An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The yellow body derived from the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE after OVULATION. The process of corpus luteum formation, LUTEINIZATION, is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.
The sensory areas on the vertical wall of the saccule and in the floor of the utricle. The hair cells in the maculae are innervated by fibers of the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
A complex of cells consisting of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells, the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule, and granular epithelial peripolar cells. Juxtaglomerular cells are modified SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS found in the walls of afferent glomerular arterioles and sometimes the efferent arterioles. Extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells are located in the angle between the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles. Granular epithelial peripolar cells are located at the angle of reflection of the parietal to visceral angle of the renal corpuscle.
The portion of renal tubule that begins from the enlarged segment of the ascending limb of the LOOP OF HENLE. It reenters the KIDNEY CORTEX and forms the convoluted segments of the distal tubule.
A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria whose organisms divide in three perpendicular planes and occur in packets of eight or more cells. It has been isolated from soil, grains, and clinical specimens.
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.
Degradation of CORPUS LUTEUM. In the absence of pregnancy and diminishing trophic hormones, the corpus luteum undergoes luteolysis which is characterized by the involution and cessation of its endocrine function.
The period in the ESTROUS CYCLE associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals.
The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.
Process of maintaining the functions of CORPORA LUTEA, specifically PROGESTERONE production which is regulated primarily by pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in cycling females, and by PLACENTAL HORMONES in pregnant females. The ability to maintain luteal functions is important in PREGNANCY MAINTENANCE.
An acyclic state that resembles PREGNANCY in that there is no ovarian cycle, ESTROUS CYCLE, or MENSTRUAL CYCLE. Unlike pregnancy, there is no EMBRYO IMPLANTATION. Pseudopregnancy can be experimentally induced to form DECIDUOMA in the UTERUS.
A plant genus of the family Gentianaceae whose members contain SECOIRIDOIDS and have been used in TRADITIONAL MEDICINE for suppressing INFLAMMATION.
A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.
PROGESTERONE-producing cells in the CORPUS LUTEUM. The large luteal cells derive from the GRANULOSA CELLS. The small luteal cells derive from the THECA CELLS.
Two membranous sacs within the vestibular labyrinth of the INNER EAR. The saccule communicates with COCHLEAR DUCT through the ductus reuniens, and communicates with utricle through the utriculosaccular duct from which the ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT arises. The utricle and saccule have sensory areas (acoustic maculae) which are innervated by the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.
The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The period in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE that follows OVULATION, characterized by the development of CORPUS LUTEUM, increase in PROGESTERONE production by the OVARY and secretion by the glandular epithelium of the ENDOMETRIUM. The luteal phase begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of MENSTRUATION.
Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
The period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit ESTRUS. The estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (PROESTRUS; ESTRUS; METESTRUS; DIESTRUS; and ANESTRUS).
The U-shaped portion of the renal tubule in the KIDNEY MEDULLA, consisting of a descending limb and an ascending limb. It is situated between the PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE and the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE.
The inner layer of CHOROID, also called the lamina basalis choroideae, located adjacent to the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; (RPE) of the EYE. It is a membrane composed of the basement membranes of the choriocapillaris ENDOTHELIUM and that of the RPE. The membrane stops at the OPTIC NERVE, as does the RPE.
A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Colloid or hyaline bodies lying beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. They may occur either secondary to changes in the choroid that affect the pigment epithelium or as an autosomal dominant disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium.
(9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9-carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics.
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.
Long convoluted tubules in the nephrons. They collect filtrate from blood passing through the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and process this filtrate into URINE. Each renal tubule consists of a BOWMAN CAPSULE; PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE; LOOP OF HENLE; DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT leading to the central cavity of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS) that connects to the URETER.
A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.
A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.
Gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary or the placenta in horses. This term generally refers to the gonadotropins found in the pregnant mare serum, a rich source of equine CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. Unlike that in humans, the equine LUTEINIZING HORMONE, BETA SUBUNIT is identical to the equine choronic gonadotropin, beta. Equine gonadotropins prepared from pregnant mare serum are used in reproductive studies.
A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLES that follows METESTRUS. Diestrus is a period of sexual quiescence separating phases of ESTRUS in polyestrous animals.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of PREGNANCY.
Sensory cells in the acoustic maculae with their apical STEREOCILIA embedded in a gelatinous OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE. These hair cells are stimulated by the movement of otolithic membrane, and impulses are transmitted via the VESTIBULAR NERVE to the BRAIN STEM. Hair cells in the saccule and those in the utricle sense linear acceleration in vertical and horizontal directions, respectively.
A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.
A subclass of symporters that specifically transport SODIUM CHLORIDE and/or POTASSIUM CHLORIDE across cellular membranes in a tightly coupled process.
Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans.
A group of enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction-oxidation reaction of 20-hydroxysteroids, such as from a 20-ketosteroid to a 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid (EC 1.1.1.149) or to a 20-beta-hydroxysteroid (EC 1.1.1.53).
A mechanism of communication within a system in that the input signal generates an output response which returns to influence the continued activity or productivity of that system.
Na-K-Cl transporter in the ASCENDING LIMB OF LOOP OF HENLE. It mediates active reabsorption of sodium chloride and is inhibited by LOOP DIURETICS such as FUROSEMIDE; and BUMETANIDE. Mutations in the gene encoding SLC12A1 are associated with a BARTTER SYNDROME.
An area approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter within the macula lutea where the retina thins out greatly because of the oblique shifting of all layers except the pigment epithelium layer. It includes the sloping walls of the fovea (clivus) and contains a few rods in its periphery. In its center (foveola) are the cones most adapted to yield high visual acuity, each cone being connected to only one ganglion cell. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.
A state of sexual inactivity in female animals exhibiting no ESTROUS CYCLE. Causes of anestrus include pregnancy, presence of offspring, season, stress, and pathology.
A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in NERVE TISSUE.
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).
The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.
A mechanism of communication with a physiological system for homeostasis, adaptation, etc. Physiological feedback is mediated through extensive feedback mechanisms that use physiological cues as feedback loop signals to control other systems.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Oxygenated forms of carotenoids. They are usually derived from alpha and beta carotene.
The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.
A water-soluble polypeptide (molecular weight approximately 8,000) extractable from the corpus luteum of pregnancy. It produces relaxation of the pubic symphysis and dilation of the uterine cervix in certain animal species. Its role in the human pregnant female is uncertain. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Catalyze the oxidation of 3-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids.
Those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces and cytoplasm of gonadal cells that bind luteinizing or chorionic gonadotropic hormones and thereby cause the gonadal cells to synthesize and secrete sex steroids. The hormone-receptor complex is internalized from the plasma membrane and initiates steroid synthesis.
The essential part of the hearing organ consists of two labyrinthine compartments: the bony labyrinthine and the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth is a complex of three interconnecting cavities or spaces (COCHLEA; VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH; and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS) in the TEMPORAL BONE. Within the bony labyrinth lies the membranous labyrinth which is a complex of sacs and tubules (COCHLEAR DUCT; SACCULE AND UTRICLE; and SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS) forming a continuous space enclosed by EPITHELIUM and connective tissue. These spaces are filled with LABYRINTHINE FLUIDS of various compositions.
The number of offspring produced at one birth by a viviparous animal.
The layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA; the CILIARY BODY; and the IRIS in the eye.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
An enzymes that catalyzes the reversible reduction-oxidation reaction of 20-alpha-hydroxysteroids, such as from PROGESTERONE to 20-ALPHA-DIHYDROPROGESTERONE.
The flattened stroma cells forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature OVARIAN FOLLICLE. Thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily ANDROGENS which serve as precusors of ESTROGENS in the GRANULOSA CELLS.
Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.
A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.
A sulfamyl diuretic.
A gelatinous membrane overlying the acoustic maculae of SACCULE AND UTRICLE. It contains minute crystalline particles (otoliths) of CALCIUM CARBONATE and protein on its outer surface. In response to head movement, the otoliths shift causing distortion of the vestibular hair cells which transduce nerve signals to the BRAIN for interpretation of equilibrium.
Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.
A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.
The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
An inducibly-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes and INFLAMMATION. It is the target of COX2 INHIBITORS.
Unsaturated pregnane derivatives containing two keto groups on side chains or ring structures.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The single layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA, situated closely to the tips (outer segments) of the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. These epithelial cells are macroglia that perform essential functions for the photoreceptor cells, such as in nutrient transport, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor membranes, and ensuring retinal attachment.
A synthetic fluorinated steroid that is used as a progestational hormone.
A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.
A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLE that precedes ESTRUS. During proestrus, the Graafian follicles undergo maturation.
Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.
Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)
Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.
A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.
The study of the similarities and differences in the structures of homologous tissues across various species.
The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.
Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.
Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.

Perifoveal vascular leakage and macular oedema after intracapsular cataract extraction. (1/755)

Perifoveal capillary leakage of fluorescein was demonstrated in 60 per cent of 50 eyes when angiography was performed two weeks after cataract extraction. Repeat angiography six weeks postoperatively in 17 eyes demonstrated persistence of already established leakage in 11 of 12 eyes and no new leakage in five eyes previously negative. Cystoid macular oedema with visual acuity of less than 20/40 six weeks postoperatively occurred in five eyes (10 per cent). Eyes of patients with vascular disease and those patients of 60 years or older were found to have altered vascular permeability significantly more frequently. Inflammation was no more severe or prevalent in those patients who demonstrated leakage and no inflammation was clinically apparent in 10 of 11 eyes demonstrating dye leakage six weeks postoperatively. We conclude that the constitutional factors of age and vascular disease are of prime importance in causing altered vascular permeability in the early postoperative period after cataract extraction; factors causing sustained leakage with reduction of visual acuity were not demonstrated.  (+info)

The use of internal limiting membrane maculorrhexis in treatment of idiopathic macular holes. (2/755)

The purpose of this study was to assess surgical results of internal limiting membrane (ILM) maculorrhexis in macular hole surgery. This study is a part of continuing prospective clinical trial of our team of researchers. Thirteen eyes of 13 patients with idiopathic macular hole underwent vitrectomy with the removal of posterior cortical vitreous, peeling of the macular ILM, and intraocular gas tamponade, followed by postoperative face-down positioning. The excised specimens were evaluated with transmission electron microscopy. Complete closure of the hole was observed in all 13 eyes (100% anatomic success rate). Visual improvement of 2 or more lines on ETDRS visual acuity chart was achieved in 11 (85%) of the 13 eyes. Six (54.5%) eyes attained visual acuity of 20/50 or better. Electron microscopy showed ILM in the removed specimens. ILM maculorrhexis is a promising new surgical approach to close idiopathic macular holes but requires further investigation and long-term evaluation.  (+info)

Quantitative assessment of macular thickness in normal subjects and patients with diabetic retinopathy by scanning retinal thickness analyser. (3/755)

AIMS: To evaluate the scanning retinal thickness analyser (RTA), a novel non-invasive imaging instrument, in diagnosing and quantitatively characterising diabetic macular oedema, and to investigate the relation between central macula thickness measured by RTA and other clinical examinations. METHODS: Central macular thickness was measured using the RTA in 40 normal subjects and 60 patients with diabetic retinopathy. The reproducibility of the retinal thickness measurements was evaluated by calculating the mean of the inter- and intrasession variations. Central macular thickness was correlated with the results of visual acuity measurements, biomicroscopy, and fluorescein angiography. RESULTS: Intra- and intersession reproducibility of the RTA in normal subjects was plus or minus 5.2% (16 microns) and plus or minus 6.1% (19 microns), respectively. The mean central macular thickness was 182 (SD 16) microns in normal subjects, 283 (116) microns in diabetic eyes without clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO), and 564 (168) microns in diabetic eyes with CSMO. Central macular thickness was significantly greater (p < 0.001) in eyes with diabetic retinopathy than in normal subjects, even when macular thickening did not meet the standard for CSMO (p = 0.019) measured by biomicroscopy. Although greater fluorescein leakage at the macula results in greater central macular thickness, only eyes with diffuse leakage had statistically significant macular thickening compared with normal subjects (p = 0.022). Central macular thickness measured with the RTA was significantly correlated with the logarithmic converted visual acuity (r2 = 0.76) in diabetic eyes. CONCLUSION: Scanning RTA, which has good reproducibility, might be useful to quantitatively detect and monitor macular thickening in diabetic retinopathy. Central macular thickness was highly correlated with logarithmic converted visual acuity in diabetic macular oedema.  (+info)

Natural history of diabetic macular streak exudates: evidence from a screening programme. (4/755)

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diabetic retinopathy screening guidelines recommend referral to an ophthalmologist if there is exudate within one disc diameter of the fovea. Many of these patients, however, have resolution of small amounts of exudate without treatment. This study aimed to assess whether patients with minimal streak or dot exudates within one disc diameter of the fovea can be monitored in a screening programme without compromising visual acuity. METHODS: A retrospective review of records and Polaroid photographs obtained by one screening centre over a 10 year period was performed. Outcomes measured were referral rates, alteration of Snellen visual acuity, and the need for macular photocoagulation treatment. RESULTS: 55 patients (74 eyes) fulfilled entry criteria (37 streak and 37 dot exudates). Mean follow up was 56.1 months (range 12-127 months). Twenty five patients (30 eyes) were referred to an ophthalmologist. 13 eyes (17.6%) required macular photocoagulation treatment. Four eyes (5.4%) lost two or more lines of Snellen acuity over the follow up period (three from macular oedema and one from macular ischaemia). There was no relation between the presence or resolution of minimal exudate and visual loss (p>0.2). CONCLUSION: It is appropriate to monitor eyes with streak or dot macular exudates at 6-9 monthly intervals in a screening programme.  (+info)

Macular vasculopathy and its evolution in incontinentia pigmenti. (5/755)

PURPOSE: To describe macular vasculopathy in incontinentia pigmenti. METHODS: Twelve baby girls with incontinentia pigmenti were examined under general anesthesia by fluorescein angiography of the macula. Nine eyes of 9 patients had sufficient detail to allow evaluation of capillary changes. Angiography was initiated as early as 3 months of age and was repeated in 7 eyes at 3- to 12-month intervals. Changes in capillary patterns were identified. RESULTS: Irregularly enlarged or distorted foveal avascular zones were noted in all 9 maculas. Sparseness of the perifoveolar capillary bed was a characteristic finding. Sequential macular angiography demonstrated non-progressive (stable) capillary closure in 2 eyes; progressive closure in another macula; progressive closure plus addition or reopening of macular capillaries in 3 eyes; and central retinal artery occlusion, with cherry-red spot formation, in 1 eye at 12 days of age. In addition, progressive tractional detachment of the macula occurred in 2 of these eyes, and progressive macular neovascularization occurred in 1 eye. CONCLUSIONS: Macular ischemia is characteristic of incontinentia pigmenti and is often progressive. It is the initiating event of a typical vasculopathy, characterized by capillary remodelling and, occasionally, by neovascularization and tractional detachment of the retina.  (+info)

The etiology and treatment of macular detachment associated with optic nerve pits and related anomalies. (6/755)

PURPOSE: Up to two thirds of patients with optic disc pits develop a sight-limiting maculopathy. There is confusion regarding the etiology and nature of the maculopathy in these cases. We present 7 cases of serous macular detachment occurring in association with optic pits or related cavitary anomalies and identify a rhegmatogenous etiology. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 7 patients with optic nerve anomalies and macular detachment. Patients were treated with observation, barricade laser, vitrectomy, and/or gas tamponade. RESULTS: Seven patients were noted to have serous macular detachment associated with an optic nerve pit or other cavitary anomaly. A hole or tear in the diaphanous tissue overlying the optic pit was identified in all cases. None of the patients had a posterior vitreous detachment. Two were treated with photocoagulation only, and 5 underwent pars plana vitrectomy with fluid-gas exchange with or without photocoagulation. Pretreatment visual acuity ranged from 20/30 to 6/200. Posttreatment acuity ranged from 20/25 to 20/100. Five of 7 eyes had final acuities of 20/30 or better, and all treated eyes improved. CONCLUSIONS: A tear in the diaphanous tissue overlying the optic nerve pit is responsible for the development of serous macular detachment and is consistent with findings in similar conditions, such as retinal detachment in association with chorioretinal coloboma. These tears may be quite subtle, and careful biomicroscopic examination is required to appreciate them. The treatment of this condition remains controversial. However, because of the relatively poor prognosis, we believe treatment should include the formation of a barricade to fluid movement as well as sealing and relief of traction from the hole. The value of laser treatment may be increased by the early identification of a defect in the diaphanous membrane prior to the development of macular detachment. Consideration of prophylactic laser might then reduce the need for later, more invasive measures, and improve the prognosis.  (+info)

The spectral sensitivity of the human short-wavelength sensitive cones derived from thresholds and color matches. (7/755)

We used two methods to estimate short-wave (S) cone spectral sensitivity. Firstly, we measured S-cone thresholds centrally and peripherally in five trichromats, and in three blue-cone monochromats, who lack functioning middle-wave (M) and long-wave (L) cones. Secondly, we analyzed standard color-matching data. Both methods yielded equivalent results, on the basis of which we propose new S-cone spectral sensitivity functions. At short and middle-wavelengths, our measurements are consistent with the color matching data of Stiles and Burch (1955, Optica Acta, 2, 168-181; 1959, Optica Acta, 6, 1-26), and other psychophysically measured functions, such as pi 3 (Stiles, 1953, Coloquio sobre problemas opticos de la vision, 1, 65-103). At longer wavelengths, S-cone sensitivity has previously been over-estimated.  (+info)

A practical method for measuring macular pigment optical density. (8/755)

PURPOSE: Increasing evidence indicates that the macular pigments (MP) protect the central retina and may retard macular disease. For that reason, a practical method for measuring MP that does not require elaborate optics and can be applied to diverse populations by operators with a modest amount of experience was developed and validated. METHODS: A small tabletop device based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the light source with electronic controls was constructed. Macular pigment was measured with the tabletop device with a 1 degrees test stimulus at 460 nm using heterochromatic flicker photometry, and the results were compared with measurements using a traditional three-channel Maxwellian view system with a xenon-arc source. RESULTS: Macular pigment density of 30 subjects (age range, 16-60 years) was measured with both stimulus systems. Macular pigment measured with the LED tabletop device in free view was highly correlated with MP measured in Maxwellian view (y = -0.03 + 1.06x, r = +0.95). The average absolute difference between the two techniques was 0.04 (SD, 0.03). The new technique was not significantly affected by variations in lens optical density, pupil size, or small head movements. CONCLUSIONS: Psychophysical measurement of MP provides a unique opportunity to make repeated noninvasive assessment of the concentration of a protective nutrient in the retina. The availability of this new device should make this measurement technology accessible to a wide variety of investigators for application to diverse populations.  (+info)

There are two main types of MD:

1. Dry Macular Degeneration (DMD): This is the most common form of MD, accounting for about 90% of cases. It is caused by the gradual accumulation of waste material in the macula, which can lead to cell death and vision loss over time.
2. Wet Macular Degeneration (WMD): This type of MD is less common but more aggressive, accounting for about 10% of cases. It occurs when new blood vessels grow underneath the retina, leaking fluid and causing damage to the macula. This can lead to rapid vision loss if left untreated.

The symptoms of MD can vary depending on the severity and type of the condition. Common symptoms include:

* Blurred vision
* Distorted vision (e.g., straight lines appearing wavy)
* Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
* Difficulty adjusting to bright light
* Blind spots in central vision

MD can have a significant impact on daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks such as driving, reading, and recognizing faces.

There is currently no cure for MD, but there are several treatment options available to slow down the progression of the disease and manage its symptoms. These include:

* Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections: These medications can help prevent the growth of new blood vessels and reduce inflammation in the macula.
* Photodynamic therapy: This involves the use of a light-sensitive drug and low-intensity laser to damage and shrink the abnormal blood vessels in the macula.
* Vitamin supplements: Certain vitamins, such as vitamin C, E, and beta-carotene, have been shown to slow down the progression of MD.
* Laser surgery: This can be used to reduce the number of abnormal blood vessels in the macula and improve vision.

It is important for individuals with MD to receive regular monitoring and treatment from an eye care professional to manage their condition and prevent complications.

Examples of retinal diseases include:

1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): a leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 50, AMD affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
2. Diabetic retinopathy (DR): a complication of diabetes that damages blood vessels in the retina and can cause blindness.
3. Retinal detachment: a condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, causing vision loss.
4. Macular edema: swelling of the macula that can cause vision loss.
5. Retinal vein occlusion (RVO): a blockage of the small veins in the retina that can cause vision loss.
6. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP): a group of inherited disorders that affect the retina and can cause progressive vision loss.
7. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA): an inherited disorder that causes blindness or severe visual impairment at birth or in early childhood.
8. Stargardt disease: a rare inherited disorder that affects the retina and can cause progressive vision loss, usually starting in childhood.
9. Juvenile macular degeneration: a rare inherited disorder that causes vision loss in young adults.
10. Retinal dystrophy: a group of inherited disorders that affect the retina and can cause progressive vision loss.

Retinal diseases can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) or fluorescein angiography. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and can include medication, laser surgery, or vitrectomy.

It's important to note that many retinal diseases can be inherited, so if you have a family history of eye problems, it's important to discuss your risk factors with your eye doctor. Early detection and treatment can help preserve vision and improve quality of life for those affected by these diseases.

Retinal drusen appear as small, flat spots or patches in the retina and are usually yellow or orange in color. They are made up of lipids (fatty substances) and other waste products that have accumulated in the retina over time. The exact cause of retinal drusen is not known, but they are thought to be related to the natural aging process and the decline in the function of the retina over time.

Retinal drusen can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). There is no treatment for retinal drusen, but they can be monitored with regular eye exams to ensure that they are not progressing or causing any vision problems.

In some cases, retinal drusen may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition such as macular degeneration, which can cause vision loss if left untreated. It is important for individuals over the age of 50 to have regular comprehensive eye exams to detect any changes in the retina and to prevent vision loss.

In summary, retinal drusen are small deposits that accumulate in the retina and are a common age-related change. They do not cause vision problems on their own but can be an early warning sign of more serious eye diseases such as macular degeneration. Regular comprehensive eye exams can detect any changes in the retina and prevent vision loss.

The retina is a layer of cells that lines the inside of the eye and senses light to send visual signals to the brain. When the retina becomes detached, it can no longer function properly, leading to vision loss or distortion.

Retinal detachment can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Age-related changes: As we age, the vitreous gel that fills the eye can become more liquid and pull away from the retina, causing a retinal detachment.
2. Injury or trauma: A blow to the head or a penetrating injury can cause a retinal detachment.
3. Medical conditions: Certain conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and sickle cell disease, can increase the risk of developing a retinal detachment.
4. Genetic factors: Some people may be more prone to developing a retinal detachment due to inherited genetic factors.

Symptoms of retinal detachment may include:

1. Flashes of light: People may see flashes of light in the peripheral vision.
2. Floaters: Specks or cobwebs may appear in the vision, particularly in the periphery.
3. Blurred vision: Blurred vision or distorted vision may occur as the retina becomes detached.
4. Loss of vision: In severe cases, a retinal detachment can cause a complete loss of vision in one eye.

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A comprehensive eye exam can diagnose a retinal detachment and determine the appropriate treatment.

Treatment for retinal detachment typically involves surgery to reattach the retina to the underlying tissue. In some cases, laser surgery may be used to seal off any tears or holes in the retina that caused the detachment. In more severe cases, a scleral buckle or other device may be implanted to support the retina and prevent further detachment.

In addition to surgical treatment, there are some lifestyle changes you can make to help reduce your risk of developing a retinal detachment:

1. Quit smoking: Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of retinal detachment. Quitting smoking can help reduce this risk.
2. Maintain a healthy blood pressure: High blood pressure can increase the risk of retinal detachment. Monitoring and controlling your blood pressure can help reduce this risk.
3. Wear protective eyewear: If you participate in activities that could potentially cause eye injury, such as sports or working with hazardous materials, wearing protective eyewear can help reduce the risk of retinal detachment.
4. Get regular eye exams: Regular comprehensive eye exams can help detect any potential issues with the retina before they become serious problems.

Overall, a retinal detachment is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent long-term vision loss. By understanding the causes and symptoms of retinal detachment, as well as making lifestyle changes to reduce your risk, you can help protect your vision and maintain good eye health.

Some common examples of choroid diseases include:

1. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV): This is a condition where new blood vessels grow under the retina, often as a result of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or other eye conditions. These new vessels can cause vision loss and distortion.
2. Choroidal melanoma: This is a type of cancer that develops in the choroid layer of the eye. It is usually slow-growing, but it can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
3. Choroiditis: This is an inflammatory condition that affects the choroid layer of the eye, often as a result of infection or autoimmune disorders. It can cause vision loss and pain in the affected eye.
4. Choroidal rupture: This is a rare condition where the choroid layer of the eye ruptures, leading to bleeding and potentially severe vision loss.
5. Other conditions: There are several other conditions that can affect the choroid layer of the eye, such as choroidal vasculitis, choroidal effusion, and choroidal tumors. These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, including vision loss, pain, and distortion.

Overall, choroid diseases can have a significant impact on vision and eye health, and it is important to seek medical attention if any symptoms persist or worsen over time. Early detection and treatment can help to mitigate the risk of long-term vision loss and other complications.

Symptoms of macular edema may include blurred vision, distorted vision, blind spots, and sensitivity to light. Diagnosis is typically made through a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test and imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Treatment for macular edema depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, medications such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections or corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce fluid buildup and swelling in the retina. In more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary, such as a vitrectomy to remove the vitreous gel and relieve pressure on the retina.

Prevention of macular edema includes managing underlying conditions such as diabetes and age-related macular degeneration, as well as maintaining regular eye exams to detect and treat any changes in the retina early on. Early detection and treatment can help prevent vision loss from macular edema.

... associated with symmetrical changes in the macula lutea. On investigation of the reported cases, they found that neither ...
... associated with symmetrical changes in the macula lutea. On investigation of the reported cases, they found that neither ... All patients with infantile onset Tay-Sachs disease have a "cherry red" macula in the retina, easily observable by a physician ...
C. nigra, uropygio pectoreque luteo, superciliis macula alarum rectricumque apicibus albis. Monteiro Pereira, José Felipe (2008 ...
The term macula lutea comes from Latin macula, "spot", and lutea, "yellow". The macula is an oval-shaped pigmented area in the ... The macula (/ˈmakjʊlə/) or macula lutea is an oval-shaped pigmented area in the center of the retina of the human eye and in ... The anatomical macula at a size of 5.5 mm (0.22 in) is much larger than the clinical macula which, at a size of 1.5 mm (0.059 ... The anatomical macula at 5.5 mm (0.22 in) is much larger than the clinical macula which, at 1.5 mm (0.059 in), corresponds to ...
Anatomical macula / macula lutea / area centralis (clinical: posterior pole): Diameter = 5.5mm (~3.5 disc-diameters) (about 18 ... It is located in the center of the macula lutea of the retina. The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision (also called ... Area of depression in the centre of the macula lutea. Diameter = 1.5mm (~1 disc-diameter) (about 5 deg of VF) Foveal avascular ... and clinical macula A fundus photograph showing the macula as a spot to the left. The optic disc is the area on the right where ...
Die Lage des Centrums der Macula Lutea im Menschlichen Gehirn in Rudolf Virchow's Archiv clviii. "Lateral Illumination" in " ...
The macula has a yellow pigmentation, from screening pigments, and is known as the macula lutea. The area directly surrounding ... At the centre of the macula is the foveal pit where the cones are narrow and long, and arranged in a hexagonal mosaic, the most ... Temporal (in the direction of the temples) to this disc is the macula, at whose centre is the fovea, a pit that is responsible ... The distance from one ora to the other (or macula), the most sensitive area along the horizontal meridian, is about 32 mm.[ ...
... is usually attributed to the dichroism of the xanthophyll pigment found in the macula lutea. As described by ... The size of the brush is consistent with the size of the macula. It is thought that the macula's dichroism arises from some of ... Because it is always positioned on the macula, there is no way to make it move laterally, but it can be made to rotate, by ... The fact that the sensation of Haidinger's brush corresponds with the visual field of the macula means that it can be utilised ...
Schematic diagram of the macula lutea of the retina, showing perifovea, parafovea, fovea, and clinical macula Time-Domain OCT ... Perifovea is a region in the retina that circumscribes the parafovea and fovea and is a part of the macula lutea. The perifovea ... macula histology (OCT) A fundus photograph showing the macula as a spot to the left. The optic disc is the area on the right ... of the macular area of a retina at 800 nm, axial resolution 3 µm Spectral-Domain OCT macula cross-section scan. ...
Schematic diagram of the macula lutea of the retina, showing perifovea, parafovea, fovea, and clinical macula Time-Domain OCT ... Parafovea or the parafoveal belt is a region in the retina that circumscribes the fovea and is part of the macula lutea. It is ... macula histology (OCT) A fundus photograph showing the macula as a spot to the left. The optic disc is the area on the right ... of the macular area of a retina at 800 nm, axial resolution 3 µm Spectral-Domain OCT macula cross-section scan. ...
In the human retina, lutein is absorbed from blood specifically into the macula lutea, although its precise role in the body is ... Although lutein is concentrated in the macula - a small area of the retina responsible for three-color vision - the precise ... Lutein (/ˈljuːtiɪn, -tiːn/; from Latin luteus meaning "yellow") is a xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring ...
The yellow color of the macula lutea (literally, yellow spot) in the retina of the human eye results from the presence of ... Their physical arrangement in the macula lutea is believed to be the cause of Haidinger's brush, an entoptic phenomenon that ...
... , lutein, and 3R,3´R-zeaxanthin are the main carotenoids in the macula lutea, found in a ratio of 1:1:1, and are ... To date, meso-zeaxanthin has been identified in specific tissues of marine organisms and in the macula lutea, also known as the ... macula lutea) is derived (at least in part) from lutein. Specific commercially available food supplements actively use meso- ... at the macula. This is important because short-wavelength light incident at the macula causes chromatic aberration and light ...
The yellow color and name of the corpus luteum, like that of the macula lutea of the retina, is due to its concentration of ... Once the corpus luteum regresses the remnant is known as corpus albicans. The corpus luteum is essential for establishing and ... The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body"; plural corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries involved ... Order of changes in ovary Human ovary with fully developed corpus luteum Luteinized follicular cyst. H&E stain. Corpus luteum ...
Degeneratio maculae luteae disciformis), (1926); with Paul Junius Pagel: Biographical Dictionary (translated biography) Kösener ...
De genesi et usu maculae luteae in retina oculi humani obviae, (Weimar 1830) Die Erkenntniss und die Behandlung der asiatischen ...
Schematic diagram of the macula lutea of the retina, showing perifovea, parafovea, fovea, and clinical macula Time-Domain OCT ... macula histology (OCT) A fundus photograph showing the macula as a spot to the left. The optic disc is the area on the right ... The foveola is located within a region called the macula, a yellowish, cone photoreceptor filled portion of the human retina. ... of the macular area of a retina at 800 nm, axial resolution 3 µm Spectral-Domain OCT macula cross-section scan. ...
... macula lutea MeSH A09.371.729.522.436 - fovea centralis MeSH A09.371.729.690 - optic disk MeSH A09.371.729.727 - photoreceptors ... acoustic maculae MeSH A09.246.631.909.625.125.340 - hair cells, vestibular MeSH A09.246.631.909.625.125.680 - otolithic ...
His many publications include treatises on the vessels of the macula lutea, congenital total color blindness, strictures of the ...
... about photopigment density difference and data about the absorption of light by pigment in the lens and the macula lutea are ...
... the former being much more numerous than the latter except in the macula lutea. Jacob's membrane is named after Irish ...
Observations on the Macula Lutea: Histology of the Human Macula (1896) Photographic optics and Colour Photography (1909) ...
Extended petals, yellow or with a blue-grey or brown spotted velvety macula. Pollinated by male Andrena bees. This species is ... lutea - from Portugal and Morocco to Turkey Ophrys lutea subsp. melena Renz - Greece, Albania Ophrys lutea subsp. sicula (Tineo ... Tunisia, Libya Ophrys lutea subsp. galilaea (H.Fleischm. & Bornm.) Soó - from Portugal and Morocco to Syria Ophrys lutea subsp ... Ophrys lutea, the yellow bee-orchid, is a species of orchid native to southern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, the ...
1994 Amblypsilopus luteus (Robinson, 1975) Amblypsilopus macula (Wiedemann, 1830) Amblypsilopus macularivena (Irwin, 1974) ...
2001 Gibberula lutea Jousseaume, 1884 Gibberula macarioi Espinosa and Ortea, 2006 Gibberula macula McCleery, 2009 Gibberula ...
Pronotum has five black spots (four discal maculae and one located medially along the anterior margin). The elytra have a ... The basic colour of the body varies from fulvus to luteus. The head bears a small black spot on basal half. ...
1898 Sciapus macula (Wiedemann, 1830): Moved to Amblypsilopus Sciapus magnicaudatus (Lamb, 1922): c g Moved to Mascaromyia ... c g Moved to Amblypsilopus Sciapus luteus Robinson, 1975: Moved to Amblypsilopus Sciapus macrodactylus Becker, 1918: Synonym of ... c g Synonym of Amblypsilopus macula (Wiedemann, 1830) Sciapus occultus (Santos Abreu, 1929): c g Var. of Sciapus glaucescens ( ...
Pronotum has a reddish median longitudinal stripe and two black marginal maculae in addition to two irregular longitudinal ... Basic colour of the body varies from fulvus to luteus. The head shows two small black spot, respectively in the middle of the ...
Macula densa cell of kidney Peripolar cell of kidney Mesangial cell of kidney Parietal epithelial cell Podocyte Proximal tubule ... Cells of the Zona reticularis produce androgens Theca interna cell of ovarian follicle secreting estrogen Corpus luteum cell of ...
The stigma will heal and the residual follicle is transformed into the corpus luteum. Thomas, Clayton L., M.D., M.P.H. (1993). ... A stigma, also called macula pellucida, in mammalian reproductive anatomy, refers to the area of the ovarian surface where the ...
Acanthagrion hartei Acanthallagma luteum Acanthallagma strohmi Gabon slim (Aciagrion balachowskyi) Yellow-winged slim ( ... flavicincta Macromia flavovittata Macromia fulgidifrons Macromia icterica Macromia indica Macromia kiautai Macromia macula ... Canthidium flavicorne Canthidium flavipes Canthidium flavum Canthidium glabricolle Canthidium haagi Canthidium luteum ...
... leading to blood and protein leakage below the macula. Tumours need blood vessels sprouting into them when they become larger ... endothelial growth factor in the primate ovary up-regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in the follicle and corpus luteum ...
Acanthagrion hartei Acanthallagma luteum Acanthallagma strohmi Gabon slim (Aciagrion balachowskyi) Yellow-winged slim ( ... flavicincta Macromia flavovittata Macromia fulgidifrons Macromia icterica Macromia indica Macromia kiautai Macromia macula ... Canthidium flavicorne Canthidium flavipes Canthidium flavum Canthidium glabricolle Canthidium haagi Canthidium luteum ...
Arugisa lutea, common arugisa moth 8510 - Arugisa latiorella, Watson's arugisa moth 8511 - Arugisa punctalis 8512 - Pseudorgyia ... Schrankia macula, black-spotted schrankia moth 8432 - Sigela brauneata 8433 - Sigela penumbrata 8434 - Sigela basipunctaria ...
... light rays from that object are focused on the macula lutea. This is a yellow oval spot at the center of the retina (back of ... When an eye is looking directly at an object, light rays from that object are focused on the macula lutea. This is a yellow ... The macula lutea, also called fovea, contains a very high concentration of cones. These are the light-sensitive cells in the ... Macula. In: Venes D, ed. 24th ed. Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 24th ed. F.A. Davis Company, 2021. www.tabers.com/ ...
Macula Lutea / cytology * Macular Degeneration / genetics* * Middle Aged * Netherlands * Polymorphism, Genetic / genetics ... and 10 control maculae and found that apoE staining was consistently present in the disease-associated deposits in AMD-maculae- ...
Macula Luteas use Macula Lutea Macula, Acoustic use Acoustic Maculae Maculae, Acoustic use Acoustic Maculae ... Maintenance of Luteal Function use Corpus Luteum Maintenance Maintenance Proteins, Minichromosome use Minichromosome ...
Categories: Macula Lutea Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 5 ...
Macula lutea. When an eye is looking directly at an object, light rays from that object are focused on the macula lutea. This ... Macula lutea. When an eye is looking directly at an object, light rays from that object are focused on the macula lutea. This ...
Macula Lutea / pathology Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ... involving the center of the macula associated with vision loss not due to ischemia. ...
Macula Lutea / pathology Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ...
Macula lutea എന്ന വിഷയവുമായി ബന്ധമുള്ള കൂടുതൽ പ്രമാണങ്ങൾ (വിക്കിമീഡിയ കോമൺസിൽ). "https://ml.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= ...
Macula Lutea Preferred Term Term UI T024649. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1966). ... Macula Lutea Preferred Concept UI. M0012873. Scope Note. An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located ... Macula Lutea. Tree Number(s). A09.371.729.522. Unique ID. D008266. RDF Unique Identifier. http://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D008266 ...
Previous Term: macrophotography Next Term: macula lutea. Type a photography term below to find its definition:. ...
... meso-zeaxanthin are uniquely concentrated in the primate foveal region to form the yellow pigment of the macula lutea where ...
Macula Lutea -- pathology. Retinal Diseases. Refractive Errors 13. Eye strain in its relations to neurology ... A series of cases presenting minor lesions in the macula lutea Author(s): De Schweinitz, G. E. (George Edmund), 1858-1938, ...
Macula Lutea - Preferred Concept UI. M0012873. Scope note. An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located ... Macula Lutea Descriptor French: Macula Entry term(s):. Lutea, Macula. Luteas, Macula. Macula Luteas. ...
Macula Lutea Preferred Term Term UI T024649. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1966). ... Macula Lutea Preferred Concept UI. M0012873. Scope Note. An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located ... Macula Lutea. Tree Number(s). A09.371.729.522. Unique ID. D008266. RDF Unique Identifier. http://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D008266 ...
Macula Lutea (6) * Transtornos da Visão (5) * Acuidade Visual (5) * Cardiopatias Congênitas (5) ...
... roughly equivalent to the diameter of the macula lutea (Boycott et al., 1987; Bringmann et al., 2018), mid-peripheral retina ... and the yellow pigment of the macula lutea was readily distinguishable (which facilitated identification of the fovea before ...
Macula Luteas use Macula Lutea Macula, Acoustic use Acoustic Maculae Maculae, Acoustic use Acoustic Maculae ... Maintenance of Luteal Function use Corpus Luteum Maintenance Maintenance Proteins, Minichromosome use Minichromosome ...
Macula Lutea. An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and ... NerveSpinal CordParasympathetic Nervous SystemNeuromuscular JunctionAutonomic PathwaysHypoglossal NerveGangliaMacula LuteaVagus ...
Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. HN - 2015 MH - Zona Incerta UI - D065820 MN - A8.186.211.730.317.800.900 MS - A ... A yellow pigment that accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. It is composed of LUTEIN, meso-zeaxanthin, and ZEAXANTHIN. HN - 2015 MH ...
Macula Lutea (3) Show more. Author. * van Norren (6) * Walraven (5) * Zagers (4) ...
Macula Lutea Musina Ebobissé Quintet 7:29 * LBD WEAVERS 4:43 * Dusk Seekers Musina Ebobissé Quintet 6:00 ...
Motion, depth within the macula lutea, the composition. Everything from the process of compliance amcs and encyclopedia. ...
of macula lutea of, 818 of ora serrata of, 818 sustentacular fibres of, 815, 817 vessels of the, 818 visual purple of, 815, 817 ... Retina (contd.), macula lutea, 815 membranæ limitantes of, 817 nervous lamina of, 814 optic cup of, 815 disc of, 815 ...
... termed macular pigment or the macula lutea) and have related those pigments to various aspects of retinal and brain function. ...
Labeled structures include the optic nerve, macula lutea, retina (nerve layer), lens, pupil and vitreous (fluid). ...
Schematic diagram of the macula lutea of the retina, showing perifovea, parafovea, fovea, and clinical macula ... Parafovea or the parafoveal belt is a region in the retina that circumscribes the fovea and is part of the macula lutea.[1] It ... A fundus photograph showing the macula as a spot to the left. The optic disc is the area on the right where blood vessels ... Photograph of the retina of the human eye, with overlay diagrams showing the positions and sizes of the macula, fovea, and ...
Near the macula lutea, the fibres of the retina come together to form the optic nerve which passes out backside to the eye-ball ... At the centre of the retina, there is a small depression containing yellow coloured cells known as macula lutea. Fovea ... fibres originate from the retina of the eye and converge at a point approximately 0.5 cm to the nasal side of the macula lutea ...
Your body naturally produces these two carotenoids that are found in the macula lutea and act as a natural sunscreen. ... It occurs when the central part of the retina, called the macula, deteriorates. This leads to irreversible vision loss. ...
  • Área oval de la retina, de 3 a 5 mm de diámetro, localizada usualmente en la zona temporal del polo posterior del ojo y ligeramente por debajo del nivel del disco óptico. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2019), we employ the following definitions: foveal retina refers to a radius of 0.8 mm (5.5 diameter of visual angle), central retina refers to eccentricities up to 3.0 mm (first 10 radius of visual angle) where the ganglion cell layer is more than one cell thick, roughly equivalent to the diameter of the macula lutea (Boycott et al. (columbiagypsy.net)
  • Parafovea or the parafoveal belt is a region in the retina that circumscribes the fovea and is part of the macula lutea . (iiab.me)
  • Age Related Macular Degeneration is a common condition that affects the central part of the retina (the macula lutea) as people get older. (richardantcliff.com)
  • They can be compared to sunglasses, as they filter short-wave light in the centre of the retina (macula lutea), providing a protective effect on the photoreceptors. (pro-macula.eu)
  • The macula lutea, also called fovea, contains a very high concentration of cones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Retinas were free from any obvious pathology, and the yellow pigment of the macula lutea was readily distinguishable (which facilitated identification of the fovea before sectioning). (columbiagypsy.net)
  • For example, he uses psychophysical methods to measure the concentration of the dietary carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin within the fovea (termed macular pigment or the macula lutea) and have related those pigments to various aspects of retinal and brain function. (uga.edu)
  • Abstract: The macular pigment carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lutein's metabolite meso-zeaxanthin are uniquely concentrated in the primate foveal region to form the yellow pigment of the macula lutea where they can enhance visual function and protect against the light-induced oxidative damage that has been associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other disorders of the retina. (nih.gov)
  • Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoids which are enriched in the macula and as an essential Pigment and which provide the yellow appearance. (pro-macula.eu)
  • To confirm the safety and compare the efficacy of intravitreal pegaptanib sodium 0.3 mg versus sham injections in subjects with diabetic macular edema (DME) involving the center of the macula associated with vision loss not due to ischemia. (nih.gov)
  • When an eye is looking directly at an object, light rays from that object are focused on the macula lutea. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Abstract cal structure "Macula lutea structure" [SCTID:82859000]. (nih.gov)
  • Contiene en su centro a la fóvea central y aporta la mejor agudeza visual fototópica. (bvsalud.org)
  • A fundus photograph showing the macula as a spot to the left. (iiab.me)