Loneliness
Social Isolation
Projective Techniques
Legal Guardians
Social Support
Chicago
Changes in and factors related to loneliness in older men. The Zutphen Elderly Study. (1/132)
AIM: To investigate (i) whether loneliness increases in old age, and if so, whether it relates to ageing itself, to time trends or to cohort effects and (ii) the relationship between changes in institutionalization, partner status and health and loneliness. METHODS: 939 men born between 1900 and 1920 completed the De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale, and answered questions about their partner status, health and institutionalization in 1985, 1990 and 1995. RESULTS: For the oldest group (born between 1900 and 1910) loneliness scores increased, but not for the younger groups. The increase in loneliness was attributable to ageing. No birth cohort or time effects were found. Loneliness was related to changes in institutionalization, partner status and subjective health but not to limitations in activities of daily living or cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: the increased loneliness experienced by very old men is influenced by loss of a partner, moving into a care home or not feeling healthy. (+info)Someone to talk to? The role of loneliness as a factor in the frequency of GP consultations. (2/132)
BACKGROUND: There are many reasons why people frequently consult their general practitioner (GP). Although loneliness is increasingly recognized as a problem affecting well-being for elderly people, it has rarely been addressed as a predictor of frequency of consultation. AIM: To examine whether loneliness is associated with rates of GP consultations (home and surgery visits). METHOD: Analysis of data collected in face-to-face interviews at the second wave of a longitudinal health survey of two adult age cohorts living in four socially contrasting urban localities in Glasgow City. There were a total of 691 subjects: 142 males and 176 females aged 40 years at interview; and 167 males and 206 females aged 60 years at interview. Frequency of reported GP consultations in the past 12 months at home or in the surgery was examined. RESULTS: After controlling for sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables and health, loneliness was significantly associated with frequency of consultation at the surgery but not with the frequency of home visits. CONCLUSION: Loneliness may still be underestimated as a factor related independently to frequency of consultations with a GP at the surgery. (+info)Predictors of outcome in a primary care depression trial. (3/132)
OBJECTIVE: Previous treatment trials have found that approximately one third of depressed patients have persistent symptoms. We examined whether depression severity, comorbid psychiatric illness, and personality factors might play a role in this lack of response. DESIGN: Randomized trial of a stepped collaborative care intervention versus usual care. SETTING: HMO in Seattle, Wash. PATIENTS: Patients with major depression were stratified into severe (N = 149) and mild to moderate depression (N = 79) groups prior to randomization. INTERVENTIONS: A multifaceted intervention targeting patient, physician, and process of care, using collaborative management by a psychiatrist and primary care physician. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients with more severe depression had a higher risk for panic disorder (odds ratio [OR], 5.8), loneliness (OR, 2.6), and childhood emotional abuse (OR, 2.1). Among those with less severe depression, intervention patients showed significantly improved depression outcomes over time compared with those in usual care (z = -3.06, P<.002); however, this difference was not present in the more severely depressed groups (z = 0.61, NS). Although the group with severe depression showed differences between the intervention and control groups from baseline to 3 months that were similar to the group with less severe depression (during the acute phase of the intervention), these differences disappeared by 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Initial depression severity, comorbid panic disorder, and other psychosocial vulnerabilities were associated with a decreased response to the collaborative care intervention. Although the intervention was appropriate for patients with moderate depression, individuals with higher levels of depression may require a longer continuation phase of therapy in order to achieve optimal depression outcomes. (+info)Effects of a coping intervention on patients with rheumatic diseases: results of a randomized controlled trial. (4/132)
OBJECTIVE: To test the effects (on coping, social interactions, loneliness, functional health status, and life satisfaction) of an intervention aimed at teaching people with rheumatic diseases to cope actively with their problems. METHODS: A total of 168 patients with chronic rheumatic disorders affecting the joints were randomly assigned to a coping intervention group, a mutual support control group, or a waiting list control group. Measurements were by self-report questionnaires. RESULTS: Post-intervention measurements showed that the coping intervention increased action-directed coping and functional health status, but these effects did not persist up to 6-months followup. In patients who attended at least half of the 10 sessions, the coping intervention contributed to decreased loneliness at post-intervention and to improvements in social interactions and life satisfaction at 6-months followup. CONCLUSION: Teaching patients with rheumatic diseases to cope actively with their problems had positive impacts. Consequently it is recommended that the coping intervention be incorporated into regular care. Maintenance sessions are advisable. (+info)Predictors of response to treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome. (5/132)
BACKGROUND: Controlled trials have shown that psychological interventions designed to encourage graded exercise can facilitate recovery from chronic fatigue syndrome. AIMS: To identify predictors of response to psychological treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome. METHOD: Of 114 patients assigned to equally effective treatment conditions in a randomised, controlled trial, 95 completed follow-up assessments. Relationships between variables measured prior to randomisation and changes in physical functioning and subjective handicap at 1 year were evaluated by multiple regression. RESULTS: Poor outcome was predicted by membership of a self-help group, being in receipt of sickness benefit at the start of treatment, and dysphoria as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. Severity of symptoms and duration of illness were not predictors of response. CONCLUSIONS: Poor outcome in the psychological treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome is predicted by variables that indicate resistance to accepting the therapeutic rationale, poor motivation to treatment adherence or secondary gains from illness. (+info)Influence of social support on cognitive function in the elderly. (6/132)
BACKGROUND: Social support is important in daily activities of the elderly. This study tests the hypothesis that there is an association between social support and cognitive function among the elderly in a community setting. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were conducted in a cross-sectional stratified random sample of 4,993 elderly (> or =65 years) city residents. Using multiple regression analysis, we investigated the influence of social support on cognitive function. RESULTS: 12% were over 80 years old. 53.28% were men. 67.14% were married. Higher Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) scores (higher score means better cognitive function) were associated with strong social support, as measured by marital status and perceived positive support from friends. Lower cognitive function was associated with older and with female respondents. Only instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were statistically and negatively related to SPMSQ. Lower functional status was associated with lower cognitive function. Elders with grade school educations had lower SPMSQ scores than did elders with high school educations. CONCLUSIONS: In Taiwan, higher cognitive function in community-living elderly was associated with increased social support. Life-style management should provide social activities for the elderly to promote a better quality of life. (+info)Suicides in ethnic minorities within 12 months of contact with mental health services. National clinical survey. (7/132)
BACKGROUND: Information on suicide by psychiatric patients from ethnic minority groups is scarce. AIMS: To establish the number of patients from ethnic minorities who kill themselves; to describe their suicide methods, and their social and clinical characteristics. METHOD: A national clinical survey was based on a 4-year sample of suicides in England and Wales. Detailed data were collected on those who had been in contact with mental health services in the year before death. RESULTS: In total 282 patients from ethnic minorities died by suicide--6% of all patient suicides. The most common method of suicide was hanging; violent methods were more common than in White patient suicides. Schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis. Ethnic minority patients were more likely to have been unemployed than White patients and to have had a history of violence and recent non-compliance. In around half, this was the first episode of self-harm. Black Caribbean patients had the highest rates of schizophrenia (74%), unemployment, living alone, previous violence and drug misuse. CONCLUSIONS: In order to reduce the number of suicides by ethnic minority patients, services should address the complex health and social needs of people with severe mental illness. (+info)Influence of rural environment on diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of colorectal cancer. (8/132)
STUDY OBJECTIVE: Several studies have shown that residential location (urban or rural) influences the incidence of colorectal cancer. The aim was to investigate the influence of rural environment on colorectal cancer history and survival in a well defined population. DESIGN: Patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed in the department of Calvados (France) were classified by place of residence (urban/rural) and information on clinical symptoms, tumour extension, treatment, and survival was collected. SETTING: The study was population based, in the department of Calvados in France. PATIENTS: During 1978-1984, 1445 colorectal cancers were collected by the Digestive Tract Cancer Registry of Calvados, 1047 with an urban place of residence (544 males and 503 females) and 284 with a rural place of residence (134 males and 150 females). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In both sexes, rural patients with colorectal cancers were treated less frequently in a specialised health care centre (40.0%) than patients from an urban population (53.4%). The difference was mainly but not entirely explained by distance from the specialised health care centre. In females in the rural population, cancers were diagnosed more frequently at the stage of severe clinical symptoms (22.1%) and metastases (18.8%) than they were in the urban population (15.5% and 12.3%). In addition among females a rural environment appeared to confer a worse prognosis (relative risk = 1.3). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest an inequality between rural and urban populations, especially for women. The loneliness of rural women leads to a delay in diagnosis and worse survival. In health education campaigns on colorectal cancer, efforts must be made to provide medical information to rural women in order to reduce the delay in diagnosis and improve survival. (+info)Loneliness is not a medical condition itself, but it's a state of distress or discomfort that can have significant physical and mental health consequences. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines loneliness as "being without company" and "feeling sad because one has no friends or company." While there isn't a specific medical definition for loneliness, it is widely recognized by healthcare professionals as a risk factor for various negative health outcomes.
Chronic loneliness can contribute to mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. It may also have physical health consequences, including increased risks of cardiovascular disease, weakened immune system, cognitive decline, and even premature mortality. Therefore, addressing loneliness is an essential aspect of maintaining overall well-being and preventing various health complications.
Social isolation, in the context of health and medicine, refers to the lack of social connections, interactions, or engagement with other people or communities. It is a state of being separated from others, lacking companionship or meaningful communication, which can lead to feelings of loneliness and disconnection. Social isolation can be self-imposed or imposed by external factors such as mobility issues, loss of loved ones, or discrimination. Prolonged social isolation has been linked to various negative health outcomes, including mental health disorders, cognitive decline, and increased risk for chronic conditions like heart disease and stroke.
Projective techniques are psychological tests used in clinical and experimental settings to assess an individual's personality, emotions, and motivations by tapping into their unconscious thoughts and perceptions. These methods present ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or pictures, to the subject, who is then asked to describe or interpret them. The theory behind projective techniques posits that individuals will unconsciously project their inner experiences and feelings onto these ambiguous stimuli, revealing aspects of their personality that may not be accessible through more structured testing methods. However, it's important to note that the interpretation of results from projective techniques can be subjective and may vary based on the training and expertise of the practitioner.
Interpersonal relations, in the context of medicine and healthcare, refer to the interactions and relationships between patients and healthcare professionals, as well as among healthcare professionals themselves. These relationships are crucial in the delivery of care and can significantly impact patient outcomes. Positive interpersonal relations can lead to improved communication, increased trust, greater patient satisfaction, and better adherence to treatment plans. On the other hand, negative or strained interpersonal relations can result in poor communication, mistrust, dissatisfaction, and non-adherence.
Healthcare professionals are trained to develop effective interpersonal skills, including active listening, empathy, respect, and cultural sensitivity, to build positive relationships with their patients. Effective interpersonal relations also involve clear and concise communication, setting appropriate boundaries, and managing conflicts in a constructive manner. In addition, positive interpersonal relations among healthcare professionals can promote collaboration, teamwork, and knowledge sharing, leading to improved patient care and safety.
A legal guardian is an individual who has been appointed by a court to make decisions on behalf of a minor child or an adult who is incapacitated and unable to make decisions for themselves. The legal guardian is responsible for ensuring the well-being and safety of the person in their care, and may be responsible for making decisions related to their education, medical treatment, financial affairs, and living arrangements.
In the context of medical care, a legal guardian may be asked to make important decisions about a patient's treatment, such as whether to consent to surgery or other medical procedures. They may also be responsible for ensuring that the patient receives appropriate medical care and follows through with recommended treatments.
It is important to note that the specific powers and responsibilities of a legal guardian can vary depending on the jurisdiction and the individual circumstances of the case. In general, however, a legal guardian is expected to act in the best interests of the person they are responsible for caring for.
Social support in a medical context refers to the resources and assistance provided by an individual's social network, including family, friends, peers, and community groups. These resources can include emotional, informational, and instrumental support, which help individuals cope with stress, manage health conditions, and maintain their overall well-being.
Emotional support involves providing empathy, care, and encouragement to help an individual feel valued, understood, and cared for. Informational support refers to the provision of advice, guidance, and knowledge that can help an individual make informed decisions about their health or other aspects of their life. Instrumental support includes practical assistance such as help with daily tasks, financial aid, or access to resources.
Social support has been shown to have a positive impact on physical and mental health outcomes, including reduced stress levels, improved immune function, better coping skills, and increased resilience. It can also play a critical role in promoting healthy behaviors, such as adherence to medical treatments and lifestyle changes.
I apologize, but "Chicago" is not a medical term or concept. Chicago is the largest city in the state of Illinois and the third-most populous city in the United States. It's known for its impressive architecture, vibrant arts scene, and significant contributions to American culture, including jazz music, improvisational theater, and culinary innovations like deep-dish pizza and the Chicago-style hot dog.
If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, please feel free to ask!
Social perception, in the context of psychology and social sciences, refers to the ability to interpret and understand other people's behavior, emotions, and intentions. It is the process by which we make sense of the social world around us, by observing and interpreting cues such as facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and situational context.
In medical terminology, social perception is not a specific diagnosis or condition, but rather a cognitive skill that can be affected in various mental and neurological disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia. For example, individuals with autism may have difficulty interpreting social cues and understanding other people's emotions and intentions, while those with schizophrenia may have distorted perceptions of social situations and interactions.
Healthcare professionals who work with patients with cognitive or neurological disorders may assess their social perception skills as part of a comprehensive evaluation, in order to develop appropriate interventions and support strategies.
Loneliness
Wild Loneliness
Killing Loneliness
Modern Loneliness
Loneliness (song)
Loneliness Road
Loneliness (disambiguation)
Perfecting Loneliness
Loneliness (album)
Loneliness Is Bliss
Loneliness (short story)
UCLA Loneliness Scale
Dancing with Loneliness
Loneliness of Leila
Age of Loneliness
Pursuit of Loneliness
The Long Loneliness
Every Night, Loneliness
Loneliness Can Kill
Stamp Out Loneliness
A Cure for Loneliness
A Saucer of Loneliness
Six Lectures About Loneliness
4 Seasons of Loneliness
Bad Fog of Loneliness
A Pill for Loneliness
The End of Loneliness
A History of Loneliness
My Loneliness Has Wings
The Wizard of Loneliness
Loneliness and Social Isolation Linked to Serious Health Conditions
Loneliness - Wikipedia
Loneliness Week
Friendship & Loneliness Articles
Bible Teaching Loneliness
Frankenstein Quotes: Loneliness | SparkNotes
Recording: Strategies for Ending Loneliness - Meetup Blog
Loneliness as a Component of Psychiatric Disorders
Loneliness Spreads Like a Virus | Live Science
The Three Factors of Loneliness
Understanding How Alcohol and Loneliness Interact
20 Quotes on Loneliness | Desiring God
loneliness Archives - MuggleNet
Surprising Link Between Loneliness and Parkinson's Disease
The Loneliness of the Black Female Republican - POLITICO
An epidemic of loneliness | The Week
Inflation and Loneliness Are Killing Gen Z's Dating Game
Eskaton Kids Connection Combats Loneliness by Introducing Elementary Students to Seniors
Coping with Loneliness - CMHA National
Loneliness | How Right Now | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Loneliness poses risks as deadly as smoking: surgeon general
Ground-breaking trial cuts pandemic loneliness | University of Leeds
Loneliness of the away-day manager | The Independent | The Independent
Chronic Loneliness: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments | Psych Central
Loneliness In Teju Cole's Open City | ipl.org
Tips on How to Deal with Loneliness - Beliefnet
'Seek You' by Kristen Radtke touches on the nerve of...
To Fight Loneliness, Research Says to Turn to Wisdom | Psychology Today
Holiday Loneliness: Why It Happens and What to Do About It
How to Beat Loneliness - Why People Need Time Alone
Isolation47
- Loneliness and social isolation in older adults are serious public health risks affecting a significant number of people in the United States and putting them at risk for dementia and other serious medical conditions. (cdc.gov)
- 1 Older adults are at increased risk for loneliness and social isolation because they are more likely to face factors such as living alone, the loss of family or friends, chronic illness, and hearing loss. (cdc.gov)
- Social isolation can lead to loneliness in some people, while others can feel lonely without being socially isolated. (cdc.gov)
- Although it's hard to measure social isolation and loneliness precisely, there is strong evidence that many adults aged 50 and older are socially isolated or lonely in ways that put their health at risk. (cdc.gov)
- Poor social relationships (characterized by social isolation or loneliness) was associated with a 29% increased risk of heart disease and a 32% increased risk of stroke. (cdc.gov)
- Your doctor can assess your risk for loneliness and social isolation and get you connected to community resources for help, if needed. (cdc.gov)
- National Institute on Aging (NIA) - Provides materials on social isolation and loneliness for older adults, caregivers, and health care providers. (cdc.gov)
- Loneliness is an unpleasant emotional response to perceived isolation. (wikipedia.org)
- Loneliness can result from "situational factors," circumstances in life that increase the possibility of isolation. (cbn.com)
- It can make the symptoms of conditions such as anxiety and depression worse, leading to more intense feelings of isolation and loneliness. (healthline.com)
- SACRAMENTO, Calif. (PRWEB) December 13, 2017 -- Isolation and loneliness contribute to many illnesses, such as heart disease, Alzheimer's and dementia. (prweb.com)
- Murthy did not provide any data that illustrates how many people die directly from loneliness or isolation. (yahoo.com)
- The intervention developed in the BASIL-C19 (Behavioural Activation in Social Isolation) study lasted for eight weeks and was designed in partnership with older people who had direct experience of social isolation, loneliness and depression during the pandemic. (leeds.ac.uk)
- A team of researchers and clinicians anticipated that the pandemic would adversely affect the mental health of older people and re-focussed their research expertise to examine the psychological impact of enforced isolation, disruption to daily routines, loss of social contact and loneliness. (leeds.ac.uk)
- We know that social isolation can cause people to suffer from loneliness, low mood and anxiety. (leeds.ac.uk)
- By contrast, social isolation, which can occur with loneliness and often gets meshed in together, occurs when you severely lack notable interactions over a period of time. (psychcentral.com)
- According to a 2020 report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), social isolation and loneliness are serious, though under-discussed, public health risks. (psychcentral.com)
- The COVID-19 pandemic has increased feelings of loneliness as we faced reduced social contact and isolation. (bacp.co.uk)
- Loneliness and isolation don't feel good. (healthyplace.com)
- But isolation makes people lonely and loneliness increases anxiety. (healthyplace.com)
- Loneliness and isolation can tear apart your happiness, but you can prevent it. (healthyplace.com)
- Today, I want to share three tips that have helped prevent loneliness and isolation in my life. (healthyplace.com)
- My way of handling loneliness and isolation and I sometimes call that void in your spirit and heart! (healthyplace.com)
- And with the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been great concern about increased isolation and its effect on loneliness and other mental health conditions. (ama-assn.org)
- In fact, prolonged loneliness and isolation can be as dangerous to your health as smoking 15 cigarettes a day. (ktvu.com)
- The study notes that social isolation and loneliness don't necessarily mean the same thing. (slashgear.com)
- University of Surrey Health Psychology Lecturer Dr. Kimberly Smith explained , 'The evidence we examined suggests that social isolation may be linked with inflammation, but the results for a direct link between loneliness and inflammation were less convincing. (slashgear.com)
- Ultimately, the study found that differing inflammatory markers were linked to different experiences - social isolation versus loneliness, which doesn't necessarily happen at the same time. (slashgear.com)
- Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga appointed Sakamoto to "address the issue and put forward a comprehensive strategy to prevent social loneliness and isolation," Sakamoto said at a news presser, The Times reported. (wtvr.com)
- The aim of this study was to explore longitudinal associations of polypharmacy with loneliness and social isolation among older adults. (lu.se)
- A total of 1526 and 2556 participants were included in the separate analyses for loneliness and social isolation. (lu.se)
- Associations of polypharmacy with occurrence of loneliness and social isolation were estimated using logistic regression models. (lu.se)
- During follow-up, 409 and 414 participants developed loneliness and social isolation, respectively. (lu.se)
- Consideration of loneliness and social isolation are warranted when caring for older adults taking multiple medications. (lu.se)
- The aim of this study was to explore longitudinal associations of polypharmacy with loneliness and social isolation among older adults.MethodsParticipants aged 60 years and above in southern Sweden were invited for participation. (lu.se)
- Use NIA's resources to spread the word about the harmful effects of social isolation and loneliness and to share strategies for staying connected. (medlineplus.gov)
- Loneliness and social isolation aren't the same thing, but they are related. (medlineplus.gov)
- Certain things can put older adults at a higher risk for social isolation and loneliness. (medlineplus.gov)
- Loneliness and social isolation have been linked to conditions such as heart disease, high blood pressure, anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline. (medlineplus.gov)
- Check out NIA's Loneliness and Social Isolation-Tips for Staying Connected (also available in Spanish ) for more information and resources to help you and your loved ones stay in touch. (medlineplus.gov)
- You can also spread the word online with NIA's Social Isolation and Loneliness Outreach Toolkit . (medlineplus.gov)
- With these tools and resources at your fingertips, you can join the fight against loneliness and social isolation and support older adults in your family, community, and beyond in building and maintaining strong social connections. (medlineplus.gov)
- Research suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased social isolation and loneliness and that, in general, single individuals experience a higher degree of loneliness than coupled individuals. (bvsalud.org)
- In May, the U.S. Surgeon General, Vice Admiral Vivek Murthy, MD, MBA, released Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community calling for a whole-of-society approach to address the epidemic of loneliness and isolation. (cdc.gov)
- Based on decades of research examining the importance of social connection to individual and community health, the Advisory refers to multidisciplinary evidence indicating that social connection can predict longevity and well-being, while loneliness and social isolation are predictors of poor health and premature death. (cdc.gov)
- Groups with higher prevalence of loneliness and isolation include those with poor physical and mental health, younger and older adults, single parents, those who live alone or in rural areas, individuals from ethnic and racial minority groups, LGBTQ+ individuals, and lower wage earners. (cdc.gov)
- Many people who are considering suicide experience feelings of loneliness and isolation. (who.int)
Combat loneliness4
- Other social treatments for loneliness include the ownership of pets and loneliness-designed technologies, such as meetup services or social robots (although the use of some technologies in order to combat loneliness is debated). (wikipedia.org)
- 1) Help us combat loneliness in Herefordshire and Worcestershire why by becoming a Companion Line volunteer. (ageuk.org.uk)
- To that point, dozens of Gen Zers told Insider they're putting more effort into friendships and nonromantic social events to combat loneliness. (businessinsider.com)
- Instead, Crouch's office will now help spearhead a number of initiatives including developing an overall strategy on how to address loneliness in England and a dedicated fund to germinate innovative solutions and provide seed funding for communities to combat loneliness. (forbes.com)
Lonely19
- Wolfe makes the case that everyone imagines they are lonely in a special way unique to themselves, whereas really every single person sometimes experiences loneliness. (wikipedia.org)
- however, despite the mental health risks associated with being lonely, the relationship between loneliness and psychiatric disorders has not been sufficiently explored. (medscape.com)
- This article summarizes some of the more pertinent literature on loneliness to provide a descriptive analysis of lonely people and present some salient mental health risks associated with loneliness. (medscape.com)
- People can be depressed and not lonely and lonely but not depressed.Loneliness, like other stresses on the brain, results in impaired concentration and performance.When people are lonely they react more intensely to the negatives experienced in life and experience less of an uplift from the positives.Chronic loneliness can lead to depression, premature aging, and health problems. (psychcentral.com)
- Relief from loneliness requires the cooperation of at least one other person and the longer someone is lonely the less able they are to get that cooperation. (psychcentral.com)
- Denying you feel lonely makes no more sense than denying you feel hunger," said John T. Cacioppo, a neuroscientist who studied loneliness at the University of Chicago. (theweek.com)
- Loneliness is a strong word, however it means a lot to be lonely. (ipl.org)
- The definition of lonely or loneliness is sadness because one has no friends or company. (ipl.org)
- Because Kristen Radtke, formerly lonely in Chicago, still occasionally lonely in Brooklyn, has written and drawn an excellent new book - a graphic essay of sorts - that's expansive in its approach to loneliness. (chicagotribune.com)
- Research on loneliness found that the more wisdom a person exhibited, the less lonely they felt. (psychologytoday.com)
- Much of the research about loneliness centers on older adults, but you can feel lonely at any age. (webmd.com)
- That too, though, goes to underscore the point that Mr. Dumm's honest book makes: While the "lonely self will always be with us," we can at least come together in search of imaginative ways of expressing that loneliness. (harvard.edu)
- Everyone feels lonely sometimes, because some degree of loneliness is part of the human existence. (forbes.com)
- I think the bigger picture is not to understand why loneliness is painful but rather how our brain is set up to move us out of that lonely state,' said Steve Cole , a genomics researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- Loneliness isn't one-size-fits-all," says Siri, "Everyone's experiences of it, and the reasons for feeling lonely, will be different. (bacp.co.uk)
- Hearing loss affects 1 of every 5 people and is strongly linked to loneliness: Every decibel drop in perception in people under 70 increases the odds of becoming severely lonely by 7%, one Dutch study showed . (npr.org)
- Living alone is different from being lonely and solitude is different from loneliness. (freethoughtblogs.com)
- Generally, "lonely" people are encouraged to join a group or make a new friend, on the assumption that loneliness will then simply go away. (theconversation.com)
- The study found that loneliness may not directly increase inflammation in the body, but rather that it potentially changes how the body's inflammatory system reacts when the lonely individual is experiencing stress. (slashgear.com)
Feelings20
- Being able to accept and cope effectively with the feelings of loneliness, manage the feelings without becoming judgmental of yourself or others, and find ways to problem-solve will help mitigate the damage loneliness can do. (psychcentral.com)
- On this episode of "Beyond the Veil", learn how Johanna Lucas overcame loneliness and other dark feelings with the help of the "Potter" world. (mugglenet.com)
- Often, people drink to relieve feelings of loneliness or to distract themselves from those feelings. (healthline.com)
- Drinking can make feelings of loneliness worse for many people. (healthline.com)
- For some people, the loneliness might be because they no longer have the alcohol to push down their feelings or to act as a distraction. (healthline.com)
- But Kellie Ammerman, the chief executive of the matchmaking company Tawkify , told Insider this had exacerbated feelings of exclusion, inadequacy, and loneliness. (businessinsider.com)
- When you challenge feelings of loneliness or start to make changes in your life, the cycle of "loneliness thinking" starts to break down. (cmha.ca)
- How you're feeling in other parts of your life may add to feelings of loneliness. (cmha.ca)
- In some situations, managing challenges in other parts of your life can reduce some feelings of loneliness. (cmha.ca)
- Research shows that Americans, who have become less engaged with worship houses, community organizations and even their own family members in recent decades, have steadily reported an increase in feelings of loneliness. (yahoo.com)
- Several events can lead to feelings of loneliness. (psychcentral.com)
- It can turn into chronic loneliness if the feelings do not go away for a long time. (psychcentral.com)
- Feelings of loneliness can be helped. (beliefnet.com)
- Researchers have described loneliness as "the latest global health epidemic, with serious health implications" that can include poor general health, bad quality of sleep, and general feelings of unhappiness. (psychologytoday.com)
- Whether you feel it coming or are caught off guard by holiday loneliness, these strategies may help to reduce these feelings. (webmd.com)
- Dumm] uses the works of past writers and philosophers such as Shakespeare, Thoreau, and Foucault, along with personal reflections on his feelings after the death of his wife, to explain the multifaceted nature of loneliness. (harvard.edu)
- The study, involving 12 experiments with over 2000 people from Australia, Singapore, the UK and the USA, found that people who are socially excluded show a preference for higher volume sounds, like music or background noise, and that these sounds can also help mitigate feelings of loneliness. (cosmosmagazine.com)
- But there are things we can all do to cope with loneliness and prevent some of the negative feelings and mental health problems that can come with it. (mentalhealth.org.uk)
- Talking through your feelings with a counsellor or therapist can help you cope with your feelings of loneliness. (mentalhealth.org.uk)
- Loneliness refers specifically to negative feelings about the social world, whereas depression refers to a more general set of negative feelings. (theconversation.com)
Deal with loneliness2
- All of us, whether single or married, whether for a short period of time or for an extended season, deal with loneliness. (desiringgod.org)
- A study published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin has found that louder sounds could be a good way to deal with loneliness. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Epidemic of loneliness2
- On May 3, 2023, Surgeon General Vivek Murthy issued an advisory raising an alarm about what he called an "epidemic of loneliness" in the United States. (medscape.com)
- Rising cost-of-living expenses have led Simpson and others like her to consider moving away dating, find inexpensive alternatives, and allocate funds for time with friends - outings that have become increasingly critical amid what US Surgeon General Vivek Murthy has called an " epidemic of loneliness . (businessinsider.com)
Reduce loneliness3
- 2) Here at Age UK Herefordshire & Worcestershire we are working towards lowering that number by providing a variety of services to older people that are aiming to reduce loneliness. (ageuk.org.uk)
- But there are some policy things we can do to reduce loneliness. (medscape.com)
- Creating long-lasting intergenerational friendships is proven to reduce loneliness. (prweb.com)
Surgeon General Vivek Murthy1
- Former US Surgeon General Vivek Murthy has written a book that argues that loneliness is a serious problem in the US and its negative effects are taking a physical toll on people as well, not just an emotional one. (freethoughtblogs.com)
Vivek Murthy4
- In the 21st century, some academics and professionals have claimed that loneliness has become an epidemic, including Vivek Murthy, the Surgeon General of the United States. (wikipedia.org)
- Now, I am not saying that Vivek Murthy read my book, How Medicine Works and When It Doesn't - released in January and available in bookstores now - where, in chapter 11, I call attention to the problem of loneliness and its relationship to the exponential rise in deaths of despair. (medscape.com)
- About half of U.S. adults say they've experienced loneliness, Dr. Vivek Murthy said in an 81-page report from his office. (yahoo.com)
- In a Harvard Business Review article , the 19th Surgeon General of the United States Vivek Murthy, who served from 2014 to 2017, wrote that "Loneliness is a growing health epidemic. (forbes.com)
Effects of loneliness3
- The effects of loneliness are also varied. (wikipedia.org)
- Physical side effects of loneliness can also be serious and lead to higher rates of mortality. (psychcentral.com)
- A 2019 study looked at the effects of loneliness on the brain. (psychcentral.com)
20211
- Seek You: A Journey Through American Loneliness" by Kristen Radtke (July 13, 2021). (chicagotribune.com)
Murthy2
Older adults2
- Research conducted before COVID-19 hit identified 1.4 million older adults in England were experiencing significant loneliness with impacts on their mental health. (leeds.ac.uk)
- In a study that measured loneliness in older adults over a five-year period, loneliness predicted depression, but the reverse was not true. (theconversation.com)
Chronic12
- Loneliness can be short term (state loneliness) or long term (chronic loneliness). (wikipedia.org)
- Chronic loneliness (loneliness which exists for a significant amount of time in one's life) is generally correlated with negative effects, including increased obesity, substance use disorder, risk of depression, cardiovascular disease, risk of high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. (wikipedia.org)
- Chronic loneliness is also correlated with an increased risk of death and suicidal thoughts. (wikipedia.org)
- While it's common to have bouts of loneliness at different times in one's life, chronic loneliness is detrimental to mental and physical health. (meetup.com)
- If loneliness continues over time it can become a source of chronic upset. (psychcentral.com)
- What Is Chronic Loneliness and How Do You Treat It? (psychcentral.com)
- What is chronic loneliness? (psychcentral.com)
- Neither loneliness nor chronic loneliness is a classified mental health condition, but chronic loneliness can lead to mental health problems, such as depression , or other effects, such as alcohol use disorder . (psychcentral.com)
- Chronic loneliness can lead to a worsening of these symptoms and more. (psychcentral.com)
- Older folks have a higher chance of developing chronic loneliness. (psychcentral.com)
- Loneliness, particularly chronic loneliness, can lead to bad effects on your mental and physical health. (psychcentral.com)
- These recommendations for coping methods are informed by our review of the published literature, focus groups with people sharing their insights of experience of chronic loneliness, and a survey of Mental Health Foundation OPEN community . (mentalhealth.org.uk)
Reduced loneliness in older1
- A simple form of talking therapy reduced loneliness in older people left isolated during the pandemic, initial results of a new study have revealed. (leeds.ac.uk)
People experience loneliness2
- Most people experience loneliness at some points in their lives, and some feel it often. (wikipedia.org)
- Most people experience loneliness from time to time. (psychcentral.com)
Social25
- Loneliness is the feeling of being alone, regardless of the amount of social contact. (cdc.gov)
- Loneliness is also described as social pain - a psychological mechanism which motivates individuals to seek social connections. (wikipedia.org)
- Social treatments for loneliness generally include an increase in interaction with others, such as group activities (such as exercise or religious activities), re-engaging with old friends or colleagues, and becoming more connected with one's community. (wikipedia.org)
- Usually we overcome loneliness by meeting new friends, entering new social circles, or taking some other action that reengages us with people. (cbn.com)
- There are also many social factors that contribute to loneliness. (cbn.com)
- Often loneliness brought on by developmental, social or situational factors leads to problems that only worsen loneliness. (cbn.com)
- The finding, published in the December issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, suggests that loneliness is not a character trait, as in "that person is such a loner," but more of a state such as hunger, which evolved as a cue to motivate our ancestors to go find food. (livescience.com)
- Society may benefit by aggressively targeting the people in the periphery to help repair their social networks and to create a protective barrier against loneliness that can keep the whole network from unraveling," Cacioppo said. (livescience.com)
- Loneliness isn't determined by the actual number of friends or social contacts a person has. (theweek.com)
- Social science researchers define loneliness as the emotional state created when people have fewer social contacts and meaningful relationships than they would like - relationships that make them feel known and understood. (theweek.com)
- Loneliness increases the risk of premature death by nearly 30%, with the report revealing that those with poor social relationships also had a greater risk of stroke and heart disease. (yahoo.com)
- Technology has rapidly exacerbated the loneliness problem, with one study cited in the report finding that people who used social media for two hours or more daily were more than twice as likely to report feeling socially isolated than those who were on such apps for less than 30 minutes a day. (yahoo.com)
- But both you and a social butterfly can experience loneliness if you don't get to connect with people as much as you need. (psychcentral.com)
- You don't have to have more friends or do some important social project to fight loneliness. (psychologytoday.com)
- Dumm concludes that loneliness isn't something that we overcome, but it is part of our psychological, political, and social lives. (harvard.edu)
- But statistics suggest that the rates of loneliness is increasing, which means that some things are changing in our society for the worse (e.g., decreased social interactions and decreased responsibility for each other). (forbes.com)
- John Cacioppo proposes that the root of social ties lies in their opposite - loneliness (which is different from 'solitude ' ) . (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- Loneliness persists because it provides an essential evolutionary benefit for social animals. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- The new study - the first to link specific neurons to loneliness - is part of a growing effort to map out the genetics of social behavior and its underpinnings in the brain. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- Instead of thinking about loneliness, we could think about social affinity. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- Loneliness is when you feel the quality of your relationships and social contact is not as good as you'd like it to be. (bacp.co.uk)
- Multiple studies have focused on how loneliness can be a result of certain gene types combined with particular social or environmental factors (such as parental support). (theconversation.com)
- Loneliness may also vary across cultures as a function of social norms and Hofstede's dimensions of national culture . (bvsalud.org)
- This finding implies that, on average, loneliness as a function of relationship status may be less reactive in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic to the effects of social norms and values across which countries vary. (bvsalud.org)
- What Are Current Trends Related to Social Connection and Loneliness? (cdc.gov)
Solitude3
- Loneliness overlaps and yet is distinct from solitude. (wikipedia.org)
- In Maggie Nelson's "Bluets," her 2009 collection of poems on grief and loss, loneliness is "solitude with a problem. (chicagotribune.com)
- Solitude is often a desired state while loneliness is not. (freethoughtblogs.com)
Inadequacy2
- God reminds His people that in their loneliness and inadequacy they need not fear or be dismayed. (beliefnet.com)
- On the other hand, loneliness and an inadequacy of healthy connections may increase the risk for physical, cognitive, and emotional health concerns such as heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, dementia, and suicide, and substance abuse. (cdc.gov)
Lead to loneliness1
- It can be difficult to meet friends and family without being around alcohol, and that can lead to loneliness after quitting. (healthline.com)
Rates of loneliness4
- Research since the pandemic shows that rates of loneliness and depression have increased, particularly for those self-isolating. (leeds.ac.uk)
- Preliminary results, published today in the PLOS Medicine , show evidence of improved mental health and a strong indication that rates of loneliness were reduced substantially in the first three months of the study. (leeds.ac.uk)
- We predicted increased rates of loneliness and depression for this vulnerable population, and we knew what might work to prevent this. (leeds.ac.uk)
- We live in the most technologically connected age in the history of civilization, yet rates of loneliness have doubled since the 1980s. (forbes.com)
Effect on loneliness1
- The number of family members had no effect on loneliness scores. (livescience.com)
Degree of loneliness1
- From this perspective, some degree of loneliness is inevitable as the limitations of human life mean it is impossible for anyone to continually satisfy their inherent need for connection. (wikipedia.org)
Problem of loneliness1
- So, we think to ourselves, 'What we need to do to fix our problem of loneliness is to have more people in our lives. (desiringgod.org)
Suffer from loneliness1
- Because millions of people suffer from loneliness every day, [ 7 ] and because loneliness is fundamentally debilitating, it is appropriate for both clinicians and researchers to attempt to understand it, both as a condition in itself and as it relates to other conditions. (medscape.com)
Create more loneliness2
- Loneliness can create more loneliness. (cmha.ca)
- Of course, Crouch's goal will not be to create more loneliness, and she won't be alone in the battle against loneliness. (forbes.com)
Awareness of loneliness2
- Hosted by Marmalade Trust , it's a campaign that raises awareness of loneliness and gets people talking about it. (ageuk.org.uk)
- The fundamental purpose of this article is to increase clinicians' awareness of loneliness, with a view toward clarifying what loneliness is and is not. (medscape.com)
Cause loneliness2
- Why Does Alcohol Cause Loneliness? (healthline.com)
- Does drinking cause loneliness? (healthline.com)
Found loneliness2
- Loneliness spreads They found loneliness is catchy with three degrees of separation. (livescience.com)
- researchers have found loneliness is not about the amount of time one spends with other people or alone. (theconversation.com)
Prevent loneliness1
- The first results of the pilot trial are now available, and there is now emerging evidence that it is possible to prevent loneliness and potentially improve mental health. (leeds.ac.uk)
Experience13
- Current research suggests that immigrant, and lesbian, gay, bisexual populations experience loneliness more often than other groups. (cdc.gov)
- Migrants can experience loneliness due to missing their home culture.Studies have found this effect can be especially strong for students from countries in Asia with a collective culture, when they come to study at universities in more individualist English speaking countries. (wikipedia.org)
- Loneliness is a serious, difficult experience. (psychcentral.com)
- If you quit drinking after heavy alcohol use, you might experience loneliness because of changes to your circumstances that happened as a result of the alcohol use disorder. (healthline.com)
- Loneliness is a common human experience. (desiringgod.org)
- Many of us may experience loneliness at some time. (cdc.gov)
- Loneliness is an experience that means our current close relationships don't meet our needs. (cmha.ca)
- We now know that loneliness is a common feeling that many people experience. (yahoo.com)
- Leanne Shearsmith said: "Older people commonly experience loneliness and this will continue to be an issue once the pandemic is over. (leeds.ac.uk)
- As the book unfolds, he juxtaposes new interpretations of iconic cultural texts- Moby-Dick , Death of a Salesman , the film Paris , Texas , Emerson's "Experience," to name a few-with his own experiences of loneliness, as a son, as a father, and as a grieving husband and widower. (harvard.edu)
- The greatest writers may have shown how language itself is inadequate to the experience of loneliness. (harvard.edu)
- But we have written our experience of loneliness deeply into the language. (harvard.edu)
- Others will experience a deep sense of loss and loneliness as a result of moving from their home and family. (cdc.gov)
Emotional7
- But often we define loneliness in physical or emotional terms. (desiringgod.org)
- And so, I talked about how we define loneliness as emotional or physical. (desiringgod.org)
- According to a 2019 research review , loneliness can occur when you don't have a psychological or emotional connection to those around you. (psychcentral.com)
- Loneliness is commonly used to describe a negative emotional state experienced when there is a difference between the relationships one wishes to have and those one perceives one has . (theconversation.com)
- Loneliness is a feeling of emotional pain about being alone or separated from other people (even if we're not physically alone). (medlineplus.gov)
- Through relative importance analyses, including relative weights analysis, we found that both general and work place loneliness explain substantial variance in several outcomes (e.g., emotional exhaustion, depression symptoms, and turnover intentions) relative to the variance explained by work place incivility. (cdc.gov)
- When controlling for perceived work stress , general loneliness appears to be more important than incivility in explaining variance in emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction, and depression symptoms. (cdc.gov)
Anxiety5
- Loneliness was associated with higher rates of depression, anxiety, and suicide. (cdc.gov)
- Loneliness can lead to anxiety and depression. (bacp.co.uk)
- We'd like to ease our loneliness but the mere thought of trying makes our anxiety skyrocket, so we remain isolated. (healthyplace.com)
- And the beasts of anxiety and loneliness feed off each other, growing more powerful while we shrink. (healthyplace.com)
- The key to breaking this cycle of anxiety and loneliness is to get out of our heads and into the world. (healthyplace.com)
Dementia4
- At this point, studies have linked loneliness to heart disease, stroke , dementia , and premature death . (medscape.com)
- Now considered as hazardous as smoking 15 cigarettes a day, loneliness vastly raises the risks of depression, dementia and early death. (npr.org)
- Researchers are especially interested in untangling the links between loneliness, hearing loss and dementia. (npr.org)
- Loneliness is a risk factor for many physical health difficulties, from fragmented sleep and dementia to lower cardiovascular output . (theconversation.com)
Detrimental1
- As hearing declines, loneliness can intensify - and set off a cascade of detrimental health effects. (npr.org)
Person's health1
- That loneliness, in turn, can have far-reaching implications on a person's health and well-being. (ama-assn.org)
Risks4
- Widespread loneliness in the U.S. is posing health risks as deadly as smoking a dozen cigarettes daily, costing the health industry billions of dollars annually, the U.S. surgeon general said Tuesday in declaring the latest public health epidemic. (yahoo.com)
- WASHINGTON (AP) - Widespread loneliness in the U.S. poses health risks as deadly as smoking up to 15 cigarettes daily, costing the health industry billions of dollars annually, the U.S. surgeon general said Tuesday in declaring the latest public health epidemic. (yahoo.com)
- and health systems to provide training for doctors to recognize the health risks of loneliness. (yahoo.com)
- This story has been updated to show that the surgeon general said loneliness poses health risks as deadly as smoking up to 15 cigarettes daily, not 12. (yahoo.com)
Researchers3
- Betty, Jack, and Arthur all capture the aspect of wisdom that researchers found is the most powerful tool against loneliness: an ability to see ourselves in the context of a larger picture. (psychologytoday.com)
- Researchers have yet to fully understand the extent of how loneliness affects mental health. (theconversation.com)
- Researchers have studied loneliness as a modern health epidemic which is associated with myriad negative health effects, yet the literature lacks evidence of loneliness' correlates, including incivility, in the work place. (cdc.gov)
Cope2
Stress3
- To produce this behavior, loneliness triggers the release of stress hormones, particularly cortisol. (theweek.com)
- Loneliness triggers your body to produce extra cortisol , known as the stress hormone. (webmd.com)
- Loneliness is associated with high blood pressure, elevated stress hormones and weakened immune systems, research shows. (npr.org)
20171
- Seek You: A Journey Through American Loneliness," the Columbia College graduate's third book, reads like a kind of sequel to her acclaimed previous graphic essay, 2017′s "Imagine Wanting Only This. (chicagotribune.com)
Adults1
- Approximately half of U.S. adults report experiencing loneliness. (cdc.gov)
Depressive symptoms1
- Loneliness may be mistaken as a depressive symptom, or perhaps it is assumed that loneliness will go away once depressive symptoms are addressed. (theconversation.com)
Overcome3
- These Character's show that loneliness is a problem that must be overcome in order to live a happy, fulfilled life. (ipl.org)
- Loneliness will be overcome in time. (beliefnet.com)
- It challenges us, not to overcome our loneliness, but to learn how to re-inhabit it in a better way. (harvard.edu)
Correlates1
- One reason for the omission may well be the widespread lack of familiarity among clinicians with the concept of loneliness as a discrete construct that is accompanied by dysfunctional and sometimes life-threatening correlates. (medscape.com)
Health13
- No, of course the idea that loneliness is a public health issue is not new, but I'm glad to see it finally getting attention. (medscape.com)
- Other studies have found connections between loneliness and a wide range of health problems, including increased risk for heart attacks, stroke, and cancer. (theweek.com)
- Loneliness happens when you feel socially isolated, and it can have a powerful impact on your mental health. (webmd.com)
- It's a health epidemic because loneliness doesn't just lead to good songs and song titles. (forbes.com)
- Loneliness may have a number of negative health consequences. (forbes.com)
- How can loneliness affect your mental health? (bacp.co.uk)
- But for some people loneliness can have a devastating impact on their mental health and wellbeing. (bacp.co.uk)
- Loneliness as a public health issue was also intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. (ama-assn.org)
- Loneliness has largely been ignored as a condition of concern in mental health. (theconversation.com)
- Most studies of loneliness and mental health have focused solely on how loneliness relates to depression. (theconversation.com)
- I to suffer from mental health issues but when I'm feeling that void and loneliness I run to God, I also have a wonderful church family and earthly family. (healthyplace.com)
- Relative importance of incivility and loneliness in occupational health outcomes. (cdc.gov)
- This paper not only replicates previous work on incivility, a pervasive interpersonal work place stressor, it also contributes novel findings on the relative importance of loneliness in explaining variance in occupational health outcomes. (cdc.gov)
Time2
- Transient loneliness (loneliness which exists for a short period of time) is related to positive effects, including an increased focus on the strength of one's relationships. (wikipedia.org)
- [ 2 , 3 ] In 1982, Peplau and Perlman edited a work containing some of the most complete representations of theory-building and empirical research on loneliness up to that time. (medscape.com)
Tackle2
- A much larger follow-on trial is currently recruiting at 12 sites across England and Wales, to include more than 600 older people as part of the largest study of its kind ever undertaken to tackle loneliness and depression. (leeds.ac.uk)
- Another promising way to tackle loneliness is to improve the quality of our relationships, specifically by building intimacy with those around us. (theconversation.com)
Define1
- Does loneliness define you? (chicagotribune.com)
Sadness2
- Loneliness can feel like an emptiness or sadness, particularly when you're alone. (psychcentral.com)
- Loneliness, or a feeling of sadness about being disconnected or cut off from others, is different from being alone. (psychologytoday.com)
Mental1
- Loneliness has been linked with various mental and physical illnesses , including depression. (livescience.com)
Addressing3
- Addressing loneliness without involving alcohol is the best way to break this cycle. (healthline.com)
- While Minister of Loneliness may sound like a new song or a Lord of the Rings character, it is a real new position addressing a real increasing problem. (forbes.com)
- A study examined the effectiveness of different types of treatments aimed at addressing loneliness. (theconversation.com)
Companionship2
Stigma1
- Similarly, gay, lesbian, and bisexual populations tend to have more loneliness than their heterosexual peers because of stigma, discrimination, and barriers to care. (cdc.gov)
Risk4
- Loneliness among heart failure patients was associated with a nearly 4 times increased risk of death, 68% increased risk of hospitalization, and 57% increased risk of emergency department visits. (cdc.gov)
- This one , appearing in JAMA Neurology this week, caught my eye for its focus specifically on loneliness as a risk factor - something I'm hoping to see more of in the future. (medscape.com)
- Loneliness can affect anyone, of any age, but some groups of people are more at risk. (bacp.co.uk)
- Loneliness is a risk factor for overall mortality and conditions such as stroke and heart disease. (ama-assn.org)