Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS that lack one of its fatty acyl chains due to its hydrolytic removal.
Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES obtained by their partial hydrolysis which removes one of the fatty acid moieties.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a single fatty acid ester bond in lysoglycerophosphatidates with the formation of glyceryl phosphatidates and a fatty acid. EC 3.1.1.5.
A phospholipase that hydrolyzes the acyl group attached to the 1-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.
An enzyme localized predominantly within the plasma membrane of lymphocytes. It catalyzes the transfer of long-chain fatty acids, preferentially unsaturated fatty acids, to lysophosphatides with the formation of 1,2-diacylglycero-3-phosphocholine and CoA. EC 2.3.1.23.
Phospholipases that hydrolyze the acyl group attached to the 2-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.
Phospholipases that hydrolyze one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates.
A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that bind to specific LYSOPHOSPHOLIPIDS such as lysophosphatidic acid and lysosphinglipids such as sphingosine-1-phosphate. They play an important role in the formation and function of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.
A phosphoric diester hydrolase that removes 5'-nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxy termini of 3'-hydroxy-terminated OLIGONUCLEOTIDES. It has low activity towards POLYNUCLEOTIDES and the presence of 3'-phosphate terminus on the substrate may inhibit hydrolysis.
An amino alcohol with a long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. Sphingosine and its derivative sphinganine are the major bases of the sphingolipids in mammals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A subfamily of lysophospholipid receptors with specificity for LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS.
A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-.
A secreted phospholipase A2 subtype that contains a interfacial-binding region with specificity for PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE. This enzyme group may play a role in eliciting ARACHIDONIC ACID release from intact cellular membranes and from LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Members of this group bind specifically to PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 RECEPTORS.
A cytosolic phospholipase A2 group that plays an important role in the release of free ARACHIDONIC ACID, which in turn is metabolized to PROSTAGLANDINS by the CYCLOOXYGENASE pathway and to LEUKOTRIENES by the 5-LIPOXYGENASE pathway.
The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule.
GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS in which one of the two acyl chains is attached to glycerol with an ether alkenyl linkage instead of an ester as with the other glycerophospholipids.
A calcium-independent phospholipase A2 group that may play a role in membrane phospholipid remodeling and homeostasis by controling the levels of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE in mammalian cell membranes.
Compounds that contain a 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl group.
Use of various chemical separation and extraction methods, such as SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; and SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION; to prepare samples for analytical measurement of components.
Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.
An enzyme found mostly in plant tissue. It hydrolyzes glycerophosphatidates with the formation of a phosphatidic acid and a nitrogenous base such as choline. This enzyme also catalyzes transphosphatidylation reactions. EC 3.1.4.4.
A genus of basidiomycetous fungi, family POLYPORACEAE, order POLYPORALES, that grows on logs or tree stumps in shelflike layers. The species P. ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a choice edible species and is the most frequently encountered member of the genus in eastern North America. (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, p531)
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A subcategory of secreted phospholipases A2 that includes enzymes isolated from a variety of sources. The creation of this group is based upon similarities in the structural determinants of the enzymes including a negatively charged carboxy-terminal segment.
An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in a phosphodiester compound. EC 3.1.4.
A subfamily of lysophospholipid receptors with specificity for LYSOSPHINGOLIPIDS such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and sphingosine phosphorylcholine.
Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids.
A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.
'Ethers' in a medical context are a class of organic compounds used as medication, particularly as an inhalational agent to induce and maintain general anesthesia, characterized by their ability to produce a state of unconsciousness while providing muscle relaxation and analgesia.
Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain two double bonds.
The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.
Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.
Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups.
A group of enzymes within the class EC 3.6.1.- that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds, chiefly in nucleoside di- and triphosphates. They may liberate either a mono- or diphosphate. EC 3.6.1.-.
The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.
Intracellular proteins that reversibly bind hydrophobic ligands including: saturated and unsaturated FATTY ACIDS; EICOSANOIDS; and RETINOIDS. They are considered a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed family of proteins that may play a role in the metabolism of LIPIDS.
A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.
The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.
FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Folding of apocytochrome c induced by the interaction with negatively charged lipid micelles proceeds via a collapsed intermediate state. (1/2602)

Unfolded apocytochrome c acquires an alpha-helical conformation upon interaction with lipid. Folding kinetic results below and above the lipid's CMC, together with energy transfer measurements of lipid bound states, and salt-induced compact states in solution, show that the folding transition of apocytochrome c from the unfolded state in solution to a lipid-inserted helical conformation proceeds via a collapsed intermediate state (I(C)). This initial compact state is driven by a hydrophobic collapse of the polypeptide chain in the absence of the heme group and may represent a heme-free analogue of an early compact intermediate detected on the folding pathway of cytochrome c in solution. Insertion into the lipid phase occurs via an unfolding step of I(C) through a more extended state associated with the membrane surface (I(S)). While I(C) appears to be as compact as salt-induced compact states in solution with substantial alpha-helix content, the final lipid-inserted state (Hmic) is as compact as the unfolded state in solution at pH 5 and has an alpha-helix content which resembles that of native cytochrome c.  (+info)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulation of the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in airway smooth muscle. Role of endothelial differentiation gene 1, c-Src tyrosine kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (2/2602)

We report here that cultured airway smooth muscle cells contain transcripts of endothelial differentiation gene 1 (EDG-1), a prototypical orphan Gi-coupled receptor whose natural ligand is sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). This is consistent with data that showed that S1P activated both c-Src and p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42/p44 MAPK) in a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive manner in these cells. An essential role for c-Src was confirmed by using the c-Src inhibitor, PP1, which markedly decreased p42/p44 MAPK activation. We have also shown that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K) inhibitors (wortmannin and LY294002) decreased p42/p44 MAPK activation. An essential role for PI-3K was supported by experiments that showed that PI-3K activity was increased in Grb-2 immunoprecipitates from S1P-stimulated cells. Significantly, Grb-2 associated PI-3K activity was decreased by pretreatment of cells with PTX. Finally, we have shown that the co-stimulation of cells with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and S1P (which failed to stimulate DNA synthesis) elicited a larger p42/p44 MAPK activation over a 30 min stimulation compared with each agonist alone. This was associated with a S1P-dependent increase in PDGF-stimulated DNA synthesis. These results demonstrate that S1P activates c-Src and Grb-2-PI-3K (intermediates in the p42/p44 MAPK cascade) via a PTX-sensitive mechanism. This action of S1P is consistent with the stimulation of EDG-1 receptors. S1P might also function as a co-mitogen with PDGF, producing a more robust activation of a common permissive signal transduction pathway linked to DNA synthesis.  (+info)

Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits rat and human mesangial cell proliferation by guanosine depletion. (3/2602)

BACKGROUND: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is used for immunosuppression after renal transplantation because it reduces lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) in lymphocytes and GTP biosynthesis. In the present study we asked if therapeutic concentrations of MMF might interfere with mesangial cell (MC) proliferation which is involved in inflammatory proliferative glomerular diseases. METHODS: Rat and human MCs were growth-arrested by withdrawal of fetal calf serum (FCS) and stimulated by addition of FCS, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Different concentrations of MMF (0.019-10 microM) were added concomitantly in the presence or absence of guanosine. MC proliferation was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. Apoptotic nuclei were stained using the Hoechst dye H33258. Cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations were determined with the fluorescent calcium chelator fura-2-AM. RESULTS: MMF inhibited mitogen-induced rat MC proliferation with an IC50 of 0.45 +/- 0.13 microM. Human MCs proved to be even more sensitive (IC50 0.19 +/- 0.06 microM). Inhibition of MC proliferation was reversible and not accompanied by cellular necrosis or apoptosis. Addition of guanosine prevented the antiproliferative effect of MMF, indicating that inhibition of IMPDH is responsible for decreased MC proliferation. Early signalling events of GTP-binding-protein-coupled receptors, such as changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels were not affected by MMF. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that MMF has a concentration-dependent antiproliferative effect on cultured MCs in the therapeutic range, which might be a rationale for the use of this drug in the treatment of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.  (+info)

Identification and characterization of alkenyl hydrolase (lysoplasmalogenase) in microsomes and identification of a plasmalogen-active phospholipase A2 in cytosol of small intestinal epithelium. (4/2602)

A lysoplasmalogenase (EC 3.3.2.2; EC 3.3.2.5) that liberates free aldehyde from 1-alk-1'-enyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine or -choline (lysoplasmalogen) was identified and characterized in rat gastrointestinal tract epithelial cells. Glycerophosphoethanolamine was produced in the reaction in equimolar amounts with the free aldehyde. The microsomal membrane associated enzyme was present throughout the length of the small intestines, with the highest activity in the jejunum and proximal ileum. The rate of alkenyl ether bond hydrolysis was dependent on the concentrations of microsomal protein and substrate, and was linear with respect to time. The enzyme hydrolyzed both ethanolamine- and choline-lysoplasmalogens with similar affinities; the Km values were 40 and 66 microM, respectively. The enzyme had no activity with 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine or -choline (intact plasmalogen), thus indicating enzyme specificity for a free hydroxyl group at the sn-2 position. The specific activities were 70 nmol/min/mg protein and 57 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for ethanolamine- and choline-lysoplasmalogen. The pH optimum was between 6.8 and 7.4. The enzyme required no known cofactors and was not affected by low mM levels of Ca2+, Mg2+, EDTA, or EGTA. The detergents, Triton X-100, deoxycholate, and octyl glucoside inhibited the enzyme. The chemical and physical properties of the lysoplasmalogenase were very similar to those of the enzyme in liver and brain microsomes. In developmental studies the specific activities of the small intestinal and liver enzymes increased markedly, 11.1- and 3.4-fold, respectively, in the first approximately 40 days of postnatal life. A plasmalogen-active phospholipase A2 activity was identified in the cytosol of the small intestines (3.3 nmol/min/mg protein) and liver (0.3 nmol/min/mg protein) using a novel coupled enzyme assay with microsomal lysoplasmalogenase as the coupling enzyme.  (+info)

Substrate specificity of lysophospholipase D which produces bioactive lysophosphatidic acids in rat plasma. (5/2602)

Previously we reported that lysophospholipase D in rat plasma hydrolyzes endogenous unsaturated lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) preferentially to saturated LPCs to lysophosphatidic acids with growth factor-like and hormone-like activities. In this study, we examined the possibility that association of LPCs with different proteins in rat plasma has an effect on the preference of lysophospholipase D for unsaturated LPCs. Large portions of various LPCs were found to be recovered in the lipoprotein-poor bottom fraction. Furthermore, the percentages of LPCs associated with albumin isolated from rat plasma were shown not to be consistent with their percentage conversions to lysophosphatidic acids by lysophospholipase D on incubation of rat plasma at 37 degrees C. These results indicate that distinct distributions of LPCs in the plasma protein fractions are not critical factors for the substrate specificity of lysophospholipase D. Experiments with Nagase analbuminemic rats suggested that albumin-LPC complexes are not necessarily required for the hydrolysis by lysophospholipase D; lipoprotein-associate LPCs appeared to be good substrates for the phospholipase. We found that both saturated and unsaturated LPCs are present mainly as 1-acyl isomers in rat plasma. This result indicates that the preference of lysophospholipase D for unsaturated LPCs is not attributable to a difference in position of the acyl group attached to the glycerol backbone of LPC. In addition, lysophospholipase D was also found to attack choline phospholipids with a long chain group and a short chain alkyl group, although their percentage hydrolyses were low. Taken altogether, these results suggest that lysophospholipase D shows higher affinities for free forms of unsaturated acyl type LPCs equilibrated with albumin-bound and lipoprotein-associated forms, than for free forms of saturated acyl type LPCs and analogs of platelet-activating factor.  (+info)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate: a prototype of a new class of second messengers. (6/2602)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (SPP) is an important sphingolipid-derived second messenger in mammalian cells that acts to promote proliferation and to inhibit apoptosis. Various growth factors increase the intracellular concentration of SPP by activating sphingosine kinase, the molecular cloning of which has revealed that it defines a new type of lipid kinase. Cell fate is influenced by the balance between the intracellular concentration of SPP and that of ceramide, a pro-apoptotic sphingolipid metabolite. The observation that a similar "rheostat" is a determinant of cell survival in yeast cells exposed to heat shock indicates that it is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of stress regulation. SPP also acts extracellularly to inhibit cell motility and to influence cell morphology, effects that appear to be mediated by the G protein-coupled receptor EDG1. These observations indicate that SPP is the prototype of a new class of lipid mediators that exert both intracellular and extracellular actions.  (+info)

Phenotypic transformation of normal rat kidney fibroblasts by endothelin-1. Different mode of action from lysophosphatidic acid, bradykinin, and prostaglandin f2alpha. (7/2602)

In the present study, we compared the effects of endothelin (ET)-1 on cell proliferation and second messenger induction in normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts, with those of other activators of G-protein-coupled receptors such as prostaglandin (PG)-F2alpha, bradykinin (BK), and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA is mitogenic by itself, while the other factors require the presence of EGF. In density-arrested NRK cells, ET-1 and LPA induce phenotypic transformation rapidly, with similar kinetics as retinoic acid (RA) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, while BK and PGF2alpha only do so with delayed kinetics. ET-1 and PGF2alpha are strong inducers of anchorage-independent growth, with a similar level of induction as TGFbeta, in contrast to LPA and BK. When investigating the second messenger generation, we found that ET-1 is the strongest activator of arachidonic acid release and phosphatidylinositol diphosphate hydrolysis. Only in the case of ET-1 the cell depolarization is not reversible upon removal of the factor. Similarly, only the ET-1-induced transient enhancement of intracellular calcium concentration is paralleled by both homologous and heterologous desensitization. In conclusion, these data show that ET-1 is a potent inducer of second messengers and phenotypic transformation in NRK cells, with characteristics that clearly differ from those of other activators of G-protein-coupled receptors, most likely as a result of prolonged receptor activation.  (+info)

Gi-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of Grb2 (growth-factor-receptor-bound protein 2)-bound dynamin-II by lysophosphatidic acid. (8/2602)

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is the prototypic G-protein-coupled receptor agonist that activates the Ras-mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade through pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive Gi and enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. We recently detected a 100 kDa protein (p100) that binds to the C-terminal SH3 domain of growth-factor-receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) and becomes tyrosine phosphorylated in a PTX-sensitive manner in LPA-treated Rat-1 cells [Kranenburg, Verlaan, Hordijk and Moolenaar (1997) EMBO J. 16, 3097-3105]. Through glutathione S-transferase-Grb2 affinity purification and microsequencing, we have now identified p100 as dynamin-II, a GTPase that regulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We show that in Rat-1 cells, Grb2-bound dynamin-II is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated in response to LPA in a PTX-sensitive manner. Thus, tyrosine phosphorylation of Grb2-bound dynamin-II may be a critical event in Gi-mediated activation of the Ras-MAP kinase cascade in fibroblasts.  (+info)

Lysophospholipids are a type of glycerophospholipid, which is a major component of cell membranes. They are characterized by having only one fatty acid chain attached to the glycerol backbone, as opposed to two in regular phospholipids. This results in a more polar and charged molecule, which can play important roles in cell signaling and regulation.

Lysophospholipids can be derived from the breakdown of regular phospholipids through the action of enzymes such as phospholipase A1 or A2. They can also be synthesized de novo in the cell. Some lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), have been found to act as signaling molecules that bind to specific G protein-coupled receptors and regulate various cellular processes, including proliferation, survival, and migration.

Abnormal levels of lysophospholipids have been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and neurological disorders. Therefore, understanding the biology of lysophospholipids has important implications for developing new therapeutic strategies.

Lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) are a type of glycerophospholipids, which are major components of cell membranes. They are formed by the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholines, another type of glycerophospholipids, catalyzed by the enzyme phospholipase A2. LPCs contain a single fatty acid chain attached to a glycerol backbone and a choline headgroup.

In medical terms, LPCs have been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, such as cell signaling, membrane remodeling, and inflammation. Elevated levels of LPCs have been found in several diseases, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. They can also serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of these conditions.

Lysophospholipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a single fatty acid from lysophospholipids, producing a glycerophosphocholine and free fatty acid. This enzyme plays a role in the metabolism of lipids and membrane homeostasis. There are several types of lysophospholipases that differ based on their specificity for the head group of the lysophospholipid substrate, such as lysophosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase or lysophospholipase 1 (LPLA1), and lysophosphatidic acid-specific phospholipase D or autotaxin (ATX).

Deficiency or mutations in lysophospholipases can lead to various diseases, such as LPI (lysophosphatidylinositol lipidosis) caused by a deficiency of the lysophospholipase superfamily member called Ptdlns-specific phospholipase C (PLC).

Note: This definition is for general information purposes only and may not include all the latest findings or medical terminologies. For accurate and comprehensive understanding, it's recommended to consult authoritative medical textbooks or resources.

Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the ester bond at the sn-1 position of glycerophospholipids, resulting in the production of free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. This enzyme plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including cell signaling, membrane remodeling, and inflammation. PLA1 is widely distributed in nature and can be found in different organisms, such as bacteria, plants, and animals. In humans, PLA1 is involved in several physiological and pathological conditions, including lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.

1-Acylglycerophosphocholine O-Acyltransferase is an enzyme that belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. It is responsible for catalyzing the reaction that transfers an acyl group from an acyl-CoA to the sn-2 position of 1-acylglycerophosphocholine, resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholine, which is a major component of biological membranes. This enzyme plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism and has been implicated in various diseases, including atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer.

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester bond in glycerophospholipids, releasing free fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, and lysophospholipids. These products are important precursors for the biosynthesis of various signaling molecules, including eicosanoids, platelet-activating factor (PAF), and lipoxins, which play crucial roles in inflammation, immunity, and other cellular processes.

Phospholipases A2 are classified into several groups based on their structure, mechanism of action, and cellular localization. The secreted PLA2s (sPLA2s) are found in extracellular fluids and are characterized by a low molecular weight, while the calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA2s (cPLA2s) are larger proteins that reside within cells.

Abnormal regulation or activity of Phospholipase A2 has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the biology and function of these enzymes is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to target these disorders.

Phospholipases A are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipids into fatty acids and lysophospholipids by cleaving the ester bond at the sn-1 or sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. There are three main types of Phospholipases A:

* Phospholipase A1 (PLA1): This enzyme specifically hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-1 position, releasing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid.
* Phospholipase A2 (PLA2): This enzyme specifically hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-2 position, releasing a free fatty acid (often arachidonic acid, which is a precursor for eicosanoids) and a lysophospholipid.
* Phospholipase A/B (PLA/B): This enzyme has both PLA1 and PLA2 activity and can hydrolyze the ester bond at either the sn-1 or sn-2 position.

Phospholipases A play important roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, membrane remodeling, and host defense. They are also involved in several diseases, such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.

Lysophospholipid receptors are a type of cell surface receptors that bind and respond to lysophospholipids, which are a class of lipid molecules with a single fatty acid chain attached to a glycerol backbone. These receptors play important roles in various physiological processes, including cell proliferation, survival, and migration.

There are several subtypes of lysophospholipid receptors, including:

1. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are two major lysophospholipids that bind to and activate GPCRs, which are seven-transmembrane domain receptors. These receptors are involved in various signaling pathways that regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, survival, and migration.
2. Enzyme-linked receptors: Lysophospholipids can also bind to enzyme-linked receptors, which contain intracellular tyrosine kinase domains. These receptors are involved in the activation of downstream signaling pathways that regulate cellular responses such as proliferation and survival.
3. Ion channels: Lysophospholipids can also bind to and modulate ion channel activity, which can affect various physiological processes such as neuronal excitability and muscle contraction.

Dysregulation of lysophospholipid receptor signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation, and neurological disorders. Therefore, targeting these receptors has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these diseases.

Phospholipids are a major class of lipids that consist of a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and two hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails. The head is composed of a phosphate group, which is often bound to an organic molecule such as choline, ethanolamine, serine or inositol. The tails are made up of two fatty acid chains.

Phospholipids are a key component of cell membranes and play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and function of the cell. They form a lipid bilayer, with the hydrophilic heads facing outwards and the hydrophobic tails facing inwards, creating a barrier that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

Phospholipids are also involved in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, intracellular trafficking, and protein function regulation. Additionally, they serve as emulsifiers in the digestive system, helping to break down fats in the diet.

Phosphodiesterase I (PDE1) is an enzyme that belongs to the family of phosphodiesterase enzymes, which are responsible for breaking down cyclic nucleotides, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), into their inactive forms. These cyclic nucleotides act as second messengers in various cellular signaling pathways, and their levels are tightly regulated by the balance between synthesis and degradation by enzymes like PDE1.

PDE1 is further classified into three subtypes: PDE1A, PDE1B, and PDE1C. These subtypes have different expression patterns and functions in various tissues and organs. For example, PDE1 is found in the brain, heart, smooth muscle, and other tissues, where it plays a role in regulating vascular tone, neurotransmission, and other physiological processes.

Inhibition of PDE1 has been explored as a potential therapeutic strategy for various conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and erectile dysfunction. However, the development of selective and specific PDE1 inhibitors has proven to be challenging due to the high degree of homology among different PDE subtypes.

Sphingosine is not a medical term per se, but rather a biological compound with importance in the field of medicine. It is a type of sphingolipid, a class of lipids that are crucial components of cell membranes. Sphingosine itself is a secondary alcohol with an amino group and two long-chain hydrocarbons.

Medically, sphingosine is significant due to its role as a precursor in the synthesis of other sphingolipids, such as ceramides, sphingomyelins, and gangliosides, which are involved in various cellular processes like signal transduction, cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Moreover, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a derivative of sphingosine, is an important bioactive lipid mediator that regulates various physiological functions, including immune response, vascular maturation, and neuronal development. Dysregulation of S1P signaling has been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and cardiovascular disorders.

In summary, sphingosine is a crucial biological compound with medical relevance due to its role as a precursor for various sphingolipids involved in cellular processes and as a precursor for the bioactive lipid mediator S1P.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors are a group of G protein-coupled receptors that play a crucial role in various cellular responses, including cell proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. LPA is a bioactive phospholipid that acts as a signaling molecule and binds to these receptors, leading to the activation of downstream signaling pathways.

There are six known subtypes of LPA receptors, designated as LPA1-6, which belong to the endothelial differentiation gene (EDG) family or the non-EDG family. These receptors have distinct expression patterns in various tissues and mediate specific cellular responses upon activation by LPA.

Abnormal regulation of LPA signaling has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including cancer, fibrosis, inflammation, and neurological disorders. Therefore, targeting LPA receptors has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these diseases.

Phospholipases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids, which are major components of cell membranes. Phospholipases cleave specific ester bonds in phospholipids, releasing free fatty acids and other lipophilic molecules. Based on the site of action, phospholipases are classified into four types:

1. Phospholipase A1 (PLA1): This enzyme hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-1 position of a glycerophospholipid, releasing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid.
2. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2): PLA2 cleaves the ester bond at the sn-2 position of a glycerophospholipid, releasing a free fatty acid (often arachidonic acid) and a lysophospholipid. Arachidonic acid is a precursor for eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules involved in inflammation and other physiological processes.
3. Phospholipase C (PLC): PLC hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond in the headgroup of a glycerophospholipid, releasing diacylglycerol (DAG) and a soluble head group, such as inositol trisphosphate (IP3). DAG acts as a secondary messenger in intracellular signaling pathways, while IP3 mediates the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
4. Phospholipase D (PLD): PLD cleaves the phosphoester bond between the headgroup and the glycerol moiety of a glycerophospholipid, releasing phosphatidic acid (PA) and a free head group. PA is an important signaling molecule involved in various cellular processes, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization, and cell survival.

Phospholipases have diverse roles in normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions, such as inflammation, immunity, and neurotransmission. Dysregulation of phospholipase activity can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

Group X Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a group of enzymes that belong to the larger family of PLA2 enzymes, which are responsible for hydrolyzing the sn-2 ester bond of glycerophospholipids to release free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Specifically, Group X PLA2 enzymes selectively hydrolyze arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is a precursor for eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules involved in inflammation and other physiological processes.

Group X PLA2 enzymes are secreted by various cells, including immune cells, and play important roles in host defense, inflammation, and lipid metabolism. Dysregulation of Group X PLA2 activity has been implicated in several diseases, such as atherosclerosis, arthritis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of these enzymes is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.

Group IV Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a subclass of the PLA2 family, which are enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 acyl bond of glycerophospholipids to release free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Specifically, Group IV PLA2s are calcium-dependent enzymes that are primarily located in the cytoplasm of cells and are involved in various cellular processes such as membrane remodeling, signal transduction, and inflammation.

Group IV PLA2s can be further divided into several subgroups, including Group IVA (also known as cPLA2s) and Group IVB (also known as iPLA2s). These enzymes have distinct structural features and play different roles in cellular physiology. For example, cPLA2s are involved in the production of eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules that mediate inflammation and other responses to injury or infection. On the other hand, iPLA2s are involved in maintaining membrane homeostasis and regulating cellular energy metabolism.

Abnormal regulation of Group IV PLA2 activity has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of these enzymes is an important area of research with potential therapeutic implications.

Acylation is a medical and biological term that refers to the process of introducing an acyl group (-CO-) into a molecule. This process can occur naturally or it can be induced through chemical reactions. In the context of medicine and biology, acylation often occurs during post-translational modifications of proteins, where an acyl group is added to specific amino acid residues, altering the protein's function, stability, or localization.

An example of acylation in medicine is the administration of neuraminidase inhibitors, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu), for the treatment and prevention of influenza. These drugs work by inhibiting the activity of the viral neuraminidase enzyme, which is essential for the release of newly formed virus particles from infected cells. Oseltamivir is administered orally as an ethyl ester prodrug, which is then hydrolyzed in the body to form the active acylated metabolite that inhibits the viral neuraminidase.

In summary, acylation is a vital process in medicine and biology, with implications for drug design, protein function, and post-translational modifications.

Plasmalogens are a type of complex lipid called glycerophospholipids, which are essential components of cell membranes. They are characterized by having a unique chemical structure that includes a vinyl ether bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone and an ester bond at the sn-2 position, with the majority of them containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. The headgroup attached to the sn-3 position is typically choline or ethanolamine.

Plasmalogens are abundant in certain tissues, such as the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. They have been suggested to play important roles in cellular functions, including membrane fluidity, signal transduction, and protection against oxidative stress. Reduced levels of plasmalogens have been associated with various diseases, including neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and aging-related conditions.

Group VI Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a subclass of the PLA2 family, which are enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 ester bond of glycerophospholipids to release free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Specifically, Group VI PLA2s are calcium-dependent enzymes that have been identified in various tissues, including the brain and testis. They play important roles in several biological processes, such as cell signaling, inflammation, and lipid metabolism.

Group VI PLA2s are further divided into two subgroups: Group VI A and Group VI B. The Group VI A subgroup includes the iPLA2-VIA (also known as PLA2G6) enzyme, which has been implicated in several neurological disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and hereditary spastic paraplegia. On the other hand, the Group VI B subgroup includes the pancreatic-type PLA2 (also known as PLA2G1B) enzyme, which is primarily involved in digestion.

It's worth noting that while Group VI PLA2s have important physiological functions, they can also contribute to pathological conditions when their activity is dysregulated. For example, excessive activation of these enzymes has been linked to the development and progression of various inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis, arthritis, and asthma.

Dansyl compounds are fluorescent compounds that contain a dansyl group, which is a chemical group made up of a sulfonated derivative of dimethylaminonaphthalene. These compounds are often used as tracers in biochemical and medical research because they emit bright fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet or visible light. This property makes them useful for detecting and quantifying various biological molecules, such as amino acids, peptides, and proteins, in a variety of assays and techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and fluorescence microscopy.

The dansyl group can be attached to biological molecules through chemical reactions that involve the formation of covalent bonds between the sulfonate group in the dansyl compound and amino, thiol, or hydroxyl groups in the target molecule. The resulting dansylated molecules can then be detected and analyzed using various techniques.

Dansyl compounds are known for their high sensitivity, stability, and versatility, making them valuable tools in a wide range of research applications. However, it is important to note that the use of dansyl compounds requires careful handling and appropriate safety precautions, as they can be hazardous if mishandled or ingested.

Analytical sample preparation methods refer to the procedures and techniques used to manipulate and treat samples in order to make them suitable for analysis by an analytical instrument. The main goal of these methods is to isolate, concentrate, and purify the analytes of interest from a complex matrix, while also minimizing interference and improving the accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of the analysis.

Some common analytical sample preparation methods include:

1. Extraction: This involves separating the analyte from the sample matrix using a solvent or other medium. Examples include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE).
2. Purification: This step is used to remove impurities and interfering substances from the sample. Common methods include column chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, and distillation.
3. Derivatization: This involves chemically modifying the analyte to improve its detectability or stability. Examples include silylation, acetylation, and esterification.
4. Digestion: This step is used to break down complex samples into smaller, more manageable components. Examples include acid digestion, dry ashing, and microwave digestion.
5. Concentration: This step is used to increase the amount of analyte in the sample, making it easier to detect. Examples include evaporation, lyophilization, and rotary evaporation.

These methods are widely used in various fields such as forensics, environmental science, food analysis, pharmaceuticals, and clinical diagnostics to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Acyltransferases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an acyl group (a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydrogen atom) from one molecule to another. This transfer involves the formation of an ester bond between the acyl group donor and the acyl group acceptor.

Acyltransferases play important roles in various biological processes, including the biosynthesis of lipids, fatty acids, and other metabolites. They are also involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics (foreign substances) by catalyzing the addition of an acyl group to these compounds, making them more water-soluble and easier to excrete from the body.

Examples of acyltransferases include serine palmitoyltransferase, which is involved in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), which facilitates the transfer of cholesteryl esters between lipoproteins.

Acyltransferases are classified based on the type of acyl group they transfer and the nature of the acyl group donor and acceptor molecules. They can be further categorized into subclasses based on their sequence similarities, three-dimensional structures, and evolutionary relationships.

Phospholipase D is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and other glycerophospholipids to produce phosphatidic acid and a corresponding alcohol. This reaction plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and lipid metabolism. There are several isoforms of Phospholipase D identified in different tissues and organisms, each with distinct regulatory mechanisms and functions. The enzyme's activity can be modulated by various factors such as calcium ions, protein kinases, and G proteins, making it a critical component in the regulation of cellular homeostasis.

"Pleurotus" is not a medical term, but a genus of fungi commonly known as oyster mushrooms. These mushrooms are often consumed for their nutritional and potential medicinal benefits. However, in a medical context, if someone is referring to "pleural," it relates to the pleura, which is the double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the inside of the chest wall. Any medical condition or disease affecting this area may be described as "pleural."

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain, which are important components of lipids and are widely distributed in living organisms. They can be classified based on the length of their carbon chain, saturation level (presence or absence of double bonds), and other structural features.

The two main types of fatty acids are:

1. Saturated fatty acids: These have no double bonds in their carbon chain and are typically solid at room temperature. Examples include palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0).
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: These contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain and can be further classified into monounsaturated (one double bond) and polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds) fatty acids. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (C18:1, monounsaturated), linoleic acid (C18:2, polyunsaturated), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, polyunsaturated).

Fatty acids play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as energy storage, membrane structure, and cell signaling. Some essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources.

Group II Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a class of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 ester bond of glycerophospholipids to release free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. They are classified as one of the several groups of PLA2 based on their structure, function, and calcium dependence.

Group II PLA2s are secreted enzymes that require millimolar concentrations of calcium ions for their activity. They consist of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight ranging from 14 to 18 kDa. These enzymes play important roles in various biological processes, including inflammation, host defense, and lipid metabolism. Dysregulation of Group II PLA2 activity has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as atherosclerosis, arthritis, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Arachidonic acid is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid that is found naturally in the body and in certain foods. It is an essential fatty acid, meaning that it cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. Arachidonic acid is a key component of cell membranes and plays a role in various physiological processes, including inflammation and blood clotting.

In the body, arachidonic acid is released from cell membranes in response to various stimuli, such as injury or infection. Once released, it can be converted into a variety of bioactive compounds, including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, which mediate various physiological responses, including inflammation, pain, fever, and blood clotting.

Arachidonic acid is found in high concentrations in animal products such as meat, poultry, fish, and eggs, as well as in some plant sources such as certain nuts and seeds. It is also available as a dietary supplement. However, it is important to note that excessive intake of arachidonic acid can contribute to the development of inflammation and other health problems, so it is recommended to consume this fatty acid in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Phosphatidylcholines (PtdCho) are a type of phospholipids that are essential components of cell membranes in living organisms. They are composed of a hydrophilic head group, which contains a choline moiety, and two hydrophobic fatty acid chains. Phosphatidylcholines are crucial for maintaining the structural integrity and function of cell membranes, and they also serve as important precursors for the synthesis of signaling molecules such as acetylcholine. They can be found in various tissues and biological fluids, including blood, and are abundant in foods such as soybeans, eggs, and meat. Phosphatidylcholines have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their role in maintaining healthy lipid metabolism and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Substrate specificity in the context of medical biochemistry and enzymology refers to the ability of an enzyme to selectively bind and catalyze a chemical reaction with a particular substrate (or a group of similar substrates) while discriminating against other molecules that are not substrates. This specificity arises from the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme, which has evolved to match the shape, charge distribution, and functional groups of its physiological substrate(s).

Substrate specificity is a fundamental property of enzymes that enables them to carry out highly selective chemical transformations in the complex cellular environment. The active site of an enzyme, where the catalysis takes place, has a unique conformation that complements the shape and charge distribution of its substrate(s). This ensures efficient recognition, binding, and conversion of the substrate into the desired product while minimizing unwanted side reactions with other molecules.

Substrate specificity can be categorized as:

1. Absolute specificity: An enzyme that can only act on a single substrate or a very narrow group of structurally related substrates, showing no activity towards any other molecule.
2. Group specificity: An enzyme that prefers to act on a particular functional group or class of compounds but can still accommodate minor structural variations within the substrate.
3. Broad or promiscuous specificity: An enzyme that can act on a wide range of structurally diverse substrates, albeit with varying catalytic efficiencies.

Understanding substrate specificity is crucial for elucidating enzymatic mechanisms, designing drugs that target specific enzymes or pathways, and developing biotechnological applications that rely on the controlled manipulation of enzyme activities.

Phosphoric diester hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric diester bonds. These enzymes are also known as phosphatases or nucleotidases. They play important roles in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, metabolism, and regulation of cellular activities.

Phosphoric diester hydrolases can be further classified into several subclasses based on their substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism. For example, alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) are a group of phosphoric diester hydrolases that preferentially hydrolyze phosphomonoester bonds in a variety of organic molecules, releasing phosphate ions and alcohols. On the other hand, nucleotidases are a subclass of phosphoric diester hydrolases that specifically hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds in nucleotides, releasing nucleosides and phosphate ions.

Overall, phosphoric diester hydrolases are essential for maintaining the balance of various cellular processes by regulating the levels of phosphorylated molecules and nucleotides.

Lysosphingolipid receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to lysosphingolipids, which are bioactive lipids derived from the degradation of sphingolipids. Sphingolipids are a class of lipids that play important roles in cell signaling and membrane structure.

Lysosphingolipids, such as lysosulfatide, lyso-Gb1 (lysoganglioside GM1), and lyso-PS (lysophosphatidylserine), have been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Lysosphingolipid receptors include several proteins, such as P2X7 receptor, G2A receptor, and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member X2 (MRGX2), that have been identified to interact with lysosphingolipids and mediate their downstream signaling.

Abnormal accumulation of lysosphingolipids has been associated with several diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the biology of lysosphingolipid receptors may provide insights into the development of new therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

Phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) are a type of phospholipid that are abundantly found in the cell membranes of living organisms. They play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and functionality of the cell membrane. PE contains a hydrophilic head, which consists of an ethanolamine group linked to a phosphate group, and two hydrophobic fatty acid chains. This unique structure allows PE to form a lipid bilayer, where the hydrophilic heads face outwards and interact with the aqueous environment, while the hydrophobic tails face inwards and interact with each other.

PE is also involved in various cellular processes, such as membrane trafficking, autophagy, and signal transduction. Additionally, PE can be modified by the addition of various functional groups or molecules, which can further regulate its functions and interactions within the cell. Overall, phosphatidylethanolamines are essential components of cellular membranes and play a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent phospholipid mediator that plays a significant role in various inflammatory and immune responses. It is a powerful lipid signaling molecule released mainly by activated platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, endothelial cells, and other cell types during inflammation or injury.

PAF has a molecular structure consisting of an alkyl chain linked to a glycerol moiety, a phosphate group, and an sn-2 acetyl group. This unique structure allows PAF to bind to its specific G protein-coupled receptor (PAF-R) on the surface of target cells, triggering various intracellular signaling cascades that result in cell activation, degranulation, and aggregation.

The primary functions of PAF include:

1. Platelet activation and aggregation: PAF stimulates platelets to aggregate, release their granules, and activate the coagulation cascade, which can lead to thrombus formation.
2. Neutrophil and monocyte activation: PAF activates these immune cells, leading to increased adhesion, degranulation, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
3. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability: PAF can cause vasodilation by acting on endothelial cells, leading to an increase in blood flow and facilitating the extravasation of immune cells into inflamed tissues.
4. Bronchoconstriction: In the respiratory system, PAF can induce bronchoconstriction and recruitment of inflammatory cells, contributing to asthma symptoms.
5. Neurotransmission modulation: PAF has been implicated in neuroinflammation and may play a role in neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive functions.

Dysregulated PAF signaling has been associated with several pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ischemia-reperfusion injury, and neuroinflammatory disorders. Therefore, targeting the PAF pathway may provide therapeutic benefits in these diseases.

In medical or clinical terms, "ethers" do not have a specific relevance as a single medical condition or diagnosis. However, in a broader chemical context, ethers are a class of organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. Ethers are not typically used as therapeutic agents but can be found in certain medications as solvents or as part of the drug's chemical structure.

An example of a medication with an ether group is the antihistamine diphenhydramine (Benadryl), which has a phenyl ether moiety in its chemical structure. Another example is the anesthetic sevoflurane, which is a fluorinated methyl isopropyl ether used for inducing and maintaining general anesthesia during surgeries.

It's important to note that 'ethers' as a term primarily belongs to the field of chemistry rather than medicine.

Linoleic acid is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is essential for human health. It is one of the two essential fatty acids, meaning that it cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through diet.

Linoleic acid is a member of the omega-6 fatty acid family and has a chemical structure with two double bonds at the sixth and ninth carbon atoms from the methyl end of the molecule. It is found in various plant sources, such as vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, corn, safflower, and sunflower oils), nuts, seeds, and whole grains.

Linoleic acid plays a crucial role in maintaining the fluidity and function of cell membranes, producing eicosanoids (hormone-like substances that regulate various bodily functions), and supporting skin health. However, excessive intake of linoleic acid can lead to an imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, which may contribute to inflammation and chronic diseases. Therefore, it is recommended to maintain a balanced diet with appropriate amounts of both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.

Hydrolysis is a chemical process, not a medical one. However, it is relevant to medicine and biology.

Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a chemical compound due to its reaction with water, often resulting in the formation of two or more simpler compounds. In the context of physiology and medicine, hydrolysis is a crucial process in various biological reactions, such as the digestion of food molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Enzymes called hydrolases catalyze these hydrolysis reactions to speed up the breakdown process in the body.

Membrane lipids are the main component of biological membranes, forming a lipid bilayer in which various cellular processes take place. These lipids include phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Phospholipids are the most abundant type, consisting of a hydrophilic head (containing a phosphate group) and two hydrophobic tails (composed of fatty acid chains). Glycolipids contain a sugar group attached to the lipid molecule. Cholesterol helps regulate membrane fluidity and permeability. Together, these lipids create a selectively permeable barrier that separates cells from their environment and organelles within cells.

Phosphatidic acids (PAs) are a type of phospholipid that are essential components of cell membranes. They are composed of a glycerol backbone linked to two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group. The phosphate group is esterified to another molecule, usually either serine, inositol, or choline, forming different types of phosphatidic acids.

PAs are particularly important as they serve as key regulators of many cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and autophagy. They can act as signaling molecules by binding to and activating specific proteins, such as the enzyme phospholipase D, which generates second messengers involved in various signaling pathways.

PAs are also important intermediates in the synthesis of other phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. They are produced by the enzyme diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), which adds a phosphate group to diacylglycerol (DAG) to form PA.

Abnormal levels of PAs have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Therefore, understanding the regulation and function of PAs is an active area of research with potential therapeutic implications.

Pyrophosphatases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis or cleavage of pyrophosphate (PPi) into two inorganic phosphate (Pi) molecules. This reaction is essential for many biochemical processes, such as energy metabolism and biosynthesis pathways, where pyrophosphate is generated as a byproduct. By removing the pyrophosphate, pyrophosphatases help drive these reactions forward and maintain the thermodynamic equilibrium.

There are several types of pyrophosphatases found in various organisms and cellular compartments, including:

1. Inorganic Pyrophosphatase (PPiase): This enzyme is widely distributed across all kingdoms of life and is responsible for hydrolyzing inorganic pyrophosphate into two phosphates. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the cellular energy balance by ensuring that the reverse reaction, the formation of pyrophosphate from two phosphates, does not occur spontaneously.
2. Nucleotide Pyrophosphatases: These enzymes hydrolyze the pyrophosphate bond in nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) and deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), converting them into nucleoside monophosphates (NMPs) or deoxynucleoside monophosphates (dNMPs). This reaction is important for regulating the levels of NTPs and dNTPs in cells, which are necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis.
3. ATPases and GTPases: These enzymes belong to a larger family of P-loop NTPases that use the energy released from pyrophosphate bond hydrolysis to perform mechanical work or transport ions across membranes. Examples include the F1F0-ATP synthase, which synthesizes ATP using a proton gradient, and various molecular motors like myosin, kinesin, and dynein, which move along cytoskeletal filaments.

Overall, pyrophosphatases are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating the levels of nucleotides and providing energy for various cellular processes.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a family of membrane receptors that play an essential role in cellular signaling and communication. These receptors possess seven transmembrane domains, forming a structure that spans the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. They are called "G-protein-coupled" because they interact with heterotrimeric G proteins upon activation, which in turn modulate various downstream signaling pathways.

When an extracellular ligand binds to a GPCR, it causes a conformational change in the receptor's structure, leading to the exchange of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) on the associated G protein's α subunit. This exchange triggers the dissociation of the G protein into its α and βγ subunits, which then interact with various effector proteins to elicit cellular responses.

There are four main families of GPCRs, classified based on their sequence similarities and downstream signaling pathways:

1. Gq-coupled receptors: These receptors activate phospholipase C (PLC), which leads to the production of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 induces calcium release from intracellular stores, while DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC).
2. Gs-coupled receptors: These receptors activate adenylyl cyclase, which increases the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and subsequently activates protein kinase A (PKA).
3. Gi/o-coupled receptors: These receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase, reducing cAMP levels and modulating PKA activity. Additionally, they can activate ion channels or regulate other signaling pathways through the βγ subunits.
4. G12/13-coupled receptors: These receptors primarily activate RhoGEFs, which in turn activate RhoA and modulate cytoskeletal organization and cellular motility.

GPCRs are involved in various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, hormone signaling, immune response, and sensory perception. Dysregulation of GPCR function has been implicated in numerous diseases, making them attractive targets for drug development.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Albumins are a type of protein found in various biological fluids, including blood plasma. The most well-known albumin is serum albumin, which is produced by the liver and is the most abundant protein in blood plasma. Serum albumin plays several important roles in the body, such as maintaining oncotic pressure (which helps to regulate fluid balance in the body), transporting various substances (such as hormones, fatty acids, and drugs), and acting as an antioxidant.

Albumins are soluble in water and have a molecular weight ranging from 65,000 to 69,000 daltons. They are composed of a single polypeptide chain that contains approximately 585 amino acid residues. The structure of albumin is characterized by a high proportion of alpha-helices and beta-sheets, which give it a stable, folded conformation.

In addition to their role in human physiology, albumins are also used as diagnostic markers in medicine. For example, low serum albumin levels may indicate liver disease, malnutrition, or inflammation, while high levels may be seen in dehydration or certain types of kidney disease. Albumins may also be used as a replacement therapy in patients with severe protein loss, such as those with nephrotic syndrome or burn injuries.

Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are a group of small intracellular proteins that play a crucial role in the transport and metabolism of fatty acids within cells. They are responsible for binding long-chain fatty acids, which are hydrophobic molecules, and facilitating their movement across the cell while protecting the cells from lipotoxicity.

FABPs are expressed in various tissues, including the heart, liver, muscle, and brain, with different isoforms found in specific organs. These proteins have a high affinity for long-chain fatty acids and can regulate their intracellular concentration by controlling the uptake, storage, and metabolism of these molecules.

FABPs also play a role in modulating cell signaling pathways that are involved in various physiological processes such as inflammation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of FABP expression and function has been implicated in several diseases, including diabetes, obesity, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

In summary, fatty acid-binding proteins are essential intracellular proteins that facilitate the transport and metabolism of long-chain fatty acids while regulating cell signaling pathways.

Mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI-MS) is an analytical technique used to identify and quantify chemical species in a sample based on the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. In ESI-MS, analytes are ionized through the use of an electrospray, where a liquid sample is introduced through a metal capillary needle at high voltage, creating an aerosol of charged droplets. As the solvent evaporates, the analyte molecules become charged and can be directed into a mass spectrometer for analysis.

ESI-MS is particularly useful for the analysis of large biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids, due to its ability to gently ionize these species without fragmentation. The technique provides information about the molecular weight and charge state of the analytes, which can be used to infer their identity and structure. Additionally, ESI-MS can be interfaced with separation techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC) for further purification and characterization of complex samples.

Calcium is an essential mineral that is vital for various physiological processes in the human body. The medical definition of calcium is as follows:

Calcium (Ca2+) is a crucial cation and the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% of it found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, hormonal secretion, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation.

Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through the interplay of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. Dietary calcium intake, absorption, and excretion are also critical factors in maintaining optimal calcium levels in the body.

Hypocalcemia refers to low serum calcium levels, while hypercalcemia indicates high serum calcium levels. Both conditions can have detrimental effects on various organ systems and require medical intervention to correct.

Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), also known as free fatty acids (FFA), refer to fatty acid molecules that are not bound to glycerol in the form of triglycerides or other esters. In the bloodstream, NEFAs are transported while bound to albumin and can serve as a source of energy for peripheral tissues. Under normal physiological conditions, NEFA levels are tightly regulated by the body; however, elevated NEFA levels have been associated with various metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

A cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells in animals, plants, and microorganisms. It functions as a barrier to control the movement of substances in and out of the cell, allowing necessary molecules such as nutrients, oxygen, and signaling molecules to enter while keeping out harmful substances and waste products. The cell membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, which have hydrophilic (water-loving) heads and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails. This unique structure allows the membrane to be flexible and fluid, yet selectively permeable. Additionally, various proteins are embedded in the membrane that serve as channels, pumps, receptors, and enzymes, contributing to the cell's overall functionality and communication with its environment.

Lipid metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down and utilizes lipids (fats) for various functions, such as energy production, cell membrane formation, and hormone synthesis. This complex process involves several enzymes and pathways that regulate the digestion, absorption, transport, storage, and consumption of fats in the body.

The main types of lipids involved in metabolism include triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids. The breakdown of these lipids begins in the digestive system, where enzymes called lipases break down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol. These molecules are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver, which is the main site of lipid metabolism.

In the liver, fatty acids may be further broken down for energy production or used to synthesize new lipids. Excess fatty acids may be stored as triglycerides in specialized cells called adipocytes (fat cells) for later use. Cholesterol is also metabolized in the liver, where it may be used to synthesize bile acids, steroid hormones, and other important molecules.

Disorders of lipid metabolism can lead to a range of health problems, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These conditions may be caused by genetic factors, lifestyle habits, or a combination of both. Proper diagnosis and management of lipid metabolism disorders typically involves a combination of dietary changes, exercise, and medication.

Unsaturated fatty acids are a type of fatty acid that contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain. These double bonds can be either cis or trans configurations, although the cis configuration is more common in nature. The presence of these double bonds makes unsaturated fatty acids more liquid at room temperature and less prone to spoilage than saturated fatty acids, which do not have any double bonds.

Unsaturated fatty acids can be further classified into two main categories: monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). MUFAs contain one double bond in their carbon chain, while PUFAs contain two or more.

Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (a MUFA found in olive oil), linoleic acid (a PUFA found in vegetable oils), and alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 PUFA found in flaxseed and fish). Unsaturated fatty acids are essential nutrients for the human body, as they play important roles in various physiological processes such as membrane structure, inflammation, and blood clotting. It is recommended to consume a balanced diet that includes both MUFAs and PUFAs to maintain good health.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Enzyme activation refers to the process by which an enzyme becomes biologically active and capable of carrying out its specific chemical or biological reaction. This is often achieved through various post-translational modifications, such as proteolytic cleavage, phosphorylation, or addition of cofactors or prosthetic groups to the enzyme molecule. These modifications can change the conformation or structure of the enzyme, exposing or creating a binding site for the substrate and allowing the enzymatic reaction to occur.

For example, in the case of proteolytic cleavage, an inactive precursor enzyme, known as a zymogen, is cleaved into its active form by a specific protease. This is seen in enzymes such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are initially produced in the pancreas as inactive precursors called trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, respectively. Once they reach the small intestine, they are activated by enteropeptidase, a protease that cleaves a specific peptide bond, releasing the active enzyme.

Phosphorylation is another common mechanism of enzyme activation, where a phosphate group is added to a specific serine, threonine, or tyrosine residue on the enzyme by a protein kinase. This modification can alter the conformation of the enzyme and create a binding site for the substrate, allowing the enzymatic reaction to occur.

Enzyme activation is a crucial process in many biological pathways, as it allows for precise control over when and where specific reactions take place. It also provides a mechanism for regulating enzyme activity in response to various signals and stimuli, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or changes in the intracellular environment.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. They include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Lipids serve many important functions in the body, including energy storage, acting as structural components of cell membranes, and serving as signaling molecules. High levels of certain lipids, particularly cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Protein binding, in the context of medical and biological sciences, refers to the interaction between a protein and another molecule (known as the ligand) that results in a stable complex. This process is often reversible and can be influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration of the involved molecules.

In clinical chemistry, protein binding is particularly important when it comes to drugs, as many of them bind to proteins (especially albumin) in the bloodstream. The degree of protein binding can affect a drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which in turn influence its therapeutic effectiveness and potential side effects.

Protein-bound drugs may be less available for interaction with their target tissues, as only the unbound or "free" fraction of the drug is active. Therefore, understanding protein binding can help optimize dosing regimens and minimize adverse reactions.

Recombinant proteins are artificially created proteins produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology. This process involves combining DNA molecules from different sources to create a new set of genes that encode for a specific protein. The resulting recombinant protein can then be expressed, purified, and used for various applications in research, medicine, and industry.

Recombinant proteins are widely used in biomedical research to study protein function, structure, and interactions. They are also used in the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutic drugs. For example, recombinant insulin is a common treatment for diabetes, while recombinant human growth hormone is used to treat growth disorders.

The production of recombinant proteins typically involves the use of host cells, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells, which are engineered to express the desired protein. The host cells are transformed with a plasmid vector containing the gene of interest, along with regulatory elements that control its expression. Once the host cells are cultured and the protein is expressed, it can be purified using various chromatography techniques.

Overall, recombinant proteins have revolutionized many areas of biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study and manipulate proteins in ways that were previously impossible.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

A Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) in the context of medicinal chemistry and pharmacology refers to the relationship between the chemical structure of a drug or molecule and its biological activity or effect on a target protein, cell, or organism. SAR studies aim to identify patterns and correlations between structural features of a compound and its ability to interact with a specific biological target, leading to a desired therapeutic response or undesired side effects.

By analyzing the SAR, researchers can optimize the chemical structure of lead compounds to enhance their potency, selectivity, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties, ultimately guiding the design and development of novel drugs with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Enzyme inhibitors are substances that bind to an enzyme and decrease its activity, preventing it from catalyzing a chemical reaction in the body. They can work by several mechanisms, including blocking the active site where the substrate binds, or binding to another site on the enzyme to change its shape and prevent substrate binding. Enzyme inhibitors are often used as drugs to treat various medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, and bacterial infections. They can also be found naturally in some foods and plants, and can be used in research to understand enzyme function and regulation.

Biological transport refers to the movement of molecules, ions, or solutes across biological membranes or through cells in living organisms. This process is essential for maintaining homeostasis, regulating cellular functions, and enabling communication between cells. There are two main types of biological transport: passive transport and active transport.

Passive transport does not require the input of energy and includes:

1. Diffusion: The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
2. Osmosis: The diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
3. Facilitated diffusion: The assisted passage of polar or charged substances through protein channels or carriers in the cell membrane, which increases the rate of diffusion without consuming energy.

Active transport requires the input of energy (in the form of ATP) and includes:

1. Primary active transport: The direct use of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient, often driven by specific transport proteins called pumps.
2. Secondary active transport: The coupling of the movement of one substance down its electrochemical gradient with the uphill transport of another substance, mediated by a shared transport protein. This process is also known as co-transport or counter-transport.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Alky-lysophospholipids (ALPs) are synthetic analogs of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), also called lysolecithins. They are ...
The lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins ... Lysophospholipid+receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (Articles with short ... The prefix 'lyso-' comes from the fact that lysophospholipids were originally found to be hemolytic, however it is now used to ... Lysophospholipid receptor nomenclature". Pharmacol Rev. 54 (2): 265-9. doi:10.1124/pr.54.2.265. PMID 12037142. Meyer zu ...
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Hla T, Lee MJ, Ancellin N, Paik JH, Kluk MJ (November 2001). "Lysophospholipids--receptor revelations". Science. 294 (5548): ...
Such phospholipids are called lysophospholipids. The most commonly used phospholipase is phospholipase A2, which removes the ...
Lysophospholipid+receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This article incorporates ... "Lysophospholipid Receptors: S1P3". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... Lysophospholipid receptor GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000213694 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ...
Lysophospholipid+receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This article incorporates ... "Lysophospholipid Receptors: LPA1". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... Lysophospholipid receptor GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000038668 - Ensembl, May 2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". ...
Lysophospholipid+receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This article incorporates ... "Lysophospholipid Receptors: S1P2". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... Lysophospholipid receptor GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000267534 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ...
Lysophospholipid+receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This article incorporates ... "Lysophospholipid Receptors: LPA2". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... Lysophospholipid receptor GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000064547 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ...
EDG receptors bind lysophospholipids or lysosphingolipids as ligands, and are involved in cell signalling in many different ... Lysophospholipid+receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This article incorporates ... "Lysophospholipid Receptors: S1P4". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... Lysophospholipid receptor GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125910 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ...
Lysophospholipid+receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This article incorporates ... "Lysophospholipid Receptors: S1P1". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... Lysophospholipid receptor GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000170989 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ... Rosen H (September 2005). "Chemical approaches to the lysophospholipid receptors". Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 77 (1-4 ...
"Lysophospholipid Receptors: LPA3". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... Lysophospholipid receptor GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000171517 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ...
Lysophospholipid+receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This article incorporates ... "Lysophospholipid Receptors: S1P5". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... A-971432 Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists: a patent review (2010-2012) Lysophospholipid receptor GRCh38: Ensembl ...
December 2005). "Equivalent effects of snake PLA2 neurotoxins and lysophospholipid-fatty acid mixtures". Science. 310 (5754): ... "Reversible skeletal neuromuscular paralysis induced by different lysophospholipids". FEBS Letters. 580 (27): 6317-21. doi: ...
"Structural basis of transport of lysophospholipids by human serum albumin". The Biochemical Journal. 423 (1): 23-30. doi: ...
"Organophosphate-sensitive lipases modulate brain lysophospholipids, ether lipids and endocannabinoids". Chemico-Biological ...
... transport and remodeling of lysophospholipids in Gram-negative bacteria". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and ...
"Organophosphate-sensitive lipases modulate brain lysophospholipids, ether lipids and endocannabinoids". Chemico-Biological ...
It also increases activity of bacterial phospholipase A2, leading to release and accumulation of lysophospholipids, which are ... Kagan VE (1989). "Tocopherol stabilizes membrane against phospholipase A, free fatty acids, and lysophospholipids". Annals of ...
Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 7 also known as membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing protein 7 (MBOAT7) is an ... Shindou H, Hishikawa D, Harayama T, Yuki K, Shimizu T (April 2009). "Recent progress on acyl CoA: lysophospholipid ... Gijón MA, Riekhof WR, Zarini S, Murphy RC, Voelker DR (October 2008). "Lysophospholipid acyltransferases and arachidonate ...
... is believed to act by delivering LPA to lysophospholipid receptors, which are high affinity and selective target ... Ginseng Ginsenoside Lysophosphatidic acid Lysophospholipid receptor Choi, SH; Hong, MK; Kim, HJ; Ryoo, N; Rhim, H; Nah, SY; ...
"TAFAZZIN tafazzin, phospholipid-lysophospholipid transacylase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". This article incorporates text from ... Tafazzin is highly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle, and functions as a phospholipid-lysophospholipid transacylase (it ... Tafazzin, an acyl-specific transferase, catalyzes the acyl transfer reaction between phospholipids and lysophospholipids in a ... Schlame, Michael; Xu, Yang (2020-08-21). "The Function of Tafazzin, a Mitochondrial Phospholipid-Lysophospholipid ...
... is a lysophospholipid which triggers TLR 2.[citation needed] A recent study showed that it does not ...
Some have activity against nucleotides, some have activity against phospholipid and lysophospholipids. ENPP7 is the only enzyme ...
... (ET-18-O-CH3; 1-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine) is a synthetic alkyl-lysophospholipid (ALP). It has ... Effect of the lysophospholipid analogues edelfosine, ilmofosine and miltefosine against Leishmania amazonensis. Edelfosine and ... Ruiter, GA; Zerp SF; Bartelink H; Blitterswijk WJ van; Verheij M (2003). "Anti-cancer alkyl-lysophospholipids inhibit the ... Vogler, WR; Berdel WE (1993). "Autologous bone marrow transplantation with alkyl-lysophospholipid-purged marrow". Journal of ...
Schlame, Michael; Xu, Yang (21 August 2020). "The Function of Tafazzin, a Mitochondrial Phospholipid-Lysophospholipid ...
Schlame, Michael; Xu, Yang (2020-08-21). "The Function of Tafazzin, a Mitochondrial Phospholipid-Lysophospholipid ...
May 2018). "Lysophospholipids induce innate immune transdifferentiation of endothelial cells, resulting in prolonged ... Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI, lysoPI), or L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol, is an endogenous lysophospholipid and endocannabinoid ...
Lysophospholipases are enzymes that act on biological membranes to regulate the multifunctional lysophospholipids. The protein ...
By replacing the acyl-group within the LPC with an alkyl-group, alkyl-lysophospholipids (ALP) were synthesized. These LPC ... May 2018). "Lysophospholipids induce innate immune transdifferentiation of endothelial cells, resulting in prolonged ... Bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila utilize phospholipase A2 end-products (fatty acids and lysophospholipids) to cause host ...
Alky-lysophospholipids (ALPs) are synthetic analogs of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), also called lysolecithins. They are ...
MFSD2A MFSD2 lysolipid transporter A, lysophospholipid [Homo sapiens] MFSD2A MFSD2 lysolipid transporter A, lysophospholipid [ ... MFSD2 lysolipid transporter A, lysophospholipidprovided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:25897 See related. Ensembl: ... enables lysophospholipid:sodium symporter activity IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ... involved_in lysophospholipid transport ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity. more info ...
Lyso)-Phospholipids. This content is available to Full members only. Log in or sign up for an EAS membership ...
The Lysophospholipid and Related Mediators Conference: From Bench to Clinic Lisbon Marriott Hotel Lisbon, Portugal July 28 - ...
title = "Lysophospholipid receptors",. abstract = "Lysophospholipids (LPs), including lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1- ... Lysophospholipid receptors. / Fukushima, N.; Ishii, I.; Contos, J. J.A. その他. In: Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ... Lysophospholipid receptors」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構成します。 ... Fukushima N, Ishii I, Contos JJA, Weiner JA,
... lysophospholipid receptor) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are ...
Porcine liver decomposition product-derived lysophospholipids promote microglial activation in vitro *Tamotsu Tsukahara ... Porcine liver decomposition product-derived lysophospholipids promote microglial activation in vitro *Tamotsu Tsukahara ...
Synergistic permeability enhancing effect of lysophospholipids and fatty acids on lipid membranes. Research output: ...
Figure 1. Lysophospholipids (LPLs) in LYSOFORTE increase the efficiency of each step of fat digestion. ... Lysophospholipids. The primary active ingredient in LYSOFORTE is lysolecithin. Lysolecithin is produced using an enzymatic ... Improve fat emulsification and utilization with lysophospholipids5. *Offer feed cost savings by replacing dietary fats in an ... LYSOFORTE® is a lysophospholipid based nutritional emulsifier designed to enhance digestion and absorption of energy-rich feed ...
Dietary fish oil alters the lysophospholipid metabolomic profile and decreases urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B₂ concentration ... Dietary fish oil alters the lysophospholipid metabolomic profile and decreases urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B₂ concentration ...
... a bioactive lysophospholipid capable of inducing a wide spectrum of biological responses, acts as an intercellular mediator, ... Sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1-P), a bioactive lysophospholipid capable of inducing a wide spectrum of biological responses, ...
Lysophospholipid-based AQUALYSO® as a strategy to relieve cost pressure from oil and lecithin prices. 04/26/2022 ...
Antibiotic reduction is a major topic in the livestock sector. The pressure is on to reduce the use of antibiotics and in doing so, it also has a direct impact on the human health aspect. This special will focus on measures that could be taken to reduce and eventually move away from antibiotic use in the livestock sector. ...
Regulation of Volume-Sensitive Osmolyte Efflux from Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells following Activation of Lysophospholipid ... Regulation of Volume-Sensitive Osmolyte Efflux from Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells following Activation of Lysophospholipid ...
Chun and his colleagues identified the first lysophospholipid receptor about ten years ago, when he was at the University of ... LPA belongs to a family of phospholipids known as "lysophospholipids." These molecules play a more active role in the mammalian ...
Unfolding the Pathophysiological Role of Bioactive Lysophospholipids. Journal: Current Drug Targets - Immune, Endocrine & ...
Lysophospholipids. Choi J, Leonard SW, Kasper K, McDougall M, Stevens JF, Tanguay RL, Traber MG. 2015. Novel function of ... Novel function of vitamin E in regulation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain lysophospholipids discovered using lipidomics.. J ... Novel function of vitamin E in regulation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain lysophospholipids discovered using lipidomics.. J ... Novel function of vitamin E in regulation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain lysophospholipids discovered using lipidomics.. J ...
LPLAT_LCLAT1-like; Lysophospholipid Acyltransferases (LPLATs) of Glycerophospholipid Biosynthesis: LCLAT1-like. pfam16076. ...
Hypoxic and Ras-transformed cells support growth by scavenging unsaturated fatty acids from lysophospholipids. Proc. Natl Acad ...
2009). Regulation of blood and vascular cell function by bioactive lysophospholipids. J. Thromb. Haemost. 7, 38-43. doi: ...
Schlame M, Xu Y. The Function of Tafazzin, a Mitochondrial Phospholipid-Lysophospholipid Acyltransferase. J Mol Biol. 2020 Aug ...
Lysophospholipids, as intermediates of glyceride metabolism, act as mediators in several neural pathways [52]. ... Lysophospholipids are produced by the action of phospholipase (PL)A1 and PLA2 and are either hydrolyzed by lysophospholipase or ... lysophospholipids are transiently produced by the action of PLA2 but rapidly acylated to acyl-CoA through the diacylation ... and lysophospholipids (LPC, LPE, LPG, and LPI) were identified. The sphingolipid and sterol biosynthetic pathways are also part ...
To date, no study has used lysophospholipids in the diagnosis of PBC and AIH. Lysophospholipids are biologically active lipids ... Pleiotypic mechanisms of cellular responses to biologically active lysophospholipids. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2001; ...
tafazzin, phospholipid-lysophospholipid transacylase. ISO. ClinVar Annotator: match by term: Left ventricular noncompaction. ... tafazzin, phospholipid-lysophospholipid transacylase. ISO. ClinVar Annotator: match by term: Left ventricular noncompaction ...
The Lands Cycle uses phospholipase A2 (PLA2) to break down phospholipids into fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Both of these ... Drosophila lysophospholipid acyltransferases are specifically required for germ cell development. Mol Biol Cell. 20(24): 5224- ... Acyltransferases (ATs) reverse this reaction, resynthesizing phospholipids from fatty acyl coAs and lysophospholipids. These ...
Name: SPNS lysolipid transporter 1, lysophospholipid. Synonyms: 2210013K02Rik, spinster homolog. Type: Gene ...
Cytoprotective Effects of Lysophospholipids from Sea Cucumber Holothuria atra. Nishikawa Yoshifumi, Furukawa Ayumi, Shiga Ikumi ...
Concepts are listed by decreasing relevance which is based on many factors, including how many publications the person wrote about that topic, how long ago those publications were written, and how many publications other people have written on that same topic ...
Brain Genomic Mosaicism and Gene Recombination; LPA, S1P, Lysophospholipid Signaling. mikemc. 2006‑09‑21. ...
Mutations of OsPLDa1 Increase Lysophospholipid Content and Enhance Cooking and Eating Quality in Rice ...
  • Sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1-P), a bioactive lysophospholipid capable of inducing a wide spectrum of biological responses, acts as an intercellular mediator, through interaction with the endothelial differentiation gene (EDG)/S1P family of G protein-coupled receptors. (nih.gov)
  • EDG2 belongs to a family of G-protein coupled receptors whose ligands are lysophospholipids There are eight known members of the EDG receptor family and they are implicated in mediating growth-related effects such as induction of cellular proliferation, alterations in differentiation and survival, and suppression of apoptosis. (thermofisher.com)
  • Lipid mediators are bioactive lipids, such as lysophospholipids (and their derivatives) and arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids. (rndsystems.com)
  • PLA2 produces free fatty acids and lysophospholipids, which regulate several physiological functions, including lipid metabolism, plant growth and development, signal transduction, and response to various environmental stresses. (cas.cz)
  • Lysophospholipids (LPs), including lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate, produce many cellular effects. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Alky-lysophospholipids (ALPs) are synthetic analogs of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), also called lysolecithins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plasma lysophospholipids can be dynamically regulated by dietary fish oil supplementation. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Dietary fish oil alters the lysophospholipid metabolomic profile and decreases urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B₂ concentration in healthy Beagles. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Tafazzin is a mitochondrial enzyme that exchanges fatty acids between phospholipids by phospholipid-lysophospholipid transacylation. (nih.gov)
  • Specifically, the bacterial enzyme VpdC converts the phospholipids that comprise the membrane into lysophospholipids. (nih.gov)
  • Tafazzin is a mitochondrial enzyme that transfers fatty acids non-specifically from phospholipids to lysophospholipids. (selectbiosciences.com)
  • DDHD2, also known as KIAA0725p, is a member of the intracellular phospholipase A1 (PLA1) protein family which comprises a group of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-1 ester bond of phospholipids, producing 2-acyl-lysophospholipids and fatty acids. (thermofisher.com)
  • Phospholipase A2 is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of the fatty acid at position 2 of the phospholipid producing free fatty acids and lysophospholipids which provide many functional benefits to food ingredients. (biocatalysts.com)
  • 5. Lysophospholipids--receptor revelations. (nih.gov)
  • HDL-induced signaling is mediated at least partially by the HDL-associated lysophospholipids SPC, S1P, and LSF acting through the G protein-coupled lysophospholipid receptor S1P 3 . (jci.org)
  • 4. Lysophospholipid signaling in the function and pathology of the reproductive system. (nih.gov)
  • 19. Bioactive lysophospholipids and mesangial cell intracellular signaling pathways: role in the pathobiology of kidney disease. (nih.gov)
  • A new study shows that HDL-associated lysophospholipids stimulate the production of the potent antiatherogenic signaling molecule NO by the vascular endothelium. (jci.org)
  • Furthermore, marker potential of lysophospholipids was supported by elevated expression levels of the lysophospholipid degrading enzyme lysophospholipase A1 (LYPLA1) in the tumor regions of paraffin-embedded HNSCC samples. (oncotarget.com)
  • GPR120-positive splenic macrophages activated by 16:4 n-3 produced a unique lysophospholipid, lysophosphatidylcholine with esterified nervonic acid (lysoPC(24:1)), which mediated a chemoresistance response to platinum-based chemotherapeutics. (aspendigital.cloud)
  • LysoPC(16:0) is a lysophospholipid (LyP). (ymdb.ca)
  • 1. New developments in the biological functions of lysophospholipids. (nih.gov)
  • 2. Biological effects of lysophospholipids. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Regulation of stem cell pluripotency and neural differentiation by lysophospholipids. (nih.gov)
  • 18. Stem cell regulation by lysophospholipids. (nih.gov)
  • Novel function of vitamin E in regulation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain lysophospholipids discovered using lipidomics. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Finally, experimental evidence of 3D cell spheroid tests showed that LPC[16:0] facilitates HNSCC invasion, implying that HNSCC progression in vivo may be dependent on lysophospholipid supply. (oncotarget.com)
  • Lysophospholipids (LPs), including lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate, produce many cellular effects. (elsevierpure.com)
  • At moderate levels, lysophospholipids promote membrane fusion, for example, by allowing host cell components to integrate into the LCV to enhance the vacuole's capacity. (nih.gov)
  • Notably, elevated levels of lysophospholipids obstruct membrane fusion. (nih.gov)