Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi Group
Bacterial Vaccines
Borrelia burgdorferi
Marek Disease Vaccines
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Vaccines, Synthetic
Antigens, Surface
Lipoproteins
Viral Vaccines
Mice, Inbred C3H
Vaccines
Borrelia
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Ticks
Lyme Neuroborreliosis
Spirochaetales
Ixodes
Vaccines, Inactivated
Vaccination
Arachnid Vectors
Neisseria lactamica
Vaccines, DNA
Erythema Chronicum Migrans
AIDS Vaccines
Bites and Stings
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Vaccines, Subunit
Vaccines, Conjugate
Aphthovirus
Adjuvants, Immunologic
Peromyscus
Nymph
Arthropod Vectors
Malaria Vaccines
Papillomavirus Vaccines
Relapsing Fever
Meningococcal Vaccines
Disease Reservoirs
Maine
Glossitis, Benign Migratory
Hepatitis B Vaccines
Arthritis, Infectious
Measles Vaccine
Characterization of an anti-Borrelia burgdorferi OspA conformational epitope by limited proteolysis of monoclonal antibody-bound antigen and mass spectrometric peptide mapping. (1/75)
Lyme borreliosis is a multisystem disorder caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi that is transmitted to humans by the tick Ixodes dammini. The immune response against the 31 kDa OspA, which is one of the most abundant B. burgdorferi proteins, appears to be critical in preventing infection and tissue inflammation. Detailed knowledge of the immunological and molecular characteristics of the OspA protein is important for the development of reliable diagnostic assays. In this study, we characterized a new conformational epitope present within the middle part of B. burgdorferi OspA. Our approach used enzymatic proteolyses of the immune complex followed by mass spectrometric identification of the peptides bound to the antibody. It appears to be one of the first reports on the characterization of a discontinuous epitope using mass spectrometry. (+info)Detection of multiple reactive protein species by immunoblotting after recombinant outer surface protein A lyme disease vaccination. (2/75)
Laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on the detection of an immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi. The serodiagnosis of B. burgdorferi infection is complex and may be further confounded by the immune response to the recombinant outer surface protein A (OspA) Lyme disease vaccine. To describe how the serological response to the recombinant OspA Lyme disease vaccine affects testing for antibody to B. burgdorferi, 240 specimens from 80 study subjects were obtained at defined intervals after recombinant OspA Lyme disease vaccination. Samples were tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), antibody capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and Western blotting (WB). After recombinant OspA Lyme disease vaccination, ELISA for 98% of the study subjects revealed reactivity. WB with use of OspA-containing B. burgdorferi strains as sources of antigens demonstrated multiple bands. Results of testing with a US Food and Drug Administration-approved WB kit showed homogeneous reactivity in the molecular weight region >30 kDa. Testing with OspA-free strains completely eliminated all vaccine-associated reactivity by both antibody capture EIA and WB. (+info)Production of borreliacidal antibody to outer surface protein A in vitro and modulation by interleukin-4. (3/75)
Borreliacidal antibody production is one of several parameters for establishing the effectiveness of Borrelia burgdorferi vaccines. The production of borreliacidal antibody was studied in vitro by culturing immune lymph node cells with macrophages and B. burgdorferi. We showed that borreliacidal antibody, directed primarily against outer surface protein A (OspA), was readily produced by lymph node cells obtained from C3H/HeJ mice vaccinated with formalin-inactivated B. burgdorferi in aluminum hydroxide, but not recombinant OspA. Anti-OspA borreliacidal antibody was detected in supernatants of cultures of lymph node cells obtained on day 7 after vaccination, peaked on day 17, and rapidly declined. The borreliacidal activity was attributable to immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2a, and IgG2b antibodies. When lymph node cells were treated with interleukin-4 (IL-4), production of borreliacidal antibody was inhibited but was unaffected by treatment with anti-IL-4 antibodies. These results suggest that other cytokines, but not IL-4, are mainly responsible for production of the secondary borreliacidal antibody response. (+info)Direct enumeration of Borrelia-reactive CD4 T cells ex vivo by using MHC class II tetramers. (4/75)
We characterized antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells in six patients with treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis, using an HLA-DRB1*0401 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II tetramer covalently loaded with OspA(164-175), an immunodominant epitope of Borrelia burgdorferi. Direct analysis of OspA-tetramer binding CD4(+) cells in patients expressing the HLA-DRB1*0401 allele revealed frequencies of between <0.005 and 0.1% in peripheral blood (n = 6), and between <0.005 and 3.1% in synovial fluid (n = 3). OspA-tetramer(+)CD4(+) cells were directly cloned at 1 cell per well and expanded by mitogen and IL-2 on allogeneic feeder cells. As measured by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, 95% of 168 T cell clones from synovial fluid binding the OspA-tetramer were antigen-reactive. Clones generated from peripheral blood revealed a different pattern of responsiveness when compared with clones generated from synovial fluid, as measured by proliferation, IFN-gamma, and IL-13 secretion. These clones, selected on the basis of their peptide binding, also responded to whole protein, but with a different cytokine profile. Our studies demonstrate that MHC class II tetramers can be used in humans to directly identify, isolate, and characterize antigen-reactive T cells from an inflammatory compartment. (+info)Evidence for vaccine synergy between Borrelia burgdorferi decorin binding protein A and outer surface protein A in the mouse model of lyme borreliosis. (5/75)
Mice immunized with either the predominantly vector-stage lipoprotein outer surface protein A (OspA) or the in vivo-expressed lipoprotein decorin binding protein A (DbpA) are protected against Borrelia burgdorferi challenge. DbpA-OspA combinations protected against 100-fold-higher challenge doses than did either single-antigen vaccine and conferred significant protection against heterologous B. burgdorferi, B. garinii, and B. afzelii isolates, suggesting that there is synergy between these two immunogens. (+info)Cutting edge: CD1d deficiency impairs murine host defense against the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. (6/75)
CD1 molecules can present microbial lipid Ag to T cells, suggesting that they participate in host defense against pathogens. In this study, we examined the role of CD1d in resistance to infection with the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), an organism with proinflammatory lipid Ag. Bb infection of CD1d-deficient (CD1d(-/-)) mouse strains normally resistant to this pathogen resulted in arthritis. Pathology correlated with an increased prevalence of spirochete DNA in tissues and enhanced production of Bb-specific IgG, including IgG to Ag rapidly down-modulated on spirochetes in vivo. CD1d(-/-) mice exhibited high-titer Bb-specific IgG2a, an isotype commonly induced in disease-susceptible mice but not in the disease-resistant control mice in this study. These results show that CD1d deficiency impairs host resistance to a spirochete pathogen, and are the first example of a mutation that imparts Bb-resistant mice with the Ab and disease profile of a susceptible mouse strain. (+info)Molecular and pathogenic characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from Spain. (7/75)
Fifteen Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from questing ticks and skin biopsy specimens from erythema migrans patients in three different areas of Spain were characterized. Four different genospecies were found (nine Borrelia garinii, including the two human isolates, three B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, two B. valaisiana, and one B. lusitaniae), showing a diverse spectrum of B. burgdorferi sensu lato species. B. garinii isolates were highly variable in terms of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern and OspA serotype, with four of the seven serotypes described. One of the human isolates was OspA serotype 5, the same found in four of seven tick isolates. The second human isolate was OspA serotype 3, which was not present in ticks from the same area. Seven B. garinii isolates were able to disseminate through the skin of C3H/HeN mice and to cause severe inflammation of joints. One of the two B. valaisiana isolates also caused disease in mice. Only one B. burgdorferi sensu stricto isolate was recovered from the urinary bladder. One isolate each of B. valaisiana and B. lusitaniae were not able to disseminate through the skin of mice or to infect internal organs. In summary, there is substantial diversity in the species and in the pathogenicity of B. burgdorferi sensu lato in areas in northern Spain where Lyme disease is endemic. (+info)Interleukin-10 modulates proinflammatory cytokines in the human monocytic cell line THP-1 stimulated with Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins. (8/75)
We determined previously that lipoproteins of Borrelia burgdorferi stimulate inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10 [IL-10]) in monocytes. IL-10 could have an effect on innate and acquired immune responses to B. burgdorferi and influence the magnitude of the infectious inoculum and disease outcome. To understand the mechanism(s) of IL-10 action during early infection, when innate immunity expressed chiefly by skin macrophages is key, we investigated the effect of exogenous and endogenous IL-10 on the production of the macrophage-derived cytokines IL-6, IL-1beta, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). We used the THP-1 human monocytic cell line and recombinant lipidated OspA (L-OspA) as the model target cell and stimulant, respectively. To determine the kinetics of cytokine production by THP-1 cells, we stimulated them with L-OspA and also with heat-killed B. burgdorferi cells (HBb) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Exogenous IL-10 dampened production of inflammatory cytokines, as elicited by lipoproteins. The inhibition of endogenous IL-10 function by anti-IL-10 antibody reduced the production of IL-12 and IL-6 but not that of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. An inspection of the kinetics of cytokine production clarified this finding. TNF-alpha was produced prior to, and IL-beta was produced at the same time as, IL-10, whereas IL-6 and IL-12 were produced later. HBb, LPS, and L-OspA yielded similar kinetics of cytokine production. This result reinforces the notion that lipoproteins are the functional molecules in HBb and perhaps in vivo. It indicates also that signaling pathways utilized by LPS and lipoproteins may be extensively shared. The results are consistent with a major role played by IL-10 in controlling the initial phase of infection with this spirochete. (+info)A Lyme disease vaccine is not currently available on the market. However, in the past, there was a vaccine called Lymerix, which was a recombinant OspA (outer surface protein A) vaccine. It was approved by the FDA in 1998 for use in people aged 15 to 70 years to prevent Lyme disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. However, due to low consumer demand and unfounded concerns about potential adverse events, the manufacturer voluntarily withdrew it from the market in 2002.
Currently, there is no licensed vaccine available for Lyme disease. Researchers are continuing to work on developing new vaccines, but none have yet been approved for use.
Lyme disease is not a "medical definition" itself, but it is a medical condition named after the town of Lyme, Connecticut, where it was first identified in 1975. Medical definitions for this disease are provided by authoritative bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). According to the CDC, Lyme disease is a "infection caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks."
The WHO defines Lyme borreliosis (LB), also known as Lyme disease, as "an infectious disease caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Ixodes spp. ticks."
Both definitions highlight that Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread by tick bites, specifically from black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the United States and Ixodes pacificus on the Pacific Coast) or deer ticks (Ixodes ricinus in Europe). The primary cause of the disease is the spirochete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi.
The Borrelia burgdorferi group, also known as the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex, refers to a genetically related group of spirochetal bacteria that cause Lyme disease and other related diseases worldwide. The group includes several species, with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), B. afzelii, and B. garinii being the most common and best studied. These bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the United States and Ixodes pacificus on the West Coast; Ixodes ricinus in Europe).
Lyme disease is a multisystem disorder that can affect the skin, joints, nervous system, and heart. Early symptoms typically include a characteristic expanding rash called erythema migrans, fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle and joint pain. If left untreated, the infection can spread to other parts of the body and cause more severe complications, such as arthritis, neurological problems, and carditis.
Diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, exposure history, and laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, such as doxycycline, amoxicillin, or ceftriaxone, and is generally most effective when initiated early in the course of the illness. Preventive measures, such as using insect repellent, checking for ticks after being outdoors, and promptly removing attached ticks, can help reduce the risk of Lyme disease and other tick-borne infections.
Bacterial vaccines are types of vaccines that are created using bacteria or parts of bacteria as the immunogen, which is the substance that triggers an immune response in the body. The purpose of a bacterial vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to develop protection against specific bacterial infections.
There are several types of bacterial vaccines, including:
1. Inactivated or killed whole-cell vaccines: These vaccines contain entire bacteria that have been killed or inactivated through various methods, such as heat or chemicals. The bacteria can no longer cause disease, but they still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response.
2. Subunit, protein, or polysaccharide vaccines: These vaccines use specific components of the bacterium, such as proteins or polysaccharides, that are known to trigger an immune response. By using only these components, the vaccine can avoid using the entire bacterium, which may reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
3. Live attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain live bacteria that have been weakened or attenuated so that they cannot cause disease but still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine can provide long-lasting immunity, but it may not be suitable for people with weakened immune systems.
Bacterial vaccines are essential tools in preventing and controlling bacterial infections, reducing the burden of diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. They work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of the bacteria or its components, which triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and fight off future infections with that same bacterium.
It's important to note that while vaccines are generally safe and effective, they may cause mild side effects such as pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, fever, or fatigue. Serious side effects are rare but can occur, so it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine.
'Borrelia burgdorferi' is a species of spirochete bacteria that is the primary cause of Lyme disease in humans. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the northeastern, midwestern, and eastern parts of the United States; Ixodes pacificus on the Pacific Coast).
The bacterium was first identified and named after Willy Burgdorfer, who discovered the spirochete in the mid-1980s. The infection can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. If left untreated, the infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system, leading to more severe complications.
Antibiotic treatment is usually effective in eliminating the bacteria and resolving symptoms, especially when initiated early in the course of the disease. However, some individuals may experience persistent symptoms even after treatment, a condition known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). The exact cause of PTLDS remains unclear, with ongoing research investigating potential factors such as residual bacterial infection, autoimmune responses, or tissue damage.
Marek's disease vaccines are a type of veterinary vaccine used to prevent Marek's disease, a highly contagious and deadly neoplastic disease in chickens caused by the alphaherpesvirus Gallid herpesvirus 2. The vaccines contain attenuated or killed strains of the virus, which when administered to chicks, stimulate an immune response that protects against subsequent infection with virulent strains of the virus.
There are several types of Marek's disease vaccines available, including:
1. Herpesvirus of Turkey (HVT) based vaccines: These vaccines use a related herpesvirus from turkeys that has been attenuated to be safe for chickens. They provide protection against Marek's disease and also offer cross-protection against other related herpesviruses.
2. CVI988 (Rispens) vaccine: This is a bivalent vaccine that contains both the HVT strain and a further attenuated strain of Marek's disease virus. It provides excellent protection against Marek's disease and also reduces the shedding of the virus in vaccinated birds.
3. SB-1 vaccine: This is a further attenuated strain of Marek's disease virus that offers good protection against the disease but may not prevent the spread of the virus in a flock.
4. Combination vaccines: These vaccines combine Marek's disease vaccines with other vaccines, such as those for infectious bronchitis or Newcastle disease, to provide comprehensive protection against multiple diseases.
It is important to note that while Marek's disease vaccines are effective at preventing the development of clinical signs and reducing mortality associated with the disease, they do not prevent infection or shedding of the virus. Therefore, it is still possible for vaccinated birds to transmit the virus to unvaccinated birds.
Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are a type of protein found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane is a unique characteristic of gram-negative bacteria, and it serves as a barrier that helps protect the bacterium from hostile environments. OMPs play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and selective permeability of the outer membrane. They are involved in various functions such as nutrient uptake, transport, adhesion, and virulence factor secretion.
OMPs are typically composed of beta-barrel structures that span the bacterial outer membrane. These proteins can be classified into several groups based on their size, function, and structure. Some of the well-known OMP families include porins, autotransporters, and two-partner secretion systems.
Porins are the most abundant type of OMPs and form water-filled channels that allow the passive diffusion of small molecules, ions, and nutrients across the outer membrane. Autotransporters are a diverse group of OMPs that play a role in bacterial pathogenesis by secreting virulence factors or acting as adhesins. Two-partner secretion systems involve the cooperation between two proteins to transport effector molecules across the outer membrane.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial OMPs is essential for developing new antibiotics and therapies that target gram-negative bacteria, which are often resistant to conventional treatments.
Synthetic vaccines are artificially produced, designed to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against specific diseases. Unlike traditional vaccines that are derived from weakened or killed pathogens, synthetic vaccines are created using synthetic components, such as synthesized viral proteins, DNA, or RNA. These components mimic the disease-causing agent and trigger an immune response without causing the actual disease. The use of synthetic vaccines offers advantages in terms of safety, consistency, and scalability in production, making them valuable tools for preventing infectious diseases.
Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.
Surface antigens are molecules found on the surface of cells that can be recognized by the immune system as being foreign or different from the host's own cells. Antigens are typically proteins or polysaccharides that are capable of stimulating an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells such as T-cells.
Surface antigens are important in the context of infectious diseases because they allow the immune system to identify and target infected cells for destruction. For example, viruses and bacteria often display surface antigens that are distinct from those found on host cells, allowing the immune system to recognize and attack them. In some cases, these surface antigens can also be used as targets for vaccines or other immunotherapies.
In addition to their role in infectious diseases, surface antigens are also important in the context of cancer. Tumor cells often display abnormal surface antigens that differ from those found on normal cells, allowing the immune system to potentially recognize and attack them. However, tumors can also develop mechanisms to evade the immune system, making it difficult to mount an effective response.
Overall, understanding the properties and behavior of surface antigens is crucial for developing effective immunotherapies and vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer.
Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of multiple proteins and lipids (fats) that play a crucial role in the transport and metabolism of fat molecules in the body. They consist of an outer shell of phospholipids, free cholesterols, and apolipoproteins, enclosing a core of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters.
There are several types of lipoproteins, including:
1. Chylomicrons: These are the largest lipoproteins and are responsible for transporting dietary lipids from the intestines to other parts of the body.
2. Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL): Produced by the liver, VLDL particles carry triglycerides to peripheral tissues for energy storage or use.
3. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL): Often referred to as "bad cholesterol," LDL particles transport cholesterol from the liver to cells throughout the body. High levels of LDL in the blood can lead to plaque buildup in artery walls and increase the risk of heart disease.
4. High-density lipoproteins (HDL): Known as "good cholesterol," HDL particles help remove excess cholesterol from cells and transport it back to the liver for excretion or recycling. Higher levels of HDL are associated with a lower risk of heart disease.
Understanding lipoproteins and their roles in the body is essential for assessing cardiovascular health and managing risks related to heart disease and stroke.
A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.
Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.
It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.
'C3H' is the name of an inbred strain of laboratory mice that was developed at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. The mice are characterized by their uniform genetic background and have been widely used in biomedical research for many decades.
The C3H strain is particularly notable for its susceptibility to certain types of cancer, including mammary tumors and lymphomas. It also has a high incidence of age-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases. The strain is often used in studies of immunology, genetics, and carcinogenesis.
Like all inbred strains, the C3H mice are the result of many generations of brother-sister matings, which leads to a high degree of genetic uniformity within the strain. This makes them useful for studying the effects of specific genes or environmental factors on disease susceptibility and other traits. However, it also means that they may not always be representative of the genetic diversity found in outbred populations, including humans.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles the disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters in the future.
Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight disease that is already present). The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccinations are generally administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cowpox to create immunity to smallpox. The first successful vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who showed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. He reasoned that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox and tested his theory by injecting a boy with pus from a cowpox sore and then exposing him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract. The word "vaccine" is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 during a conversation with a fellow physician and later in the title of his 1801 Inquiry.
"Borrelia" is a genus of spirochete bacteria that are known to cause several tick-borne diseases in humans, the most notable being Lyme disease. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis in the United States and Ixodes pacificus on the West Coast).
The Borrelia species are gram-negative, helical-shaped bacteria with distinctive endoflagella that allow them to move in a corkscrew-like motion. They are microaerophilic, meaning they require a low oxygen environment for growth. The bacteria can survive in a variety of environments, including the digestive tracts of ticks and mammals, as well as in soil and water.
Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common tick-borne illness in the United States. It typically presents with a characteristic rash called erythema migrans, fever, headache, and fatigue. If left untreated, the infection can spread to other parts of the body, causing arthritis, neurological problems, and cardiac issues.
Other Borrelia species, such as B. afzelii and B. garinii, are responsible for causing Lyme disease in Europe and Asia. Additionally, some Borrelia species have been linked to other tick-borne illnesses, including relapsing fever and tick-borne meningoencephalitis.
Prevention of Borrelia infections involves avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellent, checking for ticks after being outdoors, and promptly removing attached ticks. If a tick bite is suspected, it's important to seek medical attention and monitor for symptoms of infection. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can help prevent the development of chronic symptoms.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and buffalo. The virus can also infect wild animals like deer and antelope. FMD is not a direct threat to human health but may have significant economic impacts due to restrictions on trade and movement of infected animals.
The disease is characterized by fever, blister-like sores (vesicles) in the mouth, on the tongue, lips, gums, teats, and between the hooves. The vesicles can rupture, causing painful erosions that make it difficult for affected animals to eat, drink, or walk. In severe cases, FMD can lead to death, particularly among young animals.
The causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease is the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which belongs to the Picornaviridae family and Aphthovirus genus. There are seven serotypes of FMDV: O, A, C, Asia 1, and South African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2, and SAT 3. Infection with one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes.
Prevention and control measures for foot-and-mouth disease include vaccination, quarantine, movement restrictions, disinfection, and culling of infected animals in severe outbreaks. Rapid detection and response are crucial to prevent the spread of FMD within and between countries.
A medical definition of "ticks" would be:
Ticks are small, blood-sucking parasites that belong to the arachnid family, which also includes spiders. They have eight legs and can vary in size from as small as a pinhead to about the size of a marble when fully engorged with blood. Ticks attach themselves to the skin of their hosts (which can include humans, dogs, cats, and wild animals) by inserting their mouthparts into the host's flesh.
Ticks can transmit a variety of diseases, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis. It is important to remove ticks promptly and properly to reduce the risk of infection. To remove a tick, use fine-tipped tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible and pull upward with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or jerk the tick, as this can cause the mouthparts to break off and remain in the skin. After removing the tick, clean the area with soap and water and disinfect the tweezers.
Preventing tick bites is an important part of protecting against tick-borne diseases. This can be done by wearing protective clothing (such as long sleeves and pants), using insect repellent containing DEET or permethrin, avoiding wooded and brushy areas with high grass, and checking for ticks after being outdoors.
Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is a specific neurological manifestation of Lyme borreliosis, which is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. It is characterized by inflammation of the nervous system, particularly the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Involvement of the peripheral nervous system can present as radiculoneuropathy or cranial neuritis, leading to symptoms such as radiating pain, paresthesia, muscle weakness, and/or sensory loss in the affected areas. Involvement of the central nervous system may result in meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord). These manifestations can cause symptoms such as headache, stiff neck, cognitive impairment, memory loss, mood changes, sleep disturbances, and, in rare cases, seizures.
LNB is typically diagnosed based on a combination of clinical presentation, laboratory tests (such as serological analysis or CSF examination), and sometimes supported by imaging studies. Treatment usually involves antibiotic therapy, which can be administered either orally or intravenously, depending on the severity and extent of the infection. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve the prognosis for LNB patients.
Spirochaetales is an order of bacteria that are characterized by their unique spiral or corkscrew shape. This shape allows them to move in a flexing, twisting motion, which can be quite rapid. They are gram-negative, meaning they do not retain crystal violet stain in the Gram staining method, and they have a unique structure with endoflagella (also known as axial filaments) located inside their outer membrane.
The Spirochaetales order includes several families and genera of bacteria, some of which are free-living, while others are parasitic or symbiotic. The parasitic spirochetes can cause various diseases in humans and animals. For example, Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, a serious sexually transmitted infection. Another species, Borrelia burgdorferi, causes Lyme disease, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks.
It's important to note that spirochetes are a diverse group with varying characteristics and pathogenic potential. While some species can cause significant harm, others are not associated with diseases and play essential roles in various ecosystems.
"Ixodes" is a genus of tick that includes several species known to transmit various diseases to humans and animals. These ticks are often referred to as "hard ticks" because of their hard, shield-like plate on their backs. Ixodes ticks have a complex life cycle involving three stages: larva, nymph, and adult. They feed on the blood of hosts during each stage, and can transmit diseases such as Lyme disease, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, and Powassan virus disease.
The most common Ixodes species in North America is Ixodes scapularis, also known as the black-legged tick or deer tick, which is the primary vector of Lyme disease in this region. In Europe, Ixodes ricinus, or the castor bean tick, is a widespread and important vector of diseases such as Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and several other tick-borne pathogens.
Ixodes ticks are typically found in wooded or grassy areas with high humidity and moderate temperatures. They can be carried by various hosts, including mammals, birds, and reptiles, and can survive for long periods without feeding, making them efficient disease vectors.
Inactivated vaccines, also known as killed or non-live vaccines, are created by using a version of the virus or bacteria that has been grown in a laboratory and then killed or inactivated with chemicals, heat, or radiation. This process renders the organism unable to cause disease, but still capable of stimulating an immune response when introduced into the body.
Inactivated vaccines are generally considered safer than live attenuated vaccines since they cannot revert back to a virulent form and cause illness. However, they may require multiple doses or booster shots to maintain immunity because the immune response generated by inactivated vaccines is not as robust as that produced by live vaccines. Examples of inactivated vaccines include those for hepatitis A, rabies, and influenza (inactivated flu vaccine).
Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.
A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.
If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.
Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.
Arachnid vectors are arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida that are capable of transmitting infectious diseases to humans and other animals. Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks. Among these, ticks and some mites are the most significant as disease vectors.
Ticks can transmit a variety of bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens, causing diseases such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, tularemia, and several types of encephalitis. They attach to the host's skin and feed on their blood, during which they can transmit pathogens from their saliva.
Mites, particularly chiggers and some species of birds and rodents mites, can also act as vectors for certain diseases, such as scrub typhus and rickettsialpox. Mites are tiny arachnids that live on the skin or in the nests of their hosts and feed on their skin cells, fluids, or blood.
It is important to note that not all arachnids are disease vectors, and only a small percentage of them can transmit infectious diseases. However, those that do pose a significant public health risk and require proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and checking for and promptly removing attached ticks.
"Neisseria lactamica" is a gram-negative, beta-hemolytic, coccoid bacterium that belongs to the family Neisseriaceae. It commonly colonizes the upper respiratory tract of young children and is considered part of the normal flora of the human nasopharynx. "Neisseria lactamica" shares many biochemical and genetic similarities with its close relative, "Neisseria meningitidis," which can cause serious invasive diseases such as meningitis and sepsis. However, "Neisseria lactamica" is generally considered to be non-pathogenic and does not typically cause illness in healthy individuals.
Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.
When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.
Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.
The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.
Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.
Combined vaccines are defined in medical terms as vaccines that contain two or more antigens from different diseases, which are given to provide protection against multiple diseases at the same time. This approach reduces the number of injections required and simplifies the immunization schedule, especially during early childhood. Examples of combined vaccines include:
1. DTaP-Hib-IPV (e.g., Pentacel): A vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and poliovirus components in one injection to protect against these five diseases.
2. MMRV (e.g., ProQuad): A vaccine that combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) antigens in a single injection to provide immunity against all four diseases.
3. HepA-HepB (e.g., Twinrix): A vaccine that combines hepatitis A and hepatitis B antigens in one injection, providing protection against both types of hepatitis.
4. MenACWY-TT (e.g., MenQuadfi): A vaccine that combines four serogroups of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, Y) with tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein in one injection for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by these serogroups.
5. PCV13-PPSV23 (e.g., Vaxneuvance): A vaccine that combines 13 pneumococcal serotypes with PPSV23, providing protection against a broader range of pneumococcal diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.
Combined vaccines have been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy to ensure they provide a strong immune response and an acceptable safety profile. They are essential tools in preventing various infectious diseases and improving overall public health.
I could not find a specific medical definition for "Vaccines, DNA." However, I can provide you with some information about DNA vaccines.
DNA vaccines are a type of vaccine that uses genetically engineered DNA to stimulate an immune response in the body. They work by introducing a small piece of DNA into the body that contains the genetic code for a specific antigen (a substance that triggers an immune response). The cells of the body then use this DNA to produce the antigen, which prompts the immune system to recognize and attack it.
DNA vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines. They are relatively easy to produce, can be stored at room temperature, and can be designed to protect against a wide range of diseases. Additionally, because they use DNA to stimulate an immune response, DNA vaccines do not require the growth and culture of viruses or bacteria, which can make them safer than traditional vaccines.
DNA vaccines are still in the experimental stages, and more research is needed to determine their safety and effectiveness. However, they have shown promise in animal studies and are being investigated as a potential tool for preventing a variety of infectious diseases, including influenza, HIV, and cancer.
Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) is a type of skin rash that is commonly associated with early Lyme disease. It is usually the first sign of infection after a tick bite and is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. The rash typically appears within 3-30 days after the tick bite and starts as a red, flat or slightly raised spot at the site of the bite. Over several days or weeks, the redness expands, forming a circular or oval-shaped rash that can be up to 12 inches in diameter. The center of the rash may clear, giving it a "bull's-eye" appearance.
ECM is usually accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, fever, headache, and muscle and joint pain. It is important to note that not all people with Lyme disease will develop ECM, and its absence does not necessarily mean that the person does not have Lyme disease. If you suspect that you may have been bitten by a tick and are experiencing symptoms of Lyme disease, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.
An AIDS vaccine is a type of preventive vaccine that aims to stimulate the immune system to produce an effective response against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The goal of an AIDS vaccine is to induce the production of immune cells and proteins that can recognize and eliminate HIV-infected cells, thereby preventing the establishment of a persistent infection.
Despite decades of research, there is still no licensed AIDS vaccine available. This is due in part to the unique challenges posed by HIV, which has a high mutation rate and can rapidly evolve to evade the immune system's defenses. However, several promising vaccine candidates are currently being tested in clinical trials around the world, and researchers continue to explore new approaches and strategies for developing an effective AIDS vaccine.
"Bites and stings" is a general term used to describe injuries resulting from the teeth or venomous secretions of animals. These can include:
1. Insect bites: The bite marks are usually small, punctate, and may be accompanied by symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and pain. Examples include mosquito, flea, bedbug, and tick bites.
2. Spider bites: Some spiders possess venomous fangs that can cause localized pain, redness, and swelling. In severe cases, systemic symptoms like muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing may occur. The black widow and brown recluse spiders are notorious for their venomous bites.
3. Snake bites: Venomous snakes deliver toxic saliva through their fangs, which can lead to local tissue damage, swelling, pain, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects such as paralysis, bleeding disorders, and respiratory failure.
4. Mammal bites: Animal bites from mammals like dogs, cats, and wild animals can cause puncture wounds, lacerations, and crush injuries. They may also transmit infectious diseases, such as rabies.
5. Marine animal stings: Stings from jellyfish, sea urchins, stingrays, and other marine creatures can result in localized pain, redness, swelling, and systemic symptoms like difficulty breathing, muscle cramps, and altered heart rhythms. Some marine animals' venoms can cause severe allergic reactions or even death.
Treatment for bites and stings varies depending on the type and severity of the injury. It may include wound care, pain management, antibiotics to prevent infection, and in some cases, antivenom therapy to counteract the effects of venom. Seeking immediate medical attention is crucial in severe cases or when systemic symptoms are present.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae and the genus Aphthovirus. It is the causative agent of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), a highly contagious and severe viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and buffalo. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, as well as through aerosolized particles in the air. FMDV has seven distinct serotypes (O, A, C, Asia 1, and South African Territories [SAT] 1, 2, and 3), and infection with one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes. The virus primarily targets the animal's epithelial tissues, causing lesions and blisters in and around the mouth, feet, and mammary glands. FMD is not a direct threat to human health but poses significant economic consequences for the global livestock industry due to its high infectivity and morbidity rates.
A subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains a specific piece or component of the microorganism (such as a protein, sugar, or part of the bacterial outer membrane), instead of containing the entire organism. This piece of the microorganism is known as an antigen, and it stimulates an immune response in the body, allowing the development of immunity against the targeted infection without introducing the risk of disease associated with live vaccines.
Subunit vaccines offer several advantages over other types of vaccines. They are generally safer because they do not contain live or weakened microorganisms, making them suitable for individuals with weakened immune systems or specific medical conditions that prevent them from receiving live vaccines. Additionally, subunit vaccines can be designed to focus on the most immunogenic components of a pathogen, potentially leading to stronger and more targeted immune responses.
Examples of subunit vaccines include the Hepatitis B vaccine, which contains a viral protein, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, which uses pieces of the bacterial polysaccharide capsule. These vaccines have been crucial in preventing serious infectious diseases and reducing associated complications worldwide.
Conjugate vaccines are a type of vaccine that combines a part of a bacterium with a protein or other substance to boost the body's immune response to the bacteria. The bacterial component is usually a polysaccharide, which is a long chain of sugars that makes up part of the bacterial cell wall.
By itself, a polysaccharide is not very immunogenic, meaning it does not stimulate a strong immune response. However, when it is conjugated or linked to a protein or other carrier molecule, it becomes much more immunogenic and can elicit a stronger and longer-lasting immune response.
Conjugate vaccines are particularly effective in protecting against bacterial infections that affect young children, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal disease. These vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of these diseases and their associated complications, such as meningitis and pneumonia.
Overall, conjugate vaccines work by mimicking a natural infection and stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against future infections with the same bacterium. By combining a weakly immunogenic polysaccharide with a protein carrier, these vaccines can elicit a stronger and more effective immune response, providing long-lasting protection against bacterial infections.
Aphthovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Picornaviridae, order Picornavirales. This genus includes several species of viruses that are primarily associated with causing oral and foot lesions in cloven-hoofed animals, such as cattle, sheep, and pigs. The most well-known member of this genus is foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which causes a highly contagious and economically significant disease in livestock. Other species in the Aphthovirus genus include equine rhinitis A virus, bovine rhinitis virus, and porcine teschovirus. These viruses are typically transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions and excretions, and they can cause a range of clinical signs including fever, loss of appetite, lameness, and lesions in the mouth and feet. There are currently no vaccines available for all serotypes of FMDV, and control measures typically involve quarantine, slaughter of infected animals, and strict biosecurity practices to prevent spread of the virus.
Immunologic adjuvants are substances that are added to a vaccine to enhance the body's immune response to the antigens contained in the vaccine. They work by stimulating the immune system and promoting the production of antibodies and activating immune cells, such as T-cells and macrophages, which help to provide a stronger and more sustained immune response to the vaccine.
Immunologic adjuvants can be derived from various sources, including bacteria, viruses, and chemicals. Some common examples include aluminum salts (alum), oil-in-water emulsions (such as MF59), and bacterial components (such as lipopolysaccharide or LPS).
The use of immunologic adjuvants in vaccines can help to improve the efficacy of the vaccine, particularly for vaccines that contain weak or poorly immunogenic antigens. They can also help to reduce the amount of antigen needed in a vaccine, which can be beneficial for vaccines that are difficult or expensive to produce.
It's important to note that while adjuvants can enhance the immune response to a vaccine, they can also increase the risk of adverse reactions, such as inflammation and pain at the injection site. Therefore, the use of immunologic adjuvants must be carefully balanced against their potential benefits and risks.
"Peromyscus" is not a medical term, but a genus of rodents commonly known as "deer mice." They are small mammals that belong to the family Cricetidae and are found in various parts of North America. Peromyscus mice can carry and transmit diseases, such as Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), although they are not typically referred to in a medical context unless discussing potential zoonotic risks.
Borrelia infections are a group of diseases caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia. The most common Borrelia infection is Lyme disease, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks.
The symptoms of Lyme disease can vary, but often include a rash that looks like a bull's-eye, fever, headache, and fatigue. If left untreated, the infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system, leading to more severe symptoms.
Other diseases caused by Borrelia bacteria include relapsing fever, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of lice or ticks, and tick-borne relapsing fever, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of soft ticks. The symptoms of relapsing fever include recurring high fevers, headache, muscle and joint pain, and rash.
Borrelia infections are typically treated with antibiotics, and the prognosis is good with early detection and treatment. However, if left untreated, these infections can lead to serious complications and long-term health problems. Prevention measures such as using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and checking for ticks after being outdoors can help reduce the risk of Borrelia infections.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nymph" does not have a medical definition. In general, nymph is a term used in mythology to refer to a minor nature deity typically represented as an attractive maiden or beautiful young woman who animates nature and is often associated with various natural phenomena.
If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information.
Arthropod vectors are living organisms, specifically arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice, that can transmit infectious agents (such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites) from one host to another. This process is called vector-borne transmission. The arthropod vectors become infected with the pathogen while taking a blood meal from an infected host, then transmit the pathogen to another host during subsequent feedings. The transmission can occur through various means, including biting, stinging, or even mechanical contact. It's important to note that not all arthropods are vectors, and only certain species within each group are capable of transmitting diseases.
A "tick infestation" is not a formal medical term, but it generally refers to a situation where an individual has a large number of ticks (Ixodida: Acarina) on their body or in their living environment. Ticks are external parasites that feed on the blood of mammals, birds, and reptiles.
An infestation can occur in various settings, including homes, gardens, parks, and forests. People who spend time in these areas, especially those with pets or who engage in outdoor activities like camping, hiking, or hunting, are at a higher risk of tick encounters.
Tick infestations can lead to several health concerns, as ticks can transmit various diseases, such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis, among others. It is essential to take preventive measures to avoid tick bites and promptly remove any attached ticks to reduce the risk of infection.
If you suspect a tick infestation in your living environment or on your body, consult a healthcare professional or a pest control expert for proper assessment and guidance on how to proceed.
Malaria vaccines are biological preparations that induce immunity against malaria parasites, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of malaria disease. They typically contain antigens (proteins or other molecules derived from the parasite) that stimulate an immune response in the recipient, enabling their body to recognize and neutralize the pathogen upon exposure.
The most advanced malaria vaccine candidate is RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix), which targets the Plasmodium falciparum parasite's circumsporozoite protein (CSP). This vaccine has shown partial protection in clinical trials, reducing the risk of severe malaria and hospitalization in young children by about 30% over four years. However, it does not provide complete immunity, and additional research is ongoing to develop more effective vaccines against malaria.
Papillomavirus vaccines are vaccines that have been developed to prevent infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV is a DNA virus that is capable of infecting the skin and mucous membranes. Certain types of HPV are known to cause cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer such as anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers. Other types of HPV can cause genital warts.
There are currently two papillomavirus vaccines that have been approved for use in the United States: Gardasil and Cervarix. Both vaccines protect against the two most common cancer-causing types of HPV (types 16 and 18), which together cause about 70% of cervical cancers. Gardasil also protects against the two most common types of HPV that cause genital warts (types 6 and 11).
Papillomavirus vaccines are given as a series of three shots over a period of six months. They are most effective when given to people before they become sexually active, as this reduces the risk of exposure to HPV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all boys and girls get vaccinated against HPV at age 11 or 12, but the vaccine can be given to people as young as age 9 and as old as age 26.
It is important to note that papillomavirus vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV, and they do not treat existing HPV infections or cervical cancer. They are intended to prevent new HPV infections and the cancers and other diseases that can be caused by HPV.
Relapsing fever is a vector-borne disease caused by spirochetal bacteria of the genus Borrelia. It is characterized by recurring episodes of fever, chills, headache, and muscle and joint pain. The disease is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected soft ticks (Ornithodoros spp.) or lice (Pediculus humanus corporis).
The relapsing fever borreliae are able to evade the host's immune system by changing their surface proteins, which allows them to continue infecting red blood cells and cause recurring symptoms. Each febrile episode is associated with the multiplication of a specific population of spirochetes, followed by an immune response that clears the infection but fails to prevent reinfection due to antigenic variation.
Relapsing fever can be effectively treated with antibiotics such as tetracyclines, erythromycin, or penicillin. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications, including myocarditis, hepatitis, and neurological symptoms. Preventive measures include avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellents, and promptly removing attached ticks.
Meningococcal vaccines are vaccines that protect against Neisseria meningitidis, a type of bacteria that can cause serious infections such as meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and septicemia (bloodstream infection). There are several types of meningococcal vaccines available, including conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. These vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against the different serogroups of N. meningitidis, including A, B, C, Y, and W-135. The specific type of vaccine used and the number of doses required may depend on a person's age, health status, and other factors. Meningococcal vaccines are recommended for certain high-risk populations, such as infants, young children, adolescents, and people with certain medical conditions, as well as for travelers to areas where meningococcal disease is common.
A disease reservoir refers to a population or group of living organisms, including humans, animals, and even plants, that can naturally carry and transmit a particular pathogen (disease-causing agent) without necessarily showing symptoms of the disease themselves. These hosts serve as a source of infection for other susceptible individuals, allowing the pathogen to persist and circulate within a community or environment.
Disease reservoirs can be further classified into:
1. **Primary (or Main) Reservoir**: This refers to the species that primarily harbors and transmits the pathogen, contributing significantly to its natural ecology and maintaining its transmission cycle. For example, mosquitoes are the primary reservoirs for many arboviruses like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses.
2. **Amplifying Hosts**: These hosts can become infected with the pathogen and experience a high rate of replication, leading to an increased concentration of the pathogen in their bodies. This allows for efficient transmission to other susceptible hosts or vectors. For instance, birds are amplifying hosts for West Nile virus, as they can become viremic (have high levels of virus in their blood) and infect feeding mosquitoes that then transmit the virus to other animals and humans.
3. **Dead-end Hosts**: These hosts may become infected with the pathogen but do not contribute significantly to its transmission cycle, as they either do not develop sufficient quantities of the pathogen to transmit it or do not come into contact with potential vectors or susceptible hosts. For example, humans are dead-end hosts for many zoonotic diseases like rabies, as they cannot transmit the virus to other humans.
Understanding disease reservoirs is crucial in developing effective strategies for controlling and preventing infectious diseases, as it helps identify key species and environments that contribute to their persistence and transmission.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Maine" is not a medical term or concept. It is actually the name of a state, the 23rd state to join the United States of America. Maine is located in the northeastern part of the country and is known for its rocky coastline, maritime history, and natural beauty. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I'd be happy to help answer those!
Serologic tests are laboratory tests that detect the presence or absence of antibodies or antigens in a patient's serum (the clear liquid that separates from clotted blood). These tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune disorders and other medical conditions.
In serologic testing for infectious diseases, a sample of the patient's blood is collected and allowed to clot. The serum is then separated from the clot and tested for the presence of antibodies that the body has produced in response to an infection. The test may be used to identify the specific type of infection or to determine whether the infection is active or has resolved.
Serologic tests can also be used to diagnose autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, by detecting the presence of antibodies that are directed against the body's own tissues. These tests can help doctors confirm a diagnosis and monitor the progression of the disease.
It is important to note that serologic tests are not always 100% accurate and may produce false positive or false negative results. Therefore, they should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory test results.
Benign migratory glossitis, also known as geographic tongue, is a medical condition characterized by the presence of denuded, irregularly shaped smooth patches on the dorsum of the tongue. These patches are usually red and often have a white or yellow border. The condition is called "benign migratory" because it is not harmful or cancerous, and the lesions can change in size, shape, and location over time.
The exact cause of benign migratory glossitis is unknown, but it has been associated with several factors such as stress, nutritional deficiencies (particularly vitamin B deficiency), allergies, and family history. The condition can be asymptomatic or may cause symptoms such as burning sensation, pain, or altered taste.
Treatment of benign migratory glossitis is usually not necessary unless the patient experiences discomfort or other symptoms. In such cases, topical anesthetics, antihistamines, or corticosteroids may be prescribed to alleviate the symptoms. However, if the underlying cause can be identified and addressed (such as nutritional deficiencies), the condition may improve on its own.
"Hepatitis B vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. They work by introducing a small and harmless piece of the virus to your body, which triggers your immune system to produce antibodies to fight off the infection. These antibodies remain in your body and provide protection if you are exposed to the real hepatitis B virus in the future.
The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as a series of three shots over a six-month period. It is recommended for all infants, children and adolescents who have not previously been vaccinated, as well as for adults who are at increased risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, people who inject drugs, and those with certain medical conditions.
It's important to note that hepatitis B vaccine does not provide protection against other types of viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis A or C."
Infectious arthritis, also known as septic arthritis, is a type of joint inflammation that is caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. The infection can enter the joint through the bloodstream or directly into the synovial fluid of the joint, often as a result of a traumatic injury, surgery, or an underlying condition such as diabetes or a weakened immune system.
The most common symptoms of infectious arthritis include sudden onset of severe pain and swelling in the affected joint, fever, chills, and difficulty moving the joint. If left untreated, infectious arthritis can lead to serious complications such as joint damage or destruction, sepsis, and even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or antifungal medications to eliminate the infection, along with rest, immobilization, and sometimes surgery to drain the infected synovial fluid.
It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience symptoms of infectious arthritis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes.
A measles vaccine is a biological preparation that induces immunity against the measles virus. It contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of the measles virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against future infection with the wild-type (disease-causing) virus. Measles vaccines are typically administered in combination with vaccines against mumps and rubella (German measles), forming the MMR vaccine.
The measles vaccine is highly effective, with one or two doses providing immunity in over 95% of people who receive it. It is usually given to children as part of routine childhood immunization programs, with the first dose administered at 12-15 months of age and the second dose at 4-6 years of age.
Measles vaccination has led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of measles worldwide and is considered one of the greatest public health achievements of the past century. However, despite widespread availability of the vaccine, measles remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in some parts of the world, particularly in areas with low vaccination coverage or where access to healthcare is limited.
List of vaccine topics
Lyme disease
Manfred Bayer
Julielynn Wong
Strict liability
Robert Shope
Borrelia burgdorferi
Vaccine
Andrew Spielman
Tick-Borne Disease Alliance
Valneva SE
Edward McSweegan
Polly Murray
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
List of infectious diseases
Vaccine-preventable disease
Tick-borne encephalitis
Timeline of human vaccines
Daniel R. Lucey
Ventria Bioscience
Tort reform
List of MeSH codes (D20)
Timeline of biotechnology
Kieran Moore
Allen Steere
Powassan virus
Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
List of feline diseases
Richard F. Daines
Kent Holtorf
Lyme disease vaccine | Lyme Disease | CDC
Newly Developed mRNA Vaccine Protects Against Lyme Disease | The Scientist Magazine®
USDA green-lights Lyme disease vaccine that targets mice hosts | CIDRAP
Lyme Disease Vaccine
Revival Animal Health - 'Lyme Disease Vaccine | Lyme Vaccine For Dogs | Revival
Next RNA Vaccine for Lyme Disease
Lee Comments to WVNY-TV on Lyme Disease Vaccine Trial at UVM
When will a Lyme disease vaccine be available in Canada? - Cottage Life
Why Isn't There a Vaccine for Lyme Disease?
When Will Pfizer's New Lyme Disease Vaccine Be Available?
Giving Tuesday: Help LDA Help You/Persistence of Lyme Bacteria/Lyme Bacteria in Bats/Lyme: mRNA Vaccine/Shrews Harbor Powassan...
Lyme Vaccine - Law Firm Did Well in Settling
Table 1 - Epidemiology of Lyme Disease, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2002-2013 - Volume 21, Number 10-October 2015 - Emerging...
Lyme Vaccine - Immunity to Specific Strains
Lyme Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology
Lyme Disease: Symtoms, Prevention & Vaccine
The case of the missing Lyme vaccine - Harvard Gazette
Pediatrics/Neonatal Care Nursing | Medscape
Lyme Disease Vaccine Inches Closer to Reality
Lyme Disease Vaccine Update | Lyme Disease | Biocentaur
pre university colleges: Latest News & Videos, Photos about pre university colleges | The Economic Times - Page 1
Will We Finally Get Another Lyme Disease Vaccine?
Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease Vaccine (Recombinant Ospa) - LYMErix | Davis's Drug Guide
Pfizer launches Lyme disease vaccine trial | The Daily Navigator
Pfizer/Valneva Lyme disease vaccine persists 6 months on
Lyme Disease Vaccine For Dogs - Old Farm Veterinary Hospital
Lyme Disease Vaccine Candidate Leverages mRNA Technology - Precision Vaccinations News
Lyme Disease, VAccine 2005: Characterization of three Ixodes scapularis cDNAs
Prevent Lyme disease6
- CDC will communicate these recommendations to increase awareness of a vaccine among the public and clinicians to prevent Lyme disease in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- Currently, a new recombinant OspA protein vaccine is going through phase III clinical trials, but as of right now, there are no prophylactic vaccines approved by the FDA to prevent Lyme disease in humans. (the-scientist.com)
- The risk after tick exposure is quite low…There can be more harm done with the overuse of antibiotics than in the attempt to prevent Lyme disease. (drgreene.com)
- Will the new vaccines prevent Lyme disease? (northeastern.edu)
- The best way to prevent Lyme disease is to practice tick and flea prevention. (oldfarmvet.com)
- Does the vaccine prevent Lyme disease? (moviesonline.ca)
Borrelia30
- Comstedt P, Schüler W, Meinke A, Lundberg U. The novel Lyme borreliosis vaccine VLA15 shows broad protection against Borrelia species expressing six different OspA serotypes . (cdc.gov)
- The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has conditionally licensed an oral vaccine designed to limit the spread of Borrelia burgdorferi , the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. (umn.edu)
- The vaccine is called Borrelia Burgdorferi Bacterin. (umn.edu)
- Hikers in wooded areas must check themselves carefully for attached ticks, as Borrelia burgdorferi -carrying ticks transmit Lyme disease to humans through biting. (the-scientist.com)
- In their latest study, Matthew Pine and Norbert Pardi from the University of Pennsylvania developed an OspA-based mRNA vaccine that prevents the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi from infecting mice. (the-scientist.com)
- The vaccine works by creating antibodies that block a protein known as OspA found in Borrelia burgdorferi . (cottagelife.com)
- Humans appear to develop strain specific immunity to the bacteria that causes Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi. (google.com)
- When someone notices the telltale bull's-eye rash that can signal Lyme disease, the infected person may receive antibiotics from a physician but generally will not know what strain of Borrelia burgdorferi caused the infection. (google.com)
- Lyme disease, the most common vector-borne illness in the United States, is a multisystem illness usually caused by infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (see the image below) and the body's immune response to the infection. (medscape.com)
- Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease-causing bacterium transmitted by tick bites, has been found in increasing numbers around the country, particularly in the Northeast. (harvard.edu)
- Whereas LYMErix protected against one serotype of the Borrelia bacteria responsible for Lyme, VLA15's phase-one trials showed it protects against six strains. (advancedhealingarts.ca)
- Taking aim at a protein Borrelia expresses inside ticks, called outer surface protein A, the Lyme disease vaccine sparks antibodies that aim to prevent the nasty spirals from migrating from the tick . (freethink.com)
- Included in the subject population will be people who have previously cleared a Lyme infection, as well as those who have never been exposed to Borrelia . (freethink.com)
- Lyme disease is an infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a member of the family of spirochetes, or corkscrew-shaped bacteria. (cdc.gov)
- Lyme disease is spread by the bite of ticks of the genus Ixodes that are infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. (cdc.gov)
- Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium called Borrelia Burgdorferi, which is transmitted through the bite of a tick. (oldfarmvet.com)
- Lyme disease is caused by a bacterial infection with certain Borrelia species. (cdc.gov)
- An experimental mRNA vaccine provides protection in preclinical animal models against infection from Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme disease. (upenn.edu)
- Lyme disease (Lyme Borreliosis) due to Borrelia burgdorferi. (medlineplus.gov)
- Furthermore, the discovery of new species of Borrelia has complicated the clinical picture of these diseases. (mdpi.com)
- Borrelia Burgdorferi, and very infrequently Borrelia Mayonii, are the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. (myacare.com)
- It is a vector-borne disease - humans usually catch Lyme disease after being bitten by a tick carrying the Borrelia Burgdorferi or Mayonii bacteria. (myacare.com)
- These bacteria include Borrelia burgdorferi , better known as the cause of Lyme disease (1,3). (insidescientific.com)
- Making the issue even more confusing, there's controversy about whether patients who have chronic conditions, such as "brain fog," anxiety , irritability, and hearing and vision problems, are truly infected by the Lyme bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi -or if they should be classified as having "post-Lyme disease syndrome. (thedailybeast.com)
- This should be contrasted to Lyme disease, which is a real diagnosis and a real disease caused by the tick-borne bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi . (scienceblogs.com)
- The Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi , is transmitted by the slow-feeding ixodid tick Ixodes scapularis, whereas the relapsing fever spirochete, B. hermsii , is transmitted by Ornithodoros hermsi , a fast-feeding argasid tick. (cdc.gov)
- The genus Borrelia currently contains 37 species of spiro- spirochetes were commonly present in the midgut of infected chetes, many of which cause diseases in humans and domestic ticks and occasionally seen in the hindgut and rectal ampule. (cdc.gov)
- Diseases caused by infection with Borrelia species body louse), all known species are transmitted by ticks (4). (cdc.gov)
- B. burgdorferi , fever a causative agent of Lyme disease, and B. hermsii , a causative a Borrelia burgdorferi, B. garinii, and B. afzelii are known human pathogens. (cdc.gov)
- Certain manifestations of Lyme disease are related to the particular strain of Borrelia involved. (medscape.com)
20235
- Pine and his colleagues, including Weissman who along with Katalin Karikó was awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on mRNA vaccines, developed a lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine that encodes the outer surface protein A (OspA) from B. burgdorferi . (the-scientist.com)
- SEPTEMBER 11, 2023) Benjamin Lee, M.D., associate professor of pediatrics, was interviewed by WVNY-TV about the UVM Medical Center and the Larner College of Medicine's Vaccine Testing Center being chosen to advance research on a new Lyme Disease vaccine by operating a worldwide study on the vaccine candidate. (uvm.edu)
- To hear from speakers from both Pfizer and Valneva at the World Vaccine Congress in Washington 2023 get your tickets now. (vaccinenation.org)
- Bacteria are more complex organisms than viruses, and therefore, it can be more challenging to develop effective vaccines against them," said senior author Norbert Pardi, Ph.D., an assistant professor of Microbiology, in a press release on September 19, 2023. (precisionvaccinations.com)
- The vaccine, described in an Original Article published in the journal Cell Press on August 1, 2023, uses the same messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) technology pioneered at Penn. (precisionvaccinations.com)
LYMERix10
- The only vaccine previously marketed in the United States, LYMERix®, was discontinued by the manufacturer in 2002, citing insufficient consumer demand. (cdc.gov)
- In 1998, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an OspA-based recombinant protein vaccine for human use, called LYMErix, produced by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). (the-scientist.com)
- The vaccine was called LYMErix . (passporthealthusa.com)
- In its short span of use, LYMErix was able to prevent the disease in up to 90 percent of the people that received it. (passporthealthusa.com)
- As a nonprofit educational organization interested in public health and safety, we congratulate Steven Sheller's law firm on the successful settlement of its class-action lawsuit against the Lymerix vaccine manufacturer ('Glaxo settles Lyme disease vaccine suit,' July 9). (google.com)
- In fact, from 1998 to 2002, GlaxoSmithKline had a Lyme vaccine on the market - LYMErix . (advancedhealingarts.ca)
- The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of OspA mRNA-LNP outperformed alum-adjuvanted recombinant OspA protein, which is analogous to the LYMErix vaccine released by GSK in 1998. (precisionvaccinations.com)
- The LYMErix vaccine was later discontinued. (precisionvaccinations.com)
- Back in 1998, the FDA approved a recombinant Lyme vaccine called LYMErix. (myacare.com)
- 16 Aug, 2012 17:35 CET GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has been hit with a dangerous drug lawsuit that alleges its Lyme disease vaccine LYMERix caused patients to develop arthritis. (canlyme.com)
Cases of Lyme disease6
- CDC estimates 300,000 US cases of Lyme disease annually. (cdc.gov)
- Alarmingly, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease more than doubled from 1998-2018, and the number remains high year after year. (cdc.gov)
- In the United States, each year, there are at least 400,000 new cases of Lyme disease, and at least 200,000 more occur in Europe. (myacare.com)
- After three to four weeks of antibiotic therapy, the majority of cases of Lyme disease are curable. (myacare.com)
- There are 300,000 likely human cases of Lyme disease in the U.S. each year. (withgoodreasonradio.org)
- Every year, U.S. state health departments report about 30,000 cases of Lyme disease to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (lymenet.org)
Valneva11
- Valneva and Pfizer have developed a Lyme disease vaccine candidate, VLA15, that is currently in Phase 3 human trials. (cdc.gov)
- In April 2020, pharmaceutical companies Pfizer and Valneva partnered to develop a Lyme disease vaccine known as VLA15. (cottagelife.com)
- Valneva , a French biotech, is in Phase I of a clinical trial of a new vaccine candidate for Lyme disease called VLA15. (passporthealthusa.com)
- Last month, Valneva announced its Lyme-fighting candidate, VLA15, successfully passed phase-one medical trials and is ready for phase-two testing, according to FiercePharma . (advancedhealingarts.ca)
- French vaccine company Valneva has a candidate that began its second phase 2 trial in March. (freethink.com)
- Valneva and Pfizer's new candidate, VLA15, is the only active Lyme disease vaccine in clinical development. (freethink.com)
- According to Valneva, the vaccine was "generally safe across all doses and age groups tested," and sparked an encouraging immune response, including in older adults. (freethink.com)
- On 1 st December 2022 Pfizer and Valneva reported antibody persistence data 6 months after the completion of a vaccination schedule with their Lyme disease vaccine candidate, VLA15. (vaccinenation.org)
- The Lyme vaccine, VLA15, was developed by Valneva in collaboration with Pfizer . (myacare.com)
- DUBLIN - Shares in Valneva SE rose by as much as 32% during early trading April 30 on news that Pfizer Inc. is paying $130 million up front to in-license its Lyme disease candidate vaccine, VLA-15. (bioworld.com)
- Pfizer and Valneva have agreed to an up-to $308 million deal on the French biotech's Lyme disease vaccine. (lymenet.org)
Humans15
- Researchers have determined that some of this complex's genospecies cause Lyme disease in humans. (the-scientist.com)
- Although there are vaccinations for dogs to help prevent the disease, there is currently no answer for humans. (passporthealthusa.com)
- Despite no evidence of the vaccine causing arthritis in humans, a media frenzy and fear caused manufacturers to pull the vaccine off of the market. (passporthealthusa.com)
- But a new study led by researchers from the University of Pennsylvania has some brighter news: Once infected with a particular strain of the disease-causing bacteria, humans appear to develop immunity against that strain that can last six to nine years. (google.com)
- At least 16 different strains of the Lyme disease bacterium have been shown to infect humans in the United States, so being bit by a tick carrying a different strain of the disease is entirely possible. (google.com)
- Though the threat has grown and become more well-known, there are currently no vaccines for humans, although there are three for dogs. (harvard.edu)
- The deer (or bear) tick, Ixodes dammini, which normally feeds on the white-footed mouse, the white-tailed deer, other mammals, and birds, is responsible for transmitting Lyme disease bacteria to humans in the northeastern and north-central United States. (cdc.gov)
- Research in the eastern United States has indicated that, for the most part, ticks transmit Lyme disease to humans during the nymph stage, probably because nymphs are more likely to feed on a person and are rarely noticed because of their small size (less than 2 mm). (cdc.gov)
- Tick larvae are smaller than the nymphs, but they rarely carry the infection at the time of feeding and are probably not important in the transmission of Lyme disease to humans. (cdc.gov)
- Humans cannot contract Lyme disease from an exposed dog. (oldfarmvet.com)
- Lyme disease is caused by bacteria that spread to humans through tick bites. (myacare.com)
- By creating a new mouse model of Alzheimer's disease that better recapitulated how the disease plays out in humans, investigators at KU Leuven have gained new. (bioworld.com)
- Rabid dogs often attack people and spread the disease to humans. (vetinfo.com)
- The bacterium that causes Lyme disease is a master of disguise, changing its appearance to evade the immune system as it moves from the ticks that carry it to humans or animals. (theconversation.com)
- Dr. Felicia Keesing, Associate Professor of Biology at Bard College explains why the complicated species interactions between ticks, mice, deer and humans make Lyme disease an especially challenging crisis to control. (lymenet.org)
Causes Lyme disease1
- In the case of Lyme disease, that usually includes a two-step process to test the blood for the presence of antibodies against the bacteria that causes Lyme disease, the first step being an enzyme immunoassay, which, if negative rules out Lyme disease. (scienceblogs.com)
VLA157
- But the delay in its trials could prevent VLA15 from being the first Lyme disease treatment to market. (cottagelife.com)
- VLA15 is currently the only Lyme disease vaccine in clinical trials at the moment. (passporthealthusa.com)
- The VLA15 vaccine just passed its first clinical trial. (advancedhealingarts.ca)
- And VLA15 isn't garnering attention solely because it's a potentially safer Lyme vaccine - it's also proving to be more effective. (advancedhealingarts.ca)
- But according to the Concord Monitor , the FDA has "fast-tracked" VLA15, paving the way for the vaccine to become commercially available much sooner. (advancedhealingarts.ca)
- The main purpose of this clinical study is to evaluate a 6-valent OspA-based Lyme disease vaccine (VLA15) for prevention of Lyme disease within North America and Europe. (arthritis.org)
- Approximately 9,000 healthy participants 5 years and older will be recruited from areas with high levels of endemic Lyme disease to receive VLA15 or placebo (an inactive substance consisting of saltwater). (arthritis.org)
Borreliosis4
- Comstedt P, Hanner M, Schüler W, Meinke A, Schlegl R, Lundberg U. Characterization and optimization of a novel vaccine for protection against Lyme borreliosis . (cdc.gov)
- The laboratory diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis: guidelines from the Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network. (cdc.gov)
- Most prominently, ticks can carry a serious sickness known as Lyme borreliosis, or Lyme disease. (oldfarmvet.com)
- We hope to determine how many of the 2 million Canadians with these other diagnoses, actually are misdiagnosed, meaning they in fact have a borreliosis (Lyme Disease). (canlyme.com)
19983
- There actually is a Lyme disease vaccination, developed in the 1990s and approved by the FDA in 1998. (passporthealthusa.com)
- 1995-1998: Vaccine found safe and effective in people without Lyme disease. (google.com)
- 1998: FDA approves Lyme vaccine. (google.com)
Treat Lyme disease4
- The Lyme Disease Association, Inc. provides referrals to health care providers who treat Lyme disease, and often other TBD , as a courtesy to those seeking Lyme Literate Physicians (LLMD). (lymediseaseassociation.org)
- describe populations at risk of contracting Lyme disease in the United States, describe early signs and symptoms of Lyme disease, identify the appropriate use of diagnostic tests for Lyme disease, cite the appropriate use of antibiotics to treat Lyme disease, and effectively promote clinician and patient education and early signs and symptoms of Lyme disease, tick bite prevention, and postexposure prophylaxis. (cdc.gov)
- What are the antibiotics used to treat Lyme disease? (medlineplus.gov)
- Almost 100% of Canadian physicians who have become publicly known to diagnose and treat Lyme disease outside of the Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines have been harassed out of practice by their respective College, or forced to stop seeing Lyme patients. (canlyme.com)
Arthritis16
- 3 Although clinicians treat diagnosed patients with antibiotics, undetected Lyme disease leads to more severe symptoms including meningitis, carditis, arthritis, and facial paralysis. (the-scientist.com)
- 6 However, some researchers became concerned that the vaccine could cause arthritis. (the-scientist.com)
- Scientists found that the vaccine may have contributed to the development of arthritis in hamsters. (passporthealthusa.com)
- Steere AC , Schoen RT , Taylor E . The clinical evolution of Lyme arthritis. (cdc.gov)
- Outcomes of children treated for Lyme arthritis: results of a large pediatric cohort. (cdc.gov)
- In patients with late disease, the typical physical finding is arthritis. (medscape.com)
- Studies that had been done of patients with Lyme arthritis showed an association between having an antibody response to the bacteria's outer surface protein A, used in the vaccine, and developing what we call today post-infectious Lyme arthritis. (harvard.edu)
- Studies suggested that there was molecular mimicry - partial sequence homology - between outer surface protein A (OspA) of the spirochete and a host protein called LFA-1, and it was proposed that this was perhaps the reason for post-infectious antibiotic refractory Lyme arthritis. (harvard.edu)
- Left untreated, however, more serious symptoms can include inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, irregular beating of the heart, and severe head, neck, and joint pain - called Lyme arthritis. (freethink.com)
- Fears of a potential autoimmune reaction that would cruelly cause some of Lyme disease's very symptoms - including arthritis and chronic fatigue - were seized upon by anti-vaccine groups, despite a lack of evidence that the vaccine caused arthritis. (freethink.com)
- Lyme disease was first recognized in the United States in 1975, after a mysterious outbreak of arthritis near Lyme, Connecticut. (cdc.gov)
- If left untreated, it can cause lifelong health problems like Lyme arthritis and nerve pain. (newscientist.com)
- However, these symptoms are not consistent in all individuals and therefore the disease may go undiagnosed or improperly treated, resulting in long term symptoms such as nerve pain, facial palsy, heart palpitations, arthritis, and potentially even post-treatment lyme disease syndrome if antibiotic treatment proves ineffective (4). (insidescientific.com)
- CTV's medical specialist Avis Favaro reports on the painful side effects of undiagnosed Lyme disease in Canada and the link to child arthritis. (canlyme.com)
- Any history of Lyme carditis, neuroborreliosis, or arthritis, or other disseminated Lyme disease regardless of when diagnosed. (arthritis.org)
- Newly developed or unstable underlying conditions that may interfere with the assessment of Lyme disease, including but not limited to chronic arthralgia/arthritis, second/third-degree AV heart block, chronic pain syndromes, and chronic skin conditions that reduce the ability to detect cutaneous manifestations of Lyme disease. (arthritis.org)
Centers9
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
- Lyme disease is the nation's most common vectorborne disease, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that about 476,000 people are infected each year. (umn.edu)
- Ahead of the national public health emergency expiring on May 11, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) yesterday updated its interim recommendations for infection prevention and control for healthcare personnel. (umn.edu)
- courtesy of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (medscape.com)
- And the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) believes the prevalence could be considerably higher given undiagnosed cases. (advancedhealingarts.ca)
- I am Commander Ibad Khan, and I'm representing the Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity, COCA, with the Emergency Risk Communication Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- To better understand, prevent and treat diseases passed from insects to people, the Cornell-led Northeast Regional Center for Excellence in Vector Borne Diseases will launch later this month, thanks to a $10 million grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (lymenet.org)
- Lyme disease is not only becoming more rampant in its normal hotspot of the northeast United States, it's spreading across the country, a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warns. (lymenet.org)
20223
- In August 2022, the vaccine entered Phase 3 of clinical trials and was being tested on 6,000 participants five years of age and older. (cottagelife.com)
- In December 2022, Pfizer announced the beginning of a Phase III clinical trial to confirm the efficacy and safety of a new vaccine that could protect children and adults against Lyme disease. (myacare.com)
- January 2022 Abstract Even after appropriate treatment, a proportion of Lyme disease patients suffer from a constellation of symptoms, collectively called Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS). (canlyme.com)
Risk of Lyme disease1
- Bites from the tiny bugs increase throughout the world in the warmer months, increasing risk of Lyme disease. (passporthealthusa.com)
Clinical13
- Clinical trials of new vaccines for Lyme disease are currently underway. (cdc.gov)
- Novavax today reported promising findings for phase 2 clinical trials for three of its vaccines, a flu-COVID combination product, a standalone flu version, and a high-dose COVID candidate. (umn.edu)
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) lessens fatigue and improves concentration among long-COVID patients, finds a Dutch randomized controlled trial published yesterday in Clinical Infectious Diseases . (umn.edu)
- Because of the limited number of physicians treating chronic Lyme disease nationwide, some states, and in some instances, entire regions, may not have any treating physicians who follow flexible treating approaches such as those in the International Lyme & Associated Diseases Society (ILADS) Guidelines, Evidence Assessments and Guideline Recommendations in Lyme Disease: The Clinical Management of Known Tick Bites, Erythema Migrans Rashes and Persistent Disease . (lymediseaseassociation.org)
- Petersen LR , Sweeney AH , Checko PJ , Magnarelli LA , Mshar PA , Gunn RA , Epidemiological and clinical features of 1,149 persons with Lyme disease identified by laboratory-based surveillance in Connecticut. (cdc.gov)
- Antibiotic selection, route of administration, and duration of therapy for Lyme disease are guided by the patient's clinical manifestations and stage of disease, as well as the presence of any concomitant medical conditions or allergies. (medscape.com)
- With further preclinical and clinical development, these researchers wrote that OspA mRNA-LNP could prove to be a viable preventative approach to curtailing the pervasiveness of Lyme disease. (precisionvaccinations.com)
- Some people don't become ill at all or might not remember getting bitten," explains Paul Auwaerter, MD, clinical director of the Division of Infectious Diseases at Johns Hopkins Medicine. (thedailybeast.com)
- These Canadian experts will never refer a patient for out of the country coverage because they would lose control of their agenda driven policy of not allowing Lyme patients to access to appropriate clinical care, while closing the door on scientific debate. (canlyme.com)
- There is one vaccine that is being studied in clinical trials. (medlineplus.gov)
- The key clinical elements of peripheral nerve diseases can help the practicing neurologist differentiate among peripheral neuropathies with similar presentations. (bvsalud.org)
- LATEST DEVELOPMENTS: The wide range of peripheral nerve diseases with similar clinical presentations can pose a diagnostic challenge. (bvsalud.org)
- ESSENTIAL POINTS: A careful approach that focuses on key clinical elements combined with an understanding of purposeful diagnostic testing can lead to a successful diagnosis of peripheral nerve diseases. (bvsalud.org)
Vaccination8
- The vaccination is designed to increase the number of antibodies to attack the bacteria that holds Lymes disease and prevent it from spreading. (passporthealthusa.com)
- The medical community doesn't have to push vaccination for Lyme disease in the same way as with a person-to-person infection. (harvard.edu)
- The need for vaccination against Lyme disease is steadily increasing as the disease is becoming widespread. (myacare.com)
- To engage parents in vaccine discussions, pharmacy professionals need to recognize the parent's emotional state by acknowledging their concerns in addition to informing patients on the benefits and risks of vaccination. (opatoday.com)
- As an example, the CDC reported that among teenage boys - the group with the highest risk of myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination - the risk of myocarditis is estimated to be between 2 and 5 times higher after infection compared to after the second dose of an mRNA vaccine. (opatoday.com)
- Acknowledgement of their trepidation followed by a discussion on the benefits and risks of vaccination could help alleviate the concerns of vaccine-hesitant parents. (opatoday.com)
- Vaccination of participants will occur at a time of year such that the primary series is completed before the peak Lyme disease season followed by a booster dose just prior to the beginning of the second Lyme disease season. (arthritis.org)
- Many diseases prevented by routine vaccination are uncommon in the United States but common in other countries. (cdc.gov)
Strains of the Lyme disease bacterium1
- This vaccine is designed to protect people against North American and European strains of the Lyme disease bacterium. (cdc.gov)
Cause Lyme disease1
- Ticks are most active from April to September, which means now is prime time for bites that can cause Lyme disease. (lymenet.org)
Erythema5
- Many of the early symptoms and tissue damage that occur from Lyme disease, such as the erythema migrans (EM) or "bulls-eye" rash, arise not from excess presence of the bacteria but from the host's immune response. (insidescientific.com)
- Lyme disease symptoms include fever, headache, and fatigue, and it's characterized by a skin rash known as erythema migrans. (scienceblogs.com)
- Most cases of erythema migrans occur from late spring through early fall, because that is when ticks in the nymphal stage are seeking a blood meal, and nymphs account for 90% of Lyme disease cases. (medscape.com)
- Early localized Lyme disease refers to isolated erythema migrans and to an undifferentiated febrile illness. (medscape.com)
- Erythema migrans, the characteristic skin rash of Lyme disease, occurs in two thirds of patients with Lyme disease and develops at an average of 7 days after the tick bite. (medscape.com)
Antibiotics15
- And most Lyme disease cases can be cured by antibiotics. (cottagelife.com)
- Luckily, Lyme disease can usually be treated within a few weeks with antibiotics. (passporthealthusa.com)
- So, if antibiotics are available for treatment of the disease, why isn't there a vaccine? (passporthealthusa.com)
- Lyme disease, if not treated promptly with antibiotics, can become a lingering problem for those infected. (google.com)
- The standard treatment for Lyme disease in the earliest stages is usually antibiotics given as pills or by IV for 10-14 days. (myacare.com)
- Farrell was treated with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medication to reduce the swelling in her neck from meningitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes), a common symptom of Lyme disease. (thedailybeast.com)
- Now, during an exceptionally painful recovery from late-stage Lyme and several co-infections, she's been taking antibiotics for eight months. (thedailybeast.com)
- How long Lyme patients should be treated with antibiotics is another source of debate. (thedailybeast.com)
- Friends of Carolyn MacIntyre, a Perth-area woman with Lyme disease, are raising money to pay for her ongoing care and possible treatment in the U.S. MacIntyre has been prescribed antibiotics, but she received only a few weeks of treatment because Lyme disease is not considered a chronic disease. (canlyme.com)
- The usual treatment for Lyme disease is 2-4 weeks of antibiotics , which is highly effective. (scienceblogs.com)
- However, there is no evidence that this syndrome is caused by chronic B. burgdorferi infection, nor is there any good evidence that prolonged treatment with antibiotics benefits patients with persistent symptoms after treatment for Lyme disease-quite the contrary, actually. (scienceblogs.com)
- At least five five randomized, placebo-controlled studies have shown that prolonged courses of IV antibiotics do not improve long-term outcome for patients with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease (e.g., this one ). (scienceblogs.com)
- Yet these "Lyme literate" physicians and a coterie of naturopaths treat patients with symptoms after Lyme disease for weeks, months, or even years of antibiotics, and there are many known complications to long term antibiotic treatment. (scienceblogs.com)
- Patients with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease have been provided a wide range of medications as treatment, including long courses of intravenous (IV) antibiotics (3,4). (scienceblogs.com)
- Antibiotics are currently the only treatments available for Lyme disease and other tick-borne illnesses, but researchers at Duke Health are working to expand the medical toolkit by identifying vulnerable areas of disease-causing bacteria that could lead to innovative therapies. (lymenet.org)
20212
- According to the Public Health Agency of Canada , the number of confirmed Lyme disease cases has risen from 144 in 2009 to 3,147 in 2021. (cottagelife.com)
- According to a recent analysis , Lyme disease diagnosis in the U.S. increased by 375% in rural areas and 65% in urban areas from 2007 to 2021. (myacare.com)
Infection21
- The microscopic menace, commonly referred to as the black-legged tick or deer tick, are the main culprits in spreading Lyme disease, a bacterial infection that if left untreated can spiral into serious symptoms , such as facial palsy, swollen joints, and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. (cottagelife.com)
- Instead, it's a pre-exposure prophylaxis, which prevents infection by delivering a single antibody to a person rather than triggering their immune system to make multiple antibodies, the way vaccines do. (cottagelife.com)
- But, if left untreated Lyme disease can cause an infection to spread to the nervous system, joints, and even the heart. (passporthealthusa.com)
- But a 2012 study by Wormser's group, published in the New England Journal of Medicine , reported on 17 patients who had been infected multiple times with Lyme disease and had the strain of each infection cultured and identified. (google.com)
- The only patient infected by the same strain twice actually had Lyme disease four times in six years, contracting strain K twice, five years apart, with an infection by a different strain in between. (google.com)
- Lyme disease is the most common animal-borne infection in the United States, causing up to 476,000 cases per year, according to analysis of insurance data by the CDC. (freethink.com)
- For some patients, however, the impacts of Lyme infection can linger. (freethink.com)
- I like the idea," Sapi says, as a way to investigate whether previous infection causes a different reaction to the vaccine. (freethink.com)
- Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2, for example, changes a patient's reaction to the vaccine, Sapi points out. (freethink.com)
- Adult ticks can transmit the disease, but since they are larger and more likely to be removed from a person's body within a few hours, they are less likely than the nymphs to have sufficient time to transmit the infection. (cdc.gov)
- Here we were able to identify a target for a mRNA vaccine that shows promising results for preventing B. burgdorferi infection in animal models. (precisionvaccinations.com)
- OspA is a conserved protein in the multiple strains of B. burgdorferi, making it an ideal target for preventing an initial B. burgdorferi infection from progressing to Lyme disease. (precisionvaccinations.com)
- Finally, although mice were challenged by needle injection in this study, an OspA mRNA-LNP vaccine could be highly effective against ticks challenge representing the natural infection route. (precisionvaccinations.com)
- Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that is spread through the bite of one of several types of ticks. (medlineplus.gov)
- While the Lyme disease pathogenesis is not yet fully characterized, much of what is known is limited to the early stages of B. burgdorferi infection. (insidescientific.com)
- Alternative medicine practitioners claim that Lyme infection can become chronic and attribute a vague constellation of symptoms not unlike the vague constellation of symptoms attributed to adrenal fatigue to chronic Lyme infection, a condition they commonly refer to as chronic Lyme disease . (scienceblogs.com)
- A group of physicians who like to refer to themselves as "Lyme literate" physicians describe patients whom they believe have persistent B. burgdorferi infection, claiming that the condition requires long-term antibiotic treatment. (scienceblogs.com)
- Now, there is a condition known as posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome, which is the proper term for patients with a verified previous B. burgdorferi infection who experience fatigue, arthralgias, or other symptoms six months or more after antibiotic treatment when all other conditions have been ruled out. (scienceblogs.com)
- Lyme disease, a bacterial infection you can get through a bite from an infected blacklegged tick, affects an estimated 300,000 Americans a year. (medlineplus.gov)
- The first two stages are part of the early infection, whereas persistent disease is considered late infection. (medscape.com)
- Unlike syphilis, stage 3 disease may occur within 1 year of infection, not many years later. (medscape.com)
20023
- Therefore, if you received this vaccine before 2002, you are probably no longer protected against Lyme disease. (cdc.gov)
- Dropping from over a million sales in 1999 to 10,000 in 2002, SKB eventually dropped the vaccine. (freethink.com)
- There was a Lyme disease vaccine that was pulled from the market in 2002. (medlineplus.gov)
Development of Lyme disease2
- Results suggest that the vaccine prevents the development of Lyme disease. (upenn.edu)
- This statement, "Jim Wilson, President of the Canadian Lyme Disease Foundation and a Conference co-chair, called for patients to be treated as equal partners in the development of Lyme disease policy. (canlyme.com)
Infectious4
- Because Lyme disease is the fastest growing infectious disease in Canada, and is becoming epidemic worldwide! (canlyme.com)
- Routine vaccinations protect you from infectious diseases such as measles that can spread quickly in groups of unvaccinated people. (cdc.gov)
- The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) supports research aimed at both preventing Lyme disease and finding faster, more accurate tests for detecting it in its early stages, when it's easier to treat. (medlineplus.gov)
- It's a complicated, thought-provoking task,' says infectious disease expert Adriana Marques, M.D. Dr. Marques, who is chief of NIAID's Lyme Disease Studies Unit, discusses the most recent research on Lyme disease and how people can protect themselves. (medlineplus.gov)
Prevention11
- In the meantime the American Academy of Pediatrics has issued January 2000 guidelines for the prevention of Lyme disease . (drgreene.com)
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that as many as 476,000 Americans are infected with Lyme disease each year. (cottagelife.com)
- There is currently no vaccine in Canada available for the prevention of Lyme disease. (northvancouvertravelclinic.com)
- The best medicine is always prevention, which is why many vets recommend the Lyme disease vaccine for dogs. (oldfarmvet.com)
- Lieutenant Commander Marx is a medical epidemiologist with the Bacterial Diseases Branch in the CDC's Division of Vector-borne Diseases where she conducts epidemiological research on Lyme disease and the prevention of tick bites and tick-borne diseases. (cdc.gov)
- Marx has developed numerous educational and reference materials for healthcare providers related to the treatment, management, and prevention of Lyme disease, an online data dashboard of emergency department visits for tick bites, and she has co-authored and authored many Lyme disease publications. (cdc.gov)
- For this webinar, I have five primary objectives, which are to describe populations at risk of contracting Lyme disease in the U.S., to describe early signs and symptoms of Lyme disease, to identify appropriate use of diagnostic tests and antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease, and finally to promote clinician and patient education of Lyme disease, tick bite prevention, and postexposure prophylaxis. (cdc.gov)
- a non-profit foundation dedicated to public education of the prevention and treatment of Lyme disease and other tick-borne illnesses. (lymenet.org)
- It's absolutely necessary that we support LymeNet to continue educating the public about the prevention and treatment of Lyme and other tick borne diseases. (lymenet.org)
- Detailed studies of B. burgdorferi were initiated in 1982 used by tick-borne spirochetes to adapt for transmission by when Burgdorfer and coworkers reported these bacteria in their tick vectors, may lead to unique disease prevention strat- adult Ixodes scapularis ticks collected from vegetation on egies. (cdc.gov)
- This document presents the immunizing agents available in Canada and their use in the prevention of communicable disease. (bvsalud.org)
OspA6
- But this was not the first prophylactic vaccine targeting OspA. (the-scientist.com)
- The researchers first tested how their OspA mRNA vaccine affected cells of the adaptive immune system by isolating immune cells from mice immunized with OspA mRNA, OspA protein, or control mRNA, and quantifying them using flow cytometry. (the-scientist.com)
- Compared to the OspA protein and control vaccines, their OspA mRNA vaccine induced a greater proportion of memory B cells in the spleen, where these cells enhance the adaptive immune response after antigen re-exposure. (the-scientist.com)
- Vallerand AHA, Sanoski CAC, Quiring CC. Lyme disease vaccine (recombinant OspA). (unboundmedicine.com)
- These Penn researchers demonstrated that OspA mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) displayed superior immunogenicity and efficacy to an alum-adjuvanted OspA protein subunit vaccine when used at 3 μg and 1 μg dose, respectively. (precisionvaccinations.com)
- First, mice immunized with a single dose of OspA mRNA-LNP elicited more robust polyfunctional CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses than the OspA protein vaccine. (precisionvaccinations.com)
Immune11
- In a press release, it said reactogenicity was similar to findings in earlier trials for the vaccines and that they prompted robust immune response. (umn.edu)
- A real disaster, France is not immune, but a team from Yale University has found a preventative solution to stop it with a messenger RNA vaccine, Courrier international explains. (bioprepwatch.com)
- But the discovery does shed light on how the immune system recognizes and builds a defense against the pathogen and could inform future attempts to design a vaccine that would protect against multiple strains of the disease. (google.com)
- These materials are for you and your students to learn about the immune system, staying healthy and the critical role vaccines play in sound public health strategies. (sciencenorth.ca)
- An mRNA vaccine designed to create an immune response to ticks so they can be removed before they transmit Lyme disease has been shown to be effective in guinea pigs. (newscientist.com)
- Erol Fikrig at Yale University and his colleagues have developed a vaccine that trains the immune system to respond to tick bites, by exposing it to 19 proteins found in tick saliva. (newscientist.com)
- Guinea pigs given the anti-tick vaccine developed red, itchy rashes when they were later bitten by ticks, suggesting their immune systems were responding. (newscientist.com)
- Even without this deliberate tick removal, the immune response generated by the vaccine may encourage the tick to fall off naturally before transmitting the harmful bacteria, says Fikrig. (newscientist.com)
- Women are more likely to develop chronic diseases driven by the immune system. (theconversation.com)
- This fungus can cause a number of disorders in people with compromised immune function or other lung diseases. (theconversation.com)
- Can people become immune to Lyme disease, especially if they live in an area with a large tick population, such as the Northeast or Upper Midwest in the U.S. (medlineplus.gov)
Antibiotic treatment3
- With appropriate antibiotic treatment, most patients with early-stage Lyme disease recover rapidly and completely. (medscape.com)
- While this has allowed for effective early antibiotic treatment of Lyme disease, the long term effects of Lyme disease still require further research, and what is currently known is discussed below (6). (insidescientific.com)
- Get antibiotic treatment started quickly if you or your doctor suspects you might have early Lyme disease-do not wait for lab test results. (medlineplus.gov)
Diagnosis11
- Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. (cdc.gov)
- In July 2019, the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of concurrent or sequential EIA testing for diagnosis of Lyme disease. (medscape.com)
- While early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help prevent the development of late-stage and post-treatment Lyme disease, they are not effective 100% of the time. (insidescientific.com)
- Chronic lyme disease is another prototypical fake medical diagnosis . (scienceblogs.com)
- The diagnosis of Lyme disease is based o nits symptoms, physical findings (e.g., the characteristic skin rash, which looks like a bull's eye), and a history of being in an area where exposure to ticks is possible. (scienceblogs.com)
- These potential complications have been illustrated in a recent article in the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), Serious Bacterial Infections Acquired During Treatment of Patients Given a Diagnosis of Chronic Lyme Disease . (scienceblogs.com)
- The term "chronic Lyme disease" is used by some health care providers as a diagnosis for various constitutional, musculoskeletal, and neuropsychiatric symptoms (1,2). (scienceblogs.com)
- Any diagnosis of Lyme disease within the past 3 months. (arthritis.org)
- In the case of Lyme disease, the 'experts' that are put forward are the same group of physicians who have been standing in the way of appropriate diagnosis and treatment for decades, and hence why the patients need to leave our country in the first place. (canlyme.com)
- Researchers say they've identified a set of biomarkers that could make early diagnosis of Lyme disease easier, a possible first step for more effectively treating the estimated 476,000 people diagnosed with, and treated for, the tick-borne illness every year in the United States. (lymenet.org)
- Recent evidence-based guidelines have provided updated recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. (bvsalud.org)
Bite12
- While Lyme disease (also called Lyme disease) affects 50,000 people in France, and this tick bite causes fever, rash, headache, muscle and joint aches, but also a great deal of fatigue. (bioprepwatch.com)
- According to the CDC , Lyme disease cases, a bacteria spread through a bite from an infected tick, have more than doubled since 2001. (passporthealthusa.com)
- If the vaccine works the same way in people, it will enable us to "readily detect a tick bite early, due to redness at the bite site, and likely itching", says Fikrig. (newscientist.com)
- If I have a tick bite, will I always get Lyme disease? (medlineplus.gov)
- Can I get Lyme disease even if I never noticed a tick bite on my body? (medlineplus.gov)
- In what areas of the US am I more likely to get a tick bite or Lyme disease? (medlineplus.gov)
- If I get Lyme disease from a tick bite, what symptoms will I have? (medlineplus.gov)
- A red, ring-like rash at the site of a recent tick bite is one of the first indicators of Lyme disease. (myacare.com)
- Though 70 percent of patients develop a rash within three to 30 days of a tick bite, many don't connect symptoms like fatigue, chills, fever, headaches, muscle aches, and joint pain to Lyme disease. (thedailybeast.com)
- Because only approximately 25-30% of United States patients with early Lyme disease recall the tick bite, the clinician must direct the history toward the possibility of a tick bite. (medscape.com)
- The probability of a tick bite-and thus, the likelihood of contracting Lyme disease-is highest in persons who spend time outdoors (particularly in wooded, brushy, or grassy habitats) in a geographically endemic area. (medscape.com)
- For patients presenting with later cutaneous manifestations, especially acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, questions must be directed at assessing the risk of tick bite (or previous manifestations of Lyme disease) from many years in the past. (medscape.com)
Symptoms after having Lyme1
- If a person is having issues with symptoms after having Lyme disease, they should reach out to a knowledgeable doctor if they can. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Early disseminated Lyme disease1
- During the early disseminated Lyme disease stage or stage 2, the bacteria starts to spread throughout the body. (myacare.com)
Syndrome6
- This is also known as "Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome" (PTLDS). (myacare.com)
- This blog addresses and consolidates some of the currently available research on Lyme disease, including reasons for its increasing prevalence, post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, as well as current and upcoming treatments. (insidescientific.com)
- Persistent fatigue can be part of a condition known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) or chronic Lyme. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Because there is evidence that in many cases, symptoms of Parkinson's, ALS, MS, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, fibromyalgia, Alzheimer's disease, bi-polar disorder, and many other neurological and autoimmune disorders may be caused by Lyme disease. (canlyme.com)
- Addressing the increased risks of certain diseases among those with Down syndrome could help improve their quality of life. (theconversation.com)
- Additionally, some COVID-19 vaccines have been associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome. (bvsalud.org)
Persons with Lyme disease1
- 1995: Lyme vaccine found safe and effective in persons with Lyme disease. (google.com)
Transmit4
- Black-legged ticks that feed on blood from infected mice can than transmit the disease to people. (umn.edu)
- Because a tick needs to be attached for at least 36 to 48 hours before it can transmit Lyme disease, the most important measure is checking children for ticks whenever they might have been in tick-infested areas. (drgreene.com)
- For Lyme disease to exist in an area, at least three closely interrelated elements must be present in nature: the Lyme disease bacteria, ticks that can transmit them, and mammals (such as mice and deer) to provide food for the ticks in their various life stages. (cdc.gov)
- Even though the 30-year-old advertising executive lived in the woodsy town of Summit, New Jersey, she hadn't been hiking in an area where she could have been exposed to infected ticks that transmit the disease. (thedailybeast.com)
Chronic Lyme di1
- Explains Auwaerter: "Doctors might label something as chronic Lyme disease when they don't understand what's going on. (thedailybeast.com)
Symptom of Lyme disease1
- Fatigue is a potential symptom of Lyme disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Evidence that Lyme disease2
- There is no convincing evidence that Lyme disease can be transmitted by insects such as mosquitoes, flies, or fleas. (cdc.gov)
- There is no evidence that Lyme disease is contagious - it cannot be transmitted from one person to another. (myacare.com)
Ixodes1
- 1 Additionally, Ixodes ticks act as vectors, where they transfer disease-causing bacteria, viruses, or protozoa to their host during feeding. (the-scientist.com)
Dengue1
- Managing mosquito-borne viruses, such as West Nile, Dengue, Zika and tick-borne Lyme disease have been a challenge due to lack of resources, knowledge and trained expertise. (lymenet.org)
Contract Lyme disease1
- Some 300,000 people contract Lyme disease every year. (advancedhealingarts.ca)
MRNA COVID-191
- The vaccine contains mRNA molecules that instruct cells to make these proteins, in the same way that mRNA covid-19 vaccines direct cells to make coronavirus proteins. (newscientist.com)
Skin rash1
- Symptoms of the disease can include headaches, migraines, fever, fatigue and a skin rash. (passporthealthusa.com)
Develop a vaccine1
- Fikrig hopes it will be possible to develop a vaccine that simultaneously targets the harmful bacteria and the ticks. (newscientist.com)
Targets1
- The vaccine targets six different serotypes of Lyme disease. (freethink.com)
Manifestations2
- The presenting manifestations of Lyme disease and the outcomes of treatment. (cdc.gov)
- Similar to syphilis, the manifestations of Lyme disease have been divided into three stages: localized, disseminated, and persistent. (medscape.com)
Endemic4
- Participants were recruited from areas where Lyme disease is highly endemic, including Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and the U.S. By December, the trial had shown that the vaccine created effective antibodies that lingered for up to six months. (cottagelife.com)
- Lyme disease is endemic in Canada with 917 reported cases in 2015. (northvancouvertravelclinic.com)
- FiercePharma reports phase-two tests will be carried out in Lyme-endemic regions of the U.S and Europe and include some phase-one participants to observe the effects of continued use. (advancedhealingarts.ca)
- Participants who reside in areas with endemic Lyme disease and who lead lifestyles that put them at increased risk for Lyme disease. (arthritis.org)
Coronavirus1
- Moderna followed celebrities skeptical about coronavirus vaccines? (moviesonline.ca)
Vector-borne3
- It is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States," said Matthew Pine, the lead author of this study and a former doctoral student in the laboratories of Norbert Pardi and Drew Weissman at the University of Pennsylvania. (the-scientist.com)
- CanLyme is working with the G. Magnotta Foundation for Vector Borne Diseases and senior executives of the newly built Humber River Hospital in Toronto to undertake an extensive human tissue research program using today's most sophisticated DNA sequencing technology. (canlyme.com)
- Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne illness in the United States, but it can be confused with similar conditions, including Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness (STARI). (lymenet.org)
Immunity3
- Persons with immunity, that is, those who have been vaccinated or who have had the disease. (moviesonline.ca)
- A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. (wikipedia.org)
- People can not develop immunity against Lyme disease after they have had it - even if you had Lyme disease, you can still get it again. (myacare.com)
Prevalence1
- Because of climate change and habitat fragmentation, Lyme disease prevalence and distribution are rapidly increasing in North America and Europe . (the-scientist.com)
Zika1
- however, many cannot, such as Zika and Lyme. (cdc.gov)
Tick-borne5
- Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases: information for healthcare professionals [cited 2015 Mar 26]. (cdc.gov)
- See Lyme Disease and 4 Emerging Tick-Borne Illnesses , a Critical Images slideshow, to help identify and treat several tick-borne conditions. (medscape.com)
- Both approaches are promising, but one advantage of tick-targeted vaccines is that they may also protect against other tick-borne diseases like anaplasmosis and babesiosis, says Petr Kopáček at the Institute of Parasitology in the Czech Republic. (newscientist.com)
- Read on to learn more about the tick-borne disease, its symptoms, and the first vaccine in the past two decades that can help prevent it. (myacare.com)
- Because research into persistent Lyme disease and other tick-borne infections is severely underfunded! (canlyme.com)
Persistent1
- However, some patients may experience persistent symptoms, such as musculoskeletal pain and cognitive dysfunction, for over six months after undergoing Lyme disease treatment. (myacare.com)