A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.
Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.
Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.
B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.
A classification of B-lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.
A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.
A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called "hallmark" cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.
The activated center of a lymphoid follicle in secondary lymphoid tissue where B-LYMPHOCYTES are stimulated by antigens and helper T cells (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) are stimulated to generate memory cells.
Malignant lymphoma characterized by the presence of immunoblasts with uniformly round-to-oval nuclei, one or more prominent nucleoli, and abundant cytoplasm. This class may be subdivided into plasmacytoid and clear-cell types based on cytoplasmic characteristics. A third category, pleomorphous, may be analogous to some of the peripheral T-cell lymphomas (LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, PERIPHERAL) recorded in both the United States and Japan.
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
Antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats.
The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.
An antitumor alkaloid isolated from VINCA ROSEA. (Merck, 11th ed.)
The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.
An immunoglobulin which accounts for less than 1% of plasma immunoglobulin. It is found on the membrane of many circulating B LYMPHOCYTES.
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
Genes encoding the different subunits of the IMMUNOGLOBULINS, for example the IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN GENES and the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES. The heavy and light immunoglobulin genes are present as gene segments in the germline cells. The completed genes are created when the segments are shuffled and assembled (B-LYMPHOCYTE GENE REARRANGEMENT) during B-LYMPHOCYTE maturation. The gene segments of the human light and heavy chain germline genes are symbolized V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant). The heavy chain germline genes have an additional segment D (diversity).
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the IMMUNOGLOBULIN CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.
A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.
Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)
A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome.
C57BL mice are a commonly used strain of laboratory mice that are inbred to produce consistent and predictable results in scientific research.
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.
Unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on B-cells. They are regulators of transmembrane Ca2+ conductance and thought to play a role in B-cell activation and proliferation.
They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.
Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the first stage of differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.
Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation.
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.
An extranodal neoplasm, usually possessing an NK-cell phenotype and associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS. These lymphomas exhibit a broad morphologic spectrum, frequent necrosis, angioinvasion, and most commonly present in the midfacial region, but also in other extranodal sites.
That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.
A lectin and cell adhesion molecule found in B-LYMPHOCYTES. It interacts with SIALIC ACIDS and mediates signaling from B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS.
Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.
Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.
A DNA-binding protein that represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target genes by recruiting HISTONE DEACETYLASES. Aberrant Blc-6 expression is associated with certain types of human B-CELL LYMPHOMA.
A tumor necrosis factor superfamily member that plays a role in the regulation of B-LYMPHOCYTE survival. It occurs as a membrane-bound protein that is cleaved to release an biologically active soluble form with specificity to TRANSMEMBRANE ACTIVATOR AND CAML INTERACTOR PROTEIN; B-CELL ACTIVATION FACTOR RECEPTOR; and B-CELL MATURATION ANTIGEN.
A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.
Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.
BALB/C is a commonly used strain of inbred mice in medical research, known for their genetic uniformity and susceptibility to various diseases.
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
T-cell enhancement of the B-cell response to thymic-dependent antigens.
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that may play a role in the regulation of NF-KAPPA B and APOPTOSIS. They are found on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; MAST CELLS and NK CELLS. Overexpression of CD30 antigen in hematopoietic malignancies make the antigen clinically useful as a biological tumor marker. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
Lymphocyte progenitor cells that are restricted in their differentiation potential to the B lymphocyte lineage. The pro-B cell stage of B lymphocyte development precedes the pre-B cell stage.
Membrane antigens associated with maturation stages of B-lymphocytes, often expressed in tumors of B-cell origin.
A component of the B-cell antigen receptor that is involved in B-cell antigen receptor heavy chain transport to the PLASMA MEMBRANE. It is expressed almost exclusively in B-LYMPHOCYTES and serves as a useful marker for B-cell NEOPLASMS.
A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A malignant disease of the B-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow and/or blood.
A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that specifically binds B-CELL ACTIVATING FACTOR. It is found on B-LYMPHOCYTES and plays a role in maturation and survival of B-cells. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Large cells, usually multinucleate, whose presence is a common histologic characteristic of classical HODGKIN DISEASE.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.
Molecular sites on or in B-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3D. Human complement receptor 2 (CR2) serves as a receptor for both C3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN, and binds the monoclonal antibody OKB7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor.
The class of heavy chains found in IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. They have a molecular weight of approximately 72 kDa and they contain about 57 amino acid residues arranged in five domains and have more oligosaccharide branches and a higher carbohydrate content than the heavy chains of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
A programmed mutation process whereby changes are introduced to the nucleotide sequence of immunoglobulin gene DNA during development.
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.
One of the types of light chains of the immunoglobulins with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.
Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily found on most T-LYMPHOCYTES. Activation of the receptor by CD70 ANTIGEN results in the increased proliferation of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES and CD8-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
A transcription factor that is essential for CELL DIFFERENTIATION of B-LYMPHOCYTES. It functions both as a transcriptional activator and repressor to mediate B-cell commitment.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
Polypeptide chains, consisting of 211 to 217 amino acid residues and having a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa. There are two major types of light chains, kappa and lambda. Two Ig light chains and two Ig heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) make one immunoglobulin molecule.
A group of disorders having a benign course but exhibiting clinical and histological features suggestive of malignant lymphoma. Pseudolymphoma is characterized by a benign infiltration of lymphoid cells or histiocytes which microscopically resembles a malignant lymphoma. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 26th ed)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the kappa or lambda IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the second stage of differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.
A membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of T-cells that binds to CD40 ANTIGENS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and induces their proliferation. Mutation of the gene for CD40 ligand is a cause of HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 1.
Tumors or cancer of the EYE.
CXCR receptors isolated initially from BURKITT LYMPHOMA cells. CXCR5 receptors are expressed on mature, recirculating B-LYMPHOCYTES and are specific for CHEMOKINE CXCL13.
One of the types of light chain subunits of the immunoglobulins with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa.
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.
Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the B-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the B-cell receptor are located on the surface of the antigen.
A CXC chemokine that is chemotactic for B-LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for CXCR5 RECEPTORS.
Non-hematopoietic cells, with extensive dendritic processes, found in the primary and secondary follicles of lymphoid tissue (the B cell zones). They are different from conventional DENDRITIC CELLS associated with T-CELLS. They are derived from MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS and are negative for class II MHC antigen and do not process or present antigen like the conventional dendritic cells do. Instead, follicular dendritic cells have FC RECEPTORS and C3B RECEPTORS that hold antigen in the form of ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES on their surfaces for long periods for recognition by B-CELLS.
Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level.
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)
A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.
Tumors or cancer of the NOSE.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
Antigens which may directly stimulate B lymphocytes without the cooperation of T lymphocytes.
The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
Transplantation of an individual's own tissue from one site to another site.
DNA present in neoplastic tissue.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (myc) originally isolated from an avian myelocytomatosis virus. The proto-oncogene myc (c-myc) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Truncation of the first exon, which appears to regulate c-myc expression, is crucial for tumorigenicity. The human c-myc gene is located at 8q24 on the long arm of chromosome 8.
The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.
Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.
A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.
Genes and gene segments encoding the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS. Gene segments of the heavy chain genes are symbolized V (variable), D (diversity), J (joining), and C (constant).
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Fas-induced B cell apoptosis requires an increase in free cytosolic magnesium as an early event. (1/3054)

Ligation of the Fas molecule expressed on the surface of a cell initiates multiple signaling pathways that result in the apoptotic death of that cell. We have examined Mg2+ mobilization as well as Ca2+ mobilization in B cells undergoing Fas-initiated apoptosis. Our results indicate that cytosolic levels of free (non-complexed) Mg2+ ([Mg2+]i) and Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) increase in cells undergoing apoptosis. Furthermore, the percentages of cells mobilizing Mg2+, fragmenting DNA, or externalizing phosphatidylserine (PS) increase in parallel as the concentration of anti-Fas monoclonal antibody is raised. Kinetic analysis suggests that Mg2+ mobilization is an early event in apoptosis, clearly preceding DNA fragmentation and probably occurring prior to externalization of PS as well. The source of Mg2+ that produces the increases in [Mg2+]i is intracellular and most likely is the mitochondria. Extended pretreatment of B cells with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, produces proportional decreases in the percentage of cells mobilizing Mg2+, fragmenting DNA, and externalizing PS in response to anti-Fas monoclonal antibody treatment. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that elevated [Mg2+]i is required for apoptosis. Furthermore, we propose that the increases in [Mg2+]i function not only as cofactors for Mg2+-dependent endonucleases, but also to facilitate the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, which drives many of the post-mitochondrial, caspase-mediated events in apoptotic cells.  (+info)

Merkel cell carcinoma and melanoma: etiological similarities and differences. (2/3054)

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) of the skin and cutaneous malignant melanoma can now be compared epidemiologically through the use of population-based data not previously available for MCC. The results may provide new clues to etiology. In this study, United States data covered by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program were from nine areas of the United States (approximately 10% of the population). In 1986-1994, 425 cases of MCC were registered. The annual age-adjusted incidence per 100,000 of MCC was 0.23 for whites and 0.01 for blacks; among whites, the ratio of melanoma to MCC was approximately 65 to 1. Only 5% of MCC occurred before age 50, unlike the lifelong risk of nodular and superficial spreading melanoma. Regional incidence rates of both cancers increased similarly with increasing sun exposure as measured by the UVB solar index. The most sun-exposed anatomical site, the face, was the location of 36% of MCC but only 14% of melanoma. Both cancers increased in frequency and aggressiveness after immunosuppression and organ transplantation (36 cases from the Cincinnati Transplant Tumor registry and 12 from published case reports) and after B-cell neoplasia (5 cases in this study; 13 from case series in the literature). The SEER data contained reports of six patients with both types of cancer; 5 melanomas before the diagnosis of MCC and 1 after diagnosis. MCC and melanoma are similarly related to sun exposure and immunosuppression, but they differ markedly from one another in their distributions by age, race, and anatomical site, especially the face.  (+info)

Immunoglobulin VH gene expression among extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of the ocular adnexa. (3/3054)

PURPOSE: Most lymphomas of the ocular adnexa are primary extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the B-cell type, with the most common lymphoma subtype being the extranodal marginal-zone B-cell lymphoma (EMZL). Analysis of somatic mutations in the variable (V) region of the Ig heavy (H)-chain gene segment suggests that EMZL development in other locations is dependent on antigen stimulation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the presence of somatic hypermutations in clonally rearranged Ig H-chain V genes of this lymphoma entity in the ocular adnexa and to estimate whether the mutation pattern is compatible with antigen selection. METHODS: Twenty-six cases of EMZL of the ocular adnexa were diagnosed on the basis of morphology, histology, and immunohistology. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on DNA extracted from paraffin sections. The isolated PCR products were sequenced and compared with published VH germline segments to determine the number of somatic mutations in the complementarity-determining region (CDR) 2 and framework (FW) region 3. RESULTS: The number of somatic mutations in the cases of EMZL varied between 0 and 24: Five cases involved 0 to 3 somatic mutations, and the remaining 21 cases involved 4 to 24 mutations. Based on the ratio of replacement (R) to silent (S) mutations in the CDR2 or FW3 regions, antigen selection seems to have occurred in 60% of ocular adnexal EMZL. The VH3 family was the most commonly expressed germline VH family (54%), followed by VH4 (23%), with biased usage of the latter. Some germline VH1 genes used included DP-8, DP-10, DP-53, DP-63 (VH4.21), and DP-49, which are frequently used by autoantibodies (e.g., rheumatoid factors) and natural autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS: EMZLs of the ocular adnexa have an Ig H-chain mutation pattern that supports the concept that they represent a clonal expansion of post-germinal-center memory B-cells in most instances. In two thirds of cases, antigen selection may have occurred, and autoantibodies may have a role in their development.  (+info)

Angiogenesis extent and macrophage density increase simultaneously with pathological progression in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. (4/3054)

Node biopsies of 30 benign lymphadenopathies and 71 B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHLs) were investigated for microvessel and macrophage counts using immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis. Both counts were significantly higher in B-NHL. Moreover, when these were grouped into low-grade and high-grade lymphomas, according to the Kiel classification and Working Formulation (WF), statistically significant higher counts were found in the high-grade tumours. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed a close spatial association between microvessels and macrophages. Overall, the results suggest that, in analogy to what has already been shown in solid tumours, angiogenesis occurring in B-NHLs increases with tumour progression, and that macrophages promote the induction of angiogenesis via the release of their angiogenic factors.  (+info)

Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of 43 patients from the Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group. (5/3054)

PURPOSE: To investigate whether primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMLBL) is a distinct clinicopathologic entity with a more aggressive course than other diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with CD20-positive DLBL who presented with a mediastinal mass measuring at least 5.0 cm and were treated with curative intent were identified. A control group of 352 patients with nonmediastinal DLBL was selected for comparison. RESULTS: The 43 patients with PMLBL had a male to female ratio of 20:23 and a median age of 42 years. Stage I/II disease was present in 58% of the patients, with only 9% having bone marrow involvement. A complete remission was achieved in 63% of the patients, and the 5-year overall and failure-free survivals were 46% and 38%, respectively. Among the clinical variables, an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase level, a low performance score, more than one extranodal site, and an intermediate or high International Prognostic Index score were predictive of poor survival. When compared with the DLBL group, a younger median age was the only clinical feature that was significantly different in the PMLBL group. CONCLUSION: The clinical features of PMLBL do not appear to be significantly different from those of nonmediastinal DLBL. Although the younger age of onset, slight female predominance, mediastinal location, and size of the mass may justify the recognition of PMLBL as a clinical syndrome, additional evidence is needed to define it as a distinct disease entity.  (+info)

Cancer dormancy. VII. A regulatory role for CD8+ T cells and IFN-gamma in establishing and maintaining the tumor-dormant state. (6/3054)

Dormant tumor cells resistant to ablative cancer therapy represent a significant clinical obstacle due to later relapse. Experimentally, the murine B cell lymphoma (BCL1) is used as a model of tumor dormancy in mice vaccinated with the BCL1 Ig. Here, we used this model to explore the cellular mechanisms underlying dormancy. Our previous studies have demonstrated that T cell-mediated immunity is an important component in the regulation of tumor dormancy because Id-immune T cells adoptively transferred into passively immunized SCID mice challenged with BCL1 cells significantly increased the incidence and duration of the dormant state. We have extended these observations and demonstrate that CD8+, but not CD4+, T cells are required for the maintenance of dormancy in BCL1 Ig-immunized BALB/c mice. In parallel studies, the transfer of Id-immune CD8+ cells, but not Id-immune CD4+ cells, conferred significant protection to SCID mice passively immunized with nonprotective levels of polyclonal anti-Id and then challenged with BCL1 cells. Furthermore, the ability of CD8+ T cells to induce a state of dormancy in passively immunized SCID mice was completely abrogated by treatment with neutralizing alpha-IFN-gamma mAbs in vivo. In vitro studies demonstrated that IFN-gamma alone or in combination with reagents to cross-link the surface Ig induced both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a BCL1 cell line. Collectively, these data demonstrate a role for CD8+ T cells via endogenous production of IFN-gamma in collaboration with humoral immunity to both induce and maintain a state of tumor dormancy.  (+info)

Histopathologic features and expression of Bcl-2 and p53 proteins in primary gastric lymphomas. (7/3054)

The aim of this study is to present a histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of primary gastric lymphomas which were reclassified according to the concept of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). The resected specimens from 41 patients with primary gastric lymphoma were investigated retrospectively. Immunohistochemical study was done to analyze the immunophenotype and bcl-2 and p53 proteins expression. Twenty three of the cases had tumors mainly located in the antrum. Histologically, 12 were low grade and 20 were high grade B-cell lymphoma of MALT, 9 other B-cell nonHodgkin's lymphomas. Helicobacter pylori was identified in 72% of the cases. According to Musshoff's modification, most of the MALT lymphoma cases had stage I or II disease. There was significant difference between low and high grade cases, in respect to depth of invasion in gastric wall. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells in all MALT lymphomas expressed B-cell phenotype. Bcl-2 protein was found to be expressed in 59% and p53 protein expression was detected in 72% of cases. Among the B-cell lymphoma of MALT, bcl-2 positivity decreased and p53 positivity increased significantly as the histological grade advanced. So, an inverse correlation was observed between the expression of bcl-2 and p53. In conclusion, most primary gastric lymphomas are low or high grade B-cell MALT lymphomas and appear to arise in MALT acquired as a reaction to Helicobacter pylori infection. Expression of bcl-2 and p53 in gastric lymphomas may be associated with transformation from low-grade to high-grade disease.  (+info)

Presentation of antigens internalized through the B cell receptor requires newly synthesized MHC class II molecules. (8/3054)

Exogenous Ags taken up from the fluid phase can be presented by both newly synthesized and recycling MHC class II molecules. However, the presentation of Ags internalized through the B cell receptor (BCR) has not been characterized with respect to whether the class II molecules with which they become associated are newly synthesized or recycling. We show that the presentation of Ag taken up by the BCR requires protein synthesis in splenic B cells and in B lymphoma cells. Using B cells transfected with full-length I-Ak molecules or molecules truncated in cytoplasmic domains of their alpha- or beta-chains, we further show that when an Ag is internalized by the BCR, the cytoplasmic tails of class II molecules differentially control the presentation of antigenic peptides to specific T cells depending upon the importance of proteolytic processing in the production of that peptide. Integrity of the cytoplasmic tail of the I-Ak beta-chain is required for the presentation of the hen egg lysozyme determinant (46-61) following BCR internalization, but that dependence is not seen for the (34-45) determinant derived from the same protein. The tail of the beta-chain is also of importance for the dissociation of invariant chain fragments from class II molecules. Our results demonstrate that Ags internalized through the BCR are targeted to compartments containing newly synthesized class II molecules and that the tails of class II beta-chains control the loading of determinants produced after extensive Ag processing.  (+info)

Lymphoma, B-Cell is a type of cancer that affects the B cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. B cells are responsible for producing antibodies that help the body fight off infections and diseases. In lymphoma, B cells grow and divide uncontrollably, forming tumors in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and other parts of the body. There are several subtypes of B-cell lymphoma, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The symptoms of B-cell lymphoma can vary depending on the subtype and the location of the tumors, but may include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Treatment for B-cell lymphoma typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. The specific treatment plan will depend on the subtype of lymphoma, the stage of the disease, and the overall health of the patient. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may also be recommended.

Burkitt lymphoma is a type of aggressive and fast-growing cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. It is named after Denis Parsons Burkitt, a British surgeon who first described the disease in African children in the 1950s. Burkitt lymphoma can occur in different parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and gastrointestinal tract. It is most common in children and young adults, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. The exact cause of Burkitt lymphoma is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some of the risk factors for developing Burkitt lymphoma include exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is a common virus that can cause infectious mononucleosis, and certain genetic mutations. Treatment for Burkitt lymphoma typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and sometimes stem cell transplantation. The prognosis for Burkitt lymphoma depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer at diagnosis, the patient's age and overall health, and the response to treatment. With appropriate treatment, the majority of people with Burkitt lymphoma can achieve long-term remission or even a cure.

B-lymphocytes, also known as B-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that help the body recognize and fight off foreign substances such as viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. B-cells are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the spleen and lymph nodes. When a B-cell encounters an antigen (a foreign substance that triggers an immune response), it becomes activated and begins to divide rapidly. The activated B-cell then differentiates into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigen. The antibodies produced by B-cells can neutralize pathogens by binding to them and preventing them from infecting cells, or they can mark them for destruction by other immune cells. B-cells also play a role in memory, meaning that they can remember specific antigens and mount a faster and more effective immune response if they encounter the same antigen again in the future. B-cell disorders, such as autoimmune diseases and certain types of cancer, can result from problems with the development, activation, or function of B-cells.

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. It occurs when lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow and divide uncontrollably, forming abnormal masses or tumors in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, or other parts of the body. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is a less common type of lymphoma that typically affects younger adults and has a better prognosis than non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a more common type of lymphoma that can affect people of all ages and has a wide range of outcomes depending on the specific subtype and the stage of the disease. Symptoms of lymphoma can include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and itching. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, blood tests, imaging studies, and a biopsy of the affected tissue. Treatment for lymphoma depends on the subtype, stage, and overall health of the patient. It may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may also be necessary.

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that occurs naturally in the body. It is a vital mechanism for maintaining tissue homeostasis and eliminating damaged or unwanted cells. During apoptosis, cells undergo a series of changes that ultimately lead to their death and removal from the body. These changes include chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and the formation of apoptotic bodies, which are engulfed by neighboring cells or removed by immune cells. Apoptosis plays a critical role in many physiological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and immune function. However, when apoptosis is disrupted or dysregulated, it can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin (NHL) is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. NHL is characterized by the abnormal growth of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, in the lymph nodes, spleen, and other parts of the body. There are many different types of NHL, and they can vary in their symptoms, progression, and treatment options. Some common symptoms of NHL include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue. NHL is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, imaging studies, and a biopsy of the affected tissue. Treatment options for NHL may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation, depending on the type and stage of the cancer. Overall, NHL is a serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to improve outcomes and quality of life for patients.

Lymphoma, T-cell is a type of cancer that affects the T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. T-cells are responsible for identifying and attacking foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria, in the body. In T-cell lymphoma, the T-cells become abnormal and start to grow uncontrollably, forming tumors in the lymph nodes, spleen, and other parts of the body. There are several subtypes of T-cell lymphoma, including peripheral T-cell lymphoma,, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. T-cell lymphoma can present with a variety of symptoms, including fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment options for T-cell lymphoma depend on the subtype and stage of the disease, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation.

Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. It is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal B cells, which are a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections. In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the cancer cells are found throughout the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen and bone marrow. This type of lymphoma is often aggressive and can spread quickly to other parts of the body. DLBCL is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests, and a biopsy of the affected tissue. Treatment options for DLBCL may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy, as well as stem cell transplantation in some cases. The prognosis for DLBCL depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer at diagnosis and the patient's overall health.

Lymphoma, follicular is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. It is a slow-growing cancer that typically affects the lymph nodes, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Follicular lymphoma is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, accounting for about one-third of all cases. It is usually diagnosed in people over the age of 50, and it is slightly more common in women than in men. The symptoms of follicular lymphoma can vary depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Some people may not experience any symptoms at all, while others may have swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Treatment for follicular lymphoma typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy. The goal of treatment is to shrink the cancer and control its growth, but it is not curable. However, many people with follicular lymphoma are able to live for many years with the disease.

Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. It is a type of B-cell lymphoma, which means that it starts in the B cells, a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections. In marginal zone lymphoma, the cancer cells develop in the marginal zone, which is a part of the lymph node that filters out foreign substances from the blood. This type of lymphoma is usually slow-growing and may not cause symptoms in the early stages. However, as the cancer progresses, it can cause swelling of the lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, and night sweats. Treatment for marginal zone lymphoma may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy, which uses drugs to specifically target the cancer cells. The choice of treatment depends on the stage and severity of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health.

Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which is a cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a part of the immune system that helps to fight infections and diseases. Mantle-cell lymphoma typically affects the lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, and groin, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Mantle-cell lymphoma is a relatively rare type of lymphoma, accounting for about 5% of all cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is more common in older adults, with an average age of diagnosis of around 65 years. The exact cause of mantle-cell lymphoma is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic changes in the cells of the immune system. Treatment options for mantle-cell lymphoma include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may also be recommended. The prognosis for mantle-cell lymphoma varies depending on the stage of the disease and the response to treatment.

Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous (CTCL) is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that affects the skin and lymph nodes. It is a type of T-cell lymphoma, which means that the cancer cells are derived from T-cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system. CTCL typically presents as a rash or patches of skin discoloration, and it can progress to involve other organs if left untreated. There are several subtypes of CTCL, including mycosis fungoides, Sézary syndrome, and lymphomatoid papulosis. Treatment options for CTCL depend on the subtype and stage of the disease, and may include topical medications, phototherapy, systemic chemotherapy, or targeted therapies.

Lymphoma, AIDS-Related is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which weakens the immune system and makes it more difficult for the body to fight off infections and diseases. AIDS-Related Lymphoma (ARL) is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is more common in people with advanced HIV infection. It can occur in any part of the body, but it is most commonly found in the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. ARL is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, and it is often associated with other opportunistic infections and illnesses that occur in people with HIV. Treatment for ARL typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and antiretroviral therapy to control the HIV infection and treat the cancer. The prognosis for ARL depends on the stage of the cancer and the overall health of the person with HIV.

B-lymphocyte subsets refer to the different types of B-lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. There are several different subsets of B-lymphocytes, each with its own unique characteristics and functions. The main B-lymphocyte subsets are: 1. Naive B-cells: These are B-cells that have not yet been activated by an antigen. They are present in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood. 2. Memory B-cells: These are B-cells that have been activated by an antigen in the past and have developed the ability to respond quickly to the same antigen if it is encountered again in the future. 3. Plasma cells: These are B-cells that have been activated by an antigen and have differentiated into cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens, helping to neutralize or eliminate them from the body. 4. Regulatory B-cells: These are B-cells that help to regulate the immune response by suppressing the activity of other immune cells. Understanding the different B-lymphocyte subsets is important for understanding how the immune system works and for developing treatments for diseases that involve the immune system, such as autoimmune disorders and infections.

Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral is a type of cancer that affects the T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. It is a type of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, which means that it originates in the lymph nodes or other lymphoid tissues outside of the bone marrow. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma is a rare type of lymphoma, accounting for about 10-15% of all cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is typically diagnosed in adults, with a median age of diagnosis of around 60 years old. The symptoms of peripheral T-cell lymphoma can vary depending on the location and extent of the cancer, but may include swelling of the lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue. Treatment options for peripheral T-cell lymphoma may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation. The prognosis for peripheral T-cell lymphoma depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer, the patient's age and overall health, and the response to treatment.

Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. It is a rare and aggressive form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is a type of cancer that starts in the lymph nodes or other lymphoid tissue. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells called lymphocytes. These cells are large and have a distinctive appearance under a microscope, which is why they are called "large-cell." The "anaplastic" part of the name refers to the fact that the cells are highly abnormal and do not look like normal lymphocytes. ALCL can occur in different parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, skin, bone marrow, and other organs. It is usually diagnosed in adults, although it can occur in children as well. Treatment for ALCL typically involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation. The prognosis for ALCL depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer at diagnosis and the patient's overall health.

Hodgkin disease, also known as Hodgkin lymphoma, is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. It typically starts in the lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped organs that help fight infections and diseases. In Hodgkin disease, abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells grow and multiply uncontrollably in the lymph nodes, causing them to become swollen and painful. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. There are several different types of Hodgkin disease, which are classified based on the appearance of the Reed-Sternberg cells and the presence of other cells in the affected lymph nodes. Treatment for Hodgkin disease typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation, depending on the stage and type of the cancer.

Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Immunoblastic (LCIL) is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is a cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a part of the immune system that helps to fight infections and diseases. LCIL is characterized by the presence of large, abnormal cells called immunoblasts in the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues. These cells are cancerous and do not function properly, leading to the accumulation of abnormal cells in the lymphatic system. LCIL is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, imaging studies, and a biopsy of the affected tissue. Treatment options for LCIL may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the stage and severity of the disease.

Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived are laboratory-made proteins that are designed to mimic the immune system's ability to fight off harmful substances, such as viruses and bacteria. They are produced by genetically engineering mouse cells to produce a single type of antibody that is specific to a particular target, such as a protein on the surface of a virus or bacteria. These antibodies are then harvested and purified for use in medical treatments, such as cancer therapy or as a diagnostic tool.

Immunoglobulin heavy chains (IgH chains) are the larger of the two subunits that make up the immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, which is a type of protein that plays a critical role in the immune system. The Ig molecule is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, which are connected by disulfide bonds. The heavy chains are responsible for the specificity of the Ig molecule, as they contain the variable regions that interact with antigens (foreign substances that trigger an immune response). The heavy chains also contain the constant regions, which are involved in the effector functions of the immune system, such as activating complement and binding to Fc receptors on immune cells. There are five different classes of Ig molecules (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM), which are distinguished by the type of heavy chain they contain. Each class of Ig molecule has a different set of functions and is produced by different types of immune cells in response to different types of antigens.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is produced by B cells in response to an infection or foreign substance. It is the first antibody to be produced during an immune response and is present in the blood and other body fluids in relatively low concentrations. IgM antibodies are large, Y-shaped molecules that can bind to multiple antigens at once, making them highly effective at neutralizing pathogens and marking them for destruction by other immune cells. They are also able to activate the complement system, a series of proteins that can directly destroy pathogens or mark them for destruction by immune cells. IgM antibodies are often used as a diagnostic tool in medical testing, as they are typically the first antibodies to be produced in response to a new infection. They can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of vaccines and to detect the presence of certain diseases, such as viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain types of cancer.

Vincristine is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including leukemia, lymphoma, and neuroblastoma. It works by interfering with the growth and division of cancer cells, which can slow or stop the growth of tumors. Vincristine is usually administered intravenously, and its side effects can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and damage to the nerves that control movement. It is also known by the brand name Oncovin.

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is a type of immunoglobulin, which is a protein produced by B cells in response to an infection or other foreign substance. It is the least abundant immunoglobulin in the blood, accounting for only about 0.001% of the total immunoglobulin in the body. IgD is primarily found on the surface of mature B cells, where it plays a role in B cell activation and differentiation. It is also involved in the immune response to certain types of bacteria and viruses, and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. In the medical field, the level of IgD in the blood can be measured as a diagnostic tool for certain conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, infections, and certain types of cancer. It can also be used as a marker of immune function and as a tool for monitoring the effectiveness of certain treatments.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-made proteins that can mimic the immune system's ability to fight off harmful pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. They are produced by genetically engineering cells to produce large quantities of a single type of antibody, which is specific to a particular antigen (a molecule that triggers an immune response). In the medical field, monoclonal antibodies are used to treat a variety of conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. They can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously, depending on the condition being treated. Monoclonal antibodies work by binding to specific antigens on the surface of cells or pathogens, marking them for destruction by the immune system. They can also block the activity of specific molecules involved in disease processes, such as enzymes or receptors. Overall, monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases, offering targeted and effective therapies with fewer side effects than traditional treatments.

Prednisone is a synthetic corticosteroid medication that is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including allergies, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and certain types of cancer. It works by reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system, which can help to reduce symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Prednisone is available in both oral and injectable forms, and it is typically prescribed in doses that are gradually increased or decreased over time, depending on the patient's response to the medication and the specific condition being treated. While prednisone can be effective in treating a wide range of medical conditions, it can also have side effects, including weight gain, mood changes, and increased risk of infections. Therefore, it is important for patients to work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their response to the medication and adjust the dosage as needed.

CD5 is a protein that is found on the surface of certain types of immune cells, including B cells and T cells. It is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of proteins and plays a role in the activation and differentiation of these cells. Antigens, CD5 are molecules that bind to the CD5 protein on the surface of immune cells. When an antigen binds to CD5, it can trigger a series of events that lead to the activation and differentiation of the immune cells. This can help the immune system to respond to infections and other threats to the body. CD5 antigens are often used as markers to identify specific types of immune cells and to study the function of these cells. They are also used in the development of diagnostic tests and as targets for the development of new therapies for a variety of diseases.

Translocation, genetic refers to a type of chromosomal rearrangement in which a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome or to a different part of the same chromosome. This can result in a variety of genetic disorders, depending on the specific genes that are affected by the translocation. Some examples of genetic disorders that can be caused by translocations include leukemia, lymphoma, and certain types of congenital heart defects. Translocations can be detected through genetic testing, such as karyotyping, and can be important for diagnosing and treating genetic disorders.

Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell (CLL) is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells, specifically the B-lymphocytes. It is a slow-growing cancer that typically progresses over a long period of time, and it is the most common type of leukemia in adults. In CLL, the affected B-lymphocytes do not mature properly and continue to multiply uncontrollably, leading to an overproduction of these cells in the bone marrow and bloodstream. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment for CLL typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, and the specific approach will depend on the individual patient's age, overall health, and the stage and severity of their disease. Some patients may also be eligible for stem cell transplantation.

CD20 is a protein found on the surface of certain types of white blood cells, including B cells. Antigens, CD20 refers to molecules that bind specifically to the CD20 protein on the surface of these cells. These antigens can be used as targets for immunotherapy, which is a type of cancer treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer cells. One example of a drug that targets CD20 is rituximab (Rituxan), which is used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

CD19 is a protein found on the surface of certain types of white blood cells, including B cells. Antigens, CD19 refers to molecules that bind to the CD19 protein on the surface of B cells, triggering an immune response. These antigens can be found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances, as well as on abnormal cells in the body, such as cancer cells. In the medical field, CD19 antigens are often targeted in the treatment of certain types of blood cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma, using monoclonal antibodies that bind to the CD19 protein and help the immune system to destroy the cancer cells.

Cyclophosphamide is an immunosuppressive drug that is commonly used to treat various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. It works by inhibiting the growth and division of cells, including cancer cells, and by suppressing the immune system. Cyclophosphamide is usually administered intravenously or orally, and its dosage and duration of treatment depend on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health. Side effects of cyclophosphamide can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection. It can also cause damage to the kidneys, bladder, and reproductive organs, and may increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer later in life.

Lymphoma, Extranodal NK-T-Cell is a type of cancer that affects the immune system, specifically the lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell. It is a rare type of lymphoma that affects the cells called natural killer (NK) cells, which are a type of immune cell that helps the body fight off infections and diseases. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma typically occurs in the nose and throat, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the skin, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. The symptoms of this type of lymphoma can vary depending on where it occurs, but they may include swelling or a lump in the affected area, difficulty swallowing, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment for extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation. The specific treatment plan will depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient.

In the medical field, the Immunoglobulin Variable Region (IgV) refers to the part of the immunoglobulin (antibody) molecule that is responsible for recognizing and binding to specific antigens (foreign substances) in the body. The IgV region is highly variable and is composed of four loops of amino acids that form a Y-shaped structure. Each loop is referred to as a "complementarity-determining region" (CDR) and is responsible for binding to a specific part of the antigen. The variability of the IgV region allows the immune system to recognize and respond to a wide range of different antigens.

Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2 (SIGLEC2) is a protein that is expressed on the surface of certain immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. It is a member of the SIGLEC family of proteins, which are involved in the recognition and binding of sialic acid, a type of carbohydrate found on the surface of many types of cells. SIGLEC2 is thought to play a role in the immune response by binding to sialic acid on the surface of pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, and marking them for destruction by immune cells. It may also play a role in the regulation of immune cell activation and the development of immune tolerance. In addition to its role in the immune system, SIGLEC2 has been implicated in a number of other biological processes, including cancer progression and the development of certain autoimmune diseases. More research is needed to fully understand the functions of SIGLEC2 and its potential therapeutic applications.

In the medical field, "Antigens, CD" refers to a group of proteins found on the surface of certain cells in the immune system. These proteins, known as CD antigens, are recognized by other immune cells and play a crucial role in the immune response to infections and diseases. CD antigens are classified into different families based on their structure and function. Some CD antigens are expressed on the surface of immune cells themselves, while others are found on the surface of cells that are targeted by the immune system, such as cancer cells or cells infected with viruses. The identification and characterization of CD antigens has been important for the development of new diagnostic tests and therapies for a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. For example, monoclonal antibodies that target specific CD antigens have been used in cancer immunotherapy to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as viruses, bacteria, and toxins. They are Y-shaped molecules that recognize and bind to specific antigens, which are molecules found on the surface of pathogens. There are five main classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. Each class has a unique structure and function, and they are produced by different types of immune cells in response to different types of pathogens. Immunoglobulins play a critical role in the immune response by neutralizing pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells, and activating the complement system, which helps to destroy pathogens. They are also used in medical treatments, such as immunoglobulin replacement therapy for patients with primary immunodeficiencies, and in the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of various diseases.

Proto-oncogene proteins c-bcl-6 are a family of proteins that play a role in regulating cell growth and survival. They are involved in the development and progression of various types of cancer, including lymphoma and leukemia. The c-bcl-6 protein is encoded by the BCL6 gene, which is located on chromosome 3. When the BCL6 gene is mutated or overexpressed, it can lead to the production of abnormal c-bcl-6 proteins that contribute to the development of cancer. In addition to their role in cancer, c-bcl-6 proteins also play a role in the immune system and in the development and maintenance of certain types of immune cells.

B-Cell Activating Factor, also known as BAFF, is a protein that plays a critical role in the development and survival of B cells, a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. BAFF is produced by various cells in the body, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, and it binds to specific receptors on the surface of B cells. BAFF promotes the survival and differentiation of B cells, as well as their ability to produce antibodies. It also plays a role in the development of germinal centers, which are structures in lymph nodes where B cells undergo affinity maturation and class switching to produce high-affinity antibodies. In the medical field, BAFF is important for understanding the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, where B cells play a central role. In these conditions, increased levels of BAFF have been associated with the development of autoantibodies and inflammation. As a result, BAFF has become a target for the development of new therapies for autoimmune diseases.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14 refers to the 14th pair of chromosomes in the human genome. Each pair of chromosomes contains a specific set of genes that are responsible for various traits and characteristics of an individual. The 14th pair of chromosomes is also known as the q arm of chromosome 14, which contains the long arm of the chromosome, and the p arm of chromosome 14, which contains the short arm of the chromosome. Chromosome 14 is one of the largest human chromosomes, containing over 120 million base pairs of DNA. It is known to be involved in various genetic disorders, including Down syndrome, which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 14. Additionally, mutations or abnormalities in chromosome 14 have been associated with various medical conditions, such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and leukemia.

CD40 is a protein found on the surface of certain cells in the immune system, including B cells and dendritic cells. Antigens, CD40 refers to molecules that bind to the CD40 protein on these cells, activating them and triggering an immune response. This can help the immune system to recognize and attack foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria. CD40 ligands, which are also known as CD154, are proteins that bind to CD40 and can act as antigens. They are produced by activated T cells and other immune cells and play a role in the activation and differentiation of B cells.

Cell differentiation is the process by which cells acquire specialized functions and characteristics during development. It is a fundamental process that occurs in all multicellular organisms, allowing cells to differentiate into various types of cells with specific functions, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells. During cell differentiation, cells undergo changes in their shape, size, and function, as well as changes in the proteins and other molecules they produce. These changes are controlled by a complex network of genes and signaling pathways that regulate the expression of specific genes in different cell types. Cell differentiation is a critical process for the proper development and function of tissues and organs in the body. It is also involved in tissue repair and regeneration, as well as in the progression of diseases such as cancer, where cells lose their normal differentiation and become cancerous.

Doxorubicin is an anthracycline chemotherapy drug that is used to treat a variety of cancers, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and leukemia. It works by interfering with the production of DNA and RNA, which are essential for the growth and division of cancer cells. Doxorubicin is usually administered intravenously, and its side effects can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and damage to the heart and kidneys. It is a powerful drug that can be effective against many types of cancer, but it can also have serious side effects, so it is typically used in combination with other treatments or in low doses.

CD30 is a protein found on the surface of certain types of immune cells, including T cells and B cells. Antigens, CD30 refers to molecules that bind to the CD30 protein on the surface of these cells, triggering an immune response. These antigens can be found on the surface of normal cells, but they are often expressed at higher levels on abnormal cells, such as those found in certain types of cancer. In the medical field, CD30 antigens are often used as a marker to identify and diagnose certain types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. They may also be used as a target for cancer treatment, particularly in the context of immunotherapy.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols (ACCP) are a type of chemotherapy treatment used to treat cancer. They involve the use of multiple drugs in combination to target and destroy cancer cells. The drugs used in an ACCP are chosen based on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health. The goal of an ACCP is to shrink the tumor, slow the growth of cancer cells, and improve the patient's quality of life.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of protein that is produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. It is the most abundant type of immunoglobulin in the blood and is responsible for the majority of the body's defense against infections. IgG is produced by B cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response. When a B cell encounters a foreign substance, it produces IgG antibodies that can recognize and bind to the substance, marking it for destruction by other immune cells. IgG antibodies can also be transferred from mother to child through the placenta during pregnancy, providing the baby with some protection against infections during the first few months of life. In addition, some vaccines contain IgG antibodies to help stimulate the immune system and provide protection against specific diseases. Overall, IgG is an important component of the immune system and plays a critical role in protecting the body against infections and diseases.

Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte is a term used in the medical field to describe a specific type of antigen that is recognized by B-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system. B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens, such as viruses, bacteria, and other foreign substances. Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte are antigens that are specific to B-lymphocytes and are used to stimulate their differentiation and proliferation, leading to the production of antibodies. These antigens are often used in medical research and clinical practice to study the immune system and to develop vaccines and other treatments for infectious diseases. They are also used in diagnostic tests to detect the presence of B-lymphocytes or antibodies in the body, which can provide information about the immune system's response to a particular infection or disease.

CD79 is a protein complex that is expressed on the surface of B cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system. The CD79 complex consists of two subunits, CD79a and CD79b, which are encoded by different genes. Together, these subunits form a receptor that is activated by the binding of antigens, which are molecules that trigger an immune response. Antigens, CD79 are antigens that specifically bind to the CD79 receptor on B cells. When these antigens bind to the receptor, they activate the B cell and stimulate it to produce antibodies, which are proteins that can recognize and neutralize specific pathogens or foreign substances in the body. Antigens, CD79 are often used as diagnostic markers for certain types of B cell lymphomas, which are a type of cancer that affects the B cells. They may also be used as targets for immunotherapy, which is a type of cancer treatment that uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 refers to the 18th pair of chromosomes in the human genome. Each pair of chromosomes contains a specific set of genes that are responsible for various traits and characteristics of an individual. The 18th pair of chromosomes is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that make up the human genome, and it is composed of one short arm (p) and one long arm (q). The 18th pair of chromosomes contains approximately 78 million base pairs of DNA and is responsible for regulating various biological processes, including cell division, growth, and development. Mutations or abnormalities in the 18th pair of chromosomes can lead to a variety of genetic disorders and health conditions.

Leukemia, B-Cell is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells, specifically the B-lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system by producing antibodies to fight infections. In B-cell leukemia, the B-lymphocytes in the bone marrow (the spongy tissue inside bones) grow and multiply uncontrollably, leading to an overproduction of abnormal B-lymphocytes. These abnormal cells do not function properly and can crowd out healthy blood cells, including red blood cells and platelets, leading to a variety of symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and frequent infections. B-cell leukemia can be further classified into several subtypes based on the specific characteristics of the abnormal B-lymphocytes, such as their surface markers and genetic mutations. Treatment for B-cell leukemia typically involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or targeted therapies to destroy the abnormal B-lymphocytes and restore normal blood cell production.

In the medical field, "clone cells" refers to the process of creating genetically identical copies of a single cell. This is typically done through a technique called cell division, in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. The daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell because they inherit the same genetic material. Cloning cells is a common technique used in many areas of medicine, including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cancer research. It can also be used in the production of vaccines and other medical treatments.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infections are a group of viral infections caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. EBV is a member of the herpes virus family and is one of the most common viruses in humans, with nearly 90% of adults showing evidence of past or present infection. EBV infections can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe. The most common symptoms of EBV infection include fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. In some cases, EBV can cause more serious illnesses, such as infectious mononucleosis (also known as "mono"), which is characterized by swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and a sore throat that lasts for several weeks. EBV infections can also cause a variety of long-term health problems, including certain types of cancer, such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EBV is also associated with an increased risk of developing certain autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In the medical field, EBV infections are typically diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies to the virus or by identifying the virus itself in a sample of blood or saliva. Treatment for EBV infections typically involves supportive care, such as rest and fluids, to help the body fight off the infection. In some cases, antiviral medications may be used to help control the symptoms of the infection.

B-Cell Activation Factor Receptor (BAFF-R) is a protein receptor found on the surface of B cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. BAFF-R is activated by the binding of the protein BAFF (B-Cell Activating Factor of the TNF Family), which is produced by various cells in the body, including immune cells and epithelial cells. When BAFF binds to BAFF-R, it triggers a signaling cascade within the B cell that leads to the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of the B cell. This process is essential for the production of antibodies, which are proteins that help the immune system recognize and neutralize foreign substances such as viruses and bacteria. Disruptions in the regulation of BAFF-R signaling have been implicated in several autoimmune diseases, including lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues. Therefore, targeting BAFF-R signaling has become a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these diseases.

In the medical field, "Cells, Cultured" refers to cells that have been grown and maintained in a controlled environment outside of their natural biological context, typically in a laboratory setting. This process is known as cell culture and involves the isolation of cells from a tissue or organism, followed by their growth and proliferation in a nutrient-rich medium. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including human or animal tissues, and can be used for a wide range of applications in medicine and research. For example, cultured cells can be used to study the behavior and function of specific cell types, to develop new drugs and therapies, and to test the safety and efficacy of medical products. Cultured cells can be grown in various types of containers, such as flasks or Petri dishes, and can be maintained at different temperatures and humidity levels to optimize their growth and survival. The medium used to culture cells typically contains a combination of nutrients, growth factors, and other substances that support cell growth and proliferation. Overall, the use of cultured cells has revolutionized medical research and has led to many important discoveries and advancements in the field of medicine.

In the medical field, a cell line refers to a group of cells that have been derived from a single parent cell and have the ability to divide and grow indefinitely in culture. These cells are typically grown in a laboratory setting and are used for research purposes, such as studying the effects of drugs or investigating the underlying mechanisms of diseases. Cell lines are often derived from cancerous cells, as these cells tend to divide and grow more rapidly than normal cells. However, they can also be derived from normal cells, such as fibroblasts or epithelial cells. Cell lines are characterized by their unique genetic makeup, which can be used to identify them and compare them to other cell lines. Because cell lines can be grown in large quantities and are relatively easy to maintain, they are a valuable tool in medical research. They allow researchers to study the effects of drugs and other treatments on specific cell types, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of diseases at the cellular level.

Antibody formation, also known as immunoglobulin production, is a process in the immune system where specialized cells called B cells produce antibodies in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, or toxins, in the body. When a foreign substance enters the body, it is recognized by the immune system as foreign and triggers an immune response. B cells are activated and begin to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which are specialized cells that produce antibodies. These antibodies are proteins that are designed to recognize and bind to specific antigens, which are molecules found on the surface of foreign substances. Once the antibodies bind to the antigens, they can neutralize the foreign substance, mark it for destruction by other immune cells, or activate the complement system, which is a group of proteins that work together to destroy the foreign substance. Antibody formation is a crucial part of the immune system's defense against infections and diseases. It is also an important aspect of the development of vaccines, which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against specific pathogens before the person is exposed to the actual pathogen.

Thymus neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the thymus gland, which is a small organ located in the upper chest, behind the breastbone. The thymus gland is responsible for the development and maturation of T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in the immune system. Thymus neoplasms can be either benign or malignant. Benign thymus neoplasms are non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant thymus neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body, leading to serious health problems. Thymus neoplasms can be further classified based on their type, including thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic hyperplasia. Thymoma is the most common type of thymus neoplasm, accounting for about 90% of all cases. Thymic carcinoma is a rare and aggressive type of thymus neoplasm, while thymic hyperplasia is a non-cancerous condition characterized by an overgrowth of thymus tissue. Thymus neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including chest pain, difficulty breathing, coughing, and fatigue. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, as well as a biopsy to confirm the presence of a tumor. Treatment options for thymus neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Receptors, Complement 3d, also known as C3d receptors, are proteins found on the surface of certain immune cells, such as B cells and macrophages. These receptors bind to the complement protein C3d, which is generated during the complement cascade, a series of chemical reactions that occurs in response to an infection or injury. The binding of C3d to its receptor on immune cells triggers a signaling cascade that activates the immune response. This can include the activation of B cells, which leads to the production of antibodies, and the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection or injury. C3d receptors are important for the proper functioning of the immune system, as they help to amplify and direct the immune response. Mutations in the genes encoding C3d receptors have been associated with various immune disorders, including autoimmune diseases and infections.

Immunoglobulin mu-chains, also known as IgM, are a type of antibody that is produced by B cells in response to an infection or foreign substance. They are the first antibodies to be produced during an immune response and are characterized by their pentameric structure, which consists of ten identical subunits arranged in a Y-shaped configuration. IgM antibodies are larger and more complex than other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and are primarily found in the bloodstream and on the surface of B cells. They are highly effective at neutralizing and eliminating pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, by binding to their surface antigens and marking them for destruction by other immune cells. In addition to their role in immune defense, IgM antibodies have also been implicated in a number of autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, where they may mistakenly target and attack the body's own tissues.

In the medical field, a base sequence refers to the specific order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that make up the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of an organism. The base sequence determines the genetic information encoded within the DNA molecule and ultimately determines the traits and characteristics of an individual. The base sequence can be analyzed using various techniques, such as DNA sequencing, to identify genetic variations or mutations that may be associated with certain diseases or conditions.

Lymphoproliferative disorders are a group of conditions characterized by the abnormal growth and proliferation of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. These disorders can affect any part of the lymphatic system, including the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and thymus. Lymphoproliferative disorders can be classified into two main categories: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, while non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a more general term that encompasses a wide range of lymphatic system disorders, including lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma. Lymphoproliferative disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections, genetic mutations, and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. Symptoms of these disorders can vary widely depending on the specific type and location of the affected lymphatic tissue, but may include swelling of the lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Treatment for lymphoproliferative disorders typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or immunotherapy, depending on the specific type and stage of the disorder. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may also be necessary. The prognosis for lymphoproliferative disorders varies depending on the specific type and stage of the disorder, as well as the age and overall health of the patient.

Immunoglobulin kappa-chains are a type of light chain that are found in antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins. They are one of two types of light chains that make up antibodies, the other being immunoglobulin lambda-chains. Immunoglobulin kappa-chains are encoded by the kappa light chain gene, which is located on chromosome 2. They are responsible for binding to specific antigens, or foreign substances, and are an important part of the immune system's defense against infection.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic, also known as Ab2 antibodies, are a type of antibody that is produced in response to the binding of an antigen to an Ab1 antibody. Ab2 antibodies recognize and bind to the unique epitopes on the Ab1 antibody, rather than the original antigen. This type of immune response is known as an anti-idiotypic response, because Ab2 antibodies are directed against the idiotypes of Ab1 antibodies. Anti-idiotypic antibodies can play a role in the regulation of the immune system, as they can bind to and neutralize Ab1 antibodies, preventing them from binding to their target antigens. This can help to prevent an overactive immune response and reduce the risk of autoimmune diseases. Anti-idiotypic antibodies can also be used as a diagnostic tool, as they can be detected in the blood of individuals with certain diseases. In summary, Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic are a type of antibody that is produced in response to the binding of an antigen to an Ab1 antibody, they recognize and bind to the unique epitopes on the Ab1 antibody, and they play a role in the regulation of the immune system and can be used as a diagnostic tool.

Central Nervous System (CNS) neoplasms are tumors that develop in the brain or spinal cord. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). CNS neoplasms can affect any part of the brain or spinal cord, including the brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. The symptoms of CNS neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, changes in vision or hearing, difficulty with balance or coordination, and changes in personality or behavior. Diagnosis of CNS neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of a tumor. Treatment options for CNS neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. CNS neoplasms can be challenging to treat because they are often located in critical areas of the brain or spinal cord, and because they can be difficult to completely remove without causing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. However, with appropriate treatment and management, many people with CNS neoplasms are able to live long and fulfilling lives.

Proto-oncogene proteins c-bcl-2 are a family of proteins that play a role in regulating cell survival and apoptosis (programmed cell death). They are encoded by the bcl-2 gene, which is located on chromosome 18 in humans. The c-bcl-2 protein is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, which are involved in regulating the balance between cell survival and death. The c-bcl-2 protein is a homodimer, meaning that it forms a pair of identical protein molecules that interact with each other. It is primarily found in the cytoplasm of cells, but it can also be found in the nucleus. The c-bcl-2 protein is thought to function as an anti-apoptotic protein, meaning that it inhibits the process of programmed cell death. It does this by preventing the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, which is a key step in the activation of the apoptotic pathway. In addition, the c-bcl-2 protein can also promote cell survival by inhibiting the activity of pro-apoptotic proteins. Abnormal expression of the c-bcl-2 protein has been implicated in the development of various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, and ovarian cancer. In these cases, overexpression of the c-bcl-2 protein can lead to increased cell survival and resistance to apoptosis, which can contribute to the growth and progression of cancer.

CD27 is a protein that is found on the surface of certain immune cells, including T cells and B cells. It is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and plays a role in the activation and differentiation of these immune cells. Antigens, CD27 refers to molecules that bind to the CD27 protein on the surface of immune cells. These antigens can be either self-antigens, which are normally present on the body's own cells and can be recognized by the immune system as "self," or foreign antigens, which are found on the surface of pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. The binding of antigens to CD27 on immune cells can trigger a variety of immune responses, including the activation and proliferation of T cells and B cells, the production of antibodies, and the release of cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help to coordinate the immune response. CD27 is therefore an important molecule in the immune system and plays a role in the body's ability to defend itself against infection and disease.

B-Cell-Specific Activator Protein (BSAP), also known as B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11B (BCL11B), is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the development and differentiation of B cells. It is expressed in the early stages of B cell development and is involved in regulating the expression of genes that are essential for B cell differentiation and function. BSAP is also involved in the regulation of B cell proliferation and survival, and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several B cell disorders, including B cell lymphoma and leukemia. In addition, BSAP has been shown to play a role in the regulation of T cell development and function. Overall, BSAP is an important transcription factor that plays a critical role in the development and function of B cells, and its dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several B cell disorders.

Bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found inside the bones of most mammals, including humans. It is responsible for producing blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells help fight infections and diseases, and platelets are involved in blood clotting. The bone marrow is divided into two main types: red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow. Red bone marrow is responsible for producing all types of blood cells, while yellow bone marrow is primarily responsible for producing fat cells. In some cases, the bone marrow can be damaged or diseased, leading to conditions such as leukemia, lymphoma, or aplastic anemia. In these cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to replace damaged or diseased bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor.

A cell line, tumor is a type of cell culture that is derived from a cancerous tumor. These cell lines are grown in a laboratory setting and are used for research purposes, such as studying the biology of cancer and testing potential new treatments. They are typically immortalized, meaning that they can continue to divide and grow indefinitely, and they often exhibit the characteristics of the original tumor from which they were derived, such as specific genetic mutations or protein expression patterns. Cell lines, tumor are an important tool in cancer research and have been used to develop many of the treatments that are currently available for cancer patients.

Immunoglobulin light chains are small protein chains that are produced in association with immunoglobulin heavy chains. They are an essential component of antibodies, which are proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system's defense against pathogens. There are two types of immunoglobulin light chains: kappa (κ) and lambda (λ). These chains are encoded by different genes and have distinct structures and functions. The kappa and lambda light chains are associated with different types of antibodies, and their expression can vary depending on the type of immune response. Immunoglobulin light chains are synthesized in the bone marrow by B cells, which are a type of white blood cell. The light chains are then paired with heavy chains to form complete antibodies, which are secreted by the B cells and circulate in the bloodstream. The antibodies bind to specific antigens on the surface of pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Immunoglobulin light chains can also be produced by abnormal B cells in certain types of cancer, such as multiple myeloma and lymphoma. In these cases, the light chains can accumulate in the blood and urine, leading to a condition called monoclonal gammopathy. Monoclonal gammopathy can be a precursor to more serious forms of cancer, and it is often monitored by measuring levels of immunoglobulin light chains in the blood.

Pseudolymphoma is a term used to describe a benign (non-cancerous) condition that resembles lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. Pseudolymphoma is also known as benign lymphoproliferative disorder or benign lymphoid hyperplasia. Pseudolymphoma typically presents as a swelling or mass in the skin, which can be firm, rubbery, or nodular. It is often mistaken for a lymphoma because of its similar appearance and symptoms, such as fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Pseudolymphoma can occur in any part of the body, but it is most commonly found on the skin, particularly on the head and neck. It can also occur in the mouth, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. The exact cause of pseudolymphoma is not known, but it is thought to be related to an overactive immune system. Treatment for pseudolymphoma typically involves removing the affected tissue through surgery or radiation therapy. In some cases, medications may also be used to treat the condition.

CD40 Ligand (CD40L) is a protein that is expressed on the surface of activated T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells. It plays a critical role in the immune response by binding to the CD40 receptor on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells and B cells. This interaction triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation and proliferation of APCs, as well as the differentiation of T cells into effector cells that can attack infected cells or cancer cells. CD40L is also involved in the regulation of inflammation and the development of autoimmunity. In the medical field, CD40L is being studied as a potential target for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

Eye neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the eye or its surrounding tissues. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect any part of the eye, including the eyelids, conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body, choroid, and retina. Eye neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their location and size. Some common symptoms include changes in vision, eye pain or discomfort, redness or swelling of the eye, and the appearance of a growth or mass on the eye or eyelid. Diagnosis of eye neoplasms typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment options for eye neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Receptors, CXCR5 are a type of protein receptors found on the surface of certain immune cells, such as T cells and B cells. These receptors are activated by a signaling molecule called CXCL13, which is produced by cells in the lymph nodes and other tissues. Activation of CXCR5 receptors helps to guide immune cells to the site of infection or inflammation, and plays a role in the development and maintenance of immune responses. Abnormalities in the function of CXCR5 receptors have been implicated in a number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Immunoglobulin lambda-chains are a type of light chain found in some immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells. They are composed of two identical polypeptide chains, each containing about 210 amino acids, and are encoded by the IGL gene locus on chromosome 22. Immunoglobulin lambda-chains are typically associated with the lambda isotype of immunoglobulins, which are a subset of antibodies that have a lambda light chain paired with a heavy chain. These antibodies are produced by a subset of B cells called lambda B cells, and they are involved in the immune response to certain types of pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. Immunoglobulin lambda-chains are important for the function of lambda immunoglobulins, as they play a role in the binding of antigens and the activation of immune cells. Mutations in the IGL gene locus can lead to the production of abnormal lambda immunoglobulins, which can cause a variety of immune disorders, such as agammaglobulinemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and autoimmune diseases.

Leukemia, Lymphoid is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells, specifically the lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system by fighting off infections and diseases. In leukemia, lymphoid, the abnormal lymphocytes multiply uncontrollably and crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow and bloodstream. This can lead to a weakened immune system, making the person more susceptible to infections, and can also cause symptoms such as fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. There are several types of leukemia, lymphoid, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and hairy cell leukemia. Treatment for leukemia, lymphoid typically involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow transplantation, depending on the type and stage of the cancer.

Antineoplastic agents, also known as cytotoxic agents or chemotherapeutic agents, are drugs that are used to treat cancer by killing or slowing the growth of cancer cells. These agents work by interfering with the normal processes of cell division and growth, which are necessary for the survival and spread of cancer cells. There are many different types of antineoplastic agents, including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies, among others. These agents are often used in combination with other treatments, such as surgery and radiation therapy, to provide the most effective treatment for cancer.

Chemokine CXCL13, also known as B lymphocyte chemoattractant 1 (BCA-1) or B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1), is a type of chemokine that plays a crucial role in the immune system. It is primarily produced by stromal cells, such as follicular dendritic cells and astrocytes, and is involved in the recruitment and retention of B cells in the lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs, such as the lymph nodes and spleen. CXCL13 is a potent chemoattractant for B cells, and it is believed to play a key role in the formation and maintenance of the germinal centers within lymphoid follicles. These centers are sites of intense B cell proliferation and differentiation, where B cells undergo somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation to generate high-affinity antibodies. In addition to its role in B cell biology, CXCL13 has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as in the development of certain types of cancer, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM).

Dendritic cells, follicular (FDCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells found in the lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and spleen. They are responsible for capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to T cells, which are essential for the initiation of adaptive immune responses. FDCs are characterized by their long, branched dendrites that extend into the germinal centers of the follicles, where they interact with B cells and T cells. They play a critical role in the development of humoral immunity by promoting the survival and differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells. FDCs are also involved in the regulation of immune responses by modulating the activity of T cells and B cells.

Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is characterized by the abnormal production of white blood cells, which can interfere with the normal functioning of the immune system and other parts of the body. There are several different types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Treatment for leukemia typically involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation.

Mycosis fungoides is a type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, which is a type of cancer that affects the immune system. It is the most common type of cutaneous lymphoma, which is a cancer that starts in the skin. Mycosis fungoides typically presents as a red, scaly rash that can spread and become thicker, raised, and eventually develop into tumors. It can also spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow. Mycosis fungoides is usually treated with a combination of medications, radiation therapy, and surgery.

Nose neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the tissues of the nose. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign nose neoplasms include nasal polyps, which are non-cancerous growths that develop in the lining of the nasal passages. Other examples of benign nose neoplasms include angiofibromas, which are benign tumors that develop in the blood vessels of the nose and sinuses, and basal cell carcinomas, which are non-cancerous skin growths that can occur on the nose. Malignant nose neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous tumors that can develop in any of the tissues of the nose, including the nasal cavity, sinuses, and nasal septum. Examples of malignant nose neoplasms include squamous cell carcinomas, which are the most common type of cancerous nose neoplasm, and adenocarcinomas, which are less common but can be more aggressive. Treatment for nose neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

DNA-binding proteins are a class of proteins that interact with DNA molecules to regulate gene expression. These proteins recognize specific DNA sequences and bind to them, thereby affecting the transcription of genes into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately the production of proteins. DNA-binding proteins play a crucial role in many biological processes, including cell division, differentiation, and development. They can act as activators or repressors of gene expression, depending on the specific DNA sequence they bind to and the cellular context in which they are expressed. Examples of DNA-binding proteins include transcription factors, histones, and non-histone chromosomal proteins. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the transcription of genes by recruiting RNA polymerase and other factors to the promoter region of a gene. Histones are proteins that package DNA into chromatin, and non-histone chromosomal proteins help to organize and regulate chromatin structure. DNA-binding proteins are important targets for drug discovery and development, as they play a central role in many diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and infectious diseases.

Antigens, T-independent, are molecules that can stimulate the production of antibodies by B cells without the involvement of T cells. T-independent antigens are typically small, simple molecules such as polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, and lipoteichoic acids, which are found on the surface of many bacteria. These antigens are recognized by B cells through their B cell receptors (BCRs), which bind to the antigens and activate the B cells to produce antibodies. The antibodies produced in response to T-independent antigens are generally of low affinity and do not provide long-lasting immunity. However, they can provide a rapid and initial response to bacterial infections.

Combined modality therapy (CMT) is a cancer treatment approach that involves using two or more different types of treatments simultaneously or in sequence to achieve a better therapeutic effect than any single treatment alone. The goal of CMT is to increase the effectiveness of cancer treatment while minimizing side effects. The different types of treatments that may be used in CMT include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormonal therapy. The specific combination of treatments used in CMT depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and individual needs. CMT is often used for the treatment of advanced or aggressive cancers, where a single treatment may not be effective. By combining different treatments, CMT can help to destroy cancer cells more completely and prevent the cancer from returning. However, CMT can also have more significant side effects than a single treatment, so it is important for patients to discuss the potential risks and benefits with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the skin. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Skin neoplasms can occur anywhere on the body and can vary in size, shape, and color. Some common types of skin neoplasms include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and keratosis. These growths can be treated with a variety of methods, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. It is important to have any unusual skin growths evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the best course of treatment.

Autoimmunity is a medical condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy cells and tissues in the body. In a healthy immune system, the body recognizes and attacks foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria, while ignoring its own healthy cells and tissues. However, in autoimmune diseases, the immune system becomes overactive and begins to attack the body's own cells and tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. There are many different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and celiac disease. These diseases can affect various parts of the body, including the joints, skin, kidneys, and nervous system. Autoimmune diseases can be chronic and can cause significant pain, disability, and other health problems. Treatment for autoimmune diseases typically involves medications that help to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation.

Autoantibodies are antibodies that are produced by the immune system against the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. In other words, they are antibodies that mistakenly target and attack the body's own components instead of foreign invaders like viruses or bacteria. Autoantibodies can be present in people with various medical conditions, including autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis. They can also be found in people with certain infections, cancer, and other diseases. Autoantibodies can cause damage to the body's own cells, tissues, or organs, leading to inflammation, tissue destruction, and other symptoms. They can also interfere with the normal functioning of the body's systems, such as the nervous system, digestive system, and cardiovascular system. Diagnosis of autoantibodies is typically done through blood tests, which can detect the presence of specific autoantibodies in the blood. Treatment for autoimmune diseases that involve autoantibodies may include medications to suppress the immune system, such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, as well as other therapies to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. It is composed of four types of nitrogen-containing molecules called nucleotides, which are arranged in a specific sequence to form the genetic code. Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells in the body, which can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, and hormonal imbalances. In the medical field, DNA and neoplasms are closely related because many types of cancer are caused by mutations in the DNA of cells. These mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of tumors. DNA analysis is often used to diagnose and treat cancer, as well as to identify individuals who are at increased risk of developing the disease.

Cell proliferation refers to the process of cell division and growth, which is essential for the maintenance and repair of tissues in the body. In the medical field, cell proliferation is often studied in the context of cancer, where uncontrolled cell proliferation can lead to the formation of tumors and the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body. In normal cells, cell proliferation is tightly regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways and feedback mechanisms that ensure that cells divide only when necessary and that they stop dividing when they have reached their full capacity. However, in cancer cells, these regulatory mechanisms can become disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and the formation of tumors. In addition to cancer, cell proliferation is also important in other medical conditions, such as wound healing, tissue regeneration, and the development of embryos. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell proliferation is therefore critical for developing new treatments for cancer and other diseases.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a type of cytokine, which is a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in regulating the immune system. IL-4 is primarily produced by T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, which are a type of immune cell that helps to fight off parasitic infections and allergies. IL-4 has several important functions in the immune system. It promotes the differentiation of Th2 cells and stimulates the production of other Th2 cytokines, such as IL-5 and IL-13. IL-4 also promotes the activation and proliferation of B cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies. Additionally, IL-4 has anti-inflammatory effects and can help to suppress the activity of T-helper 1 (Th1) cells, which are involved in fighting off bacterial and viral infections. In the medical field, IL-4 is being studied for its potential therapeutic applications. For example, it is being investigated as a treatment for allergies, asthma, and certain autoimmune diseases. IL-4 is also being studied as a potential cancer immunotherapy, as it can help to activate immune cells that can recognize and attack cancer cells.

Mixed-cell lymphomas are lymphomas that have both large cells and small cells in them.[citation needed] This nomenclature is ... In MeSH, the phrase "mixed-cell lymphoma" is currently classified under non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Pleomorphism (cytology) - cells ... of different sizes and shapes Mixed+cell+lymphoma at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t ... before technological advances allowed much more precise descriptions of the affected cancerous cells. ...
... large B cell lymphoma T cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type ( ... lymphomas variants Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma Intravascular NK-cell lymphoma Intravascular T-cell lymphoma Primary ... The B-cell lymphomas are types of lymphoma affecting B cells. Lymphomas are "blood cancers" in the lymph nodes. They develop ... B-cell lymphoma Plasmablastic lymphoma Large B-cell lymphoma arising in HHV8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease B-cell ...
"Mantle cell lymphoma". www.cancerresearchuk.org. Retrieved 8 October 2023. "Lymphoma Action , Mantle cell lymphoma". Lymphoma ... The term 'mantle cell lymphoma' was first adopted by Raffeld and Jaffe in 1991. MCL is a subtype of B-cell lymphoma, due to CD5 ... "Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL)". lymphomation.org. Retrieved 8 October 2023. Goy, Andre. "Mantle Cell Lymphoma: An Update for ... the lymphoma cells cause expansion of the mantle zone around normal germinal centers. And in MCL in situ, the lymphoma cells ...
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is an example of a large-cell lymphoma that involves T cells. Of the large-cell T-cell lymphomas ... Other groups of lymphomas in this system are the small-cell lymphomas and mixed-cell lymphomas. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma ... large-cell lymphoma Immunoblastic lymphoma Intravascular large-cell lymphoma Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma T-cell-rich B- ... "large-cell lymphoma" under "Diffuse large B cell lymphoma". Many other B-cell lymphomas feature large cells:[citation needed] ...
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), etc. T-cell lymphoma which develops from the lymph ... angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, and Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not ... Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL): Aggressive form of T-cell lymphoma.[citation needed] Anaplastic large cell lymphoma ... Nodal T-cell lymphoma subtypes such as peripheral T-cell lymphoma will often develop this symptom.[citation needed] T-cell ...
... adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma, enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma, nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma, hepatosplenic gamma-delta T-cell ... Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a subtype of mature T-cell lymphoma involving T-cells or natural killer (NK) cells, ... The common subtypes are angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma not ... Its common subtypes include angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma ...
Cutaneous B-cell lymphomas constitute a group of diseases that occur less commonly than cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and are ... cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma Plasmacytoma Plasmacytosis Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma List ... 740-743 Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type Primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma Primary ... characterized histologically by B-cells that appear similar to those normally found in germinal centers of lymph nodes.: 741 ...
738 Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Non-mycosis fungoides CD30− cutaneous large T-cell lymphoma Skin lesion James, William D.; Berger ... Pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma (also known as "Non-mycosis fungoides CD30− pleomorphic small/medium sized cutaneous T-cell ... lymphoma") is a cutaneous condition characterized by a 5-year survival rate of 62%.: ...
October 1999). "Peripheral T-cell lymphoma with Reed-Sternberg-like cells of B-cell phenotype and genotype associated with ... June 1998). "Angioimmunoblastic lymphoma (AILD-type T-cell lymphoma) with hyperplastic germinal centers". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. ... AITL comprises 15-20% of peripheral T-cell lymphomas and 1-2% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Rosai-Dorfman disease Immunoblast ... Polyclonal plasma cells and CD21+ follicular dendritic cells are also seen. Clonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangements are ...
... type T-cell lymphoma Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma Anaplastic large cell lymphoma Peripheral T-cell lymphoma- ... Examples include: Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, ... cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are classified separately. "Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma". Lymphoma Research Foundation. Retrieved ... Peripheral T-cell lymphoma refers to a group of T-cell lymphomas that develop away from the thymus[citation needed] or bone ...
June 1990). "Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma: sinusal/sinusoidal localization of malignant cells expressing the T-cell receptor ... immature T-cell. Clonal rearrangement of the γ gene of the T-cell receptor is the hallmark of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma. A ... "Hepatosplenic alphabeta T-cell lymphomas: a report of 14 cases and comparison with hepatosplenic gammadelta T-cell lymphomas". ... Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is a rare form of lymphoma that is generally incurable, except in the case of an allogeneic stem ...
Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, is a subtype of Peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) ... Subcutaneous Panniculitis-like T-cell Lymphoma, as with other types of T-cell lymphoma, was treated similarly to B-cell ... Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma (also known as a "panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma") is a cutaneous condition that most commonly ... PTCL is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). NHL affects two particular types of white blood cells: B-cells and T-cells. ...
pcALCL is the second most common lymphoma in the category of Cutaneous T cell lymphoma cutaneous T cell lymphomas that includes ... Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) refers to a group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in which aberrant T cells proliferate ... pcALCL lesions exhibit large malignant T-cells or null cells (i.e. cells lacking many T-cell receptor proteins) with "Hallmark ... These tissues have lymphoma-like infiltrates that have variable numbers of ALCL "hallmark" cells, i.e. cells with kidney- or ...
T-cell lymphoma Pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma Lennert lymphoma Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma Angiocentric lymphoma Blastic NK-cell ... Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma List of cutaneous conditions "Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, ... Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a class of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is a type of cancer of the immune system. Unlike ... most non-Hodgkin lymphomas (which are generally B-cell-related), CTCL is caused by a mutation of T cells. The cancerous T cells ...
Germinal center B-cell like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma "A clinical evaluation of the International Lymphoma Study Group ... Bone marrow involvement may be due to DLBCL, NOS cells or low grade lymphoma cells; only DLBCL, NOS cell infiltrates indicate a ... HHV8-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, NOS (HHV8+ DLBCL, NOS; also termed HHV8-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [ ... Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBL), also termed primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma, is a DLBCL in ...
... aggressive large B-cell process that shows ALK expression.: 378 It is distinct from anaplastic large cell lymphoma, a T-cell ... "Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma: an underrecognized aggressive lymphoma". Adv Hematol. 2012: 529572. ... ALK+ large B-cell lymphoma is a type of lymphoma.: 378 It was first reported in 1997.: 378 It is a rare, ... 2009). "Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a rare clinicopathologic entity with poor prognosis ...
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma Johnson PW, Davies AJ (2008). "Primary ... Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, abbreviated PMBL, is a rare type of lymphoma that forms in the mediastinum (the space in ... Dunleavy K, Wilson WH (January 2015). "Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma and mediastinal gray zone lymphoma: do they require ... PMBL is generally considered a sub-type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, although it is also closely related to nodular ...
... (EATL), previously termed enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, type I and at one time ... Lymphoma Working Party of the EBMT (2013). "Autologous stem cell transplantation for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: A ... Chan JY, Lim ST (April 2018). "Novel findings from the Asian Lymphoma Study Group: focus on T and NK-cell lymphomas". ... defined a third type of intestinal T-cell lymphoma that cannot not be classified as EATL or MEITL as peripheral T-cell lymphoma ...
... , also known as primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, is a cutaneous (skin) ... 738 Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Secondary cutaneous CD30+ large cell lymphoma List of cutaneous conditions James, William D.; ... Lymphoma, All stub articles, Cutaneous condition stubs). ...
... centroblast-like B cells, monocyte-like B cells, plasma cell-like B cells, and/or large B cells. When the large B cells form ... Nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL), previously termed monocytoid B-cell lymphoma, nodal monocytoid B-cell lymphoma, and nodal ... monocyte-like cells, plasma cell-like cells, and in >20% of cases large blastic B-cells. The malignant B-cells in these ... Marginal zone B-cell lymphomas, also known as marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs), are a heterogeneous group of lymphomas that ...
738 Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Skin lesion List of cutaneous conditions James, William D.; ... Secondary cutaneous CD30+ large-cell lymphoma is a cutaneous condition that may arise in cases of mycosis fungoides, and in ... Lymphoma, All stub articles, Cutaneous condition stubs). ...
... (NMZL) is an uncommon form of marginal-zone lymphoma that can produce colonization of the ... January 2005). "Follicular colonization of nodal marginal-zone B-cell lymphoma resembling follicular lymphoma: report of 6 ... Naresh KN (February 2008). "Nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma with prominent follicular colonization - difficulties in ... It is a form of low grade lymphoma with similar incidence in men and women and a mean age of 61 years (range 26-92 years). It ...
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS): PTCL-NOS is a heterogenous group of T cell lymphomas that ... Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK positive (ALCL,ALK+): ALCL,ALK+ is a subtype of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. It commonly ... Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T cell lymphoma (MEITL) (formerly termed enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma, type II ... terming the celiac disease-associated lymphoma as enteropathy-associted T cell lymphoma (EATL) and the lymphoma not associated ...
Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma is a distinct type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma involving the ... "In-between CHD and NHL" Lymphoma Diffuse large B cell lymphoma Swerdlow, Steven H.; International Agency for Research on Cancer ... 2011). "Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, classic Hodgkin lymphoma presenting in the mediastinum, and mediastinal gray ... large B-cell lymphoma: a short review with brief discussion of mediastinal gray zone lymphoma". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 135 (3 ...
... extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, activin ... Primary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PT-DLBCL), also termed testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and diffuse ... large B-cell lymphoma of the testes, is a variant of the diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). DLBCL are a large and diverse ... Lymphomas that begin in the testes, i.e. primary testicular lymphomas (PTL), are rare forms of lymphoma that represent 1-2% of ...
... (PTCL-NOS), is a subtype of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Peripheral T-cell ... PTCL is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). PTCL specifically affects T-cells rather than B-cells, and results when T-cells ... "Cytologic findings of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) with high epitheloid cell content (Lennert's lymphoma) in imprint smear ... There are two morphologic variants: the T-zone lymphoma variant and the lymphoepithelioid cell variant. T-zone lymphoma is so ...
... (FA-DLBCL) is an extremely rare form of the diffuse large B-cell lymphomas ( ... Immunohistochemistry analyses reveals that the large neoplastic cells are B-cells by their expression of B-cell marker proteins ... are B-cell lymphomas. Both diseases appear driven by EBV-infected (latency stage III), large, activated B-cells and develop in ... "Fibrin-associated EBV-positive Large B-Cell Lymphoma: An Indolent Neoplasm With Features Distinct From Diffuse Large B-Cell ...
EBV+ Burkitt lymphoma, EBV+ Hodgkin lymphoma, and the EBV+ diffuse large B-cell lymphomas which include as a subtype, DLBCL-CI ... "Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Arising within Ileal Neobladder: An Expanding Spectrum of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma ... Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation (DLBCL-CI) is a subtype of the Diffuse large B-cell ... Most of these large cells should be B-cells as identified by their expression of B-cell marker proteins (e.g. CD20, CD79a, PAX5 ...
738 Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' ... Non-mycosis fungoides CD30− cutaneous large T-cell lymphoma is a cutaneous condition that usually presents as solitary or ... Lymphoma, All stub articles, Cutaneous condition stubs). ...
... and T-lymphomas, neuroblastomas, melanomas and carcinomas. T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis-inducing protein 1 has been ... "Entrez Gene: TIAM1 T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1". Chen H, Antonarakis SE (Nov 1995). "Localization of a human ... "Ankyrin-Tiam1 interaction promotes Rac1 signaling and metastatic breast tumor cell invasion and migration". The Journal of Cell ... "Ankyrin-Tiam1 interaction promotes Rac1 signaling and metastatic breast tumor cell invasion and migration". The Journal of Cell ...
... is a lymphoproliferative disorder derived from a subset of naive pregerminal center cells localized in primary follicles or in ... Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), NOS: This includes T-cell/histiocyte rich large B-cell lymphoma; primary DLBCL of the ... Splenic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia, unclassifiable; this includes splenic diffuse red pulp small B-cell lymphoma and hairy cell ... B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma ...
Lymphoma Research Foundation: "Understanding Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma," "Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Long-term Survivorship," "Support ... Mantle cell lymphoma attacks the white blood cells that help to fight infections. Heres what you need to know about this ... Reach Out to Other People With Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Sometimes it helps to meet other people with lymphoma who understand what ... The wide range of treatments for mantle cell lymphoma includes chemotherapy, targeted drugs, and stem cell transplants. Each of ...
The proteins are markers that may help diagnose leukemia or lymphoma. ... B-cell leukemia/lymphoma panel is a blood test that looks for certain proteins on the surface of white blood cells called B- ... B-cell leukemia/lymphoma panel is a blood test that looks for certain proteins on the surface of white blood cells called B- ... In some cases, white blood cells are removed during a bone marrow biopsy. The sample may also be taken during a lymph node ...
... is a lymphoproliferative disorder derived from a subset of naive pregerminal center cells localized in primary follicles or in ... Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), NOS: This includes T-cell/histiocyte rich large B-cell lymphoma; primary DLBCL of the ... Splenic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia, unclassifiable; this includes splenic diffuse red pulp small B-cell lymphoma and hairy cell ... B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma ...
Paraneoplastic Sarcoidosis? A Proposal to Revise and Rename the "Sarcoidosis-Lymphoma Syndrome" ... Brentuximab vedotin update and the #MeToo saga of the Reed-Sternberg cell ...
This fact sheet provides information about the diagnosis and management of mantle cell lymphoma. ... The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society® (LLS) is a global leader in the fight against blood cancer. The LLS mission: Cure leukemia, ... The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society is a 501(c)(3) organization, and all monetary donations are tax deductible to the fullest ... lymphoma, Hodgkin disease and myeloma, and improve the quality of life of patients and their families. LLS funds lifesaving ...
Unlike extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, blastic NK cell lymphoma is not associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. This type of ... Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Lymphoma Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) is a very rare and aggressive skin cancer that usually develops ... Blastic NK cell lymphoma (a.k.a. CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm) is an extremely rare, aggressive form of lymphoma that ... The CD56 antigen is present in Blastic NK cell Lymphoma, which is a known surface marker for natural killer cells. ...
Mantle Cell Lymphoma Archive Page , Lymphoma Research Foundation ... Mantle Cell Lymphoma, Research, Researcher Spotlight. Ran Xu, ... Researcher Spotlight: Lydie Debaize, PhD Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Most patients treated for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) ... Researcher Spotlight: Ran Xu, PhD DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE Many patients with mantle cell lymphoma… ... Researcher Spotlight: Allison Rosenthal, DO Mayo Clinic Arizona Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) can present in… ...
Ultimately, however, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) was diagnosed. Using this case as a backdrop, we discuss the wide ... B-cell in origin), 20% diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 30% lymphoblastic lymphoma (predominantly T-cell in origin), and 10% ALCL ... protocol that is used to treat patients with large B-cell lymphomas and peripheral T-cell lymphomas.[15] Because of her young ... Pediatric Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Presenting as Generalized Lymphadenopathy. Sep 22, 2010. Ansley Splinter, MD. Stuart ...
Mantle cell lymphoma. Notice the irregular nuclear contours of the medium-sized lymphoma cells and the presence of a pink ... hyalinized vessels and a few reactive T cells or mast cells are seen along with the lymphoma cells in MCL. Follicular dendritic ... "Inhibition of constitutive NF-kappa B activation in mantle cell lymphoma B cells leads to induction of cell cycle arrest and ... The typical (classical) morphology of mantle cell lymphoma is seen in about 90% of cases:[14] *Cells are slightly larger than ...
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivor Kate Arnold knows how difficult stem cell transplants can be, so shes sharing a few tips to help ... Non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivor Kate Arnold knows how difficult stem cell transplants can be, so shes sharing a few tips to help ... Start the stem cell transplant process on the right foot. Kate says its easier to make it through the stem cell transplant ... Learn from your stem cell transplant -- and move on. A stem cell transplant can take a lot from you, Kate says, but youll also ...
T-cells present) in June of this year. ... with Non-hodgkins Stage 2 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma ( ... My brother-in-law was diagnosed with Non-hodgkins Stage 2 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (T-cells present) in June of this year ... I was dx in 8/2004 with large B cell lymphoma and I went through the R-chop treatment with rd-the tumor I had was squeezing my ... I thought I was doing fine, but the other doctor that I went wanted to set me up to get a stem cell transplant to give me a new ...
Nick, Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Survivor. I will begin my story when I was 28-years-old - its the age when I found out my ... I was diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and I was told that I needed to start treatment immediately. Before ... The Lymphoma Research Foundations mission is to eradicate lymphoma and serve those impacted by this blood cancer. ... Ultimately, I made the decision to receive CAR T-cell therapy and viewed it as a job I wanted nothing more than to do well so ...
T cell therapy could offer hope for patients with mantle cell lymphoma who develop resistance to chemotherapy-based treatment. ... CAR-T Cell Therapies Could Change the Mantle Cell Lymphoma Landscape. Dec 13, 2019. Jessica Skarzynski ... Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive form of lymphoma typically treated with combinations involving chemotherapy ... we amplify it and put the T cells back so it will find the lymphoma cells, bind to them and kill them. Many studies have shown ...
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma images. Authoritative facts about the skin from DermNet New Zealand. ...
... and T cell lymphomas induces tumor regression. We further find a reduced T cell abundance in B cell lymphomas from Atm- ... ATM activity in T cells is critical for immune surveillance of lymphoma in vivo Leukemia. 2020 Mar;34(3):771-786. doi: 10.1038/ ... Altogether, our data indicate that T cell-specific restoration of ATM activity or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell ... Using T cell-specific Atm-knockout models, as well as allogeneic transplantation experiments, we pinpoint impaired immune ...
For lymphomas in general, the skin is actually the second most common extranodal... ... Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a term that was created in 1979 at an international workshop sponsored by the National Cancer ... Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma. Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (with a CD8+, alpha/beta+ T-cell ... Primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, rare subtypes Primary cutaneous acral CD8+ T-cell lymphoma (provisional) , 1. 100 ...
Warnke RA, Jones D, Hsi ED: Morphologic and immunophenotypic variants of nodal T-cell lymphomas and T-cell lymphoma mimics. Am ... We present an unusual case of monomorphic T cell PTLD with features of angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma in an 8-year-old ... Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma with an unusual proliferation of Epstein-Barr virus-associated large B cells arising in a ... Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma occurring four months after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation with high- ...
... known as anaplastic large cell lymphoma, according to an Australian study. ... Tags: Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, Breast Implant Cancer, Breast Implant Lymphoma, Breast Implants, Cancer ... In the United States, a growing number of women are now considering potential breast implant anaplastic large cell lymphoma ( ... Textured Breast Implant Side Effects Linked to Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) Risk. ...
Plogosertibis under clinical development by Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals and currently in Phase II for Diffuse Large B-Cell ... diffuse large b-cell lymphoma, cutaneous t-cell lymphoma, peripheral t-cell lymphomas, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, ... Premium Insights Likelihood of Approval and Phase Transition Success Rate Model - Plogosertib in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma ... Plogosertib by Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Likelihood of Approval. Brought to you by ...
Researchers uncover potential novel therapeutic targets against natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. 31 May 2023 ... Article: Super-enhancer-driven TOX2 mediates oncogenesis in natural Killer/T Cell lymphoma ... was aberrantly increased in patients with natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL). ... ASCO 2023: Phase 3 trial demonstrates one-year PFS in 94% of patients with stage 3 or 4 classic Hodgkin lymphoma who received a ...
... including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), high-grade lymphoma (HGL), primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL), and ... Lisocabtagene Maraleucel Granted Priority Review for Relapsed/Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Brian Park, PharmD ... Close more info about Lisocabtagene Maraleucel Granted Priority Review for Relapsed/Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma ... Close more info about Lisocabtagene Maraleucel Granted Priority Review for Relapsed/Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma ...
Winter-Spring Webinar Series › Indolent B cell lymphomas Indolent B cell lymphomas. Dr Allanah Kilfoyle , Friday 20 November , ... Haematologist based in Palmerston North, with a special interest in Lymphoma.. Graduated from Auckland University Medical ...
... ... CTCL is a term for a group of rare malignant lymphomas with primary manifestation in the skin. This trial was the largest Phase ... trial that evaluated the overall efficacy and safety of ONTAK in certain patients with recurrent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma ( ... View MoreAnalytical MethodsBioBusinessCell Culture/FermentationContinuous ProcessingDrug DeliveryFill/FinishFormulationProcess ...
Natasha Kekre at The Ottawa Hospital is investigating the use of specialized chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells to treat ... CD19 positive (CD19+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). ... "We have already seen that cell therapies targeting CD19 CAR-T cells have dramatically changed the field of cell therapies both ... Stem cells have the ability to develop into components of blood: white and red blood cells, along with platelets. ALL-affected ...
Get free answers on any health question about the condition Cutaneous T cell lymphoma from top U.S. doctors. Or, video or text ... If someone had lymphoma wouldnt their lymphocytes in CBC be abnormal or the t cells and b cells? Bc thats where the lymphoma ... T-cell lymphoma, non-hodgkins lymphoma - what are they, are they the same thing? ... cd30 dual positive cell count in a cutaneous lymphoma panel? What does 53% & 2400 absolute count of these cells signal? ...
... for T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, of which 1 is open and 0 are closed. Of the trial that contains ABL1 status and T-cell ... for T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, of which 1 is open and 0 are closed. Of the trial that contains ABL2 status and T-cell ... for T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, of which 1 is open and 0 are closed. Of the trial that contains BCR status and T-cell ... for T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, of which 1 is open and 0 are closed. Of the trial that contains CEP72 status and T-cell ...
CheckOrphan is a non-profit organization located in Basel, Switzerland and Santa Cruz, California that is dedicated to rare, orphan and neglected diseases. CheckOrphan offers users an interactive and dynamic platform for all these diseases. This strategy allows visitors to be updated daily on all the latest news and interact with people internationally. This is essential, because due to the nature of these diseases, there is not a large concentration of individuals within any given proximity ...
B-Cell Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma (NHL) Market to Offer Ample Growth Opportunities by 2027 BioSpace …read more ... B-Cell Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma (NHL) Market to Offer Ample Growth Opportunities by 2027 - BioSpace. ...
Long-term survival after autologous or allogeneic transplantation for T-cell lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of the EBMT- ...
  • Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder derived from a subset of naive pregerminal center cells localized in primary follicles or in the mantle region of secondary follicles. (medscape.com)
  • Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is recognized in the Revised European-American Lymphoma and World Health Organization classifications as a distinct clinicopathologic entity. (medscape.com)
  • If you have mantle cell lymphoma, you know the physical and emotional toll it can take. (webmd.com)
  • Medicine and other therapy typically don't cure mantle cell lymphoma, so you might need treatment on and off for years. (webmd.com)
  • The wide range of treatments for mantle cell lymphoma includes chemotherapy, targeted drugs, and stem cell transplants. (webmd.com)
  • All the challenges and responsibilities that come with managing mantle cell lymphoma might make your mind race from time to time. (webmd.com)
  • This fact sheet provides information about the diagnosis and management of mantle cell lymphoma. (lls.org)
  • The translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) is considered the precipitating oncogenic event that induces cell cycle deregulation in mantle cell lymphoma due to overexpression of cyclin D1 . (wikidoc.org)
  • However, less commonly, mutations in CCDN2 and CCDN3 have also been identified in cases of mantle cell lymphoma lacking the t(11;14) translocation. (wikidoc.org)
  • Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are a hallmark of mantle cell lymphoma and may also be involved in its pathogenesis . (wikidoc.org)
  • However, the recent addition of new chemotherapy-free options such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy could offer hope for patients with mantle cell lymphoma who develop resistance to chemotherapy-based treatment. (curetoday.com)
  • Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive form of lymphoma typically treated with combinations involving chemotherapy agents plus Rituxan (rituximab). (curetoday.com)
  • Therefore, when you compare the rareness of the population and less research, mantle cell lymphoma has been a deadly disease. (curetoday.com)
  • Mycosis fungoides is the most common type, accounting for 60% of CTCLs and almost half of all primary cutaneous lymphomas. (medscape.com)
  • WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. (medscape.com)
  • Update on erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: report of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas. (medscape.com)
  • Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). (medscape.com)
  • In this review, data from the literature and a series of 30 cases from the French and Dutch study groups on cutaneous lymphomas are discussed. (medscape.com)
  • Ultimately, however, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) was diagnosed. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Oncological causes were then investigated, and ultimately, anaplastic large cell lymphoma was diagnosed. (cancernetwork.com)
  • As concerns continue to mount about reports of a rare type of cancer linked to breast implants , known as anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), new research suggests that some women with large-area textured implants may face a substantially higher risk. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • The findings appear to confirm suspicions issued by the FDA and federal health officials in Australia in recent months, which have warned about the potential link between textured breast implants and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), which has been reported with increasing frequency in recent years, as the medical community continues to learn about the connection. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) launched an effort monitor the association between breast implants and anaplastic large cell lymphoma , more than doubling the recognized number of cases identified among Australian patients between September 2016 and April 2017. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • The FDA has also recommended that doctors consider the possibility that a breast implant recipient is suffering from anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) when they present with late, onset, persistent peri-implant seroma. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • In the United States, a growing number of women are now considering potential breast implant anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) lawsuits against the manufacturers of the products, alleging that inadequate warnings have been provided for consumers and the medical community. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • Breyanzi has reportedly shown promising effects for patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (curetoday.com)
  • Miyazaki K, Masuya M, Yamaguchi M, Isaka S, Nakase K, Kobayashi T, Nakamura S, Shiku H: Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma occurring four months after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation with high-dose chemotherapy for follicular lymphoma. (karger.com)
  • The BLA is supported by data from the pivotal phase 1 study ( TRANSCEND NHL 001 ) that assessed the safety, antitumor activity, and pharmacokinetics of liso-cel in 268 patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), high-grade lymphoma (HGL), primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL), and Grade 3B follicular lymphoma (FL). (empr.com)
  • MCL represents 2-10% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] In the International Lymphoma Classification Project, it accounted for 8% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). (medscape.com)
  • For more information, see Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma . (medscape.com)
  • Non-Hodgkin lymphomas. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hodgkin lymphoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The LLS mission: Cure leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin disease and myeloma, and improve the quality of life of patients and their families. (lls.org)
  • While Sheeba was a critical part of Kate's allogeneic stem cell transplant , she also was Kate's way of injecting a little humor into the difficult and painful process she underwent in 2008 to treat her non-Hodgkin lymphoma . (mdanderson.org)
  • Collectively, CTCL is classified as a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). (medscape.com)
  • NKTL is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated, aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with very poor treatment outcomes in the advanced stages. (ecancer.org)
  • A study co-led by Dr. Kevin Hay from Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI) and Dr. Natasha Kekre at The Ottawa Hospital is investigating the use of specialized chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells to treat CD19 positive (CD19+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). (vchri.ca)
  • Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a diverse group of cancers of types of white blood cell called lymphocytes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a rare, complex disease, and the population affected has been increasing in recent years according to recent studies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients with immunologic abnormalities are more susceptible to lymphomas and, recently, some patients affected by viral diseases have also been included in the risk group for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of this study was to report a rare case of non-Hodgkin T-cell expression in the jaw diagnosed in a young patient and to highlight the important role of health professionals in the recognition of maxillomandibular neoplasms. (bvsalud.org)
  • it was frequently categorized as diffuse small-cleaved cell lymphoma (by the International Working Formulation) or centrocytic lymphoma (by the Kiel classification). (medscape.com)
  • Pleomorphic and blastic type(together known as the blastoid variant): The pleomorphic type are similar to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma ( DLBCL ). (wikidoc.org)
  • Hi everyone, My brother-in-law was diagnosed with Non-hodgkins Stage 2 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (T-cells present) in June of this year. (cancer.org)
  • I was diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and I was told that I needed to start treatment immediately. (lymphoma.org)
  • Plogosertib is under clinical development by Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals and currently in Phase II for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • According to GlobalData, Phase II drugs for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma have a 40% phase transition success rate (PTSR) indication benchmark for progressing into Phase III. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • Risk assessment and prophylactic treatment strategies for central nervous system relapse of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rituximab treatment significantly improved the outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). (bvsalud.org)
  • Successful use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation for treatment-refractory mycosis fungoides]. (medscape.com)
  • CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm) is an extremely rare, aggressive form of lymphoma that affects the natural killer cells of the immune system. (lymphomainfo.net)
  • Blastic natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma ( also termed CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm ) is a recently described entity, with the first case reported in 1994. (medscape.com)
  • Blastic natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma, also termed CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm (CD4/CD56 HN) is a rare clinical entity encompassing distinct genetic, morphologic, etiologic, and diagnostic criteria. (medscape.com)
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb) for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma after at least 2 prior therapies. (empr.com)
  • Altogether, our data indicate that T cell-specific restoration of ATM activity or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may prevent lymphomagenesis in A-T patients. (nih.gov)
  • Real-time fluorogenic reverse hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Epstein-Barr transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for the specific virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorder, neu- detection of Bagaza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The blastic type resemble lymphoblastic lymphoma or leukemia and have monomorphic roundish blasts . (wikidoc.org)
  • The most frequent type of lymphoblastic lymphoma. (mycancergenome.org)
  • There are 5 clinical trials for T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, of which 5 are open and 0 are completed or closed. (mycancergenome.org)
  • Of the trials that contain T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma as an inclusion criterion, 1 is early phase 1 (1 open), 3 are phase 2 (3 open), and 1 is phase 2/phase 3 (1 open). (mycancergenome.org)
  • ABL1, ABL2, and BCR-ABL1 are the most frequent gene inclusion criteria for T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma clinical trials [ 3 ]. (mycancergenome.org)
  • Cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, and doxorubicin are the most common interventions in T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma clinical trials. (mycancergenome.org)
  • ABL1 is an inclusion eligibility criterion in 1 clinical trial for T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, of which 1 is open and 0 are closed. (mycancergenome.org)
  • Of the trial that contains ABL1 status and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma as inclusion criteria, 1 is phase 2/phase 3 (1 open) [ 3 ]. (mycancergenome.org)
  • FGFR3 is an inclusion eligibility criterion in 1 clinical trial for T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, of which 1 is open and 0 are closed. (mycancergenome.org)
  • Of the trial that contains FGFR3 status and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma as inclusion criteria, 1 is phase 2/phase 3 (1 open) [ 3 ]. (mycancergenome.org)
  • [ 2 ] Options for second-line therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory disease include chemotherapy-free regimens with biologic targeted agents such as covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, lenalidomide,venetoclax, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Blastic NK cell lymphoma is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. (lymphomainfo.net)
  • I endured two years of treatments ranging from chemotherapy, immunotherapy, autologous stem-cell transplant, more chemotherapy, and various failed clinical trials. (lymphoma.org)
  • You can get a free one-on-one consultation with a registered dietitian through the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. (webmd.com)
  • The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society® (LLS) is a global leader in the fight against blood cancer. (lls.org)
  • The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society is a 501(c)(3) organization, and all monetary donations are tax deductible to the fullest extent allowed by tax laws. (lls.org)
  • Unlike extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma , blastic NK cell lymphoma is not associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. (lymphomainfo.net)
  • Blastic NK cell lymphoma resembles leukemia as well as other cutaneous lymhomas and skin diseases and can only be diagnosed in the lab where natural killer cells are analyzed for specific markers. (lymphomainfo.net)
  • The CD56 antigen is present in Blastic NK cell Lymphoma, which is a known surface marker for natural killer cells. (lymphomainfo.net)
  • In the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid malignant neoplasms, the diagnostic entity termed blastic NK-cell tumors has been proposed for tumors satisfying the diagnostic criteria for CD4/CD56 HN. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Blastic NK-Cell Lymphomas (Agranular CD4+CD56+ Hematodermic Neoplasms) - Medscape - May 01, 2005. (medscape.com)
  • Also, the term "primary cutaneous CD4 + small/medium T-cell lymphoma" was changed to "primary cutaneous CD4 + small/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder" because of its indolent clinical behavior and uncertain malignant potential. (medscape.com)
  • Lundell R, Elenitoba-Johnson KS, Lim MS: T-cell posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder occurring in a pediatric solid-organ transplant patient. (karger.com)
  • Yang F, Li Y, Braylan R, Hunger SP, Yang LJ: Pediatric T-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation. (karger.com)
  • Williams KM, Higman MA, Chen AR, Schwartz CL, Wharam M, Colombani P, Arceci RJ: Successful treatment of a child with late-onset T-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder/lymphoma. (karger.com)
  • Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) (see the image below) is a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by localization of neoplastic T lymphocytes to the skin, with no evidence of extracutaneous disease at the time of diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Among the changes to CTCL classification were the addition of primary cutaneous acral CD8 + T-cell lymphoma as a new provisional entity. (medscape.com)
  • The FDA's action marks the conversion of an accelerated approval indication to full approval and is based on data from a Phase 3 clinical trial that evaluated the overall efficacy and safety of ONTAK in certain patients with recurrent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). (biopharminternational.com)
  • The drug is now fully approved for the treatment of patients with persistent or recurrent CTCL whose malignant cells express the CD25 component of the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (CD25+). (biopharminternational.com)
  • A separate efficacy supplement that included data from patients with CTCL whose malignant cells did not test positive for the CD25 component of the IL-2 receptor received a complete response letter. (biopharminternational.com)
  • CTCL is a term for a group of rare malignant lymphomas with primary manifestation in the skin. (biopharminternational.com)
  • Adult T‐cell leukaemia/lymphoma in Brazil: A rare disease or rarely diagnosed? (bvsalud.org)
  • Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL), caused by human risk of 4% (Iwanaga et al. (bvsalud.org)
  • ATL, Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma. (bvsalud.org)
  • We also hope that our approach could improve the manufacturing of CAR-T cells moving forward, which could have implications for the treatment of other cancers. (vchri.ca)
  • Overview of Lymphoma Lymphomas are cancers of lymphocytes, which reside in the lymphatic system and in blood-forming organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lymphomas are cancers of a specific type of white blood cells known as lymphocytes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In March 2017, the FDA issued a breast implant ALCL cancer statement , indicating that it was aware of at least 359 medical device reports involving women diagnosed with the rare form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma, including at least nine deaths. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • A blood smear (where a drop of blood is examined under a microscope) may show Sézary cells (malignant T cells with a characteristic appearance) and this can help make the diagnosis in addition to a skin biopsy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Usefulness of flow cytometry for differential diagnosis of precursor and peripheral T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas: analysis of 490 cases. (medscape.com)
  • That's why we're doing CAR-T cell therapies. (curetoday.com)
  • Because this is an ongoing study and more time will elapse, we will have longer follow-ups, I am sure some of the patients will stay in remission for a long time, as other CAR-T cell therapies have done for ALL and large cell lymphoma. (curetoday.com)
  • Antibody therapies that target the CD19 protein found on the surface of B-cells are often used to treat CD19+ NHL, of which the novel CLIC-1901 treatment would be one. (vchri.ca)
  • We have already seen that cell therapies targeting CD19 CAR-T cells have dramatically changed the field of cell therapies both in Canada and around the world," says Hay. (vchri.ca)
  • Emerging new therapies for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we show that Atm reactivation in initially Atm-deficient B- and T cell lymphomas induces tumor regression. (nih.gov)
  • Many studies have shown this is a very effective therapy, even in very aggressive leukemias like acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) or large cell lymphoma. (curetoday.com)
  • Treatment selection takes into account patient age, fitness, and whether autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is planned. (medscape.com)
  • After my autologous stem-cell transplant had failed and I relapsed in less than 100 days, my doctors began prepping me to undergo an allogeneic stem-cell transplant. (lymphoma.org)
  • Liso-cel is an autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy with a defined composition of CD8+ and CD4+ CAR T cells. (empr.com)
  • In some cases, white blood cells are removed during a bone marrow biopsy . (medlineplus.gov)
  • The sample may also be taken during a lymph node biopsy or other biopsy when lymphoma is suspected. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, later in the course of the disease, a biopsy shows lymphoma cells in the skin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • T-cells are taken from patients' blood and given a benign form of lentivirus-a virus designed so that it cannot replicate-that carries the chimeric antigen receptor gene into the T-cell. (vchri.ca)
  • This changes the genetic code of T-cells, transforming them into CAR-T cells that can target the CD19 antigen. (vchri.ca)
  • Natural killer cells are beneficial specialized lymphocytes that attack viruses and tumor cells. (lymphomainfo.net)
  • The major clinical, histopathologic, and phenotypic aspects of the disease and diagnostic criteria and data suggesting a plasmacytoid dendritic cell origin for the tumor cells are provided. (medscape.com)
  • Researchers are developing systems that could put Canada on the map for adoptive cell therapy for leukemia and other conditions. (vchri.ca)
  • This first-of-its-kind clinical trial in Canada involves manufacturing and administering a CLIC-1901 cell therapy, which could add to current treatments available to the thousands of Canadians diagnosed with ALL and NHL each year. (vchri.ca)
  • The spectrum of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: new insights into biology and therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Sézary syndrome: immunopathogenesis, literature review of therapeutic options, and recommendations for therapy by the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium (USCLC). (medscape.com)
  • Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) is a very rare and aggressive skin cancer that usually develops when a person is in his or her 70s. (lymphomainfo.net)
  • Stem cells have the ability to develop into components of blood: white and red blood cells, along with platelets. (vchri.ca)
  • We remove all of the components of the virus that could be harmful, along with its ability to replicate, but keep its ability to get inside T-cells and integrate into their genome," explains Hay. (vchri.ca)
  • B-cell leukemia/lymphoma panel is a blood test that looks for certain proteins on the surface of white blood cells called B-lymphocytes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cells are slightly larger than lymphocytes . (wikidoc.org)
  • NHL cancer also affects the immune system's white blood cells, called lymphocytes, and often originates in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, adrenals, digestive tract or thymus. (vchri.ca)
  • Lymphomas can develop from either B or T lymphocytes, the two main types of lymphocyte. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It originates from mature T cells (T lymphocytes) and first affects the skin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • [ 20 ] However, there is scant evidence for an NK-cell lineage origin, and the precise derivation was not asserted in the WHO classification scheme. (medscape.com)
  • Using T cell-specific Atm-knockout models, as well as allogeneic transplantation experiments, we pinpoint impaired immune surveillance as a contributor to cancer predisposition and development. (nih.gov)
  • While ALL mostly affects children, Hay's study is investigating a treatment that would be a first for adults with a class of ALL that involves B-cells-a type of white blood cell that forms part of the body's infection-fighting immune response. (vchri.ca)
  • Acquired Immunity One of the body's lines of defense ( immune system) involves white blood cells (leukocytes) that travel through the bloodstream and into tissues, searching for and attacking microorganisms and. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The company develops small molecule drugs that target various phases of cell cycle control for the treatment of cancer and other serious diseases. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • Rook AH, Yoo EK, Grossman DJ, Kao DM, Fox FE, Niu Z. Use of biological response modifiers in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • Novel treatment approaches for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • Herrmann JJ, Roenigk HH Jr, Hönigsmann H. Ultraviolet radiation for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • Cutaneous T cell lymphoma: update of treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Topical treatment of early cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • We present an unusual case of monomorphic T cell PTLD with features of angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma in an 8-year-old heart transplant patient, presenting with cranial nerve palsy. (karger.com)
  • The blood sample is sent to a laboratory, where a specialist checks the cell type and characteristics. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The Lymphoma Research Foundation's mission is to eradicate lymphoma and serve those impacted by this blood cancer. (lymphoma.org)
  • ALL-affected blood cells can multiply rapidly and enter the bloodstream where they can travel to and infect organs. (vchri.ca)
  • This type of lymphoma affects mostly elderly patients, and only a few cases are documented each year. (lymphomainfo.net)
  • T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection has a expected to develop ATL. (bvsalud.org)
  • T cell PTLD is rare, particularly in pediatric patients. (karger.com)
  • Due to the potential lymphoma risk with breast implants, regulators have made efforts to increase awareness among health care providers about cases of the rare cancer linked to textured breast implants, indicating that they should discuss the benefits and side effects of the implants with their patients. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • And while she may still be dealing with ongoing issues related to graft vs. host disease, there's not a day she regrets her decision to undergo a stem cell transplant. (mdanderson.org)
  • It was suggested initially that the disease originates from NK cells. (medscape.com)
  • Kate says it's easier to make it through the stem cell transplant process when you pick a hospital where you're absolutely comfortable. (mdanderson.org)
  • ALL occurs when cancer grows inside of stem cells found in the body's bone marrow. (vchri.ca)
  • The majority of cases are Epstein-Barr virus-associated lesions of B cell origin. (karger.com)
  • The agency indicated at the time that the lymphoma cases appeared to be more common among breast implants with textured surfaces, as opposed to smooth breast implants, but a definitive connection was not able to be made. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • The concern was generated by four cases of lymphoma occurring in this work force over the preceding 2 year period. (cdc.gov)
  • A review was made of the medical records for the four alleged cases of lymphoma. (cdc.gov)
  • The authors conclude that the finding of two cases of lymphoma in this work force during that period of time was probably due to chance. (cdc.gov)
  • We get the patient's T cells, we put them in the lab, we do the gene transfer and put it into a product, we amplify it and put the T cells back so it will find the lymphoma cells, bind to them and kill them. (curetoday.com)
  • We further find a reduced T cell abundance in B cell lymphomas from Atm-defective mice and A-T patients. (nih.gov)
  • A team of researchers from the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore (CSI Singapore) at the National University of Singapore (NUS) has discovered that a transcription factor, TOX2, was aberrantly increased in patients with natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL). (ecancer.org)
  • This is a completely Canadian-designed and led product: from the genetic engineering of the cells at BC Cancer using vector manufactured at The Ottawa Hospital all the way to the clinical administration at Vancouver General Hospital, with monitoring of trial patients supported by the VCHRI Hematology Research Program," says Hay. (vchri.ca)
  • However, it impacts all cells in the body, and only achieves long-term cancer remission for between 30-40 per cent of adult patients . (vchri.ca)