Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
Longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in grades 7-12 in the United States during the 1994-95 school year. The Add Health cohort has been followed into young adulthood. (from http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth accessed 08/2012)
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of an individual from birth up to but not including ADOLESCENCE.
Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Any observable response or action of an adolescent.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
The interactions between parent and child.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Female parents, human or animal.
Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.
Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.
Performing the role of a parent by care-giving, nurturance, and protection of the child by a natural or substitute parent. The parent supports the child by exercising authority and through consistent, empathic, appropriate behavior in response to the child's needs. PARENTING differs from CHILD REARING in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the children and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent.
The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons.
The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
Discontinuance of care received by patient(s) due to reasons other than full recovery from the disease.
Persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. The heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent.
Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, INFANT BEHAVIOR is available.
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Child with one or more parents afflicted by a physical or mental disorder.
A period in the human life in which the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system takes place and reaches full maturity. The onset of synchronized endocrine events in puberty lead to the capacity for reproduction (FERTILITY), development of secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS, and other changes seen in ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT.
Field of psychology concerned with the normal and abnormal behavior of adolescents. It includes mental processes as well as observable responses.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
The antisocial acts of children or persons under age which are illegal or lawfully interpreted as constituting delinquency.
A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income.
Group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status.
A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
The distance from the sole to the crown of the head with body standing on a flat surface and fully extended.
The continuous sequential physiological and psychological changes during ADOLESCENCE, approximately between the age of 13 and 18.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, or eating.
Interaction between a mother and child.
The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body.
Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc.
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Personality construct referring to an individual's perception of the locus of events as determined internally by his or her own behavior versus fate, luck, or external forces. (ERIC Thesaurus, 1996).
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.
Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Adaptation of the person to the social environment. Adjustment may take place by adapting the self to the environment or by changing the environment. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996)
Growth of habitual patterns of behavior in childhood and adolescence.
The state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
The smallest continent and an independent country, comprising six states and two territories. Its capital is Canberra.
The ability to learn and to deal with new situations and to deal effectively with tasks involving abstractions.
Gradual increase in the number, the size, and the complexity of cells of an individual. Growth generally results in increase in ORGAN WEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; and BODY HEIGHT.
Success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general.
Disorders related to substance abuse.
Male parents, human or animal.
Those occurrences, including social, psychological, and environmental, which require an adjustment or effect a change in an individual's pattern of living.
Evaluation of the level of physical, physiological, or mental functioning in the older population group.
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.
Behavior-response patterns that characterize the individual.
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
A person's view of himself.
Elements of residence that characterize a population. They are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services.
Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The state wherein the person is well adjusted.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.
Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Interaction between the father and the child.
Individuals subjected to and adversely affected by criminal activity. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
Country located in EUROPE. It is bordered by the NORTH SEA, BELGIUM, and GERMANY. Constituent areas are Aruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten, formerly included in the NETHERLANDS ANTILLES.
Standardized tests that measure the present general ability or aptitude for intellectual performance.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.
All deaths reported in a given population.
The science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation. The term is also applied to the data themselves and to the summarization of the data.
A social group consisting of parents or parent substitutes and children.
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, prejudices, etc.
Struggle or disagreement between parents, parent and child or other members of a family.
The art, technique, or business of producing motion pictures for entertainment, propaganda, or instruction.
The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.
Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The nursing of an infant at the breast.
Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the black groups of Africa.
The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
The training or molding of an individual through various relationships, educational agencies, and social controls, which enables him to become a member of a particular society.
Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.
Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.
A situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. It is often related to a specific income level.
Check list, usually to be filled out by a person about himself, consisting of many statements about personal characteristics which the subject checks.
The determination and evaluation of personality attributes by interviews, observations, tests, or scales. Articles concerning personality measurement are considered to be within scope of this term.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.
Method for obtaining information through verbal responses, written or oral, from subjects.
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
The measurement of the health status for a given population using a variety of indices, including morbidity, mortality, and available health resources.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.
Size and composition of the family.
The amount of fat or lipid deposit at a site or an organ in the body, an indicator of body fat status.
Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program.
A province of eastern Canada. Its capital is Quebec. The region belonged to France from 1627 to 1763 when it was lost to the British. The name is from the Algonquian quilibek meaning the place where waters narrow, referring to the gradually narrowing channel of the St. Lawrence or to the narrows of the river at Cape Diamond. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p993 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p440)
Persons whom one knows, likes, and trusts.
Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.
The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.
Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.
The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.
Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.
The form and structure of analytic studies in epidemiologic and clinical research.
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)
The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences.
A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)
The social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby individuals are joined together.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her.
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Typical way of life or manner of living characteristic of an individual or group. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Continuous sequential changes which occur in the physiological and psychological functions during the life-time of an individual.
Mood or emotional responses dissonant with or inappropriate to the behavior and/or stimulus.
Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits.
Any deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation. Bias can result from several sources: one-sided or systematic variations in measurement from the true value (systematic error); flaws in study design; deviation of inferences, interpretations, or analyses based on flawed data or data collection; etc. There is no sense of prejudice or subjectivity implied in the assessment of bias under these conditions.
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
The ability to carry out daily tasks and perform physical activities in a highly functional state, often as a result of physical conditioning.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits.
Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
Sexual activities of humans.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Any observable response or action of a neonate or infant up through the age of 23 months.
Emotional attachment to someone or something in the environment.
The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors.
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)
Educational institutions.
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
A group of islands in the southwest Pacific. Its capital is Wellington. It was discovered by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642 and circumnavigated by Cook in 1769. Colonized in 1840 by the New Zealand Company, it became a British crown colony in 1840 until 1907 when colonial status was terminated. New Zealand is a partly anglicized form of the original Dutch name Nieuw Zeeland, new sea land, possibly with reference to the Dutch province of Zeeland. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p842 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p378)
Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.
Two individuals derived from two FETUSES that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the UTERUS simultaneously, and born to the same mother. Twins are either monozygotic (TWINS, MONOZYGOTIC) or dizygotic (TWINS, DIZYGOTIC).
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standard of acceptable or desirable weight. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal "over fat".
The process by which an aspect of self image is developed based on in-group preference or ethnocentrism and a perception of belonging to a social or cultural group. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.
State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.
A personality disorder whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. The individual must be at least age 18 and must have a history of some symptoms of CONDUCT DISORDER before age 15. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.
Those forms of control which are exerted in less concrete and tangible ways, as through folkways, mores, conventions, and public sentiment.
Persons who provide care to those who need supervision or assistance in illness or disability. They may provide the care in the home, in a hospital, or in an institution. Although caregivers include trained medical, nursing, and other health personnel, the concept also refers to parents, spouses, or other family members, friends, members of the clergy, teachers, social workers, fellow patients.

Effect of growth hormone treatment on adult height of children with idiopathic short stature. Genentech Collaborative Group. (1/19822)

BACKGROUND: Short-term administration of growth hormone to children with idiopathic short stature results in increases in growth rate and standard-deviation scores for height. However, the effect of long-term growth hormone therapy on adult height in these children is unknown. METHODS: We studied 121 children with idiopathic short stature, all of whom had an initial height below the third percentile, low growth rates, and maximal stimulated serum concentrations of growth hormone of at least 10 microg per liter. The children were treated with growth hormone (0.3 mg per kilogram of body weight per week) for 2 to 10 years. Eighty of these children have reached adult height, with a bone age of at least 16 years in the boys and at least 14 years in the girls, and pubertal stage 4 or 5. The difference between the predicted adult height before treatment and achieved adult height was compared with the corresponding difference in three untreated normal or short-statured control groups. RESULTS: In the 80 children who have reached adult height, growth hormone treatment increased the mean standard-deviation score for height (number of standard deviations from the mean height for chronologic age) from -2.7 to -1.4. The mean (+/-SD) difference between predicted adult height before treatment and achieved adult height was +5.0+/-5.1 cm for boys and +5.9+/-5.2 cm for girls. The difference between predicted and achieved adult height among treated boys was 9.2 cm greater than the corresponding difference among untreated boys with initial standard-deviation scores of less than -2, and the difference among treated girls was 5.7 cm greater than the difference among untreated girls. CONCLUSION: Long-term administration of growth hormone to children with idiopathic short stature can increase adult height to a level above the predicted adult height and above the adult height of untreated historical control children.  (+info)

Incidence and occupational pattern of leukaemias, lymphomas, and testicular tumours in western Ireland over an 11 year period. (2/19822)

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine incidence of the following malignancies, testicular tumours, all leukaemias and all lymphomas in the West of Ireland in an 11 year period. Secondly, to examine the relation between disease patterns and available occupational data in male subjects of working age. DESIGN: A census survey of all cases occurring in the three counties in the Western Health Board (WHB) area, Galway, Mayo and Roscommon, for the 11 year period 1980 to 1990 inclusive. Average annual age standardised incidence rates for the period were calculated using the 1986 census data. Rates for the area are compared with rates from the southern region of Ireland, which had a tumour registry. Trends over the time period are evaluated. All male subjects for whom occupational data were available were categorised using the Irish socioeconomic group classification and incidence rates by occupation were compared using the standardised incidence ratio method. In one of the counties, Galway, a detailed occupational history of selected cases and an age matched control group was also elicited through patients' general practitioners. SETTING: All available case records in the West of Ireland. RESULTS: There are no national incidence records for the period. Compared with data from the Southern Tumour Registry, the number of cases of women with myeloid leukaemias was significantly lower. Male leukaemia rates were significantly lower as a group (SIR 84 (95% CI 74, 95) but not when considered as individual categories. Regression analysis revealed an increasing trend in the number of new cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among both men (r = 0.47, p = 0.02) and women (r = 0.90, p = 0.0001) and of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in men (r = 0.77, p = 0.005) and women (r = 0.68 p = 0.02) in the WHB region over the last decade. Four hundred and fifty six male cases over the age of 15 years were identified and adequate occupational information was available for 74% of these. Standardised incidence ratios of testicular tumours 100, 938) and agriworkers other than farmers (SIR 377, 95% CI 103, 967). There were also significantly increased incidence ratios for both non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (SIR 169, 95% CI 124, 266) and three categories of leukaemias among farmers. Hodgkin's disease and acute myeloid leukaemias were significantly increased among semi-skilled people. Interview data with 90 cases and 54 controls of both sexes revealed that among farmers, cases (n = 31) were significantly less likely than controls (n = 20) to use tractor mounted spraying techniques (OR = 0.19 (95% CI 0.04, 0.80)) and less likely to wear protective masks (OR 0.22 (95% CI 0.05, 0.84)). CONCLUSIONS: Trends of increase in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and some leukaemias are consistent with studies elsewhere. The study provides further evidence of the relation between agricultural work and certain lymphoproliferative cancers. The possible carcinogenic role of chemicals used in agricultural industries must be considered as an explanation.  (+info)

Do housing tenure and car access predict health because they are simply markers of income or self esteem? A Scottish study. (3/19822)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate relations between health (using a range of measures) and housing tenure or car access; and to test the hypothesis that observed relations between these asset based measures and health are simply because they are markers for income or self esteem. DESIGN: Analysis of data from second wave of data collection of West of Scotland Twenty-07 study, collected in 1991 by face to face interviews conducted by nurse interviewers. SETTING: The Central Clydeside Conurbation, in the West of Scotland. SUBJECTS: 785 people (354 men, 431 women) in their late 30s, and 718 people (358 men, 359 women) in their late 50s, participants in a longitudinal study. MEASURES: General Health Questionnaire scores, respiratory function, waist/hip ratio, number of longstanding illnesses, number of symptoms in the last month, and systolic blood pressure; household income adjusted for household size and composition; Rosenberg self esteem score; housing tenure and care access. RESULTS: On bivariate analysis, all the health measures were significantly associated with housing tenure, and all except waist/hip ratio with car access; all except waist/hip ratio were related to income, and all except systolic blood pressure were related to self esteem. In models controlling for age, sex, and their interaction, neither waist/hip ratio nor systolic blood pressure remained significantly associated with tenure or care access. Significant relations with all the remaining health measures persisted after further controlling for income or self esteem. CONCLUSIONS: Housing tenure and car access may not only be related to health because they are markers for income or psychological traits; they may also have some directly health promoting or damaging effects. More research is needed to establish mechanisms by which they may influence health, and to determine the policy implications of their association with health.  (+info)

Carotenoid intakes, assessed by dietary questionnaire, are associated with plasma carotenoid concentrations in an elderly population. (4/19822)

High intakes of fruits and vegetables and of carotenoids are associated with a lower risk for a variety of chronic diseases. It is therefore important to test the validity of dietary questionnaires that assess these intakes. We compared intakes of five carotenoids, as calculated from responses to the Willett 126-item food-frequency questionnaire, with corresponding biochemical measures. Subjects included 346 women and 201 men, aged 67-93 y, in the Framingham Heart Study. Unadjusted correlations were higher among women than men as follows: alpha-carotene 0.33 and 0.18, beta-carotene, 0.36 and 0.25; beta-cryptoxanthin, 0.44 and 0.32; lycopene, 0.35 and 0.21; and lutein + zeaxanthin, 0.27 and 0.10, respectively. Adjustment for age, energy intake, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), plasma cholesterol concentrations and smoking reduced the gender differences, respectively, to the following: alpha-carotene 0.30 and 0.28; beta-carotene, 0.34 and 0.31; beta-cryptoxanthin, 0.45 and 0.36; lycopene, 0.36 and 0.31; and lutein + zeaxanthin, 0.24 and 0.14. Plots of adjusted mean plasma carotenoid concentration by quintile of respective carotenoid intake show apparent greater responsiveness among women, compared with men, to dietary intake of alpha- and beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, but similar blood-diet relationships for lycopene and lutein + zeaxanthin. Reported daily intake of fruits and vegetables correlated most strongly with plasma beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene among women and with plasma alpha- and beta-carotene among men. With the exception of lutein + zeaxanthin, this dietary questionnaire does provide reasonable rankings of carotenoid status among elderly subjects, with the strongest correlations for beta-cryptoxanthin. Appropriate adjustment of confounders is necessary to clarify these associations among men.  (+info)

Obstructive uropathy and hydronephrosis in male KK-Ay mice: a report of cases. (5/19822)

Uropathy associated with hydronephrosis was observed frequently in our male KK-Ay mouse colony during a long-term study of diabetes. The lesion occurred in 24 of the 31 KK-Ay male mice and accounted for the greatest number of spontaneous deaths among them. It was observed after 4 months of age and involved about hard plugs of altered seminal material resembling the seminal vesicle secretion. The plugs became impacted in the urethral bulb and the bladder. The penile anatomy, with its flexure, pressure on the urethra from the bulbocavernosus muscle, and the characteristic ability of the seminal fluid to easily coagulate to form the vaginal plug may have contributed to the lesion. Correlation between development of the uropathy and diabetes has not been established.  (+info)

Measurement of striatal D2 dopamine receptor density and affinity with [11C]-raclopride in vivo: a test-retest analysis. (6/19822)

Subacute and long-term stability of measurements of D2 dopamine receptor density (Bmax), affinity (Kd) was studied with positron emission tomography in eight healthy male volunteers. [11C]-Raclopride and the transient equilibrium method were used to measure D2 receptor characteristics. The interval between measurements (scan pairs) was 3 to 7 weeks (subacute) for four subjects and 6 to 11 months (long-term) for four subjects. A test-retest analysis of quantitative measurements of D2 receptor Bmax and Kd was compared with that done on binding potential (BP, Bmax/Kd) measures. In addition, the effect of error in defining the transient equilibrium time (tmax) in the parameter estimation procedure was explored with simulations. The subacute test-retest indicates good reproducibility of D2 receptor density, affinity, and BP ratio measurements with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.90, 0.96, and 0.86, respectively. The variability of the measurements after 6 to 11 months was slightly higher than that seen in a subacute testing for Kd and more clearly so for binding potential and Bmax. The absolute variability in Bmax (14.5%) measurements was consistently higher than that of Kd (8.4%) or BP (7.9%) both in subacute and long-term measurements. Simulations indicated that the Bmax and Kd estimation procedure is more sensitive to error in the tmax than that for the BP. The results indicate a good overall stability of the equilibrium method with [11C]raclopride for measuring dopamine D2 receptor binding characteristics in the striatum. The BP approach is more stable than Kd and especially Bmax measurements. Error in defining the tmax in particular in the low specific radioactivity scan may be one source of greater variability in Bmax versus BP. However, a higher intraindividual variability in measurements of the D2 receptor Bmax also may include a component of continuous regulation of this parameter over time. These methodologic aspects should be considered in the design and interpretation of longitudinal studies on D2 dopamine receptor characteristics with [11C]-raclopride.  (+info)

New-onset sustained ventricular tachycardia after cardiac surgery. (7/19822)

BACKGROUND: The de novo occurrence of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) after CABG has been described, but the incidence, mortality rate, long-term follow-up, and mechanism are not well defined. METHODS AND RESULTS: This prospective study enrolled consecutive patients undergoing CABG at a single institution. Patients were followed up for the development of sustained VT, and a detailed analysis of clinical, angiographic, and surgical variables associated with the occurrence of VT was performed. A total of 382 patients participated, and 12 patients (3.1%) experienced >/=1 episode of sustained VT 4.1+/-4.8 days after CABG. In 11 of 12 patients, no postoperative complication explained the VT; 1 patient had a perioperative myocardial infarction. The in-hospital mortality rate was 25%. Patients with VT were more likely to have prior myocardial infarction (92% versus 50%, P<0.01), severe congestive heart failure (56% versus 21%, P<0.01), and ejection fraction <0.40 (70% versus 29%, P<0.01). When all 3 factors were present, the risk of VT was 30%, a 14-fold increase. Patients with VT had more noncollateralized totally occluded vessels on angiogram (1.4+/-0.97 versus 0.54+/-0.7, P<0.01), a bypass graft across a noncollateralized occluded vessel (1.50+/-1.0 versus 0.42+/-0.62, P<0.01), and a bypass graft across a noncollateralized occluded vessel to an infarct zone (1.50+/-1.0 versus 0.17+/-0.38, P<0.01). By multivariate analysis, the number of bypass grafts across a noncollateralized occluded vessel to an infarct zone was the only independent factor predicting VT. CONCLUSIONS: The first presentation of sustained monomorphic VT in the recovery period after CABG is uncommon, but the incidence is high in specific clinical subsets. Placement of a bypass graft across a noncollateralized total occlusion in a vessel supplying an infarct zone was strongly and independently associated with the development of VT.  (+info)

Septicemia in dialysis patients: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis. (8/19822)

BACKGROUND: Infection is second to cardiovascular disease as a cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and septicemia causes a majority of these infectious deaths. To identify patients at high risk and to characterize modifiable risk factors for septicemia, we examined the incidence, risk factors, and prognosis for septicemia in a large, representative group of U.S. dialysis patients. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of incident ESRD patients in the case-mix study of the U.S. Renal Data System with seven years of follow-up from hospitalization and death records. Poisson regression was used to examine independent risk factors for hospital-managed septicemia. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to assess the independent effect of septicemia on all-cause mortality and on death from septicemia. Separate analyses were performed for patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD). RESULTS: Over seven years of follow-up, 11.7% of 4005 HD patients and 9.4% of 913 PD patients had at least one episode of septicemia. Older age and diabetes were independent risk factors for septicemia in all patients. Among HD patients, low serum albumin, temporary vascular access, and dialyzer reuse were also associated with increased risk. Among PD patients, white race and having no health insurance at dialysis initiation were also risk factors. Patients with septicemia had twice the risk of death from any cause and a fivefold to ninefold increased risk of death from septicemia. CONCLUSIONS: Septicemia, which carries a marked increased risk of death, occurs frequently in patients on PD as well as HD. Early referral to a nephrologist, improving nutrition, and avoiding temporary vascular access may decrease the incidence of septicemia. Further study of how race, insurance status, and dialyzer reuse can contribute to the risk of septicemia among ESRD patients is indicated.  (+info)

Types of Cognition Disorders: There are several types of cognitive disorders that affect different aspects of cognitive functioning. Some common types include:

1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
2. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Caused by a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts brain function, resulting in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes.
3. Alzheimer's Disease: A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with communication.
4. Stroke: A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cognitive impairment and other symptoms.
5. Parkinson's Disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, balance, and cognition.
6. Huntington's Disease: An inherited disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain, leading to cognitive decline and other symptoms.
7. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD): A group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by changes in personality, behavior, and language.
8. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A condition that develops after a traumatic event, characterized by symptoms such as anxiety, avoidance, and hypervigilance.
9. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): A condition characterized by memory loss and other cognitive symptoms that are more severe than normal age-related changes but not severe enough to interfere with daily life.

Causes and Risk Factors: The causes of cognition disorders can vary depending on the specific disorder, but some common risk factors include:

1. Genetics: Many cognitive disorders have a genetic component, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
2. Age: As people age, their risk of developing cognitive disorders increases, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.
3. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as physical inactivity, smoking, and poor diet can increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
4. Traumatic brain injury: A severe blow to the head or a traumatic brain injury can increase the risk of developing cognitive disorders, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
5. Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis and encephalitis, can cause cognitive disorders if they damage the brain tissue.
6. Stroke or other cardiovascular conditions: A stroke or other cardiovascular conditions can cause cognitive disorders by damaging the blood vessels in the brain.
7. Chronic substance abuse: Long-term use of drugs or alcohol can damage the brain and increase the risk of cognitive disorders, such as dementia.
8. Sleep disorders: Sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, can increase the risk of cognitive disorders, such as dementia.
9. Depression and anxiety: Mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, can increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
10. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as pesticides and heavy metals, has been linked to an increased risk of cognitive disorders.

It's important to note that not everyone with these risk factors will develop a cognitive disorder, and some people without any known risk factors can still develop a cognitive disorder. If you have concerns about your cognitive health, it's important to speak with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

Disease progression can be classified into several types based on the pattern of worsening:

1. Chronic progressive disease: In this type, the disease worsens steadily over time, with a gradual increase in symptoms and decline in function. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson's disease.
2. Acute progressive disease: This type of disease worsens rapidly over a short period, often followed by periods of stability. Examples include sepsis, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke.
3. Cyclical disease: In this type, the disease follows a cycle of worsening and improvement, with periodic exacerbations and remissions. Examples include multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Recurrent disease: This type is characterized by episodes of worsening followed by periods of recovery. Examples include migraine headaches, asthma, and appendicitis.
5. Catastrophic disease: In this type, the disease progresses rapidly and unpredictably, with a poor prognosis. Examples include cancer, AIDS, and organ failure.

Disease progression can be influenced by various factors, including:

1. Genetics: Some diseases are inherited and may have a predetermined course of progression.
2. Lifestyle: Factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet can contribute to disease progression.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, allergens, and other environmental stressors can influence disease progression.
4. Medical treatment: The effectiveness of medical treatment can impact disease progression, either by slowing or halting the disease process or by causing unintended side effects.
5. Co-morbidities: The presence of multiple diseases or conditions can interact and affect each other's progression.

Understanding the type and factors influencing disease progression is essential for developing effective treatment plans and improving patient outcomes.

There are several different types of obesity, including:

1. Central obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
2. Peripheral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat in the hips, thighs, and arms.
3. Visceral obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by excess fat around the internal organs in the abdominal cavity.
4. Mixed obesity: This type of obesity is characterized by both central and peripheral obesity.

Obesity can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lack of physical activity, poor diet, sleep deprivation, and certain medications. Treatment for obesity typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and a healthy diet, and in some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to achieve weight loss.

Preventing obesity is important for overall health and well-being, and can be achieved through a variety of strategies, including:

1. Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is low in added sugars, saturated fats, and refined carbohydrates.
2. Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, jogging, or swimming.
3. Getting enough sleep each night.
4. Managing stress levels through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing.
5. Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and quitting smoking.
6. Monitoring weight and body mass index (BMI) on a regular basis to identify any changes or potential health risks.
7. Seeking professional help from a healthcare provider or registered dietitian for personalized guidance on weight management and healthy lifestyle choices.

The exact cause of depressive disorder is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Some common risk factors for developing depressive disorder include:

* Family history of depression
* Traumatic events, such as abuse or loss
* Chronic stress
* Substance abuse
* Chronic illness or chronic pain

There are several different types of depressive disorders, including:

* Major depressive disorder (MDD): This is the most common type of depression, characterized by one or more major depressive episodes in a person's lifetime.
* Persistent depressive disorder (PDD): This type of depression is characterized by persistent, low-grade symptoms that last for two years or more.
* Bipolar disorder: This is a mood disorder that involves periods of both depression and mania or hypomania.
* Postpartum depression (PPD): This is a type of depression that occurs in women after childbirth.
* Severe depression: This is a severe and debilitating form of depression that can interfere with daily life and relationships.

Treatment for depressive disorder typically involves a combination of medication and therapy, such as antidepressant medications and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Other forms of therapy, such as psychodynamic therapy or interpersonal therapy, may also be effective. Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep, can also help manage symptoms.

It's important to seek professional help if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of depressive disorder. With proper treatment, many people are able to recover from depression and lead fulfilling lives.

There are several types of dementia, each with its own set of symptoms and characteristics. Some common types of dementia include:

* Alzheimer's disease: This is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 50-70% of all cases. It is a progressive disease that causes the death of brain cells, leading to memory loss and cognitive decline.
* Vascular dementia: This type of dementia is caused by problems with blood flow to the brain, often as a result of a stroke or small vessel disease. It can cause difficulty with communication, language, and visual-spatial skills.
* Lewy body dementia: This type of dementia is characterized by the presence of abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies in the brain. It can cause a range of symptoms, including memory loss, confusion, hallucinations, and difficulty with movement.
* Frontotemporal dementia: This is a group of diseases that affect the front and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to changes in personality, behavior, and language.

The symptoms of dementia can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common symptoms include:

* Memory loss: Difficulty remembering recent events or learning new information.
* Communication and language difficulties: Struggling to find the right words or understand what others are saying.
* Disorientation: Getting lost in familiar places or having difficulty understanding the time and date.
* Difficulty with problem-solving: Trouble with planning, organizing, and decision-making.
* Mood changes: Depression, anxiety, agitation, or aggression.
* Personality changes: Becoming passive, suspicious, or withdrawn.
* Difficulty with movement: Trouble with coordination, balance, or using utensils.
* Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that are not there.
* Sleep disturbances: Having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep.

The symptoms of dementia can be subtle at first and may progress slowly over time. In the early stages, they may be barely noticeable, but as the disease progresses, they can become more pronounced and interfere with daily life. It is important to seek medical advice if you or a loved one is experiencing any of these symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can help improve outcomes.

Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.

There are several ways to measure body weight, including:

1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.

It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.

Types of Substance-Related Disorders:

1. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): A chronic disease characterized by the excessive consumption of alcohol, leading to impaired control over drinking, social or personal problems, and increased risk of health issues.
2. Opioid Use Disorder (OUD): A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of opioids, such as prescription painkillers or heroin, leading to withdrawal symptoms when the substance is not available.
3. Stimulant Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of stimulants, such as cocaine or amphetamines, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.
4. Cannabis Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of cannabis, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.
5. Hallucinogen Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of hallucinogens, such as LSD or psilocybin mushrooms, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetics: Individuals with a family history of substance-related disorders are more likely to develop these conditions.
2. Mental health: Individuals with mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety, may be more likely to use substances as a form of self-medication.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to substances at an early age, peer pressure, and social environment can increase the risk of developing a substance-related disorder.
4. Brain chemistry: Substance use can alter brain chemistry, leading to dependence and addiction.

Symptoms:

1. Increased tolerance: The need to use more of the substance to achieve the desired effect.
2. Withdrawal: Experiencing symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, or nausea when the substance is not present.
3. Loss of control: Using more substance than intended or for longer than intended.
4. Neglecting responsibilities: Neglecting responsibilities at home, work, or school due to substance use.
5. Continued use despite negative consequences: Continuing to use the substance despite physical, emotional, or financial consequences.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination: A doctor may perform a physical examination to look for signs of substance use, such as track marks or changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
2. Laboratory tests: Blood or urine tests can confirm the presence of substances in the body.
3. Psychological evaluation: A mental health professional may conduct a psychological evaluation to assess symptoms of substance-related disorders and determine the presence of co-occurring conditions.

Treatment:

1. Detoxification: A medically-supervised detox program can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.
2. Medications: Medications such as methadone or buprenorphine may be prescribed to manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.
3. Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and contingency management are effective behavioral therapies for treating substance use disorders.
4. Support groups: Joining a support group such as Narcotics Anonymous can provide a sense of community and support for individuals in recovery.
5. Lifestyle changes: Making healthy lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.

It's important to note that diagnosis and treatment of substance-related disorders is a complex process and should be individualized based on the specific needs and circumstances of each patient.

1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
2. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): A disorder marked by a pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior toward authority figures.
3. Conduct Disorder (CD): A disorder characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the child violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules.
4. Anxiety Disorders: A group of disorders that cause excessive fear, worry, or anxiety that interferes with daily life.
5. Mood Disorders: A group of disorders that affect a child's mood, causing them to feel sad, hopeless, or angry for extended periods of time.
6. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors.
7. Tourette Syndrome: A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic, often involving involuntary sounds or words.
8. Selective Mutism: A disorder characterized by a persistent and excessive fear of speaking in certain situations, such as school or social events.
9. Separation Anxiety Disorder: A disorder characterized by excessive and persistent anxiety related to separation from home or loved ones.
10. Disruptive Behavior Disorders: A group of disorders that include ODD, CD, and conduct disorder, which are characterized by a pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules.

These disorders can be challenging to diagnose and treat, but early identification and intervention can make a significant difference in a child's outcome. It is important for parents and caregivers to seek professional help if they notice any signs of these disorders in their child.

Low birth weight is defined as less than 2500 grams (5 pounds 8 ounces) and is associated with a higher risk of health problems, including respiratory distress, infection, and developmental delays. Premature birth is also a risk factor for low birth weight, as premature infants may not have had enough time to grow to a healthy weight before delivery.

On the other hand, high birth weight is associated with an increased risk of macrosomia, a condition in which the baby is significantly larger than average and may require a cesarean section (C-section) or assisted delivery. Macrosomia can also increase the risk of injury to the mother during delivery.

Birth weight can be influenced by various factors during pregnancy, including maternal nutrition, prenatal care, and fetal growth patterns. However, it is important to note that birth weight alone is not a definitive indicator of a baby's health or future development. Other factors, such as the baby's overall physical condition, Apgar score (a measure of the baby's well-being at birth), and postnatal care, are also important indicators of long-term health outcomes.

Some common types of mental disorders include:

1. Anxiety disorders: These conditions cause excessive worry, fear, or anxiety that interferes with daily life. Examples include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder.
2. Mood disorders: These conditions affect a person's mood, causing feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or anger that persist for weeks or months. Examples include depression, bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder.
3. Personality disorders: These conditions involve patterns of thought and behavior that deviate from the norm of the average person. Examples include borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.
4. Psychotic disorders: These conditions cause a person to lose touch with reality, resulting in delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized thinking. Examples include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and brief psychotic disorder.
5. Trauma and stressor-related disorders: These conditions develop after a person experiences a traumatic event, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
6. Dissociative disorders: These conditions involve a disconnection or separation from one's body, thoughts, or emotions. Examples include dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) and depersonalization disorder.
7. Neurodevelopmental disorders: These conditions affect the development of the brain and nervous system, leading to symptoms such as difficulty with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Examples include autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Rett syndrome.

Mental disorders can be diagnosed by a mental health professional using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which provides criteria for each condition. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication and therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or psychodynamic therapy, depending on the specific disorder and individual needs.

Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects can affect various aspects of the child's development, including:

1. Physical growth and development: PDEDs can lead to changes in the child's physical growth patterns, such as reduced birth weight, short stature, or delayed puberty.
2. Brain development: Prenatal exposure to certain substances can affect brain development, leading to learning disabilities, memory problems, and cognitive delays.
3. Behavioral and emotional development: Children exposed to PDEDs may exhibit behavioral and emotional difficulties, such as anxiety, depression, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
4. Immune system functioning: Prenatal exposure to certain substances can affect the immune system's development, making children more susceptible to infections and autoimmune diseases.
5. Reproductive health: Exposure to certain chemicals during fetal development may disrupt the reproductive system, leading to fertility problems or an increased risk of infertility later in life.

The diagnosis of Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects often requires a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, as well as specialized tests such as imaging studies or laboratory assessments. Treatment for PDEDs typically involves addressing the underlying cause of exposure and providing appropriate interventions to manage any associated symptoms or developmental delays.

In summary, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects can have a profound impact on a child's growth, development, and overall health later in life. It is essential for healthcare providers to be aware of the potential risks and to monitor children exposed to substances during fetal development for any signs of PDEDs. With early diagnosis and appropriate interventions, it may be possible to mitigate or prevent some of these effects and improve outcomes for affected children.

There are several different types of weight gain, including:

1. Clinical obesity: This is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher, and is typically associated with a range of serious health problems, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer.
2. Central obesity: This refers to excess fat around the waistline, which can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
3. Muscle gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in muscle mass, rather than fat. This type of weight gain is generally considered healthy and can improve overall fitness and athletic performance.
4. Fat gain: This occurs when an individual gains weight due to an increase in body fat, rather than muscle or bone density. Fat gain can increase the risk of health problems such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.

Weight gain can be measured using a variety of methods, including:

1. Body mass index (BMI): This is a widely used measure of weight gain that compares an individual's weight to their height. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered normal, while a BMI of 25-29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.
2. Waist circumference: This measures the distance around an individual's waistline and can be used to assess central obesity.
3. Skinfold measurements: These involve measuring the thickness of fat at specific points on the body, such as the abdomen or thighs.
4. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a non-invasive test that uses X-rays to measure bone density and body composition.
5. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive test that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage and other physiological parameters.

Causes of weight gain:

1. Poor diet: Consuming high amounts of processed foods, sugar, and saturated fats can lead to weight gain.
2. Lack of physical activity: Engaging in regular exercise can help burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.
3. Genetics: An individual's genetic makeup can affect their metabolism and body composition, making them more prone to weight gain.
4. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances in hormones such as insulin, thyroid, and cortisol can contribute to weight gain.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and antidepressants, can cause weight gain as a side effect.
6. Sleep deprivation: Lack of sleep can disrupt hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism, leading to weight gain.
7. Stress: Chronic stress can lead to emotional eating and weight gain.
8. Age: Metabolism slows down with age, making it more difficult to maintain a healthy weight.
9. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can also contribute to weight gain.

Treatment options for obesity:

1. Lifestyle modifications: A combination of diet, exercise, and stress management techniques can help individuals achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
2. Medications: Prescription medications such as orlistat, phentermine-topiramate, and liraglutide can aid in weight loss.
3. Bariatric surgery: Surgical procedures such as gastric bypass surgery and sleeve gastrectomy can be effective for severe obesity.
4. Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of counseling can help individuals develop healthy eating habits and improve their physical activity levels.
5. Meal replacement plans: Meal replacement plans such as Medifast can provide individuals with a structured diet that is high in protein, fiber, and vitamins, and low in calories and sugar.
6. Weight loss supplements: Supplements such as green tea extract, garcinia cambogia, and forskolin can help boost weight loss efforts.
7. Portion control: Using smaller plates and measuring cups can help individuals regulate their portion sizes and maintain a healthy weight.
8. Mindful eating: Paying attention to hunger and fullness cues, eating slowly, and savoring food can help individuals develop healthy eating habits.
9. Physical activity: Engaging in regular physical activity such as walking, running, swimming, or cycling can help individuals burn calories and maintain a healthy weight.

It's important to note that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating obesity, and the most effective treatment plan will depend on the individual's specific needs and circumstances. Consulting with a healthcare professional such as a registered dietitian or a physician can help individuals develop a personalized treatment plan that is safe and effective.

Some common types of psychotic disorders include:

1. Schizophrenia: A chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.
2. Bipolar Disorder: A mood disorder that causes extreme changes in mood, energy, and behavior. It can lead to manic or hypomanic episodes, as well as depression.
3. Schizoaffective Disorder: A mental disorder that combines symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood disorder. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and mood swings.
4. Brief Psychotic Disorder: A short-term episode of psychosis that can be triggered by a stressful event. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and a break from reality.
5. Postpartum Psychosis: A rare condition that occurs in some new mothers after childbirth. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and a break from reality.
6. Drug-Induced Psychosis: A psychotic episode caused by taking certain medications or drugs. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and a break from reality.
7. Alcohol-Related Psychosis: A psychotic episode caused by alcohol use disorder. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and a break from reality.
8. Trauma-Related Psychosis: A psychotic episode caused by a traumatic event. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and a break from reality.
9. Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS): A catch-all diagnosis for psychotic episodes that do not meet the criteria for any other specific psychotic disorder.

Symptoms of psychotic disorders can vary depending on the individual and the specific disorder. Common symptoms include:

1. Hallucinations: Seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not there.
2. Delusions: False beliefs that are not based in reality.
3. Disorganized thinking and speech: Difficulty organizing thoughts and expressing them in a clear and logical manner.
4. Disorganized behavior: Incoherent or bizarre behavior, such as dressing inappropriately for the weather or neglecting personal hygiene.
5. Catatonia: A state of immobility or abnormal movement, such as rigidity or agitation.
6. Negative symptoms: A decrease in emotional expression or motivation, such as a flat affect or a lack of interest in activities.
7. Cognitive impairment: Difficulty with attention, memory, and other cognitive functions.
8. Social withdrawal: Avoidance of social interactions and relationships.
9. Lack of self-care: Neglecting personal hygiene, nutrition, and other basic needs.
10. Suicidal or homicidal ideation: Thoughts of harming oneself or others.

It's important to note that not everyone with schizophrenia will experience all of these symptoms, and some people may experience additional symptoms not listed here. Additionally, the severity and frequency of symptoms can vary widely from person to person. With proper treatment and support, many people with schizophrenia are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.

What is a Chronic Disease?

A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke

Impact of Chronic Diseases

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.

Addressing Chronic Diseases

Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:

1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

The risk of developing osteoarthritis of the knee increases with age, obesity, and previous knee injuries or surgery. Symptoms of knee OA can include:

* Pain and stiffness in the knee, especially after activity or extended periods of standing or sitting
* Swelling and redness in the knee
* Difficulty moving the knee through its full range of motion
* Crunching or grinding sensations when the knee is bent or straightened
* Instability or a feeling that the knee may give way

Treatment for knee OA typically includes a combination of medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Medications such as pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids can help manage symptoms, while physical therapy can improve joint mobility and strength. Lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss, regular exercise, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition, can also help slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the damaged joint.

The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease can vary from person to person and may progress slowly over time. Early symptoms may include memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with problem-solving. As the disease progresses, individuals may experience language difficulties, visual hallucinations, and changes in mood and behavior.

There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but there are several medications and therapies that can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These include cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, and non-pharmacological interventions such as cognitive training and behavioral therapy.

Alzheimer's disease is a significant public health concern, affecting an estimated 5.8 million Americans in 2020. It is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, and its prevalence is expected to continue to increase as the population ages.

There is ongoing research into the causes and potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease, including studies into the role of inflammation, oxidative stress, and the immune system. Other areas of research include the development of biomarkers for early detection and the use of advanced imaging techniques to monitor progression of the disease.

Overall, Alzheimer's disease is a complex and multifactorial disorder that poses significant challenges for individuals, families, and healthcare systems. However, with ongoing research and advances in medical technology, there is hope for improving diagnosis and treatment options in the future.

Conduct disorder is a mental health condition that is characterized by a pattern of behavior in children and adolescents that violates the rights of others, as well as age-appropriate societal norms and rules. This condition can involve behaviors such as aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, theft, and serious violations of rules.

Conduct disorder is also characterized by a lack of empathy, guilt, or remorse for one's actions, as well as a tendency towards impulsivity.

Symptoms of conduct disorder can include:

* Aggression to people or animals
* Destruction of property
* Deceitfulness
* Theft
* Serious violations of rules
* Disrespect for authority figures
* Lack of empathy, guilt, or remorse for one's actions
* Impulsivity
* Difficulty with self-control
* Antisocial behavior

Conduct disorder is diagnosed based on a combination of the child's symptoms and behavior, as well as an evaluation of their social and family history. Treatment for conduct disorder typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication.

Psychotherapy may involve:

* Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to help the child identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors
* Family therapy to address any family dynamics that may be contributing to the child's behavior
* Social skills training to help the child learn appropriate social interactions and communication skills.

Medications that may be used to treat conduct disorder include:

* Stimulants, such as Ritalin (methylphenidate), to help with impulse control and attention
* Antipsychotics, such as Risperdal (risperidone), to help with aggression and irritability
* Antidepressants, such as Prozac (fluoxetine), to help with mood regulation.

It's important to note that conduct disorder is a mental health condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. Children with conduct disorder are at an increased risk of developing other mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, as well as engaging in risky behaviors, such as substance abuse and delinquency. With appropriate treatment and support, however, it is possible for children with conduct disorder to learn healthy coping mechanisms, improve their social skills, and lead successful lives as adults.

Some common types of anxiety disorders include:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Excessive and persistent worry about everyday things, even when there is no apparent reason to be concerned.
2. Panic Disorder: Recurring panic attacks, which are sudden feelings of intense fear or anxiety that can occur at any time, even when there is no obvious trigger.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Excessive and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others.
4. Specific Phobias: Persistent and excessive fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that is out of proportion to the actual danger posed.
5. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Recurring, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that are distressing and disruptive to daily life.
6. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Persistent symptoms of anxiety, fear, and avoidance after experiencing a traumatic event.

Anxiety disorders can be treated with a combination of psychotherapy, medication, or both, depending on the specific diagnosis and severity of symptoms. With appropriate treatment, many people with anxiety disorders are able to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Developmental disabilities can include a wide range of diagnoses, such as:

1. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurological disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.
2. Intellectual Disability (ID): A condition in which an individual's cognitive abilities are below average, affecting their ability to learn, reason, and communicate.
3. Down Syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, characterized by intellectual disability, delayed speech and language development, and a distinctive physical appearance.
4. Cerebral Palsy (CP): A group of disorders that affect movement, balance, and posture, often resulting from brain injury or abnormal development during fetal development or early childhood.
5. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
6. Learning Disabilities: Conditions that affect an individual's ability to learn and process information, such as dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia.
7. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): An injury to the brain caused by a blow or jolt to the head, often resulting in cognitive, emotional, and physical impairments.
8. Severe Hearing or Vision Loss: A condition in which an individual experiences significant loss of hearing or vision, affecting their ability to communicate and interact with their environment.
9. Multiple Disabilities: A condition in which an individual experiences two or more developmental disabilities simultaneously, such as intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder.
10. Undiagnosed Developmental Delay (UDD): A condition in which an individual experiences delays in one or more areas of development, but does not meet the diagnostic criteria for a specific developmental disability.

These conditions can have a profound impact on an individual's quality of life, and it is important to provide appropriate support and accommodations to help them reach their full potential.

1. Coronary artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart.
2. Heart failure: A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
3. Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms that can be too fast, too slow, or irregular.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves that control blood flow through the heart.
5. Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy): Disease of the heart muscle that can lead to heart failure.
6. Congenital heart disease: Defects in the heart's structure and function that are present at birth.
7. Peripheral artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the arms, legs, and other organs.
8. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg.
9. Pulmonary embolism: A blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, which can be caused by a blood clot or other debris.
10. Stroke: A condition in which there is a lack of oxygen to the brain due to a blockage or rupture of blood vessels.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a condition in which the body is infected with HIV, a type of retrovirus that attacks the body's immune system. HIV infection can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a condition in which the immune system is severely damaged and the body is unable to fight off infections and diseases.

There are several ways that HIV can be transmitted, including:

1. Sexual contact with an infected person
2. Sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia with an infected person
3. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Blood transfusions ( although this is rare in developed countries due to screening processes)
5. Organ transplantation (again, rare)

The symptoms of HIV infection can be mild at first and may not appear until several years after infection. These symptoms can include:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands in the neck, armpits, and groin
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss

If left untreated, HIV infection can progress to AIDS, which is a life-threatening condition that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:

1. Opportunistic infections (such as pneumocystis pneumonia)
2. Cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma)
3. Wasting syndrome
4. Neurological problems (such as dementia and seizures)

HIV infection is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests and physical examination. Treatment typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a combination of medications that work together to suppress the virus and slow the progression of the disease.

Prevention methods for HIV infection include:

1. Safe sex practices, such as using condoms and dental dams
2. Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
3. Avoiding mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which is a short-term treatment that can prevent infection after potential exposure to the virus
5. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which is a daily medication that can prevent infection in people who are at high risk of being exposed to the virus.

It's important to note that HIV infection is manageable with proper treatment and care, and that people living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives. However, it's important to be aware of the risks and take steps to prevent transmission.

1. Insomnia: difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
2. Sleep apnea: pauses in breathing during sleep
3. Narcolepsy: excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep
4. Restless leg syndrome: uncomfortable sensations in the legs during sleep
5. Periodic limb movement disorder: involuntary movements of the legs or arms during sleep
6. Sleepwalking: walking or performing other activities during sleep
7. Sleep terrors: intense fear or anxiety during sleep
8. Sleep paralysis: temporary inability to move or speak during sleep
9. REM sleep behavior disorder: acting out dreams during sleep
10. Circadian rhythm disorders: disruptions to the body's internal clock, leading to irregular sleep patterns.

Sleep disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, such as stress, anxiety, certain medications, sleep deprivation, and underlying medical conditions like chronic pain or sleep apnea. Treatment for sleep disorders may include lifestyle changes (such as establishing a regular sleep schedule, avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bedtime, and creating a relaxing sleep environment), medications, and behavioral therapies (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia). In some cases, surgery or other medical interventions may be necessary.

It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you or someone you know may have a sleep disorder, as untreated sleep disorders can lead to serious health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and depression. A healthcare professional can help diagnose the specific sleep disorder and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Being overweight can increase the risk of various health problems, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain types of cancer. It can also affect a person's mental health and overall quality of life.

There are several ways to assess whether someone is overweight or not. One common method is using the BMI, which is calculated based on height and weight. Another method is measuring body fat percentage, which can be done with specialized tools such as skinfold calipers or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).

Losing weight and maintaining a healthy weight can be achieved through a combination of diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes. Some examples of healthy weight loss strategies include:

* Eating a balanced diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein sources
* Engaging in regular physical activity, such as walking, running, swimming, or weight training
* Avoiding fad diets and quick fixes
* Getting enough sleep and managing stress levels
* Setting realistic weight loss goals and tracking progress over time.

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. It is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The most common symptoms of ADHD include difficulty paying attention, forgetfulness, fidgeting, interrupting others, and acting impulsively.

ODD is a disorder that is characterized by a pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior towards authority figures. Symptoms of ODD may include arguing with adults, refusing to comply with rules, deliberately annoying others, and blaming others for one's own mistakes.

CD is a disorder that is characterized by a pattern of aggressive and destructive behavior towards others. Symptoms of CD may include physical fights, property damage, and cruelty to animals.

The causes of AD/DBD are not yet fully understood, but research suggests that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development. These disorders often run in families, and individuals with AD/DBD are more likely to have a family history of these conditions. Additionally, certain environmental stressors, such as trauma or exposure to toxins, may increase the risk of developing AD/DBD.

There is no cure for AD/DBD, but they can be effectively managed with a combination of medication and behavioral therapy. Medications such as stimulants and non-stimulants are commonly used to treat ADHD, while behavioral therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) can help individuals with AD/DBD learn skills to manage their symptoms and behaviors.

In conclusion, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that affect both children and adults. While they share some similarities, they also have distinct differences in terms of their symptoms and underlying causes. Effective management of these conditions requires a comprehensive approach that includes medication, behavioral therapy, and lifestyle changes. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD and DBD can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.

People with Antisocial Personality Disorder may exhibit a range of symptoms, including:

* A lack of empathy or remorse for harming others
* Impulsivity and a tendency to act on whim without considering the consequences
* Aggressive or violent behavior
* A disregard for the law and a willingness to engage in criminal activity
* Difficulty forming and maintaining relationships
* Inability to feel guilt or remorse
* Inability to take responsibility for one's actions
* A tendency to manipulate others for personal gain

It is important to note that Antisocial Personality Disorder is not the same as Asperger's Syndrome or Autism Spectrum Disorder, which are separate neurodevelopmental disorders. However, people with Antisocial Personality Disorder may also have co-occurring conditions such as substance use disorders or other mental health conditions.

Treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic therapy may be effective in helping individuals with this condition to understand and change their behavior. Medications such as antidepressants and antipsychotics may also be used to help manage symptoms.

It is important to note that Antisocial Personality Disorder is a complex and challenging condition to treat, and it is not uncommon for individuals with this disorder to have difficulty adhering to treatment plans or engaging in therapy. However, with the right treatment and support, it is possible for individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder to learn new coping skills and make positive changes in their lives.

In the medical field, fatigue is often evaluated using a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to determine its underlying cause. Treatment for fatigue depends on the underlying cause, but may include rest, exercise, stress management techniques, and medication.

Some common causes of fatigue in the medical field include:

1. Sleep disorders, such as insomnia or sleep apnea
2. Chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, heart disease, or arthritis
3. Infections, such as the flu or a urinary tract infection
4. Medication side effects
5. Poor nutrition or hydration
6. Substance abuse
7. Chronic stress
8. Depression or anxiety
9. Hormonal imbalances
10. Autoimmune disorders, such as thyroiditis or lupus.

Fatigue can also be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as:

1. Anemia
2. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
3. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)
4. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)
5. Chronic fatigue syndrome
6. Fibromyalgia
7. Vasculitis
8. Cancer
9. Heart failure
10. Liver or kidney disease.

It is important to seek medical attention if fatigue is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, pain, or difficulty breathing. A healthcare professional can diagnose and treat the underlying cause of fatigue, improving overall quality of life.

The term "schizophrenia" was first used by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1908 to describe the splitting of mental functions, which he believed was a key feature of the disorder. The word is derived from the Greek words "schizein," meaning "to split," and "phrenos," meaning "mind."

There are several subtypes of schizophrenia, including:

1. Paranoid Schizophrenia: Characterized by delusions of persecution and suspicion, and a tendency to be hostile and defensive.
2. Hallucinatory Schizophrenia: Characterized by hearing voices or seeing things that are not there.
3. Disorganized Schizophrenia: Characterized by disorganized thinking and behavior, and a lack of motivation or interest in activities.
4. Catatonic Schizophrenia: Characterized by immobility, mutism, and other unusual movements or postures.
5. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia: Characterized by a combination of symptoms from the above subtypes.

The exact cause of schizophrenia is still not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. It is important to note that schizophrenia is not caused by poor parenting or a person's upbringing.

There are several risk factors for developing schizophrenia, including:

1. Genetics: A person with a family history of schizophrenia is more likely to develop the disorder.
2. Brain chemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin have been linked to schizophrenia.
3. Prenatal factors: Factors such as maternal malnutrition or exposure to certain viruses during pregnancy may increase the risk of schizophrenia in offspring.
4. Childhood trauma: Traumatic events during childhood, such as abuse or neglect, have been linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia.
5. Substance use: Substance use has been linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, particularly cannabis and other psychotic substances.

There is no cure for schizophrenia, but treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment options include:

1. Medications: Antipsychotic medications are the primary treatment for schizophrenia. They can help reduce positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and negative symptoms such as a lack of motivation or interest in activities.
2. Therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of talk therapy can help individuals with schizophrenia manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
3. Social support: Support from family, friends, and support groups can be an important part of the treatment plan for individuals with schizophrenia.
4. Self-care: Engaging in activities that bring pleasure and fulfillment, such as hobbies or exercise, can help individuals with schizophrenia improve their overall well-being.

It is important to note that schizophrenia is a complex condition, and treatment should be tailored to the individual's specific needs and circumstances. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with schizophrenia are able to lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.

There are several types of atrophy that can occur in different parts of the body. For example:

1. Muscular atrophy: This occurs when muscles weaken and shrink due to disuse or injury.
2. Neuronal atrophy: This occurs when nerve cells degenerate, leading to a loss of cognitive function and memory.
3. Cardiac atrophy: This occurs when the heart muscle weakens and becomes less efficient, leading to decreased cardiac output.
4. Atrophic gastritis: This is a type of stomach inflammation that can lead to the wasting away of the stomach lining.
5. Atrophy of the testes: This occurs when the testes shrink due to a lack of use or disorder, leading to decreased fertility.

Atrophy can be diagnosed through various medical tests and imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment for atrophy depends on the underlying cause and may involve physical therapy, medication, or surgery. In some cases, atrophy can be prevented or reversed with proper treatment and care.

In summary, atrophy is a degenerative process that can occur in various parts of the body due to injury, disease, or disuse. It can lead to a loss of function and decreased quality of life, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, it may be possible to prevent or reverse some forms of atrophy.

1. Predominantly Inattentive Type: This type is characterized by symptoms of inattention, such as difficulty paying attention to details or making careless mistakes. Individuals with this type may have trouble sustaining their focus during tasks and may appear daydreamy or easily distracted.
2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: This type is characterized by symptoms of hyperactivity, such as fidgeting, restlessness, and an inability to sit still. Individuals with this type may also exhibit impulsivity, such as interrupting others or speaking out of turn.
3. Combined Type: This type is characterized by both symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

The symptoms of ADHD can vary from person to person and may change over time. Some common symptoms include:

* Difficulty sustaining attention during tasks
* Easily distracted or interrupted
* Difficulty completing tasks
* Forgetfulness
* Fidgeting or restlessness
* Difficulty sitting still or remaining quiet
* Interrupting others or speaking out of turn
* Impulsivity, such as acting without thinking

The exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, but research suggests that it may be related to differences in brain structure and function, as well as genetic factors. There is no cure for ADHD, but medication and behavioral therapy can help manage symptoms and improve functioning.

ADHD can have significant impacts on daily life, including academic and social difficulties. However, with proper treatment and support, many individuals with ADHD are able to lead successful and fulfilling lives.

Clinical Significance:
Respiratory sounds can help healthcare providers diagnose and manage respiratory conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia. By listening to the sounds of a patient's breathing, healthcare providers can identify abnormalities in lung function, airway obstruction, or inflammation.

Types of Respiratory Sounds:

1. Vesicular Sounds:
a. Inspiratory wheeze: A high-pitched whistling sound heard during inspiration, usually indicative of bronchial asthma or COPD.
b. Expiratory wheeze: A low-pitched whistling sound heard during expiration, typically seen in patients with chronic bronchitis or emphysema.
c. Decreased vocal fremitus: A decrease in the normal vibratory sounds heard over the lung fields during breathing, which can indicate fluid or consolidation in the lungs.
2. Adventitious Sounds:
a. Crackles (rales): High-pitched, bubbly sounds heard during inspiration and expiration, indicating fluid or air in the alveoli.
b. Rhonchi: Low-pitched, harsh sounds heard during inspiration and expiration, often indicative of bronchitis, pneumonia, or COPD.
c. Stridors: High-pitched, squeaky sounds heard during breathing, commonly seen in patients with inflammatory conditions such as pneumonia or tuberculosis.

It's important to note that the interpretation of lung sounds requires a thorough understanding of respiratory physiology and pathophysiology, as well as clinical experience and expertise. A healthcare professional, such as a nurse or respiratory therapist, should always be consulted for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

There are several different types of pain, including:

1. Acute pain: This type of pain is sudden and severe, and it usually lasts for a short period of time. It can be caused by injuries, surgery, or other forms of tissue damage.
2. Chronic pain: This type of pain persists over a long period of time, often lasting more than 3 months. It can be caused by conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, or nerve damage.
3. Neuropathic pain: This type of pain results from damage to the nervous system, and it can be characterized by burning, shooting, or stabbing sensations.
4. Visceral pain: This type of pain originates in the internal organs, and it can be difficult to localize.
5. Psychogenic pain: This type of pain is caused by psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, or depression.

The medical field uses a range of methods to assess and manage pain, including:

1. Pain rating scales: These are numerical scales that patients use to rate the intensity of their pain.
2. Pain diaries: These are records that patients keep to track their pain over time.
3. Clinical interviews: Healthcare providers use these to gather information about the patient's pain experience and other relevant symptoms.
4. Physical examination: This can help healthcare providers identify any underlying causes of pain, such as injuries or inflammation.
5. Imaging studies: These can be used to visualize the body and identify any structural abnormalities that may be contributing to the patient's pain.
6. Medications: There are a wide range of medications available to treat pain, including analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and muscle relaxants.
7. Alternative therapies: These can include acupuncture, massage, and physical therapy.
8. Interventional procedures: These are minimally invasive procedures that can be used to treat pain, such as nerve blocks and spinal cord stimulation.

It is important for healthcare providers to approach pain management with a multi-modal approach, using a combination of these methods to address the physical, emotional, and social aspects of pain. By doing so, they can help improve the patient's quality of life and reduce their suffering.

The DSM-5 defines marijuana abuse as:

1. Taking marijuana in larger amounts or for a longer period than intended.
2. Desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use.
3. Spending a lot of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the effects of use.
4. Craving or strong desire to use marijuana.
5. Interference with work, school, or home responsibilities due to use.
6. Continuing to use despite social or personal problems caused by use.
7. Giving up important activities in order to use.
8. Using marijuana in hazardous situations, such as while driving or operating machinery.
9. Continued use despite physical or psychological problems caused or worsened by use.
10. Developing tolerance (needing to use more to achieve the desired effect).
11. Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when stopping or reducing use.

Marijuana abuse can lead to a range of negative consequences, including:

* Addiction: Marijuana can be addictive, and long-term use can lead to dependence and withdrawal symptoms when trying to stop.
* Mental Health Problems: Marijuana use has been linked to an increased risk of depression, anxiety, psychosis, and other mental health issues.
* Respiratory Problems: Smoking marijuana can irritate the lungs and increase the risk of respiratory problems, such as bronchitis and lung infections.
* Cognitive Impairment: Marijuana use can impair memory, attention, and decision-making skills.
* Impaired Coordination and Judgment: Marijuana use can impair coordination and judgment, which can increase the risk of accidents and injuries.

If you or someone you know is struggling with marijuana abuse, it is important to seek professional help as soon as possible. Treatment options may include counseling, medication, and support groups. With the right treatment and support, it is possible to overcome marijuana abuse and achieve a healthier, happier life.

1. Asbestosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers.
2. Carpal tunnel syndrome: a nerve disorder caused by repetitive motion and pressure on the wrist.
3. Mesothelioma: a type of cancer caused by exposure to asbestos.
4. Pneumoconiosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling dust from mining or other heavy industries.
5. Repetitive strain injuries: injuries caused by repetitive motions, such as typing or using vibrating tools.
6. Skin conditions: such as skin irritation and dermatitis caused by exposure to chemicals or other substances in the workplace.
7. Hearing loss: caused by loud noises in the workplace.
8. Back injuries: caused by lifting, bending, or twisting.
9. Respiratory problems: such as asthma and other breathing difficulties caused by exposure to chemicals or dust in the workplace.
10. Cancer: caused by exposure to carcinogens such as radiation, certain chemicals, or heavy metals in the workplace.

Occupational diseases can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as they often develop gradually over time and may not be immediately attributed to the work environment. In some cases, these diseases may not appear until years after exposure has ended. It is important for workers to be aware of the potential health risks associated with their job and take steps to protect themselves, such as wearing protective gear, following safety protocols, and seeking regular medical check-ups. Employers also have a responsibility to provide a safe work environment and follow strict regulations to prevent the spread of occupational diseases.

However, not all longitudinal studies are cohort studies, as longitudinal studies can instead include a group of people who do ... A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the ... ESDS Longitudinal data service Centre for Longitudinal Studies National Centre for Longitudinal Data (All articles with dead ... "Wisconsin Longitudinal Study Homepage". Retrieved 1 December 2016. ONS Longitudinal Study Shelton, Nicola; Marshall, Chris E.; ...
The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS) program provides data about the development of children in the United States. It ... "A Birth Cohort Study: Conceptual and Design Considerations and Rationale". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. ...
Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing ALSA Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging ELSI Canadian Longitudinal Study on Ageing ... The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) is a longitudinal study that collects multidisciplinary data from a ... Survey IFLS The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing TILDA Japanese Study of Aging and Retirement JSTAR Korean Longitudinal Study ... Study CHARLS Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study CRELES Healthy Ageing in Scotland HAGIS Longitudinal Aging Study in ...
Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study National Institute of Aging ... The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) is a longitudinal survey being conducted by the China Center for ... The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement ... The CHARLS is designed on the models of health and retirement studies originated from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in ...
... (TILDA) is a nationally representative longitudinal study of the population of Ireland ... English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in the United States Survey of Health, Ageing and ... "First Results from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)". TILDA Research Study. Retrieved 5 November 2012. TILDA ... TILDA is designed to maximise comparability with other well-established international longitudinal studies, in particular ...
The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Women's Health Australia. The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's ... The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Women's Health Australia. "Women's Health - Longitudinal Study". ... The longitudinal study design ensures that the same women are followed over many years so researchers can observe changes in ... The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH), also known as Women's Health Australia or Women's Health of ...
As a panel survey, Understanding Society is a form of longitudinal study. The survey consists of information about the same ... Understanding Society, the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS), is one of the largest panel survey in the world, supporting ... Study participants are interviewed annually and the Study follows participants as their households change and evolve. The ... The study allows for deeper analysis of a wide range of sections of the population as they respond to regional, national and ...
The Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE), also known as "Next Steps", is a large-scale panel study collecting ... Recently published research includes, amongst others, the paper "Minority Ethnic Pupils in the Longitudinal Study of Young ... The study combines data from a wide range of different sources such as the National Pupil Database (NPD) or the 2001 Census. So ... The purpose of the study is to identify the key issues that influence the lives of young people in England in hindsight to ...
... also known as Children of the 90s and formerly the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood, is a cohort study of ... known as the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC). ELSPAC included studies in Czechoslovakia and the ... The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), ... The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC ... Since then the fathers, siblings and children of the participants have also begun to be studied and the study has launched ...
The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, also known as Add Health, is a multiwave longitudinal study of ... and was initially called the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The first wave of the study, funded by the ... In the first wave of the study, the questionnaire was administered to about 20,000 adolescents, making it one of the largest ... Connolly, Ceci (2005-03-18). "Teen Pledges Barely Cut STD Rates, Study Says". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-09-24. ...
"Longitudinal studies". COVID-MIND. Retrieved 2020-05-03. "COVID-19 Research". MARCH. Retrieved 2020-05-03. "Researching the ... The network collates longitudinal international mental health studies during the pandemic, offering opportunities for ... Time-varying associations from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 82: 224-229. doi: ... Fancourt studied the biological impact of the arts, with a particular focus on the use of music in clinical settings. Her work ...
"National Longitudinal Studies". National Longitudinal Studies. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bearman, S.P.; Bruckner, H (2001). " ... From 1999 to 2006, the study tracked more than 2,000 students from age 11 or 12 to age 16; the study included students who had ... A study found that in 7 out of 11 trials, the near-peer model was more effective than conventional teaching. The model has also ... The study also found that students who took part in the abstinence-only programs were just as likely to use contraception when ...
Most recently, she is currently serving as the inaugural Chief Executive Officer and President of Colorado Longitudinal Study. ... Colorado Longitudinal Study. "New chancellor took her own path , News". news-gazette.com. 2011-10-16. Retrieved 2020-02-16. ...
Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O (1957). "The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study". Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn ... An ongoing study has found that the 5th percentil of the study cohort maximal heart rate correlates much better with the 85% of ... The study, published in The Lancet (September 2008) studied 11,000 people, across 33 countries, who were being treated for ... a cross-sectional and longitudinal study". Heart. 101 (1): 44-9. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305685. PMID 25179964. Cook, ...
Helson was a key figure in organizing and conducting the Mills Longitudinal Study, a long-term study of personality development ... "Mills Longitudinal Study". millslab.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-27. "Is Your Personality Plastic Or Set In Plaster? , The ... Faculty page Mills Longitudinal Study (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Articles with ... The main purpose of the study was to examine personality in relation to creativity in women. Over the years, the study expanded ...
A longitudinal study. In: Social Science & Medicine. 67(8), pp. 1282-1290. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.06.025 D. L. Roth, W. E ... predictors of utilisation in a longitudinal study. In: BMC Geriatrics. 2010, 10:24. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-10-24 Antoniadi, Anna ... Studies found an increased mortality of caregiving spouses. This effect was only found for spouses who felt burdened due to the ... German Study: Burden and health situation of caregivers. A cross-sectional examination about the home care of chronically care ...
"Does a new learning environment come up to students' expectations? A longitudinal study." Journal of Educational Psychology 100 ...
Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS, Laurent E (June 2015). "Is burnout separable from depression in cluster analysis? A longitudinal study ... A continuous time meta-analysis of longitudinal studies". Psychological Bulletin. 146 (12): 1146-1173. doi:10.1037/bul0000304. ... Moreover, a study by Bianchi, Schonfeld, and Laurent (2014) showed that about 90% of workers with very high scores on the MBI ... In one study employees met weekly to discuss and attempt to resolve perceived inequities in their job. The intervention was ...
A longitudinal study. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 42, 20-35.32. Cooper, J.E. (1965) Epilepsy in a longitudinal survey of ... such as the National Child Development Study, the 1970 British Cohort Study and the Millennium Cohort Study. Douglas was born ... Douglas, J.W.B. (1975) Longitudinal studies in the United Kingdom. In Wallace, H.M. (Ed), Health Care of Mothers and Children ... All our future : a longitudinal study of secondary education.,James W.B. Douglas; J M Ross; H R Simpson. London : Panther, 1971 ...
A longitudinal study. Behaviour & Information Technology, 27, 107-114. doi:10.1080/01449290600875151 O'Neill, T. A., Hancock, S ... "The use of collaborative electronic media for information sharing: an exploratory study of determinants." The Journal of ... worlds can provide the basis for e-collaboration behavior and related outcomes as well as a platform for credible studies of ...
A longitudinal interventional study". Diabetes Care. 17 (5): 372-5. doi:10.2337/diacare.17.5.372. PMID 8062602. S2CID 39466355 ... in the study of obesity. At Jefferson, Caro organized a multidisciplinary team funded by NIH to study diabetes prevention. With ... Caro went back to school to study fine arts at the Indianapolis Art Center, and the Carteret Community College. Along with this ... "Eli Lilly and Company Teams Up with Three Prestigious Institutions to Study the Genetic Basis of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity". ...
"Biography". Wisconsin Scholars Longitudinal Study. Retrieved 25 January 2015. "AERA Announces 2014 Award Winners in Education ... In an early study of Single Stop, an on-campus program that connects community college students to government services, ... In a study with University of Wisconsin economist Douglas Harris, Goldrick-Rab explored outcomes of low-income students ... Following her The New York Times op-ed, Inside Higher Ed's Matt Reed commended Goldrick-Rab for the study's focus on student ...
Centre for Longitudinal Studies. Sullivan A.; Brown M. (2015). "Vocabulary from adolescence to middle age". Longitudinal and ... "Reading for pleasure puts children ahead in the classroom". Centre for Longitudinal Studies. Sullivan, Alice; Brown, Matt (2015 ... the left inferior longitudinal faciculus, and the superior longitudinal fasciculus. All three areas are found to be weaker in ... OECD Skills Studies. OECD Skills Studies. 2019. p. 44. doi:10.1787/1f029d8f-en. ISBN 9789264604667. S2CID 243226424. Seidenberg ...
A longitudinal ecological study". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 70 (4): 339-345. doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206209. ... "Decision Making and Mandatory Reconsideration A study by the Social Security Advisory Committee Occasional Paper No. 18" (PDF ...
"Wisconsin Longitudinal Study Homepage". www.ssc.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2018-12-04. Faculty page Falbo lab (CS1 maint: multiple ... Falbo and her colleagues examined the health status of a large sample middle age adults from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. ... Falbo began studying the development of only children in the 1970s. She was drawn to this topic as an only child and the mother ... The studies included in the meta-analyses were mainly from the U.S. and Canada, yet were diverse with respect to socioeconomic ...
A longitudinal ecological study". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 70 (4): 339-345. doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206209. ... A longitudinal ecological study". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 70 (4): 339-345. doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206209. ... Moreover, studies of long-term Incapacity Benefit recipients carried out by the DWP before the 'roll out' of the Incapacity ... A 2012 study of 28,000 tribunal hearings analysed the reasons for overturning the DWP's decisions: In almost two-thirds of ...
The Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) is a longitudinal survey conducted by the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) at the ... ISBN 978-1-846-14826-2. ESDS Longitudinal website Millennium Cohort Study data sets Centre for Longitudinal Studies website ( ... "Our staff - Emla Fitzsimons". Centre for Longitudinal Studies. Retrieved 30 August 2016. ESDS Longitudinal, MCS dataset guide ... The MCS is the fourth longitudinal birth cohort study conducted in the UK. Its aim is to create a multi-purpose data-set that ...
The study was longitudinal; therefore, follow ups revealed that half the infants who had high negative responses continued to ... Fox's longitudinal study reported that the expression of behavioral inhibition showed a small degree of continuity. Over time, ... Schwartz and Kagan found that in a longitudinal study from ages two to thirteen, sixty-one percent of teens who had inhibitor ... Another study explains that social phobia itself has a few different ways it can manifest. The study aims at understanding the ...
A longitudinal MRI study". NeuroImage. 42 (4): 1324-8. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.06.028. PMID 18652903. S2CID 29732090. ... A study of 113 cases". Brain. 122 (12): 2279-2295. doi:10.1093/brain/122.12.2279. PMID 10581222. Kale N, Pittock SJ, Lennon VA ... A study of 31 patients". Annals of Neurology. 33 (1): 18-27. doi:10.1002/ana.410330105. PMID 8494332. S2CID 43813581. Saindane ... A Population Study". European Neurology. 83 (4): 421-425. doi:10.1159/000510076. PMID 32942284. S2CID 221789043. Suzanne Palmer ...
"Longitudinal Population Studies Committee , Wellcome". wellcome.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2019. Abimiku, Alash'le (2011). " ... She serves on the Wellcome Trust Longitudinal Population Studies Committee. Her publications include; Laboratory diagnosis of ... Eventually she studied the HIV strain that is prevalent in Nigeria; identifying that it was the non-B subtype related to the ... She studied microbiology at the Ahmadu Bello University. She moved to the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine for her ...
2010). "Measurement of pion and proton response and longitudinal shower profiles up to 20 nuclear interaction lengths with the ... he worked at the University of Minnesota's Space Science Center on electronic payloads for sounding rockets used in studying ...
Thornberry and Christenson (1984) analysed data from a longitudinal cohort study of delinquency in Philadelphia and found (at ... Notes "Blue-Collar Crime: Definition, Statistics & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript , Study.com". Study.com. Retrieved 2016 ... A study found that both social standing in the classes and the employment status of offenders found them more likely to be ... According to this study the factors that lead to crime should be collected into different clusters: personality of the ...
Over a longitudinal study from 1975 to 2000, it was found that people of lower socioeconomic census brackets had higher rates ... zur Hausen H (May 2002). "Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2 ( ... bearing in mind that these outcomes may be partly based on the state of treatment five years ago when the women studied were ... a modelling study". The Lancet. Public Health. 4 (1): e19-e27. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30183-X. PMID 30291040. S2CID 52924713 ...
... longitudinal studies...." Since at least 2008 peer-reviewed professional journal articles on its effectiveness have been ... The study's authors concluded that "The HR/IH psychoeducational approach deserves further study as a brief intervention for ... A small peer-reviewed study in preparation for a planned larger study evaluated the teaching of HR/Innate Health via a one-and- ... The pilot study showed that "the use of HR with refugee trauma survivors was feasible, culturally acceptable, and relevant to ...
Orientated with its longitudinal axis north-south, the church is positioned at the front of a long rectangular block on the ... In 1950 Oribin moved to Brisbane to work and study, and on 10 February 1953 he obtained his registration as an architect in ... Helen Gregory and Gail Pini, Religious Places in Queensland: An Historical Context Study, a report for the Queensland Heritage ...
A. N. Kolmogorov had the original idea for the KZ filter during a study of turbulence in the Pacific Ocean. Kolmogorov had just ... A few software packages for time series, longitudinal and spatial data have been developed in the popular statistical software ... KZFT reconstruction of original signal embedded in the high noise of longitudinal observations ( missing rate 60%.) The KZFT ... Software implementations for time series, longitudinal and spatial data have been developed in the popular statistical package ...
A longitudinal study of the mediating effects of interviewing self-efficacy and the moderating effects of internal locus of ... For example, a 2016 study found that applicants for teaching jobs thought that the group interview was fair. A 2006 study found ... A longitudinal field study". Journal of Applied Psychology. 87 (6): 1020-1031. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.598.5775. doi:10.1037/0021- ... One study found that over 80% of participants lied about job-related skills in the interview, presumably to compensate for a ...
A 2-year longitudinal study found that psychological flexibility helps with long-term emotional adjustment. People who are ... A longitudinal study on psychological flexibility and job control showed that these variables predicted workers' mental health ... A similar study looked at the longitudinal relationship between perceived parenting style and psychological flexibility among ... a 6-year Longitudinal Study of Parenting Style and the Development of Psychological Flexibility in Adolescents". Journal of ...
Researchers have tested these hypotheses using longitudinal studies and individuals' self narratives of their conversion ... The Idea of the Holy also set out a paradigm for the study of religion that focuses on the need to realize the religious as a ... These studies are motivated by the idea that people are invested in maintaining beliefs in order and structure to prevent ... In this study, researchers suggest that when a person's personal control is lessened, their motivation to believe in order is ...
Bacigalupo (2007) notes in her recent study of the machi that Latua use has by no means died out among the Huilliche, although ... longitudinal fissures, becoming reticulate and somewhat rough, reddish to greyish brown / buff; branches smooth, grey-green and ...
Schaffler K, Kauert G, Wauschkuhn CH, Klausnitzer W (February 1989). "Longitudinal study on pharmacodynamics and ... Studies in both animals and humans have demonstrated that EEG changes induced by quazepam resemble normal sleep patterns ... However, another study showed marked next day impairments after repeated administration due to accumulation of quazepam and its ... A further study showed significant balance impairments combined with an unstable posture after administration of quazepam in ...
Studies have also shown that the resultant amenorrhea is due to hypercortisolism, which feeds back onto the hypothalamus ... Dorn LD, Burgess ES, Friedman TC, Dubbert B, Gold PW, Chrousos GP (March 1997). "The longitudinal course of psychopathology in ... In one study of 261 patients with confirmed pituitary Cushing's disease, only 48% of pituitary lesions were identified using ... Cushing's disease is rare; a Danish study found an incidence of less than one case per million people per year. However, ...
A 2010 study showed that the shape and size of the pitcher orifice of N. macrophylla exactly match the dimensions of a typical ... One to three longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib, but pinnate veins are indistinct. Tendrils measure up ...
"NGT appoints committee to study impact of Pune Metro on Mutha river bed". The Indian Express. 14 October 2017. Retrieved 22 ... Each coach has a capacity of 320 passengers with longitudinal seating for 44 passengers. The trains are fully air-conditioned ... In the area studied, most of the plots which could consume the 4 FSI were at the edge of the corridor away from the stations, ... to study the impact of the metro project on the river bed. In January 2018, the report was submitted and stated that the ...
... and is a faculty fellow at the Center for the Advanced Study of India, and a research associate at the Population Studies ... 2001). Child Health and School Enrollment: A Longitudinal Analysis. Journal of Human Resources, 36(1), pp. 185-205. Behrman, J. ... Studying whether and how children's order of birth affects how much resources their parents give them, Behrman and Taubman find ... In another study using twins, Behrman and Rosenzweig find that increasing the schooling of women doesn't increase the schooling ...
The ships' hulls were constructed with longitudinal and transverse steel frames; a single layer of wood planks were used for ... London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies. XLV: 190-207. 1901. "Naval Notes". R.U.S.I. Journal. London: Royal ... United Services Institute for Defence Studies. XLIV (268): 684-699. 1900. doi:10.1080/03071840009420016. Perry, Michael (2001 ...
In 2008, in previous studies it was known that irises contain iso-flavonoids. A new study was carried out to determine the ... It has a visible longitudinal vein. It has a terete (round in cross-section), flowering stem, that can grow up to 25-50 cm (10- ... In 2010, a study was carried out into the infiltration rate in an arid ecosystem, in Yazd Province, a central region in Iran. ... In 2004, a study of Iris songarica found the presence of 2 isoflavones, Irilin A and Irisone B which were isolated from the ...
A longitudinal study of food deserts in JAMA Internal Medicine shows that supermarket availability is generally unrelated to ... Multiple studies were also done in the US regarding racial/ethnic groups and the exposure to fast-food restaurants. One study ... A 2009 study showed that of the people polled, 64% did not have access to adequate daily amounts of vegetables, and 44.8% did ... A 2009 study of rural food deserts found key differences in overall health, access to food, and the social environment of rural ...
In a study in the Mediterranean Sea, a mass spawning event was observed in the afternoons of the two days in August 2003 that ... It is roughly cylindrical with a flattened base on which there are three longitudinal rows of tube feet. It has a tough, ...
These studies try to determine whether violations or exceptions might exist for well-known physical laws such as special ... the dependence of light speed on the orientation of the apparatus and the relation of longitudinal and transverse lengths of ... Belle Collaboration (2003). "Studies of B0-B0 mixing properties with inclusive dilepton events". Physical Review D. 67 (5): ... Modern searches for Lorentz violation are scientific studies that look for deviations from Lorentz invariance or symmetry, a ...
Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. p. 74. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches ... Striped fabrics are known as doriya or salaidar , the name depending on whether the stripes are longitudinal or across the ... Hariharan, Shantha (2002). Cotton Textiles and Corporate Buyers in Cottonopolis: A Study of Purchases and Prices in Gujarat, ... 193-236, ISBN 978-2-35159-474-2, retrieved 2021-07-09 Gunderson, Warren M. (1975). Studies on Bengal: Papers Presented at the ...
He then went to Caltech, where he initially studied theoretical and applied mechanics, transferred to physics and worked with ... play a role in longitudinal volume accommodation by the ventricle. Kovács spends about half of his time on clinical activities ... program at the University of Miami that awarded him a medical degree after 22 months of concentrated study, in 1979. Kovács' ...
A note on comparing the estimates of models for cluster-correlated or longitudinal data with binary or ordinal outcomes. ... a meta-analytic technique that pools raw data across multiple independent studies. Bauer graduated from Trinity University in ... Psychometric approaches for developing commensurate measures across independent studies: traditional and new models. ...
In 2006, the results of a study on the mtDNA of Australian monitors were published, according to which the two continental ... primordius by the presence of pale longitudinal stripes on the neck. This arid-adapted lizard is found in northern Western ...
Piliavin, Jane; Erica Siegl (December 2007). "Health Benefits of Volunteering in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study". Journal of ... Besides the benefits to society, scientific studies have shown that individuals who volunteer enjoy psychological and physical ...
... a method which undermined the statistical power of this study. Fischbein used data from a longitudinal study started from the ... SES data were collected at their registration in the study and again at the end of the 7-year study. The study found that the ... A 2016 study in Australia found no evidence for the Scarr-Rowe effect. In 2017, a twin study with a sample of 24,620 twins and ... with data from the 1909 sibling pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Parental education level was ...
Results from a National Longitudinal Study". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 89: 75-86. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2018.04.002. ... Studies have found that Medicaid expansion reduced rates of poverty and severe food insecurity in certain states. Studies on ... A 2018 study found that Medicaid expansions in New York, Arizona, and Maine in the early 2000s caused a 6% decline in the ... Studies of the impact of Medicaid expansion rejections calculated that up to 6.4 million people would have too much income for ...
"A Systematic Study of the Factors Contributing to Post-Stall Longitudinal Stability of T-Tail Transport Configurations" (PDF). ... "A Systematic Study of the Factors Contributing to Post-Stall Longitudinal Stability of T-Tail Transport Configurations" (PDF). ...
1982). "Longitudinal studies on chlamydial infections in the first year of life". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1 ( ... database study". Sex Transm Infect. 91 (5): 342-5. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2014-051682. PMID 25512672. S2CID 36391207. (Articles ...
The fruit are warty to a variable degree, have a longitudinal ridge, and are sparsely covered in fine pale brown hairs. The ... Shao, Yunyun; Xu, Fengxia (2017). "Studies on pollen morphology of selected species of Annonaceae from Thailand". Grana. 57 (3 ...
You have been chosen to take part in a follow-up study - the NHANES Longitudinal Study. This study will cover topics such as ... National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Longitudinal Study. ... This study will combine an interview and a health exam in your home. Together, this visit is expected to take about one hour. ... By logging in to the secure study site and registering with us using the button on the top of this page, you can let us know ...
Such as longitudinal studies? Replies:. *. Re:Longitudinal studies, by Joseph Wehry, 01/08/03 *. Re:Longitudinal studies, by ... Longitudinal studies Jesse · 01/05/03 at 7:26 PM ET Have there been any long term studies with follow up on ericksonian work? ...
In this paper, we provide a large-scale and longitudinal measurement study on how well DKIM is deployed and managed. Our study ... title = {A Large-scale and Longitudinal Measurement Study of {DKIM} Deployment},. booktitle = {31st USENIX Security Symposium ( ...
The longitudinal study by the Office for National Statistics is a record linkage study of a 1% representative sample of the ... Mortality of third generation Irish people living in England and Wales: longitudinal study BMJ 2001; 322 :466 doi:10.1136/bmj. ... Patterns of mortality in second generation Irish living in England and Wales: longitudinal study.BMJ1996; 312:1389-1392. ... Longitudinal study 1971-1991: history, organisation and quality of data.London:HMSO,1995. ...
Do, EK et al. Associations between gestational age at birth and alcohol use in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and ... Iles-Caven, Y et al. Data relating to early child development in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), ... Temporal trends in energy and macronutrient distribution in meals eaten by children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents ... Associations of wheezing phenotypes with late asthma outcomes in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: A ...
Longitudinal Genome-wide Transcriptome Study of PTSD Symptom Change in WTC Responders. ... The proposed study builds on an extensive pilot study by evaluating the association between change in gene expression and ...
We here use data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) to provide one of the first analyses of the distal (early-life) ... "Early-life correlates of later-life well-being: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study," PSE-Ecole déconomie de Paris ... "Early-life correlates of later-life well-being: evidence from the Wisconsin longitudinal study," CEP Discussion Papers dp1512, ... "Early-life correlates of later-life well-being: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study," PSE Working Papers halshs- ...
2015)‎. Tuberculosis-associated mortality in Shanghai, China: a longitudinal study. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, ...
Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Antibody Kinetics, Seroreversion, and Implications for Seroepidemiologic Studies Michael ... Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Antibody Kinetics, Seroreversion, and Implications for Seroepidemiologic Studies. ...
In a series of studies including two randomized trials, the McMaster University VAW Research Program studied one key research ... METHODS: A longitudinal cross-sectional design, applying concurrent mixed data collection methods (surveys, interviews, and ... Talk, Trust and Time: A Longitudinal Study Evaluating Knowledge Translation and Exchange Processes for Research on Violence ... "Talk, Trust and Time: A Longitudinal Study Evaluating Knowledge Translation and Exchange Processes for Research on Violence ...
This longitudinal study examined mental health, substance abuse, and psychosocial predictors of long-term adherence to ... Cross-sectional studies to date that examine psychosocial correlates of antiretroviral adherence have insufficiently addressed ... Longitudinal study of mental health and psychosocial predictors of medical treatment adherence in mothers living with HIV ... This longitudinal study examined mental health, substance abuse, and psychosocial predictors of long-term adherence to ...
Occipital hypoperfusion is only occasionally found in most studies of Alzheimers disease. Recently, a PET study of three ... 14 33 34 In our three year longitudinal study, patients with Alzheimers disease had decreased perfusion ratios in the parietal ... An earlier two year longitudinal SPECT study reported that the decreases in regional cerebral function, compared with control ... This study was supported by grant from the Health Research Council of the Academy of Finland and the North Savo Regional Fund ...
Rebound in asthma exacerbations following relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions: a longitudinal population-based study (COVIDENCE ... Rebound in asthma exacerbations following relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions: a longitudinal population-based study (COVIDENCE ...
The study uses a longitudinal cohort design, with two separate cohorts: community residents and returning students. We report ... Methods In this prospective longitudinal cohort study, we tested for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in a non-random cohort ... SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in a University Community: A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Student Return to Campus on ... SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in a University Community: A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Student Return to Campus on ...
Methods: Patients hospitalized for COVID-19 between March 1 and July 31, 2020, were included in a longitudinal study. Clinical ... Impact of peritraumatic dissociation in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a longitudinal study. J Psychiatr Res. ... A Longitudinal Multicenter Study. Victor Pitron, MD, PhDa,b,‡,*; Willys Cantenys, MDc,‡; Anne Herbelin, MScc; Hugo Bottemanne, ... 3. Mazza MG, De Lorenzo R, Conte C, et al; COVID-19 BioB Outpatient Clinic Study group. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 ...
Cohort Studies; Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); Female; Longitudinal Studies; Mental Disorders/Diagnosis; Mental Disorders/ ... Alcohol Abuse in Urban Indian Adolescents and Women: A Longitudinal Study for Assessment and Risk Evaluation January 5, 2016. / ... This paper introduces an ongoing ten-year prospective longitudinal study of alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and mental health status ... This paper introduces an ongoing ten-year prospective longitudinal study of alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and mental health status ...
school-to-work transition, longitudinal study, career development, family planning, grounded theory, qualitative data base, ... Methodological Guidelines and Challenges of a Qualitative Longitudinal Panel-Study Authors. * Thomas Kühn ... Methodological Guidelines and Challenges of a Qualitative Longitudinal Panel-Study. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung Forum: ... We are presenting the basic features of our qualitative German panel study concerning the job entry of young adults, dealing ...
A longitudinal case study in Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Journal of Sport Management, 34 (2), p. 130-146. https://doi.org/10.1123/ ... A longitudinal trend study was designed. Four multistage stratified random samples of Rio residents were surveyed in 2012 (n = ... Temporal variations in the relationship between legacies and support: A longitudinal case study in Rio 2016 Olympic Games. ... Rocha C (2020) Temporal variations in the relationship between legacies and support: A longitudinal case study in Rio 2016 ...
Home » Store » The Quest for Meaning in Life in Six Patients Living with Advanced Cancer: A Qualitative Longitudinal Study ... The Quest for Meaning in Life in Six Patients Living with Advanced Cancer: A Qualitative Longitudinal Study. $30.00. ... The Quest for Meaning in Life in Six Patients Living with Advanced Cancer: A Qualitative Longitudinal Study quantity. ... In this study, six individuals who were diagnosed with advanced cancer and who received home hospice care described how they ...
A longitudinal study of morning, evening, and night light intensities and nocturnal sleep quality in a working population. ...
Few studies have tracked diet and time use across the summer holidays. This study will measure rates of change in fatness and ... Watson, A., Maher, C., Tomkinson, G.R. et al. Life on holidays: study protocol for a 3-year longitudinal study tracking changes ... Life on holidays: study protocol for a 3-year longitudinal study tracking changes in childrens fitness and fatness during the ... Life on holidays: study protocol for a 3-year longitudinal study tracking changes in childrens fitness and fatness during the ...
... one of which is the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing1414. English Longitudinal Study of Ageing: ELSA Covid-19 study ... The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) is a household-based cohort study that aims to investigate ageing in ... English Longitudinal Study of Ageing: ELSA Covid-19 study launched. https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/post/elsa-covid-19-study- ... The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-BRAZIL): objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1345-53.. ELSI-Brazil ...
The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Preventive Medicine Reports , 4 pp. 512-516. 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.09.006. ... physical activity and sleep duration in a community-dwelling sample of 5265 older adults from the English Longitudinal Study of ... Research to date suggests that physical activity (PA) is associated with distinct aspects of sleep, but studies have ... The relationship between physical activity, sleep duration and depressive symptoms in older adults: The English Longitudinal ...
A longitudinal study of hepatitis C virus testing and infection status notification on behaviour change in people who inject ... A longitudinal study of hepatitis C virus testing and infection status notification on behaviour change in people who inject ... The objective of our study was to (1) assess drug and alcohol use and injection risk behaviours following notification; (2) to ... Methods Data from the International Collaboration of Incident HIV and HCV Infection in Injecting Cohorts (InC3 Study) were ...
Cohort Studies Female Humans Immunoglobulin A - analysis Immunoglobulin G - analysis Longitudinal Studies Male ... Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae in elderly people: a two-decade longitudinal and cohort difference study. ... More than half of the individuals in the longitudinal study had significant IgG and/or IgA titre changes (, or = 4-fold) ... Seroepidemiologic Studies Sweden - epidemiology Abstract. A gerontological population of 178 men and 249 women was investigated ...
... We studied 188 men and 166 women from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study, who underwent peripheral quantitative computed tomography ... There are few longitudinal data on change in bone structure and muscle mass, strength and function in later life. We report ...
Title: Causal inference for observational longitudinal studies using deep survival models. Authors: Jie Zhu, Blanca Gallego ... Abstract: Causal inference for observational longitudinal studies often requires the accurate estimation of treatment effects ... To tackle this longitudinal treatment effect estimation problem, we have developed a time-variant causal survival (TCS) model ... In a large clinical cohort study, TCS identified the expected conditional average treatment effect and detected individual ...
Hence, LOCF should not be used in a longitudinal data analysis. Under MCAR missing mechanism, CC and MI method are performed ... Missing data can frequently occur in a longitudinal data analysis. In the literature, many methods have been proposed to handle ... In longitudinal studies, there are many possible causes leading to missing data including the duration of the study, the nature ... However, it is difficult to test the missing mechanism in a longitudinal clinical study and there is also no clear rules ...
... while most previous studies examine the health of younger MDs. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to examine these ... while most previous studies examine the health of younger MDs. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to examine these ... while most previous studies examine the health of younger MDs. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to examine these ... while most previous studies examine the health of younger MDs. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to examine these ...
  • Mode of delivery affected questionnaire response rates in a birth cohort study. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • Prevalence and factors associated with psychological burden in COVID-19 patients and their relatives: a prospective observational cohort study. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Longitudinal Change in Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Assessment in Older Adults: The Hertfordshire Cohort Study. (galileo-training.com)
  • We studied 188 men and 166 women from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study, who underwent peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) of the radius and tibia in 2004-2005 and then again in 2011-2012. (galileo-training.com)
  • In a large clinical cohort study, TCS identified the expected conditional average treatment effect and detected individual treatment effect heterogeneity over time. (arxiv.org)
  • We prospectively evaluated the associations of 20 urinary metal concentrations and their mixtures with incident diabetes in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, a multisite, multiethnic cohort study of midlife women. (cdc.gov)
  • This cohort study investigated the effect of early life nutrition on later performance in developmental milestones and cognitive tests. (who.int)
  • A multicenter (6 ICUs) prospective cohort study les patients congolais admis including consecutive patients with acute stroke was dans 6 USI de Kinshasa. (who.int)
  • Causal inference for observational longitudinal studies often requires the accurate estimation of treatment effects on time-to-event outcomes in the presence of time-dependent patient history and time-dependent covariates. (arxiv.org)
  • Patients hospitalized for COVID-19 between March 1 and July 31, 2020, were included in a longitudinal study. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Brasil es uno de los países más perjudicados por la pandemia, ocupando el segundo puesto en el mundo, en cuanto al número de casos confirmados y muertes hasta mediados de junio 2020. (scielosp.org)
  • More recently, a 2020 longitudinal study determined relationships between factors involved in job satisfaction and life satisfaction. (cdc.gov)
  • METHODS: A longitudinal cross-sectional design, applying concurrent mixed data collection methods (surveys, interviews, and focus groups), was used to evaluate the utility of specific KTE strategies, including a series of workshops and a day-long Family Violence Knowledge Exchange Forum, on research sharing, uptake, and use. (bepress.com)
  • METHODS Thirty one patients with Alzheimer's disease and eight age and sex matched control subjects were examined in a three year longitudinal study. (bmj.com)
  • His research focuses on biography and life course, career socialization, family sociology and psychology, methods of qualitative longitudinal analysis. (qualitative-research.net)
  • Methods Data from the International Collaboration of Incident HIV and HCV Infection in Injecting Cohorts (InC3 Study) were analysed. (bmj.com)
  • 9] [10] [11] Commonly it has involved cross-sectional studies where causal inference is generally not able to be assessed. (cdc.gov)
  • 1 Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. (nih.gov)
  • This longitudinal study examined mental health, substance abuse, and psychosocial predictors of long-term adherence to antiretroviral medications and medical appointments among HIV-seropositive mothers recruited from an infectious disease clinic of a large urban medical center. (nih.gov)
  • 17 Another PET study on cognitively normal subjects, with a family history of Alzheimer's disease reported that the ε4 homozygotes had significantly reduced rates of glucose metabolism in the same posterior cingulate, parietal, temporal, and prefrontal regions as seen in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. (bmj.com)
  • The symptoms that rheumatology patients prioritized for longitudinal tracking using a smartphone app were fatigue, physical function, pain, and morning joint stiffness. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study aimed to better understand symptoms that patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMD) find most important for their disease management and would be willing to track longitudinally using a smartphone app. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A Collaborative Medication Review Including Deprescribing for Older Patients in an Emergency Department: A Longitudinal Feasibility Study. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcome of covid-19 patients on the corticosteroid therapy and estimate mortality rate with corticosteroid therapy and investigate potential long-term adverse events associated with its use. (bvsalud.org)
  • We did a longitudinal follow up study at the AIIMS Rishikesh to assess the side effects of corticosteroids in COVID-19 patients . (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia requiring the oxygen support were included in the study. (bvsalud.org)
  • A total of 600 patients were screened out of which 541 patients who received corticosteroids were included in this study. (bvsalud.org)
  • The present study aimed to assess its frequency and néanmoins éparsesen Afique subsaharienne quant à associated risk factors in Congolese patients admitted in son ampleur et aux facteurs associés. (who.int)
  • undertaken from July 15th, 2017 to March 15th, 2018.The multicentrique de cohorte prospective a inclus des Glasgow Coma Scale helped to determine the severety of the patients consécutifs admis en phase aiguë d AVC, disease at admission. (who.int)
  • More than half of critically des patients avec AVC en phase aiguë présentent ill patients exhibit admission hyperglycemia with age, severity of stroke and known diabetes as its main associated principaux facteurs de risque a risk factors. (who.int)
  • DNA methylation and substance-use risk: a prospective, genome-wide study spanning gestation to adolescence. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • This paper introduces an ongoing ten-year prospective longitudinal study of alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and mental health status in a community sample of urban American Indian asolescents and women. (ncuih.org)
  • We are presenting the basic features of our qualitative German panel study concerning the job entry of young adults, dealing also with methodological issues. (qualitative-research.net)
  • The integration of quantitative and qualitative longitudinal data presents a theoretical and methodological challenge. (qualitative-research.net)
  • Young people's views about the purpose and composition of research ethics committees: findings from the PEARL qualitative study. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • Longitudinal findings show that, to gain support, organizers promise unattainable legacies, which then lead to dwindling support as they fail to deliver them. (stir.ac.uk)
  • International Journal of Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 2016. (bristol.ac.uk)
  • This longitudinal study of 503 households with a child under 24 months at enrolment was conducted in villages of Manyoni District, Tanzania between May 2014, and May 2016. (wits.ac.za)
  • Longitudinal trends in renal function among first time sugarcane harvesters in Guatemala. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical, neurochemical, pathological, and genetic studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is a heterogeneous entity. (bmj.com)
  • Metabolomics of World Trade Center-Lung Injury: biomarker validation, longitudinal assessment and dietary intervention. (cdc.gov)
  • The study uses structured interviews and diagnostic assessments to identify risk factors for, and measure prevalence of, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and psychopathology in 523 Indian youth and 276 Indian women. (ncuih.org)
  • 1 2 In this study we examine the mortality of third generation Irish people (grandchildren of Irish migrants) living in England and Wales. (bmj.com)
  • Mortality was higher than that of all other study members across all generations, increasing with each successive generation. (bmj.com)
  • Longitudinal study : socio-demographic mortality differentials, a first report on mortality in 1971-1975 according to 1971 census characteristics, based on data collected in the OPCS Longitudinal Study / A.J. Fox, P.O. Goldblatt. (who.int)
  • Early-life correlates of later-life well-being: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study ," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) halshs-02973079, HAL. (repec.org)
  • Early-life correlates of later-life well-being: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study ," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization , Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 360-368. (repec.org)
  • Early-life correlates of later-life well-being: evidence from the Wisconsin longitudinal study ," CEP Discussion Papers dp1512, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE. (repec.org)
  • Early-life correlates of later-life well-being: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study ," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Docweb) 1706, CEPREMAP. (repec.org)
  • Early-life correlates of later-life well-being: evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study ," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 86608, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library. (repec.org)
  • Early-life correlates of later-life well-being: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study ," Post-Print halshs-02973079, HAL. (repec.org)
  • In a series of studies including two randomized trials, the McMaster University VAW Research Program studied one key research gap: evidence about the effectiveness of screening women for exposure to intimate partner violence. (bepress.com)
  • however, evidence from human studies is limited. (cdc.gov)
  • We here use data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) to provide one of the first analyses of the distal (early-life) and proximal (later-life) correlates of older-life subjective well-being. (repec.org)
  • There are few longitudinal data on change in bone structure and muscle mass, strength and function in later life. (galileo-training.com)
  • The data of the women were more sparse and less consistent, but, as for the men, most of the studies probably underestimated existing effects. (cdc.gov)
  • Alongside modest contributions of chicken-keeping to some improved dietary outcomes, this study importantly (and of substantial practical significance if confirmed) found no indication of a heightened risk of stunting or greater frequency of diarrhea being associated with chicken-keeping or the practice of keeping chickens within human dwellings overnight. (wits.ac.za)
  • 6] In a longitudinal study of children aged 9-11 years, Saps et al reported an 18% overall prevalence of constipation. (medscape.com)
  • Additional intervention studies are needed to examine the impact of ameliorating job strain upon CVD-related outcomes. (cdc.gov)
  • This study will cover topics such as heart disease, diabetes, and other health conditions, and will help us understand how our health changes over time. (cdc.gov)
  • If you received our letter and are interested in helping us with this study, we would like to arrange an appointment with you at a time that is most convenient for you. (cdc.gov)
  • Few studies have tracked diet and time use across the summer holidays. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study will measure rates of change in fatness and fitness of children, initially in Grade 4 (age 9 years) across three successive years and relate these changes to changes in diet and time use between in-school and summer holiday periods. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To tackle this longitudinal treatment effect estimation problem, we have developed a time-variant causal survival (TCS) model that uses the potential outcomes framework with an ensemble of recurrent subnetworks to estimate the difference in survival probabilities and its confidence interval over time as a function of time-dependent covariates and treatments. (arxiv.org)
  • a study that looks at changes ( e.g. , in a person or group of people) over a long period of time. (cdc.gov)
  • Cross-sectional studies to date that examine psychosocial correlates of antiretroviral adherence have insufficiently addressed the challenges of long-term adherence. (nih.gov)
  • Table 1 Characteristics of the study populace at baseline and partial correlations with total carotenoids. (woofahs.com)
  • You have been chosen to take part in a follow-up study - the NHANES Longitudinal Study. (cdc.gov)
  • The ELSI-COVID-19 initiative is based on telephone interviews with participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil), conducted on a nationally representative sample of the population aged 50 or older. (scielosp.org)
  • In a European study, Yong and Beattie found that 34% of parents in the United Kingdom reported their children aged 4-7 years had at least intermittent difficulties with constipation,[8] and a South American study by de Araujo Sant'Anna and Calcado found that 28% of Brazilian children aged 8-10 years were constipated. (medscape.com)
  • Objective We examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal romantic relationship between plasma carotenoids and depressive symptoms more than a six-year follow-up in older individuals. (woofahs.com)
  • Have there been any long term studies with follow up on ericksonian work? (behavior.net)
  • The table shows that, compared with all other study members, the first generation was most disadvantaged and the third generation least disadvantaged. (bmj.com)
  • Also, please feel free to call Dr. Duong Tony Nguyen of the U.S. Public Health Service at 1-800-452-6115, Monday-Friday, 7:30 AM-4:30 PM ET to discuss the study or the results of your tests. (cdc.gov)
  • Four of eight cross-sectional studies had significant positive results. (cdc.gov)
  • Empirical studies of American Indian health and mental health have focused primarily on reservation samples or small cross-sectional school-based or treatment samples. (ncuih.org)
  • If you received a letter from us inviting you to take part in the study, you can arrange an appointment online by clicking on the "LOG IN" button on the top of this page. (cdc.gov)
  • By logging in to the secure study site and registering with us using the button on the top of this page, you can let us know your preference. (cdc.gov)
  • Urinary metals and incident diabetes in midlife women: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). (cdc.gov)
  • Blood studies show anemia with macrocytic cellular indices. (medscape.com)
  • In this study, six individuals who were diagnosed with advanced cancer and who received home hospice care described how they found and made meaning in times of struggle with their illness-what troubled them, what made life worth living for them, how they grew spiritually in their journey, and how they strove to live authentically as they faced impending death. (meaning.ca)
  • 14 16 In a recent PET study, subjects with age associated memory impairment, one ε4 allele, and a family history of Alzheimer's disease had abnormally low and asymmetric rates of glucose metabolism in a preselected parietal region even before the onset of dementia. (bmj.com)
  • Hypertension is rapidly becoming a metropolis in Cross River State of Nigeria by US Department of Agriculture (USDA) major public health problem and has been formed the subjects for the study. (who.int)
  • This study aimed to analyze the nonverbal communication of mother-infant dyads during the first year of life. (bvsalud.org)
  • a way of studying groups of people by looking at the members' reactions in categorized emotional and problem-solving responses. (cdc.gov)
  • Only those people aged under 55 in 1971 were included because of the young age distributions of the second and third generations: of all ages 73% (3799/5213) of the third generation and 42% (4931/11 597) of the second generation were aged under 15, compared with 3% (199/11 597) of the first generation from the Irish Republic and 23% (112 442/479 466) of all other study members. (bmj.com)
  • Information from censuses and registrations of vital events is linked to the records of study members. (bmj.com)
  • The effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on cerebral perfusion was studied. (bmj.com)
  • The effect of streaming on students' academic self-concept and their perceptions of home environment and classroom climate was examined in a 3-year longitudinal study of a single cohort in Singapore. (nottingham.ac.uk)