Major histocompatibility complex. Medical search

The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.

Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.

Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.

Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex which encode polymorphic characteristics not related to immune responsiveness or complement activity, e.g., B loci (chicken), DLA (dog), GPLA (guinea pig), H-2 (mouse), RT-1 (rat), HLA-A, -B, and -C class I genes of man.

Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex that encode polymorphic products which control the immune response to specific antigens. The genes are found in the HLA-D region in humans and in the I region in mice.

The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.

A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.

The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.

Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

Membrane antigens associated with maturation stages of B-lymphocytes, often expressed in tumors of B-cell origin.

A component of the murine major histocompatibility complex class I family. It contains one Ig-like C1-type domain and functions in processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigens to the immune system.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Allelic alloantigens often responsible for weak graft rejection in cases when (major) histocompatibility has been established by standard tests. In the mouse they are coded by more than 500 genes at up to 30 minor histocompatibility loci. The most well-known minor histocompatibility antigen in mammals is the H-Y antigen.

Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.

A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

Antigens that exist in alternative (allelic) forms in a single species. When an isoantigen is encountered by species members who lack it, an immune response is induced. Typical isoantigens are the BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

An HLA-DR antigen associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS that are encoded by DRB1*01 alleles.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) antigens encoded by a small cluster of structural genes at the C locus on chromosome 6. They have significantly lower immunogenicity than the HLA-A and -B determinants and are therefore of minor importance in donor/recipient crossmatching. Their primary role is their high-risk association with certain disease manifestations (e.g., spondylarthritis, psoriasis, multiple myeloma).

Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.

T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.

Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions.

A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Identification of the major histocompatibility antigens of transplant DONORS and potential recipients, usually by serological tests. Donor and recipient pairs should be of identical ABO blood group, and in addition should be matched as closely as possible for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in order to minimize the likelihood of allograft rejection. (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Genetic loci responsible for the encoding of histocompatibility antigens other than those encoded by the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX. The antigens encoded by these genes are often responsible for graft rejection in cases where histocompatibility has been established by standard tests. The location of some of these loci on the X and Y chromosomes explains why grafts from males to females may be rejected while grafts from females to males are accepted. In the mouse roughly 30 minor histocompatibility loci have been recognized, comprising more than 500 genes.

A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*07 allele family.

Transmembrane proteins that form the alpha subunits of the HLA-DR antigens. They are also referred to as the HLA-DR heavy chains.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

A group of the D-related HLA antigens (human) found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.

The grafting of skin in humans or animals from one site to another to replace a lost portion of the body surface skin.

Measure of histocompatibility at the HL-A locus. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from two individuals are mixed together in tissue culture for several days. Lymphocytes from incompatible individuals will stimulate each other to proliferate significantly (measured by tritiated thymidine uptake) whereas those from compatible individuals will not. In the one-way MLC test, the lymphocytes from one of the individuals are inactivated (usually by treatment with MITOMYCIN or radiation) thereby allowing only the untreated remaining population of cells to proliferate in response to foreign histocompatibility antigens.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.

A subtype of HLA-DRB beta chains that includes over one hundred allele variants. The HLA-DRB1 subtype is associated with several of the HLA-DR SEROLOGICAL SUBTYPES.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.

An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Transplantation between individuals of the same species. Usually refers to genetically disparate individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic transplantation for genetically identical individuals.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by alleles on locus B of the HLA complex. The HLA-G antigens are considered non-classical class I antigens due to their distinct tissue distribution which differs from HLA-A; HLA-B; and HLA-C antigens. Note that several isoforms of HLA-G antigens result from alternative splicing of messenger RNAs produced from the HLA-G*01 allele.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic basis of the immune response (IMMUNITY).

A specific pair GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

Antibodies from an individual that react with ISOANTIGENS of another individual of the same species.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A cultured line of C3H mouse FIBROBLASTS that do not adhere to one another and do not express CADHERINS.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

Transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the HLA-DR antigens. They are also referred to as the HLA-DR light chains.

Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.

An HLA-DR antigen which is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*03 alleles.

T-cell enhancement of the B-cell response to thymic-dependent antigens.

An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.

A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*27 allele family.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Antigens expressed on the cell membrane of T-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. Their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and T-cell function.

Transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the HLA-DQ antigens.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CD28 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD86 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a stimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either T or B) to initiate a variety of immune functions. For example, helper-inducer T-cells cooperate with B-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of T-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions.

A group of lymphocyte surface antigens located on mouse LYMPHOCYTES. Specific Ly antigens are useful markers for distinguishing subpopulations of lymphocytes.

Products of the retroviral NEF GENE. They play a role as accessory proteins that influence the rate of viral infectivity and the destruction of the host immune system. nef gene products were originally found as factors that trans-suppress viral replication and function as negative regulators of transcription. nef stands for negative factor.

An HLA-DR antigen which is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*04 alleles.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.

Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS such as CYSTATINS and SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Proteins encoded by the NEF GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.

A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*08 allele family.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

An organism whose body contains cell populations of different genotypes as a result of the TRANSPLANTATION of donor cells after sufficient ionizing radiation to destroy the mature recipient's cells which would otherwise reject the donor cells.

A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

The demonstration of the cytotoxic effect on a target cell of a lymphocyte, a mediator released by a sensitized lymphocyte, an antibody, or complement.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A general term for the complex phenomena involved in allo- and xenograft rejection by a host and graft vs host reaction. Although the reactions involved in transplantation immunology are primarily thymus-dependent phenomena of cellular immunity, humoral factors also play a part in late rejection.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Structurally-related receptors that are typically found on NATURAL KILLER CELLS. They are considered lectin-like proteins in that they share sequence homology with the carbohydrate binding domains of C-TYPE LECTINS. They differ from classical C-type lectins, however, in that they appear to lack CALCIUM-binding domains.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

A sex-specific cell surface antigen produced by the sex-determining gene of the Y chromosome in mammals. It causes syngeneic grafts from males to females to be rejected and interacts with somatic elements of the embryologic undifferentiated gonad to produce testicular organogenesis.

The smaller fragment formed when complement C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. It is an anaphylatoxin that causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE) but its activity is weaker than that of COMPLEMENT C3A or COMPLEMENT C5A.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Receptors that are specifically found on the surface of NATURAL KILLER CELLS. They play an important role in regulating the cellular component of INNATE IMMUNITY.

Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.

A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

An immunological attack mounted by a graft against the host because of tissue incompatibility when immunologically competent cells are transplanted to an immunologically incompetent host; the resulting clinical picture is that of GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE.

Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

A lectin found in ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM membranes that binds to specific N-linked OLIGOSACCHARIDES found on newly synthesized proteins. It may play role in PROTEIN FOLDING or retention and degradation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*01 allele family.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.

A broad specificity HLA-DR antigen that is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*01:15 and DRB1*01:16 alleles.

A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.

Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.

A strain of non-obese diabetic mice developed in Japan that has been widely studied as a model for T-cell-dependent autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which insulitis is a major histopathologic feature, and in which genetic susceptibility is strongly MHC-linked.

Loss of detectable antigen from the surface of a cell after incubation with antibodies. This is one method in which some tumors escape detection by the immune system. Antigenic modulation of target antigens also reduces the therapeutic effectiveness of treatment by monoclonal antibodies.

A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the HLA-DP antigens.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Transmembrane proteins that form the alpha subunits of the HLA-DP antigens.

The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of immune system, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electrical equipment.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Proteins transcribed from the E3 region of ADENOVIRUSES but not essential for viral replication. The E3 19K protein mediates adenovirus persistence by reducing the expression of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens on the surface of infected cells.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.

Natural variation of the expression of HLA and endogenous antigen modulates CTL recognition in an in vitro melanoma model. (1/2910)

Increasing attention has been devoted to elucidating the mechanism of lost or decreased expression of MHC or melanoma-associated antigens (MAAs), which may lead to tumor escape from immune recognition. Loss of expression of HLA class I or MAA has, as an undisputed consequence, loss of recognition by HLA class I-restricted cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). However, the relevance of down-regulation remains in question in terms of frequency of occurrence. Moreover the functional significance of epitope down-regulation, defining the relationship between MHC/epitope density and CTL interactions, is a matter of controversy, particularly with regard to whether the noted variability of expression of MHC/epitope occurs within a range likely to affect target recognition by CTLs. In this study, bulk metastatic melanoma cell lines originated from 25 HLA-A*0201 patients were analyzed for expression of HLA-A2 and MAAs. HLA-A2 expression was heterogeneous and correlated with lysis by CTLs. Sensitivity to lysis was also independently affected by the amount of ligand available for binding at concentrations of 0.001 to 1 mM. Natural expression of MAA was variable, independent from the expression of HLA-A*0201, and a significant co-factor determining recognition of melanoma targets. Thus, the naturally occurring variation in the expression of MAA and/or HLA documented by our in vitro results modulates recognition of melanoma targets and may (i) partially explain CTL-target interactions in vitro and (ii) elucidate potential mechanisms for progressive escape of tumor cells from immune recognition in vivo. (+info)

Major histocompatibility complex differentiation in Sacramento River chinook salmon. (2/2910)

The chinook salmon of the Sacramento River, California, have been reduced to a fraction of their former abundance because of human impact and use of the river system. Here we examine the genetic variation at a major histocompatibility complex class II exon in the four Sacramento chinook salmon runs. Examination of the alleles found in these and other chinook salmon revealed nucleotide patterns consistent with selection for amino acid replacement at the putative antigen-binding sites. We found a significant amount of variation in each of the runs, including the federally endangered winter run. All of the samples were in Hardy-Weinberg proportions. A significant amount of genetic differentiation between runs was revealed by several measures of differentiation. Winter run was the most genetically divergent, while the spring, late-fall, and fall runs were less differentiated. (+info)

Maturation, activation, and protection of dendritic cells induced by double-stranded RNA. (3/2910)

The initiation of an immune response is critically dependent on the activation of dendritic cells (DCs). This process is triggered by surface receptors specific for inflammatory cytokines or for conserved patterns characteristic of infectious agents. Here we show that human DCs are activated by influenza virus infection and by double-stranded (ds)RNA. This activation results not only in increased antigen presentation and T cell stimulatory capacity, but also in resistance to the cytopathic effect of the virus, mediated by the production of type I interferon, and upregulation of MxA. Because dsRNA stimulates both maturation and resistance, DCs can serve as altruistic antigen-presenting cells capable of sustaining viral antigen production while acquiring the capacity to trigger naive T cells and drive polarized T helper cell type 1 responses. (+info)

CD45 can act as a negative regulator for the transition from early to late CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes. (4/2910)

The differentiation process from CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) thymocytes to CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) stage is accompanied by vigorous proliferation. The resulting DP cells contain a sizable proportion of large cycling cells, but most DP cells are small resting cells. To explore the molecular mechanisms which regulate cell proliferation of DP thymocytes prior to further development, we used TCR-transgenic (Tg) mice with non-selecting MHC (Tg-Neut), which contain almost exclusively DP thymocytes that are not subject to either positive or negative selection. In Tg-Neut, the thymus contained DP cells of relatively large size, which showed higher extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity and enhanced responsiveness to mitogen compared to small DP cells. This indicates that all the large DP cells in the thymus are not positively selected and that they possess proliferative potential. When Tg-Neut mice were backcrossed with CD45 knockout mice (CD454-/- Tg-Neut), the thymus showed an increase of large DP cells and cycling cells, but a decrease of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, Bcl-2 expression and Jun N-terminal kinase activity, which are associated with resistance to apoptosis, were enhanced. These observations suggest that thymocyte proliferation in the DP stage is suppressed by a CD45-related process with regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Bcl-2 unless DP cells receive TCR-mediated signals. (+info)

Cellular distribution of a mixed MHC class II heterodimer between DRalpha and a chimeric DObeta chain. (5/2910)

Human MHC class II antigens include HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP molecules that present antigens to CD4+ T cells, as well as the non-classical molecules HLA-DM and -DO. HLA-DM promotes peptide binding to class II molecules in endocytic compartments and HLA-DO, which is physically associated with HLA-DM in B lymphocytes, regulates HLA-DM function. Antibodies specific for the DObeta chain were obtained by immunization of mice with a heterodimer consisting of a chimeric DObeta chain (DR/DObeta), containing 18 N-terminal residues of DRbeta, paired with the DRalpha chain and isolated from transfected murine fibroblasts. The specificity of this serum for the DObeta chain and the lysosomal expression of the HLA-DO protein was confirmed using mutant human B cell lines lacking DR or DO molecules. The lysosomal localization of HLA-DO in human B cells contrasts with the cell surface expression of the mixed pair in transfected murine fibroblasts and raises questions concerning the role of the putative targeting motifs in HLA-DO. Transfection of the chimeric DR/DObeta chain along with DRalpha into human epithelial HeLa cells resulted in high levels of expression of the mixed isotypic pair at the surface of transfectants as well as in lysosomes. The same pattern was observed in HeLa cells transfected with the DObeta chimera and a DRa chain lacking the cytoplasmic tail. Taken together, these results suggest that functional sorting motifs exist in the DObeta chain but that the tight compartmentalization of HLA-DO observed inside B lymphocytes is controlled by the HLA-DOalpha chain and HLA-DM. (+info)

Localization of non-Mhc collagen-induced arthritis susceptibility loci in DBA/1j mice. (6/2910)

One approach to understanding common human diseases is to determine the genetic defects responsible for similar diseases in animal models and place those defective genes in their corresponding biochemical pathways. Our laboratory is working with an animal model for human rheumatoid arthritis called collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). We are particularly interested in determining the location of disease-predisposing loci. To that end, we performed experiments to localize susceptibility loci for CIA in an F2 cross between the highly susceptible mouse strain DBA/1j and the highly resistant mouse strain SWR/j. Specifically, a quantitative trait locus analysis was performed to localize regions of the mouse genome responsible for susceptibility/severity to CIA. One susceptibility locus, Cia1 in the major histocompatibility locus, had been identified previously. Two additional loci were detected in our analysis that contribute to CIA severity (Cia2, Cia3) on chromosomes 2 and 6. A third locus was detected that contributes to the age of onset of the disease. This locus (Cia4) was located on chromosome 2 and was linked to the same region as Cia2. Determining the identity of these loci may provide insights into the etiology of human rheumatoid arthritis. (+info)

Activation of target-tissue immune-recognition molecules by double-stranded polynucleotides. (7/2910)

Abnormal expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II in various tissues is associated with autoimmune disease. Autoimmune responses can be triggered by viral infections or tissue injuries. We show that the ability of a virus or a tissue injury to increase MHC gene expression is duplicated by any fragment of double-stranded (ds) DNA or dsRNA introduced into the cytoplasm of nonimmune cells. Activation is sequence-independent, is induced by ds polynucleotides as small as 25 bp in length, and is not duplicated by single-stranded polynucleotides. In addition to causing abnormal MHC expression, the ds nucleic acids increase the expression of genes necessary for antigen processing and presentation: proteasome proteins (e.g., LMP2), transporters of antigen peptides; invariant chain, HLA-DM, and the costimulatory molecule B7.1. The mechanism is different from and additive to that of gamma-interferon (gammaIFN), i.e., ds polynucleotides increase class I much more than class II, whereas gammaIFN increases class II more than class I. The ds nucleic acids also induce or activate Stat1, Stat3, mitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-kappaB, the class II transactivator, RFX5, and the IFN regulatory factor 1 differently from gammaIFN. CpG residues are not responsible for this effect, and the action of the ds polynucleotides could be shown in a variety of cell types in addition to thyrocytes. We suggest that this phenomenon is a plausible mechanism that might explain how viral infection of tissues or tissue injury triggers autoimmune disease; it is potentially relevant to host immune responses induced during gene therapy. (+info)

Genetic control of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses. I. Ir gene control of the specificity of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses to trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells. (8/2910)

The ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) induced in vitro to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic cells to cross-reactively lyse a TNP allogeneic spleen target varies among inbred mouse strains. The cross-reactive CTL phenotype was found to be histocompatibility 2 (H-2) linked and to be dominant in F1 hybrid mice. All strains investigated demonstrated cross-reactivity except for some strains bearing portions of the H-2k haplotype. The gene(s) controlling this response maps to the K and/or I-A region of the H-2 complex. We have termed the immune response (Ir) gene responsible for controlling the specificity of CTL induced to TNP-modified syngeneic cells Ir-X-TNP. (+info)

Molecule of the Month-Major Histocompatibility Complex dbMHC Home, NCBI's database of the Major Histocompatibility Complex ... The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large locus on vertebrate DNA containing a set of closely linked polymorphic ... Zhu L, Ruan XD, Ge YF, Wan QH, Fang SG (June 2007). "Low major histocompatibility complex class II DQA diversity in the Giant ... 2001). "The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Its Functions". Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease (5th ed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex

The major histocompatibility complex in sexual selection concerns how major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules allow ... Olsson M, Madsen T, Nordby J, Wapstra E, Ujvari B, Wittsell H (November 2003). "Major histocompatibility complex and mate ... January 2004). "Major histocompatibility complex diversity influences parasite resistance and innate immunity in sticklebacks ... Lampert, K. P.; Fischer, P.; Schartl, M. (March 2009). "Major histocompatibility complex variability in the clonal Amazon molly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex_and_sexual_selection

Major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene protein (MR1) is a non-classical MHC class I protein, that binds vitamine ... Krovi SH, Gapin L (August 2016). "Structure and function of the non-classical major histocompatibility complex molecule MR1". ... Yamaguchi H, Hirai M, Kurosawa Y, Hashimoto K (September 1997). "A highly conserved major histocompatibility complex class I- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex,_class_I-related

... , also known as HLA-DQA1, is a human gene present on short arm of ... 1987). "Class II genes of the human major histocompatibility complex. Comparisons of the DQ and DX alpha and beta genes". J. ... "Entrez Gene: HLA-DQA1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1". Lau M, Terasaki PI, Park MS (1994). " ... Major histocompatibility complex Human leukocyte antigen HLA-DQ ENSG00000206305, ENSG00000225890, ENSG00000232062, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex,_class_II,_DQ_alpha_1

Major histocompatibility complex Human leukocyte antigen HLA-DP "Entrez Gene: HLA-DPA1 major histocompatibility complex, class ... Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha 1, also known as HLA-DPA1, is a human gene. The protein encoded by this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex,_class_II,_DP_alpha_1

Clonal selection theory Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Tissue typing Transplant rejection "Histocompatibility". ... Kasahara M (2000). Major Histocompatibility Complex: Evolution, Structure, and Function. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-4-431- ... HLA, the human form of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is located on chromosome 6 at 6p21.3. Individuals inherit ... Ayala García MA, González Yebra B, López Flores AL, Guaní Guerra E (2012). "The major histocompatibility complex in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histocompatibility

Even when a transplant donor and recipient are identical with respect to their major histocompatibility complex genes, the ... They cause problems of rejection less frequently than those of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Minor ... These peptides are normally around 9-12 amino acids in length and are bound to both the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ... Major and Minor Histocompatibility Antigens to Non-Inherited Maternal Antigens (NIMA), Histocompatibility. INTECH. p. 146. ISBN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_histocompatibility_antigen

The tetramers used in the assay are made up of four major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which are found on the ... "Major Histocompatibility Complex". InterPro. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI). Retrieved 2018-12-02. "The Adaptive ... The antigen presenting complex that NKT cells bind to involves CD1 proteins, so tetramers made of CD1 can be used to stain for ... MHC tetramer molecules developed in a lab can mimic the antigen presenting complex on cells and bind to T-cells that recognize ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramer_assay

Matheux, Franck; Villard, Jean (June 2004). "Cellular and gene therapy for major histocompatibility complex class II deficiency ... Reith, Walter; Picard, Capucine (2016). "Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Deficiency". Academic Press. 5: 378-390. ... is a rare recessive genetic condition in which a group of genes called major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II ... Major histocompatibility complex class II proteins are important because under normal function they have important ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare_lymphocyte_syndrome_type_II

... refers to the fact that a T cell can interact with a self-major histocompatibility complex molecule and a foreign peptide bound ... "αβ T Cell Receptors that Do Not Undergo Major Histocompatibility Complex-Specific Thymic Selection Possess Antibody-like ... "Antigen Presentation and Major Histocompatibility Complex". Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences: 90-98. doi:10.1016/B978-0- ... are brought to the surface of the cell and presented to T cells by proteins called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC_restriction

Serrano-Martín MM, Moreno-Pérez D, García-Martín FJ, Jurado-Ortiz A (March 2007). "[Major histocompatibility complex class II ... MHC Class II molecules are a class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules normally found only on professional ... In humans, the MHC class II protein complex is encoded by the human leukocyte antigen gene complex (HLA). HLAs corresponding to ... Histocompatibility+Antigens+Class+II at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) MHC+Class+II+Genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC_class_II

His major research focus was on the major histocompatibility complex, (MHC or Mhc), which comprises series of genes, which play ... Jan Klein is a Czech-American immunologist, best known for his work on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). He was born ... Klein, J. Natural History of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. Wiley, New York 1986. Klein, J. Immunology. Blackwell, ... Klein, J. and Klein, D. (eds.) Molecular Biology of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 1991 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Klein

The major histocompatibility complex genes are important for the immune system, and appear to play a role in sexual attraction ... The MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is a group of genes essential for the immune system, playing an important role in ... The major histocompatibility complex and its functions. ISBN 978-0-8153-3642-6. Penn, Dustin; Potts, Wayne (1999). "The ... This includes the role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and their different ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_odour_and_sexual_attraction

"Manipulation of Glycans on Antigens of the Major Histocompatibility Complex". In Pernis, Benvenuto (ed.). Cell Biology of the ... Major Histocompatibility Complex. Academic Press. pp. 133-151. ISBN 978-0124316904. Dougan, Stephanie K.; Ashour, Joseph; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidde_Ploegh

Additionally, Hood was among the first to study, at the gene level, the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) gene family and ... Hood, L; Steinmetz, M; Malissen, B (April 1983). "Genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex of the Mouse". Annual Review of ... Hood, Leroy; Steinmetz, Michael; Goodenow, Robert (April 1982). "Genes of the major histocompatibility complex" (PDF). Cell. 28 ... These new instruments had a major impact on the emerging fields of proteomics and genomics. The gas-liquid phase protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Hood

I. Association with the major histocompatibility complex. The Journal of experimental medicine, 1981. 154(4): p. 1237-42. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biobreeding_rat

All nucleated cells in the body (along with platelets) display class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I molecules). ... Janeway Jr CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ (2001-01-01). "The major histocompatibility complex and its functions". ... Nesmiyanov, Pavel P. (2020), "Antigen Presentation and Major Histocompatibility Complex", Reference Module in Biomedical ... now bound to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is transported to the surface of the cell, a process known as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen_presentation

HLA is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen specific to humans. HLA-A is one of three major types of human MHC ... "HLA-A major histocompatibility complex, class I, A [Homo sapiens (human)]". National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S ... "Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class I, A". Gene Cards. Weizmann Institute of Science. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 16 ... "The selective downregulation of class I major histocompatibility complex proteins by HIV-1 protects HIV-infected cells from NK ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-A

Marsh, Michael N. (1992). "Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine". Gastroenterology. 102 (1): 330- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenal_lymphocytosis

Marsh MN (1992). "Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to ... Major theories include surgery, pregnancy, infection and emotional stress. The eating of gluten early in a baby's life does not ... Because of the major implications of a diagnosis of coeliac disease, professional guidelines recommend that a positive blood ... The issue is more complex for priests. As a celebrant, a priest is, for the fullness of the sacrifice of the Mass, absolutely ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

Marsh M (1992). "Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Newton_Marsh

"Major-Histocompatibility-Complex Extended Haplotypes in Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis". New England Journal of ... She was a lieutenant colonel in the Indian Armed Forces, president of the American Society of Histocompatibility and ... She established India's first histocompatibility laboratory, in New Delhi. She was awarded the Shakuntala Devi Amir Chand Award ... In the United States, Balakrishnan was president of the American Society of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics from 1996 to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Balakrishnan

MHC class I Major histocompatibility complex MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B ENSG00000235233, ENSG00000204520, ... Bahram S, Bresnahan M, Geraghty DE, Spies T (July 1994). "A second lineage of mammalian major histocompatibility complex class ... Klein J, O'hUigin C (July 1994). "The conundrum of nonclassical major histocompatibility complex genes". Proceedings of the ... "Cell stress-regulated human major histocompatibility complex class I gene expressed in gastrointestinal epithelium". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC_class_I_polypeptide–related_sequence_A

... component of their major histocompatibility complex (i.e. MHC); and presents the MHC-associated peptides to the T-cell receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_reaction_with_eosinophilia_and_systemic_symptoms

... component of their major histocompatibility complex (i.e. MHC); and presents the MHC-associated peptides to T-cell receptors on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens–Johnson_syndrome

In: The Major Histocompatibility Complex: Evolution, Structure and Function. M Kasahara (Ed.), Springer, New York, NY, pp. 412- ... His team had found that human androgen receptor gene is the major factor associated with baldness in men. They also identified ... He argues that cultural differences are a major signal of selection in genomes, which have been accumulating recently and ... tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) as a major determinant of blond hair among the Melanesians of Solomon Islands. Culture as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stoneking

Servenius B, Rask L, Peterson PA (1987). "Class II genes of the human major histocompatibility complex. The DO beta gene is a ... "Entrez Gene: HLA-DOB major histocompatibility complex, class II, DO beta". Beck S, Kelly A, Radley E, et al. (1992). "DNA ... 1993). "The major histocompatibility complex-encoded proteasome component LMP7: alternative first exons and post-translational ... in interaction with human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120 and class II major histocompatibility complex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DOB

Major histocompatibility complex, class I, Y (pseudogene) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-Y gene. "Entrez ... Major histocompatibility complex, class I, Y (pseudogene)". Retrieved 2014-01-20. Gleimer, M.; Wahl, A. R.; Hickman, H. D.; Abi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-Y

This implicated the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in schizophrenia. He subsequently performed a meta-analysis of his ... This implicated the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in schizophrenia. He subsequently performed a meta-analysis of his ... The SGDP expanded under his leadership achieving a major JIF award for a new building and successfully undergoing three ... The SGDP expanded under his leadership achieving a major JIF award for a new building and successfully undergoing three ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_McGuffin

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a group of cell surface proteins that in humans is also called the Human ... "Entrez Gene: HLA-F major histocompatibility complex, class I, F". Allan DS, Lepin EJ, Braud VM, O'Callaghan CA, McMichael AJ ( ... Geraghty DE, Koller BH, Orr HT (December 1987). "A human major histocompatibility complex class I gene that encodes a protein ... Schwartz O, Maréchal V, Le Gall S, Lemonnier F, Heard JM (March 1996). "Endocytosis of major histocompatibility complex class I ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-F

"A common inhibitory receptor for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on human lymphoid and myelomonocytic cells ... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LILRA3 gene located within the leukocyte receptor complex on chromosome 19q13.4. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILRA3

A drug will often bind to the major histocompatibility complex type I (MHC-I) and cytotoxic T cell receptors, resulting in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNLY

"Human major histocompatibility complex contains genes for the major heat shock protein HSP70". Proceedings of the National ... The gene is located in the major histocompatibility complex, on the short arm of chromosome 6, in a cluster with two paralogous ... structure of the spermatid-specific hsp70 homolog gene located in the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex ... It later becomes incorporated into the CatSper complex, a specialized calcium ion channel that enables spermatozoa motility. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA1B

Another function of interferons is to up-regulate major histocompatibility complex molecules, MHC I and MHC II, and increase ... host defenses by up-regulating antigen presentation by virtue of increasing the expression of major histocompatibility complex ... Interferon type I: All type I IFNs bind to a specific cell surface receptor complex known as the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) that ... As a result, an IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex forms-this contains STAT1, STAT2 and a third transcription factor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1), TNXB (A member of the tenascin family, also known as hexabrachion-like ... "Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: A genome-wide analysis". The Lancet. 381 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-137

Chuanpeng, Nie; Yanyan, Li; Zhao, Juan; Wu, Xiaobing (2012). "Extremely high major histocompatibility complex class IIb gene ... Shijing "Major Hymns - Decade of King Wen - Numinous Terrace" quote: "鼉鼓逢逢、朦瞍奏公。" translation: "The alligator-drums rumble and ... The other major breeding center for the species is the Changxing Chinese Alligator Nature Reserve (CCANR) or Changxing Nature ... They can be large and complex, containing multiple rooms, water pools, and entrances. Most of them are 10-25 metres (33-82 ft) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_alligator

Ly phenotypes predict both function and specificity for major histocompatibility complex products. Immunogenetics 1983;17:147. ... J Exp Med 145: 1-9. Rao A, Ko WW, Faas SJ, Cantor H. Binding of antigen in the absence of histocompatibility proteins by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Cantor

The HLA-C molecules are human leukocyte antigens and are the gene complexes to encode major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ... KIR2DL3 is a protein complex of two extracellular domains and a long tailed endo-cellular cytoplasmatic tail, which assign it ... for coding of KIR proteins are found along the 19th chromosome section 19q 13.4 within the 1Mb Leukocyte Receptor Complex (LRC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_cell_immunoglobulin-like_receptor_2DL3

Thus, similar immune systems may be more vulnerable to infectious diseases (see Major histocompatibility complex and sexual ... and complex diseases". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 Suppl 1 (suppl 1): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding

December 1993). "Major histocompatibility complex susceptibility genes for dermatitis herpetiformis compared with those for ... November 2004). "Two major histocompatibility complex haplotypes influence susceptibility to sporadic inclusion body myositis: ... is a multigene haplotype that covers a majority of the human major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6 (not to be ... The haplotype can be written in an extended form covering the major histocompatibility loci as follows: HLA A*0101 : Cw*0701 : ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA_A1-B8-DR3-DQ2

The small panel of 8 CXB strains was originally used to determine if the Major Histocompatibility (MHC) locus on proximal ... While the potential utility of recombinant inbred strains in mapping analysis of complex polygenic traits was obvious from the ... "Systems genetics of complex traits in Drosophila melanogaster". Nature Genetics. 41 (3): 299-307. doi:10.1038/ng.332. PMC ... high-resolution consensus maps for complex trait analysis". Genome Biology. 2 (11): RESEARCH0046. doi:10.1186/gb-2001-2-11- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_inbred_strain

... in association with its major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are known as dominant epitopes. These are stimulants of negative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptic_self_epitopes

... "for discovery of the Major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface molecules important for the immune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_immunologists

"Common Variants in Major Histocompatibility Complex Region and TCF4 Gene Are Significantly Associated with Schizophrenia in Han ... schizophrenia and major depressive disorder in the Han Chinese population". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 204 (1): 36-39. ... "CNTNAP2 is significantly associated with schizophrenia and major depression in the Han Chinese population". Psychiatry Research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Tao_(psychiatrist)

... load antigenic peptides onto the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the cell, in turn presenting the peptide to ... 1] The 3 major types of innate and adaptive cell-mediated effector immunity [2] Innate lymphocytes-lineage, localization and ... It also plays a major role in transplant rejection. Type 1 immunity is directed primarily at viruses, bacteria, and protozoa ... Annunziato, F; Romagnani, C; Romagnani, S (March 2015). "The 3 major types of innate and adaptive cell-mediated effector ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity

... major histocompatibility complex - Malpighi body - Malpighi layer - marine biology - maslinic acid - mass spectrometer - ... complement membrane attack complex - complement receptor - complex - computational biology - computational chemistry - ... platelet glycoprotein GPIb-IX complex - platelet membrane glycoprotein - platelet-derived growth factor - platelet-derived ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

... "discovery of the major histocompatibility complex genes. Marc Lasry, American of Moroccan descent and hedge fund manager of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Americans

Sexual conflict inhibits female mate choice for major histocompatibility complex dissimilarity in Chinook salmon. Proceedings: ... In basically all major primate taxa, aggression is used by the dominant males when herding females and keeping them away from ... A major direct cost of sexual coercion is physical injury. Male seed beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) have sclerotized spines on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_coercion_among_animals

Antigen receptors on CTL can bind to a 9-10 amino acid chain that is presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) as ... Humans have two major antigen identifying lymphocytes: CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and CD4+ helper T-lymphocytes that ... Cri du chat syndrome (CdCS) is a complex disorder involving the loss of the distal portion of the short arm of chromosome 5. ... Thus, telomere shortening does not appear to be a major factor in the aging of the differentiated cells of brain or skeletal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase

Lloberas J, Maki RA, Celada A (1995). "Repression of major histocompatibility complex I-A beta gene expression by dbpA and dbpB ... 1988). "Characterization of the cDNA encoding a protein binding to the major histocompatibility complex class II Y box". Proc. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_box_binding_protein_1

... or pre-TCR and peptide presented by major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules, Fc gamma receptor and IgG Fc, and notch ... Fiore VF, Ju L, Chen Y, Zhu C, Barker TH (September 2014). "Dynamic catch of a Thy-1-α5β1+ syndecan-4 trimolecular complex". ... The minimal cadherin-catenin complex binds to actin filaments under force". Science. 346 (6209): 1254211. doi:10.1126/science. ... cadherin-catenin complex with actin, vinculin with F-actin, microtubule with kinetochore particle, integrin alpha L beta 2 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_bond

... significantly associated with schizophrenia were located in major histocompatibility complex region of the genome. In 2013 this ... This is a complex process involving multiple environmental factors that have influence on a range of developmental periods that ... Commentators such as Paul Kurtz and others have endorsed the idea that major religious figures experienced psychosis; they ... Also, in mothers with schizophrenia, an increased risk has been identified via a complex interaction between maternal genotype ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_of_schizophrenia

"Analysis of the gene-dense major histocompatibility complex class III region and its comparison to mouse". Genome Research. 13 ... "Evidence that gene G7a in the human major histocompatibility complex encodes valyl-tRNA synthetase". The Biochemical Journal. ... "Identification of multiple HTF-island associated genes in the human major histocompatibility complex class III region". The ... to class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family and is located in the class III region of the major histocompatibility complex. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VARS

It contains the major histocompatibility complex, which contains over 100 genes related to the immune response, and plays a ... major histocompatibility complex (MHC), class I, A, B, and C loci. (6p21.3) HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 form HLA-DQ heterodimer MHC ... GARP complex subunit ZKSCAN4: encoding protein zinc finger with KRAB and SCAN domains 4 ZNF76: zinc finger protein 76 (6p21.31 ... HLA complex group 4 pseudogene 11 HFE: hemochromatosis (6p22.2) HIST1H2AH: histone cluster 1 H2A family member h (6p22.1) HLA-A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_6

2004). "Analysis of the gene-dense major histocompatibility complex class III region and its comparison to mouse". Genome Res. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline_transporter-like_protein_4

... cell age reduces effector activity but preserves proliferative capacity in a murine allogeneic major histocompatibility complex ... Journal of Immunology, 2006 PMID 17056525 HIV Nef-mediated CD4 down-regulation is adaptor protein complex 2 dependent. Jin YJ, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_J._Burakoff

The RCCX module is the most complex gene cluster in the human genome. It is part of the major histocompatibility complex class ... modules of the major histocompatibility complex". Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and ... "Analysis of the gene-dense major histocompatibility complex class III region and its comparison to mouse". Genome Research. 13 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCCX

2000). "Role for cathepsin F in invariant chain processing and major histocompatibility complex class II peptide loading by ... Cysteine cathepsins are a family of cysteine proteases that represent a major component of the lysosomal proteolytic system. In ... The identification of the Cathepsin F gene in various embryonic developmental stages of the Yesso Scallop has major importance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin_F

"Peptide-major histocompatibility complex dimensions control proximal kinase-phosphatase balance during T cell activation". The ... The TCR/peptide-MHC complex, formed when a T cell recognises its ligand on an antigen presenting cell (APC) and the T-cell-APC ... It suggests that TCR signalling is initiated by segregation of phosphatases from the TCR complex when binding to its ligand, ... around the TCR/peptide-MHC complex. Phosphatases CD45 and CD148 with much larger ectodomains than TCR are sterically excluded ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic-segregation_model_of_T_cell_activation

The domains have binding regions for the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) and the T-cell receptor (TCR ... "Cross-linking of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules by staphylococcal enterotoxin A superantigen is a ... Leukocyte recruitment occurs independently of T lymphocytes and major histocompatibility complex Class II molecules". Lab. ... Some of the major products are IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superantigen

... alpha and beta gene pair has been linked in the human major histocompatibility complex to HLA-B, HLA-C, and, tentatively, HLA-E ... Linkage map of the human major histocompatibility complex including the tumor necrosis factor genes Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. ... The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and beta gene pair has been linked in the human major histocompatibility complex to HLA-B ... a restriction map of the entire human major histocompatibility complex of about 3500 kb has been prepared. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2825194/

Glossary: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). A complex of genes on chromosome 6 that code for the antigens that determine ... In tissue and organ transplantation, the extent to which the HLA or "tissue type" of the donor and recipient match is a major ... In humans, histocompatibility antigens are called human leukocyte antigens (HLA) because they were originally discovered in ...

https://www.lupusresearch.org/glossary_of_terms/major-histocompatibility-complex-mhc/

Wegner, M. , Kalbe, M. , Schaschl, H. and Reusch, T. B. H. (2004): Parasites and individual major histocompatibility complex ... Parasites and individual major histocompatibility complex diversity - an optimal choice? Wegner, Mathias ORCID: https://orcid. ...

https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/22296/

The major histocompatibility complex --Part 3 tutorial of Essentials in Immunolgy course by Prof R. Manjunath of IISc Bangalore ... Major Histocompatibility Complex - Antigen Processing and Presentation - T Cell Receptors - T Cell Activation - Development and ... 23.The Major Histocompatibility Complex MHC class I pathway * 24.The Major Histocompatibility Complex MHC class II pathway ... 19.The major histocompatibility complex --Part 1 * 20.The major histocompatibility complex --Part 2 ...

https://freevideolectures.com/course/3080/essentials-in-immunolgy/21

Opposing effects of interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma on the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I chain- ... Modulation of major histocompatibility complex Class I molecules and major histocompatibility complex-bound immunogenic ... up-regulates major-histocompatibility-complex class I-related chain A expression and enhances major-histocompatibility-complex ... Human interferon-gamma enhances the expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex products in neoplastic ...

https://eurekamag.com/research/032/648/032648764.php

... enhances CD8+ T-cell responses to exogenous antigen via a proteasome-independent mechanism of major histocompatibility complex ... enhances CD8+ T-cell responses to exogenous antigen via a proteasome-independent mechanism of major histocompatibility complex ...

https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/dendritic-cell-maturation-enhances-cd8-t-cell-responses-to-exogen/fingerprints/?sortBy=alphabetically

Structure and content of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I regions of the great anthropoid apes. In: Human ... Structure and content of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I regions of the great anthropoid apes. Human ... Dive into the research topics of Structure and content of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I regions of the ... Structure and content of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I regions of the great anthropoid apes. / Venditti, ...

https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/structure-and-content-of-the-major-histocompatibility-complex-mhc

Glucocorticoids are effective repressors of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II gene expression. The repression ... Repression of major histocompatibility complex IA expression by glucocorticoids: the glucocorticoid receptor inhibits the DNA ... A Celada, S McKercher, R A Maki; Repression of major histocompatibility complex IA expression by glucocorticoids: the ... Glucocorticoids are effective repressors of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II gene expression. The repression ...

https://rupress.org/jem/article/177/3/691/50395/Repression-of-major-histocompatibility-complex-IA

Endosomal/lysosomal retention and degradation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is induced by Myxoma virus. ... Endosomal/lysosomal retention and degradation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is induced by Myxoma virus ... Endosomal/lysosomal retention and degradation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is induced by Myxoma virus ... Endosomal/lysosomal retention and degradation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is induced by Myxoma virus ...

https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/endosomallysosomal-retention-and-degradation-of-major-histocompat

Journal of Experimental Medicine publication investigating major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) expression ... The requirement for major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) to initiate immune renal injury was studied in a murine ... Major histocompatibility complex class II expression by intrinsic renal cells is required for crescentic glomerulonephritis.. ... Major histocompatibility complex class II expression by intrinsic renal cells is required for crescentic glomerulonephritis. ...

https://www.ozgene.com/publications/major-histocompatibility-complex-class-ii-expression-by-intrinsic-renal-cells-is-required-for-crescentic-glomerulonephritis/

Rollins-Smith LA, Blair P. Expression of class II major histocompatibility complex antigens on adult T cells in Xenopus is ... Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are expressed predominantly on B lymphocytes and macrophages of ... Expression of class II major histocompatibility complex antigens on adult T cells in Xenopus is metamorphosis-dependent.. ...

https://www.vumc.org/rollins-smith-lab/publication/expression-class-ii-major-histocompatibility-complex-antigens-adult-t-cells-xenopus-m

Triggering of the T3-Ti receptor complex induces a rapid increase in free cytoplasmic Ca2+ and gives rise to specific antigen- ... various surface glycoprotein components have led to identification of the human T cell antigen receptor as a surface complex ... The ontogeny, structure and function of the human T lymphocyte receptor for antigen and major histocompatibility complex. ... The ontogeny, structure and function of the human T lymphocyte receptor for antigen and major histocompatibility complex. ...

https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/22201

A Diploid Assembly-based Benchmark for Variants in the Major Histocompatibility Complex ... A Diploid Assembly-based Benchmark for Variants in the Major Histocompatibility Complex Chin, C.-S., Wagner, J., Zeng, Q., ... 2020). A Diploid Assembly-based Benchmark for Variants in the Major Histocompatibility Complex. Nature Communications, 11(1): ...

https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_3259164_1&view=EXPORT

Polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex class II B genes in different lines of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ... In this study, we have examined the polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene class II B in nine carp ...

https://www.alr-journal.org/articles/alr/abs/2003/05/alr3012/alr3012.html

As ancestral haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) appear to define identical MHC haplotypes in unrelated ... abstract = "As ancestral haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) appear to define identical MHC haplotypes in ... N2 - As ancestral haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) appear to define identical MHC haplotypes in ... AB - As ancestral haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) appear to define identical MHC haplotypes in ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/human-natural-killer-nk-alloreactivity-and-its-association-with-t

Major histocompatibility complex restriction in tuberculosis susceptibility.. Authors: Pitchappan, R M. Agrewala, J N. ... Pitchappan R M, Agrewala J N, Dheenadhayalan V, Ivanyi J. Major histocompatibility complex restriction in tuberculosis ... More than one mechanism may contribute to disease susceptibility in tuberculosis, viz., major histocompatability complex (MHC) ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/161090

Major histocompatibility complex. journals for you to publish your manuscript in. Major histocompatibility complex. is set of ... Major histocompatibility complex. journals in this list are indexed in OA.mg. If you spot any mistakes in this table of Major ... Major histocompatibility complex. Journals. Name. ISSN. DOAJ. Publisher. No. of Papers. Citations. Relevance▼. Website. ... Major histocompatibility complex. venue for your manuscript.. The DOAJ columns refers to the The Directory of Open Access ...

https://oa.mg/journals/open-access-major-histocompatibility-complex-journals

IPR003006 Immunoglobulin/major histocompatibility complex, conserved site. IPR011162 MHC classes I/II-like antigen recognition ...

http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:2676637

Expression regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II encoding genes. / van den Elsen, P.J. ... Expression regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II encoding genes. Frontiers in Immunology: ... van den Elsen, P.J. / Expression regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II encoding genes. In: ... van den Elsen, PJ 2011, Expression regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II encoding genes. ...

https://research.vumc.nl/en/publications/expression-regulation-of-major-histocompatibility-complex-mhc-cla

A histocompatibility antigen blood test looks at proteins called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). These are found on the ... The major histocompatibility complex. In: Rich RR, Fleisher TA, Shearer WT, Schroeder HW, Few AJ, Weyand CM, eds. Clinical ... Human leukocyte antigen: the major histocompatibility complex of humans. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henrys Clinical ... A histocompatibility antigen blood test looks at proteins called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). These are found on the ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003550.htm

... major histocompatibility complex; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; STAT, signal transducer and ... major histocompatibility complex; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; STAT, signal transducer and ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/879051

Inappropriate expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by target cells has been found in all ... Inappropriate major histocompatibility complex class II expression by thyroid follicular cells in thyroid autoimmune disease ... Inappropriate major histocompatibility complex class II expression by thyroid follicular cells in thyroid autoimmune disease ... "Inappropriate" expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by target cells has been found in all ...

https://www.kennedy.ox.ac.uk/publications/481999

Characterization of cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to tumor antigens has been impeded by a lack of direct assays of CTL activity. We have synthesized reagents (tetramers) that specifically stain CTLs recognizing melanoma antigens. Tetramer staining of tumor-infiltrated lymph nodes ex vivo revealed high frequencies of tumor-specific CTLs which were antigen-experienced by surface phenotype. In vitro culture of lymph node cells with cytokines resulted in very large expansions of tumor-specific CTLs that were dependent on the presence of tumor cells in the lymph nodes. Tetramer-guided sorting by flow cytometer allowed isolation of melanoma-specific CTLs and confirmation of their specificity and their ability to lyse autologous tumor cells. Our results demonstrate the value of these novel reagents for monitoring tumor-specific CTL responses and for generating CTLs for adoptive immunotherapy. These data also indicate that strong CTL responses to melanoma often occur in vivo, and th

https://serval.unil.ch/fr/notice/serval:BIB_887EF23E82A0

Dive into the research topics of Co-trafficking of HFE, a nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class I protein, with ... Co-trafficking of HFE, a nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class I protein, with the transferrin receptor implies a ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/co-trafficking-of-hfe-a-nonclassical-major-histocompatibility-com-2/fingerprints/

Gallus gallus major histocompatibility complex class II alpha chain BLA (similar to HLA class II, D alpha chain) (BLA), mRNA. ... Synthesis of chicken major histocompatibility complex class II oligomers using a baculovirus expression system. [Protein Expr ... Synthesis of chicken major histocompatibility complex class II oligomers using a baculovirus expression system.. Niemiec PK, ...

https://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/nuccore/NM_001245061.1?report=fasta

E05 478 566 350 170 or Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays,E05 478 566 350 170 or Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays ...

http://hla-a.com/all-product/2230-mybiosource/3403-canine-major-histocompatibility-complex-class-i-a-elisa-kit

Major histocompatibility complex, class I, B. Predicted locationi All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the ...

http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000234745-HLA-B/blood+protein

... profile, ...

https://vivo.library.tamu.edu/vivo/display/n140245SE

A complex of genes on chromosome 6 that code for the antigens that determine tissue and blood compatibility. (lupusresearch.org)
Expression regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II encoding genes. (vumc.nl)
The mammalian Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) region contains several gene families characterized by highly polymorphic loci with extensive nucleotide diversity, copy number variation of paralogous genes, and long repetitive sequences. (scilifelab.se)
With others, he was responsible for demonstrating that genes in the H-2K and H-2D regions of the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse determine whether or not interaction between effector cells and target cells can occur both in vitro and in vivo. (science.org.au)
major histocompatibility complex: (in mammals) a group of genes located next to or near each other on a specific chromosome, the sixth in humans, most of which encode glycoproteins of highly variable shapes that are expressed on almost all cell surfaces: it plays the dominant role in distinguishing one individual's cells from another's and in determining the histocompatibility of any two individuals. (en-academic.com)

In humans, histocompatibility antigens are called human leukocyte antigens (HLA) because they were originally discovered in large numbers on lymphocytes. (lupusresearch.org)
Human leukocyte antigen: the major histocompatibility complex of humans. (medlineplus.gov)
Brucellosis is a major zoonotic disease, widely distributed in both humans and animals, especially in the developing world. (who.int)
Much like humans, microbes have complex social and physical communities and are always evolving. (cdc.gov)

The highly immunosuppressive leporipoxvirus myxoma, previously was shown to promote the loss of cell surface class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC l) molecules. (elsevier.com)
Recent studies using cloned antigen-specific T lymphocytes and monoclonal antibodies directed at their various surface glycoprotein components have led to identification of the human T cell antigen receptor as a surface complex comprised of a clonotypic 90 kDa Ti heterodimer and the invariant 20 and 25 kDa T3 molecules. (ox.ac.uk)
Inappropriate" expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by target cells has been found in all organ-specific autoimmune diseases so far examined for the presence of this phenomenon. (ox.ac.uk)
These fragments are then loaded onto major histocompatibility complex molecules type 2 (MHC2) and transported to the cell surface. (frontiersin.org)

A histocompatibility antigen blood test looks at proteins called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). (medlineplus.gov)
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins bind to antigenic subunits - the parts of the cell that provoke an immune response - and bring them to the surface of the macrophage to be passed along to T cells . (thehealthboard.com)

Together with previous data on the linkage and structures of the class II and class III regions, a restriction map of the entire human major histocompatibility complex of about 3500 kb has been prepared. (nih.gov)
We have determined whether there is major histocompatibility complex (MHC) linkage as well as other predisposing haplotype-associated factors of development. (silverchair.com)
Two gene loci displayed linkage to neurodegeneration and T cell infiltration, respectively, and a single locus displayed extreme linkage to VRA-induced major histocompatibility complex class II expression on microglia. (mcw.edu)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Major histocompatibility complex restriction in tuberculosis susceptibility. (who.int)
Pitchappan R M, Agrewala J N, Dheenadhayalan V, Ivanyi J. Major histocompatibility complex restriction in tuberculosis susceptibility. (who.int)
HLA class II sequences infer mechanisms for major histocompatibility complex-associated disease susceptibility. (ox.ac.uk)

Specialising in the enumeration of multiple specific T-cell populations and associated maturation phenotypes, it uses specialised major histocompatibility complex (MHC) multimers in a high-end and unique assay recently established by its academic collaborators. (clinicaltrialsarena.com)
To understand the CD8+ T cell immunity related to viral protection and disease severity in COVID-19, we evaluated the complete SARS-CoV-2 genome (3141 MHC-I binding peptides) to identify immunogenic T cell epitopes, and determine the level of CD8+ T cell involvement using DNA-barcoded peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimers. (bvsalud.org)

The influence of genetic variability within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on variations in immune responses to childhood vaccination was investigated. (cdc.gov)
The approach of SSCP combined with PCR-SBT reflects cost-effective and most powerful approach to decipher the genetic diversity in complex MHC region. (ias.ac.in)
Genetic polymorphism of the histocompatibility-2 loci of the mouse. (wikidata.org)
The study looked at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a region where genetic associations with lung cancer have been shown. (who.int)
The allele DQB1 * 0602, which is located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is present in approximately 95% of Caucasians with narcolepsy and is considered a genetic marker for this disorder. (fapesp.br)

We found that multiple major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted epitopes are conserved in nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix protein (MP), and even a few in the more variable hemagglutinin (HA) protein, in A/California/04/2009, A/Texas/04/2009, and A/New York/18/2009. (cdc.gov)

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and beta gene pair has been linked in the human major histocompatibility complex to HLA-B, HLA-C, and, tentatively, HLA-E and HLA-A on one side and to the class III complement/steroid 21-hydroxylase gene cluster on the other by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. (nih.gov)
Glucocorticoids are effective repressors of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II gene expression. (rupress.org)
In this study, we have examined the polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene class II B in nine carp lines. (alr-journal.org)
Discrete gene loci regulate neurodegeneration, lymphocyte infiltration, and major histocompatibility complex class II expression in the CNS. (mcw.edu)

The requirement for major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) to initiate immune renal injury was studied in a murine model of CD4(+) T cell-dependent crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN). (ozgene.com)
major histocompatability complex (MHC) restriction phenomenon, spectrum of immune reactivity/cytokine profile and epidemiology induced anergy. (who.int)
point mutations were introduced to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1, which increased its proteolytic stability and also entirely modulated the resulting immune response. (frontiersin.org)
Although he has shown the importance of cell-mediated immune responses in a number of systems, it is his work, during the last 8 years, on ectromelia infection of mice which represents his major contribution. (science.org.au)
The conclusion that here too the principal antiviral element is the CD8 + CTL was confirmed by experiments in which footpad-infected mice were adoptively immunized with virus-immune splenocytes from syngeneic mice selected for subclasses of T lymphocytes, or from mice differing in defined regions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and also by experiments in which monocytes were virtually absent. (elsevier.com)
ImmuMap partners with several front-line biotech and academic companies, which help it stay updated in the highly complex immune-oncology and autoimmunity sectors. (clinicaltrialsarena.com)

Parasites and individual major histocompatibility complex diversity - an optimal choice? (awi.de)
Wegner, M. , Kalbe, M. , Schaschl, H. and Reusch, T. B. H. (2004): Parasites and individual major histocompatibility complex diversity - an optimal choice? (awi.de)
Study revealed rich diversity of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region in goat. (ias.ac.in)

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are expressed predominantly on B lymphocytes and macrophages of tadpoles of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, as is the pattern in lymphocyte populations of most mammals. (vumc.org)

In the present study, we found that interferon (IFN)-alpha and IFN gamma exert opposing effects on major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A (MICA) expression in human tumor cells. (eurekamag.com)
Approximately 80 new codes in microbiology and serology, including codes for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus and Major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related antigen A (MICA) antigens. (loinc.org)
New laboratory panels, including the new 2014 HEDIS Value Sets, CBC with Differential panel for Cord blood , MICA (Major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related antigen A ) IgG antibodies, MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronavirus RNA panel, and a Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulated gamma interferon & spot count panel. (loinc.org)

The ontogeny, structure and function of the human T lymphocyte receptor for antigen and major histocompatibility complex. (ox.ac.uk)

Repression of major histocompatibility complex IA expression by glucocorticoids: the glucocorticoid receptor inhibits the DNA binding of the X box DNA binding protein. (rupress.org)
Triggering of the T3-Ti receptor complex induces a rapid increase in free cytoplasmic Ca2+ and gives rise to specific antigen-induced proliferation through an autocrine pathway involving endogenous interleukin-2 production, release and subsequent binding to interleukin-2 receptors. (ox.ac.uk)
However, it has been suggested that the receptor usage by semaphorins is more complex than previously thought. (nature.com)
T cell receptor-major histocompatibility complex (TCR-MHC) affinities span a wide range in a polyclonal T cell response, yet it is undefined how affinity shapes long-term properties of CD8 T cells during chronic infection with persistent antigen. (figshare.com)
These are presented on a class II molecule of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) to the receptor of a naive CD4 helper T cell (Th0). (bmj.com)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated invariant chain (Ii) plays a critical role in antigen presentation, forming MHC class II peptide complexes for the generation of CD4+ T cell responses. (ox.ac.uk)

Major histocompatibility complex class II expression by intrinsic renal cells is required for crescentic glomerulonephritis. (ozgene.com)
Expression of class II major histocompatibility complex antigens on adult T cells in Xenopus is metamorphosis-dependent. (vumc.org)
Inappropriate major histocompatibility complex class II expression by thyroid follicular cells in thyroid autoimmune disease and by pancreatic beta cells in type I diabetes. (ox.ac.uk)
Synthesis of chicken major histocompatibility complex class II oligomers using a baculovirus expression system. (beds.ac.uk)

In the mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region, meiotic recombination breakpoints are clustered in four specific sites known as hotspots. (elsevier.com)

The general applicability of this novel vaccination method for induction of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted T cells is discussed. (ox.ac.uk)

In tissue and organ transplantation, the extent to which the HLA or "tissue type" of the donor and recipient match is a major determinant of the success of the transplant. (lupusresearch.org)

Dendritic cell maturation enhances CD8+ T-cell responses to exogenous antigen via a proteasome-independent mechanism of major histocompatibility complex class I loading. (ed.ac.uk)

Reproductive physiology involves a series of complex physiological processes that are sensitive to chemical contaminants. (dovepress.com)

[ 1 ] describes the acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR complex) spectrum of diseases. (medscape.com)

Presensitization by skin grafting from major histocompatibility complex class I or major histocompatibility complex class II deficient mice identifies class I antigens as inducers of allosensitization. (uchicago.edu)

Bovine luteal cells elicit major histocompatibility complex class II-dependent T-cell proliferation. (ouhsc.edu)
These findings reveal a novel role for 2B4 as a non-major histocompatibility complex binding negative regulator of NK cells. (elsevier.com)

These observations may indicate that macrophages are capable of discriminating cell surface components linked to the major histocompatibility complex. (aai.org)

Les enfants présentant un syndrome néphrotique idiopathique ont été répartis en trois groupes de 20 : première manifestation, rémission et récidive. (who.int)

I. Association with the major histocompatibility complex. (silverchair.com)

Despite the initial high number of deaths among patients in Mexico and among patients with specific preexisting conditions, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in general has caused mild symptoms, and the overall death rate remains around 0.45% ( www.who.int/csr/don/2009_07_06/en ). (cdc.gov)
Although this complex of disorders could manifest as or precipitate AZOOR, in most patients AZOOR does not develop. (medscape.com)
Methods: Neurologic patients included both those with the CD-prerequisite major histocompatibility complex class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2/DQ8 haplotype, and those without. (elsevier.com)

We made this list which includes all the high-impact factor Major histocompatibility complex journals that might be relevant to your field of study. (oa.mg)
A study was conducted to investigate the magnitude, nature and associated risk factors of major congenital anomalies [‏MCAs]‏ at birth in Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in 1995. (who.int)

As ancestral haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) appear to define identical MHC haplotypes in unrelated individuals, unrelated individuals sharing the same ancestral haplotype should also share the same NK-defined allospecificities that have recently been shown to map to the human MHC. (elsevier.com)

In the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 most protease cleavage sites are located within its secondary structure elements, which are inherently inaccessible to proteases. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy29

Organisms21

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs113

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Phenomena and Processes63

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Natural variation of the expression of HLA and endogenous antigen modulates CTL recognition in an in vitro melanoma model. (1/2910)

Major histocompatibility complex differentiation in Sacramento River chinook salmon. (2/2910)

Maturation, activation, and protection of dendritic cells induced by double-stranded RNA. (3/2910)

CD45 can act as a negative regulator for the transition from early to late CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes. (4/2910)

Cellular distribution of a mixed MHC class II heterodimer between DRalpha and a chimeric DObeta chain. (5/2910)

Localization of non-Mhc collagen-induced arthritis susceptibility loci in DBA/1j mice. (6/2910)

Activation of target-tissue immune-recognition molecules by double-stranded polynucleotides. (7/2910)

Genetic control of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses. I. Ir gene control of the specificity of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses to trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells. (8/2910)

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Histocompatibility Antigens Class II

Histocompatibility Antigens Class I

Genes, MHC Class I

Genes, MHC Class II

H-2 Antigens

Histocompatibility Antigens

Antigen Presentation

T-Lymphocytes

HLA-DR Antigens

HLA-D Antigens

HLA Antigens

beta 2-Microglobulin

Molecular Sequence Data

T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic

Amino Acid Sequence

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Mice, Inbred Strains

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Lymphocyte Activation

Peptides

Epitopes

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Interferon-gamma

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell

Cytotoxicity, Immunologic

Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte

Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D

Cell Line

CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Dendritic Cells

Alleles

Minor Histocompatibility Antigens

Antigens, CD8

HLA-B Antigens

Base Sequence

Histocompatibility

Flow Cytometry

HLA-A Antigens

HLA-DQ Antigens

Spleen

B-Lymphocytes

Haplotypes

Isoantigens

Cells, Cultured

Antibodies, Monoclonal

HLA-DR1 Antigen

HLA-C Antigens

Killer Cells, Natural

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta

HLA-A2 Antigen

Superantigens

Thymus Gland

Peptide Fragments

Hybridomas

Antigens, Surface

Histocompatibility Testing

Mice, Inbred C3H

Minor Histocompatibility Loci

HLA-B7 Antigen

HLA-DR alpha-Chains

Clone Cells

Mice, Transgenic

Antigens

Antigens, CD4

HLA-DP Antigens

Skin Transplantation

Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed

Protein Binding

Antigens, CD

Immune Tolerance

HLA-DRB1 Chains

Transfection

Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte

Ovalbumin

Recombinant Proteins

Mice, Inbred CBA

Transplantation, Homologous

Tumor Cells, Cultured