Its features clearly set it apart from marsupial mammals, which adopt a very different reproductive strategy. (bbc.co.uk)
It was proposed by Oldfield Thomas in 1887 to set apart the sloths, anteaters, armadillos, and pangolins, usually classified as placentals, from both marsupial and placental mammals, an arrangement that received little support from other workers. (wikipedia.org)

When plant-eating mammals such as goats chomp on a sprig of alfalfa, they could easily gobble up some extra protein in the form of insects that happen to get in their way. (redorbit.com)
So we interpreted it to be a tree-climbing insectivorous mammal hunting insects for living," the Carnegie Museum researcher told BBC News. (bbc.co.uk)
And, if the plants co-evolved with new insects to pollinate them, the insects could have also been a food source for early mammals," he says. (eurekalert.org)
Can insects fight back against mammals? (yahoo.com)

they are an important food source for many cultures and are used in recreation and improving livelihoods around the world.25% of the world's 5,488 mammal species are threatened with extinction. (iucn.org)
It is the rarest living rhinoceros and one of the world's most endangered mammals. (britannica.com)
Scientists have found that accidental capture by fisheries (bycatch), climate change and pollution are among the key drivers of decline following a detailed review of the status of the world's 126 marine mammal species - which include whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, manatees, dugongs, sea otters and polar bears. (theecologist.org)
IUCN SSC Small Mammal Specialist Group (SMSG)serves as the global authority on the world's small mammals through developing a greater scientific understanding of their diversity, status and threats, and by promoting effective conservation action to secure their future. (iucn.org)

This form was created inside of Australian Marine Mammal Conservation Foundation. (google.com)
Globally, 1,199 species of mammals, or about 22 percent of the total 5,513 described mammal species, were deemed endangered or vulnerable to extinction by the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List. (biologicaldiversity.org)
The international research team - led by the University of Exeter and including scientists from more than 30 institutions in 13 countries - highlight conservation measures and research techniques that could protect marine mammals into the future. (theecologist.org)
We have reached a critical point in terms of marine mammal conservation," said lead author Dr Sarah Nelms , of the Centre for Ecology and Conservation on Exeter's Penryn Campus in Cornwall. (theecologist.org)
The researchers say 21 percent of marine mammal species are listed as "data deficient" in the IUCN Red List - meaning not enough is known to assess their conservation status. (theecologist.org)
The paper, published in the journal Endangered Species Research , is titled Marine mammal conservation: Over the horizon . (theecologist.org)
Support organisations that are working for mammal conservation, particularly The Mammal Society and Devon Wildlife Trust. (devon.gov.uk)
It has been produced by the Mammal Society for government conservation agencies Natural England, Natural Resources Wales, Scottish Natural Heritage (NatureScot) and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (theecologist.org)
The perspective of the continent's economic growth and the consequent use and degradation of its rivers and coastal zones constitutes a matter of concern for the conservation of coastal and riverine aquatic mammals. (thecre.com)
Heightened concern about their future survival combined with growing number of threats calls for the creation of a new approach to marine mammal conservation and management. (imarest.org)
The Marine Mammals Special Interest Group aims to bridge the divide between marine mammal conservation and engineering communities. (imarest.org)

Mammals-a group that include humans-are warm-blooded animals with hair and vertebrates, or backbones. (nwf.org)
Mammals now encompass approximately 5,400 species, including humans. (biologicaldiversity.org)
In this podcast, Dr. Fahlman discusses the unique adaptations of diving mammals that allow them to dive deeper and stay in the water longer than humans. (scienceblogs.com)
In contrast, these diving mammals have almost 3 times the blood volume, more red blood cells and more myoglobin compared to humans. (scienceblogs.com)
Evolutionists teach that the first mammals evolved around 200 million years ago, and that humans eventually evolved from the more "advanced" mammals. (apologeticspress.org)
Despite their height, giraffes have only seven vertebrae in their neck, the same as humans, mice and most other mammals. (australiazoo.com.au)
Surprisingly, they have only seven vertebrae in their neck - the same as humans, mice and most other mammals! (australiazoo.com.au)
While many mammals, such as humans, elect to stay awake during the day, other mammals are nocturnal and, as such, are more prepared to sleep during daylight hours and lurk the wild during the night. (ehow.co.uk)

Mammals are warm-blooded air-breathing vertebrates. (lulu.com)
bodies of mammals typically covered with hair, which has no structural homology in other vertebrates. (shsu.edu)
Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates with sweat glands, hair, three middle ear bones and a neocortex region in the brain. (biologicaldiversity.org)
Mammals are the smallest group of vertebrates, with only about 5,000 identified species of mammals known to science. (redorbit.com)

Unfortunately, it's estimated that 22% of all mammal species are threatened with extinction, with half of the total number of mammalian species in decline due to pollution or destruction of habitat. (redorbit.com)

Mesozoic mammals are those mammals that lived during the Mesozoic era, from 245 to 65 million years before the present. (wiley.com)
A tribosphenic mammal from the Mesozoic of Australia. (nature.com)
0000-0001-7794-0218The earliest mammals are often portrayed as minor elements of Mesozoic ecosystems, often literally in the shadows of dinosaurs as they scurried and scampered around their feet. (plos.org)

Molecular and palaeontological studies have supported a Cretaceous origin of Placentalia, but the age of placental mammal ordinal level crown groups (the 'modern' orders) relative to the K-Pg event has been the subject of protracted debate [ 2 - 7 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
The complete story will have to wait until scientists have searched every placental mammal for syncytins from viruses. (bibliotecapleyades.net)

These are examples of bird and mammal images often sought by visitors to parks and other wildlands: (a) pronghorn, (b) pileated woodpecker, (c) bighorn sheep, and (d) vermillion flycatcher. (eurekalert.org)

Even though many of Zion's mammals are nocturnal and rarely seen, once day breaks and we head out on the trails, evidence of their nightly adventures is still in sight. (nps.gov)
From their humble origins as nocturnal rat-like animals scurrying out of the way of the dinosuars, the mammals evolved into numerous spendid forms such as giant sloths that were the size of elephants, rhinocerus with long fur, and deer that stood seven feet tall at the shoulder and carried spectacular 100 pound antlers on their heads. (scienceblogs.com)
The skunk is a nocturnal mammal most commonly associated with releasing a pungent odour to ward off attacks. (ehow.co.uk)
This nocturnal mammal lives in a variety of habitats and is adept at both blending into the environment and tracking down potential prey. (ehow.co.uk)
Like many other nocturnal mammals, the raccoon has short legs, which allows it to nestle up to the ground and avoid would-be predators while roaming the night. (ehow.co.uk)

Because sound travels much faster and farther in salt water than in the air, whales and other marine mammals depend on their hearing for many of life's most basic functions-foraging, finding a mate, avoiding predators, communicating, and navigating their way through the vast waters. (nrdc.org)
All mammals grow hair or fur, even whales and other marine mammals. (redorbit.com)

You might think you know all the things that make a mammal a mammal, but as NPR's Nell Boyce recently discovered, you don't know the half of it. (npr.org)
the genes that make a mammal care for the offspring of others, he reasons, were far more likely to make it into the next generation if those others were family. (scientificamerican.com)

Cetaceans - marine mammals - whales, dolphins and porpoises. (devon.gov.uk)

Research confirms that the mole's hairs contain microscopic repeating structures, which make it easier for these small mammals to bulldoze their way through sand in search of termites. (newscientist.com)
In a geopolitical aspect, the search for marine mammals were instrumental in charting multiple areas in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. (reference.com)

Knowing the timing of the split from marsupials is fundamental to understanding the full story of the evolution of mammals. (bbc.co.uk)
Marsupials are mammals with pouches for carrying their newborn offspring, and many of them are found in Australia. (apologeticspress.org)
Consequently, he suggested that they should be given a grouping separate from the other major groupings of mammals, for which terms had been introduced by Thomas Huxley: Eutheria (placentals) and Metatheria (marsupials). (wikipedia.org)

Join the Marine Mammal Foundation in National Science Week 2020 with our Virtually Marine Mammals online presentation! (google.com)

Paratheria is an obsolete term for a taxonomic group including the xenarthran mammals (sloths, anteaters, and armadillos) and various groups thought to be related to them. (wikipedia.org)

Even though actual papers describing them are few and far between, paleontologists have found a number of fetal-to-juvenile specimens of large mammals from the Pleistocene (~2.5 million years ago to 12,000 years ago). (wired.com)
By about 12,000 years ago, the ice sheets had significantly shrunk-and so had the Northern Hemisphere's variety of large mammals. (amnh.org)
Do large mammals evolve faster than small mammals or vice versa? (pnas.org)

But over the years, more and more early mammals have been found, including some hoofed animal predecessors the size of dogs. (eurekalert.org)

The US Department of Commerce is filing patent applications round the world (WO 90/15624) on a contraceptive vaccine for female mammals. (newscientist.com)

What other protein sequences or genes might be useful in assessing evolutionary relationships between marine and terrestrial mammals? (google.com)

Charting marine mammal behavior is no easy feat, but that's exactly what a group of international citizen scientists is doing off the coast of Italy. (voanews.com)
Mammals vary greatly in appearance, behavior, and required habitats, but all mammals share certain characteristics, that help distinguish them from other living animals. (nps.gov)
Photographs and text examine the world of mammals, depicting their development, feeding habits, courtship rituals, protective behavior, and physical adaptation to their various ways of life. (worldcat.org)
SLOH behavior is more common in some small mammals, and, as a result, SLOH small mammals contribute to higher average survivorship and lower origination probabilities among small mammals. (pnas.org)

In the United States, 35 mammals are at risk of extinction. (biologicaldiversity.org)
The ocean's mammals are at a crucial crossroads - with some at risk of extinction and others showing signs of recovery, researchers led by scientists at the University of Exeter have warned. (theecologist.org)
First Red List for British Mammals - which meets international criteria used to assess threats to wildlife such as elephants and tigers - shows that 11 of our 47 native mammals are at risk of extinction. (theecologist.org)

This study shows that therian mammals, the ancestors of most modern mammals, were already diversifying before the dinosaurs died out," says lead author David Grossnickle, a Field Museum Fellow and PhD candidate at the University of Chicago. (eurekalert.org)

Research with other migratory mammals has shown that generations of animals may stick to the same route corridors, down to the nearest meter. (nationalgeographic.com)
All forms of wildlife are affected to varying degrees, but marine megafauna and migratory mammals are especially vulnerable. (imarest.org)

In this exciting online presentations, learn about the incredible marine mammal diversity of Victoria, including the newly discovered Burrunan dolphin, migratory whales, and fur seals. (google.com)
From resident dolphins and seals to migratory whales, Victoria's coasts have an incredible diversity of marine mammals. (google.com)
This exciting online presentation highlights the marine mammals that call our local marine environments home, including Burrunan dolphins, short beaked common dolphins, Australian fur seals, humpback whales, and orcas - just to name a few! (google.com)
If you have concerns about marine mammals not under the authority of the Fish and Wildlife Service (i.e. whales, seals and sea lions) please contact National Marine Fisheries Service . (fws.gov)
Seals - marine mammals that come ashore. (devon.gov.uk)
Leopard seals are protected under the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978. (doc.govt.nz)
Marine Mammal Science is a podcast covering some of the latest scientific research on marine mammals - whales and dolphins, polar bears, seals and sea. (deezer.com)
0000-0001-7794-0218From the poles to the equator, marine mammals such as seals, dolphins, and whales, play an important role in global ecosystems as apex predators, ecosystem engineers, and even organic ocean fertilisers. (plos.org)
One category of mammals is those that live in water, which includes whales, dolphins, seals, and others-some 90 species of animals. (apologeticspress.org)
From the Flying foxes that inhabit the skies of Australia to the seals that live in our oceans, mammals all found throughout the planet. (rte.ie)

The U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service has published final 2017 marine mammal stock assessment reports for the 75 stocks that were updated. (thecre.com)

Small mammals also include a few animals that are not so small, such as rabbits and prairie dogs. (cdc.gov)
Mammals and Aves are both classes of animals that are further spread into different subclasses. (worldatlas.com)
The primary way we sort animals into classes is by their physical characteristics, and animals in the Aves class differ significantly from mammals according to those. (worldatlas.com)
The pigments in fur don't mix to produce green, so it seems likely that "structural colour" is a prerequisite for all green animals, including mammals. (newscientist.com)
Invasive mammals have caused the decline and extinction of numerous native plants and animals, but researchers and land managers have developed progressively more effective strategies for managing these species, allowing the recovery and restoration of native species in increasingly larger natural areas. (usgs.gov)
Mammals are one of the classes of vertebrate animals. (philadelphiazoo.org)
This extinction left thousands of niches open for other animals to occupy, and that is just what the mammals did. (scienceblogs.com)
Organizations like the Channel Islands Marine & Wildlife Institute (CIMWI) and the Pacific Marine Mammal Center (PMMC) have fielded hundreds of calls per day in the last week or so, according to local reports , flagging sick or dead animals along Southern California beaches. (rt.com)
Many people are more familiar with mammals than with members of any other class of animals, because mammals are found all over the world. (apologeticspress.org)
There are about 5,000 species of mammals, and these include animals that have remarkable characteristics and do amazing things. (apologeticspress.org)
Taxonomists call human beings mammals, because we have all four main characteristics that mammalian animals have. (apologeticspress.org)
All animals that fall under the classification of "mammal" share certain characteristics. (ehow.co.uk)
This mammal hunts during the twilight and nighttime hours, while other animals are blinded by the dark and are defenceless. (ehow.co.uk)
Mammals are the most highly evolved group of animals on Earth. (rte.ie)
It is believed that the mammals evolved about 200 million years ago from small shrew-like animals. (rte.ie)
The struggle for survival affects all animals, including mammals. (rte.ie)
The mammals, like all the other groups of plants and animals have become specialised to allow them take advantage of different conditions on Earth. (rte.ie)
Only 3 percent to 5 percent of all mammals bond for life, but researchers have long debated the evolution of monogamy, with scientists trying to pinpoint when in history animals displayed monogamous tendencies - and why. (livescience.com)

But mammals have a different jaw joint, composed only of the dentary (the lower jaw bone, which carries the teeth) and the squamosal (another small skull bone). (wikipedia.org)
During evaluation of seed treatment applications, the risk assessment for small mammals frequently needs to be refined to determine whether the risk is acceptable. (hse.gov.uk)
Since there is very little robust information on de-husking behaviour in small mammals, HSE commissioned a new research project (PS2349), to investigate the role de-husking plays in reducing pesticide exposure to mammals and to develop a methodology to calculate rates of de-husking for different seed types. (hse.gov.uk)
Owning a small mammal can be a big responsibility, even though the animal itself may be tiny. (cdc.gov)
If you decide that a small mammal is the right pet for you, you need to learn how to take care of it properly and be aware of diseases that it might carry. (cdc.gov)
With routine veterinary care and some simple health habits, you are less likely to get sick from touching, petting, or owning a small mammal. (cdc.gov)
Small mammals infected with Campylobacter may not show any signs of illness at all or may have diarrhea. (cdc.gov)
This parasite is relatively uncommon in small mammals but has been associated with chinchillas, rats, and mice. (cdc.gov)
A small mammal, the gopher can easily dig through dirt and create caves and tunnels underground. (amazonaws.com)
For example, the barn owl feeds almost entirely on small mammals and will only thrive where they are abundant. (devon.gov.uk)
Clear up litter - every year thousands of small mammals die trapped in bottles and cans. (devon.gov.uk)
Areas of rough grass should be left to provide habitat for small mammals. (devon.gov.uk)
Piles of leaves are good for hibernating hedgehogs and log or rock piles are good for small mammals to hide in. (devon.gov.uk)
Avoid using chemicals in the garden to control pests such as slugs and aphids as small mammals can die eating poisoned prey and hedgehogs are poisoned by slug pellets. (devon.gov.uk)
In this class, we will learn about some of the smallest of the small mammals! (active.com)
People such as landowners and developers who protect wildlife should be rewarded, she urged, adding that it is not enough just to create small protected areas for mammals. (theecologist.org)
Miniature models of mammoths and other ice-age mammals are depicted in two small dioramas at the entrance to the Hall of North American Mammals. (amnh.org)
This shrew's backbone accounts for four percent of its total weight, compared to about one percent in other small mammals. (apologeticspress.org)

The scientists involved with the study were surprised to see that mammals were initially negatively impacted by the mass extinction event. (eurekalert.org)
Carolus Linnaeus was the first to categorize whales as mammals, but scientists have been observing mammalian characteristics of whales and dolphins since at least the ancient Greeks (Aristotle wrote about mammals, although he did not categorize them exactly as we do today). (apologeticspress.org)
This discovery allowed the scientists to test once and for all how important syncytin was to mammals. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
A fourth requirement, curiosity, has also been accepted by scientists, and in the case of the mammals, this is especially important. (rte.ie)
Scientists, including those at the Natural History Museum, have revealed the closest living relatives of South America's ungulates, or hooved mammals, to be horses, tapirs and rhinos . (nhm.ac.uk)

We've only studied the effects of climate change for around one percent of all mammals. (popsci.com)

It is believed that there are between 4,000 - 5,000 species of mammals alive today worldwide. (rte.ie)

The ringtail cat (a relative of the raccoon) is an abundant mammal in Zion. (nps.gov)

By collecting and analyzing the DNA or protein sequences of marine and land mammals, we can infer the phylogeny of marine mammals. (google.com)

If marine mammals share common morphological characteristics, what do your conclusions about their evolutionary history imply about these common characteristics? (google.com)

This list shows the IUCN Red List status of the 112 mammal species occurring in Poland which have been recorded in historic times. (wikipedia.org)

Do Mammals Lay Eggs? (worldatlas.com)
Most mammals also give live birth as opposed to laying eggs. (apologeticspress.org)

On Saturday 5 April 2014 (afternoon) at the upcoming Annual Conference of the European Cetacean Society, there will be an international workshop to discuss current problems faced by aquatic mammals that inhabit Latin American waters. (thecre.com)

In this lab, we will be testing hypotheses about the evolutionary ancestry of different marine mammals. (google.com)
First, we will explore the relationship of the marine mammals to each other vs. their evolutionary relationship to land mammals. (google.com)
What does this phylogenetic tree structure suggest about the evolutionary history of marine mammals? (google.com)
Go into detail here about what parts of the tree lead you to what conclusions about the evolutionary history of the marine mammals. (google.com)
Zoologists Dieter Lukas at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and Tim Clutton-Brock at the University of Cambridge scoured the scientific literature for details of the average levels of genetic relatedness among members of various social mammal groups. (scientificamerican.com)

One of the most threatened order of mammals is the primate, which includes monkeys and apes. (nwf.org)

The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the late Carboniferous period. (wikipedia.org)
Most research concerning the evolution of mammals centers on the shapes of the teeth, the hardest parts of the tetrapod body. (wikipedia.org)

by Suman Naishadham (Reuters) - In the swampy wetlands of southern Mexico, officials and researchers are struggling to explain the deaths of dozens of manatees, the chubby marine mammals once confused with mermaids by ancient mariners. (gcaptain.com)

A species of tiny mammals that lived amongst the dinosaurs might have led highly gregarious lives. (popsci.com)
If this sort of thing interests you then you will enjoy Donald Prothero's book, After the Dinosaurs: The Age of Mammals (Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press, 2006 ). (scienceblogs.com)
A new article in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B reports that mammals actually began their massive diversification ten to twenty million years before the extinction that ended the age of the dinosaurs. (eurekalert.org)
They found that the mammals that lived during the years leading up to the dinosaurs' demise had widely varied tooth shapes, meaning that they had widely varied diets. (eurekalert.org)
If you believe that dinosaurs were already on the downswing before the asteroid hit, this is an interesting counterpoint, that mammals were already on the upswing. (eurekalert.org)

Or that there was a wolf-like carnivorous mammal -- with hooves? (scienceblogs.com)
For references , please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/big-carnivorous-mammals or scan the QR code. (europa.eu)

Anatomy22

Organisms90

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs21

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Psychiatry and Psychology8

Phenomena and Processes68

Disciplines and Occupations7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Humanities1

Information Science4

Health Care10

Geographicals1

A survey of serum and dietary carotenoids in captive wild animals. (1/5680)

Evidence for a correlation between the number of marginal band microtubules and the size of vertebrate erthrocytes. (2/5680)

Isolation of novel GRO genes and a phylogenetic analysis of the CXC chemokine subfamily in mammals. (3/5680)

Evolutionary and preservational constraints on origins of biologic groups: divergence times of eutherian mammals. (4/5680)

Sequence analysis of cDNA and genomic DNA, and mRNA expression of the medaka fish homolog of mammalian guanylyl cyclase C. (5/5680)

Differences in the actions of some blockers of the calcium-activated potassium permeability in mammalian red cells. (6/5680)

Proteasome-dependent degradation of the human estrogen receptor. (7/5680)

tRNAVal-heterodimeric maxizymes with high potential as geneinactivating agents: simultaneous cleavage at two sites in HIV-1 Tat mRNA in cultured cells. (8/5680)

Mammals

Marsupialia

Phylogeny

Molecular Sequence Data

Biological Evolution

Species Specificity

Rodentia

Evolution, Molecular

Pinnipedia

Reptiles

Cetacea

Amino Acid Sequence

Shrews

Insectivora

Birds

Fossils

Vertebrates

Seals, Earless

Carnivora

Base Sequence

Artiodactyla

Echidna

Dolphins

Monotremata

Sequence Alignment

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Extinction, Biological

Macropodidae

Body Size

Animals, Wild

Sciuridae

Opossums

Chiroptera

Hibernation

Dentition

Genome

Conserved Sequence

Paleodontology

Arvicolinae

Primates

Fishes

Models, Biological

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Zebrafish

Mole Rats

Lagomorpha

Sloths

Cloning, Molecular

Anatomy, Comparative

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Paleontology

Chickens

Elephants

Amphibians

Disease Reservoirs

X Chromosome Inactivation

Bottle-Nosed Dolphin

Otters

Monodelphis

Lizards

Reproduction

Ecosystem

Sea Lions

Drosophila Proteins

Didelphis

DNA, Complementary

Gene Expression Regulation

Mutation

Moles

Longevity

Testis

Biodiversity

Multigene Family

Muridae

RNA, Messenger

Whales

Circadian Rhythm

Conservation of Natural Resources

Phoca

Models, Genetic