Liver
Hepatocytes
Liver Transplantation
Bone Regeneration
Liver Cirrhosis
Fatty Liver
Hepatocyte Growth Factor
Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Carbon Tetrachloride
Liver Function Tests
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
Liver Failure, Acute
Microsomes, Liver
Rats, Wistar
Rats, Inbred F344
STAT3 Transcription Factor
RNA, Messenger
Hyptis
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Gene Expression Regulation
Guided Tissue Regeneration
Mitochondria, Liver
2-Acetylaminofluorene
Stem Cells
Mice, Knockout
Models, Animal
Alanine Transaminase
Signal Transduction
Cell Division
DNA
Cytochrome Reductases
Interleukin-6
Kupffer Cells
Cells, Cultured
Rats, Inbred Strains
Thioacetamide
Immunohistochemistry
Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental
Cell Differentiation
Disease Models, Animal
alpha-Fetoproteins
Planarians
Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Mythology
Hepatic Stellate Cells
Galactosamine
Mice, Transgenic
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
Cell Cycle
Liver Extracts
Gene Expression
Salamandridae
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Hepatic Insufficiency
Bromodeoxyuridine
Ambystoma mexicanum
Aspartate Aminotransferases
Apoptosis
Bile Ducts
Blotting, Western
Liver Abscess
Growth Substances
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met
Albumins
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Blotting, Northern
Portal System
Notophthalmus viridescens
Molecular Sequence Data
Dimethylnitrosamine
Zebrafish
Cell Transplantation
Cyclin A2
Up-Regulation
Base Sequence
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Tissue Engineering
Necrosis
Proteins
Tissue Scaffolds
Biogenic Polyamines
Action of partially thiolated polynucleotides on the DNA polymerase alpha from regenerating rat liver. (1/1771)
The effects of partially thiolated polynucleotides on the DNA polymerase alpha from regenerating rat liver were investigated. The enzyme was isolated from the nuclear fraction essentially according to the method of Baril et al.; it was characterized as the alpha polymerase on the basis of its response to synthetic templates and its inhibition with N-ethylmaleimide. Although polycytidylic acid had no effect on the DNA polymerase alpha either as a template or as an inhibitor, partially thiolated polycytidylic acid (MPC) was found to be a potent inhibitor, its activity being directly related to its extent of thiolation (percentage of 5-mercaptocytidylate units in the polymer). In comparison, the DNA polymerase beta which was purified from normal rat liver nuclear fraction, was much less sensitive to inhibition by MPC. Analysis of the inhibition of the alpha polymerase by the method of Lineweaver and Burk showed that the inhibitory action of MPC was competitively reversible with the DNA template, but the binding of the 7.2%-thiolated MPC to the enzyme was much stronger than that of the template (Ki/Km less than 0.03). Polyuridylic acid as such showed some inhibitory activity which increased on partial thiolation, but the 8.4%-thiolated polyuridylic acid was less active than the 7.2% MPC. When MPC was annealed with polyinosinic acid, it lost 80% of its inhibitory activity in the double-stranded configuration. However, 1 to 2%-thiolated DNA isolates were significantly more potent inhibitors than were comparable (1.2%-thiolated) MPC and showed competitive reversibility with the unmodified (but "activated") DNA template. These results indicate that the inhibitory activities of partially thiolated polynucleotides depend not only on the percentage of 5-mercapto groups but also on the configuration, base composition, and other specific structural properties. (+info)C/EBPalpha regulates generation of C/EBPbeta isoforms through activation of specific proteolytic cleavage. (2/1771)
C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta are intronless genes that can produce several N-terminally truncated isoforms through the process of alternative translation initiation at downstream AUG codons. C/EBPbeta has been reported to produce four isoforms: full-length 38-kDa C/EBPbeta, 35-kDa LAP (liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein), 21-kDa LIP (liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein), and a 14-kDa isoform. In this report, we investigated the mechanisms by which C/EBPbeta isoforms are generated in the liver and in cultured cells. Using an in vitro translation system, we found that LIP can be generated by two mechanisms: alternative translation and a novel mechanism-specific proteolytic cleavage of full-length C/EBPbeta. Studies of mice in which the C/EBPalpha gene had been deleted (C/EBPalpha-/-) showed that the regulation of C/EBPbeta proteolysis is dependent on C/EBPalpha. The induction of C/EBPalpha in cultured cells leads to induced cleavage of C/EBPbeta to generate the LIP isoform. We characterized the cleavage activity in mouse liver extracts and found that the proteolytic cleavage activity is specific to prenatal and newborn livers, is sensitive to chymostatin, and is completely abolished in C/EBPalpha-/- animals. The lack of cleavage activity in the livers of C/EBPalpha-/- mice correlates with the decreased levels of LIP in the livers of these animals. Analysis of LIP production during liver regeneration showed that, in this system, the transient induction of LIP is dependent on the third AUG codon and most likely involves translational control. We propose that there are two mechanisms by which C/EBPbeta isoforms might be generated in the liver and in cultured cells: one that is determined by translation and a second that involves C/EBPalpha-dependent, specific proteolytic cleavage of full-length C/EBPbeta. The latter mechanism implicates C/EBPalpha in the regulation of posttranslational generation of the dominant negative C/EBPbeta isoform, LIP. (+info)Chromatin structure: a property of the higher structures of chromatin and in the time course of its formation during chromatin replication. (3/1771)
The action of a number of enzymes and metals on one nuclear preparation were interpreted in terms of the existence of a fragile but highly DNAase-I resistant feature of chromatin superstructure. The generation of this DNAase-I resistance feature of chromatin was then followed during normal DNA synthesis in the regenerating rat liver by following the disappearance of a transitory DNAase-I susceptible state. This transitory, DNAase-I susceptible state appears to be extremely similar to the post-synthetic, DNAase-I susceptible state that has been described in He La32. (+info)Transplanted hepatocytes proliferate differently after CCl4 treatment and hepatocyte growth factor infusion. (4/1771)
To understand regulation of transplanted hepatocyte proliferation in the normal liver, we used genetically marked rat or mouse cells. Hosts were subjected to liver injury by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), to liver regeneration by a two-thirds partial hepatectomy, and to hepatocellular DNA synthesis by infusion of hepatocyte growth factor for comparative analysis. Transplanted hepatocytes were documented to integrate in periportal areas of the liver. In response to CCl4 treatments after cell transplantation, the transplanted hepatocyte mass increased incrementally, with the kinetics and magnitude of DNA synthesis being similar to those of host hepatocytes. In contrast, when cells were transplanted 24 h after CCl4 administration, transplanted hepatocytes appeared to be injured and most cells were rapidly cleared. When hepatocyte growth factor was infused into the portal circulation either subsequent to or before cell transplantation and engraftment, transplanted cell mass did not increase, although DNA synthesis rates increased in cultured primary hepatocytes as well as in intact mouse and rat livers. These data suggested that procedures causing selective ablation of host hepatocytes will be most effective in inducing transplanted cell proliferation in the normal liver. The number of transplanted hepatocytes was not increased in the liver by hepatocyte growth factor administration. Repopulation of the liver with genetically marked hepatocytes can provide effective reporters for studying liver growth control in the intact animal. (+info)Behavior of transaldolase (EC 2.2.1.2) and transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) Activities in normal, neoplastic, differentiating, and regenerating liver. (5/1771)
The objective of this investigation was to throw light on the biological behavior and metabolic regulation of hepatic enzymes of the nonoxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway. The activities of transaldolase (EC 2.2.1.2) and trasketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) Were compared in biological conditions that involve modulation of gene expression such as in starvation, in differentiation, after partial hepatectomy, and in a spectrum of hepatomas of different growth rates. The enzyme activities were determined under optimal kinetic conditions by spectrophotometric methods in the 100,000 X g supernatant fluids prepared from tissue homogenates. The kinetic properties of transaldolase and transketolase were similar in normal liver and in rapidly growing hepatoma 3924A. For transaldolase, apparent Km values of 0.13 mM (normal liver) and 0.17 mM (hepatoma) were observed for erythrose 4-phosphate and of 0.30 to 0.35 mM for fructose 6-phosphate. The pH optima in liver and hepatoma were at approximately 6.9 to 7.2. For the transketolase substrates, ribose 5-phosphate and xylulose 5-phosphate, the apparent Km values were 0.3 and 0.5 mM, respectively, in both liver and hepatoma. A broad pH optimum around 7.6 was observed in both tissues. In organ distribution studies, enzyme activities were measured in liver, intestinal mucosa, thymus, kidney, spleen, brain, adipose tissue, lung, heart, and skeletal muscle. Taking the specific activity of liver as 100%, transaldolase activity was the highest in intestinal mucosa (316%) and in thymus (219%); it was the lowest in heart (53%) and in skeletal muscle (21%). Transketolase activity was highest in kidney (155%) and lowest in heart (26%) and skeletal muscle (23%). Starvation decreased transaldolase and transketolase activities in 6 days to 69 and 74%, respectively, of those of the liver of the normal, fed rat. This was in the same range as the decrease in the protein concentration (66%y. In the liver tumors, transaldolase activity was increased 1.5- to 3.4-fold over the activities observed in normal control rat liver. Transketolase activity showed no relationship to tumor proliferation rate. In the regenerating liver at 24 hr after partial hepatectomy, the activity of both pentose phosphate pathway enzymes was in the same range as that of the sham-operated controls. In differentiation at the postnatal age of 5, 12, 23, and 32 days, hepatic transaldolase activities were 33, 44, 55, and 72%, respectively, of the activities observed in the 60-day-old, adult male rat. During the same period, transketolase activ-ties were 18, 21, 26, and 55% of the activities observed in liver of adult rat. The demonstration of increased transaldolase activity in hepatomas, irrespective of the degree of tumor malignancy, differentiation, or growth rate, suggests that the reprogramming of gene expression in malignant transformation is linked with an increase in the expression of this pentose phosphate pathway enzyme... (+info)Quercetin inhibited DNA synthesis and induced apoptosis associated with increase in c-fos mRNA level and the upregulation of p21WAF1CIP1 mRNA and protein expression during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. (6/1771)
Quercetin, a widely distributed bioflavonoid, inhibited DNA synthesis in regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy. This inhibition was accompanied by apoptosis, evidenced by in situ end-labeling and gel electrophoresis of DNA fragmentation. Characteristic DNA fragmentation was detected as early as 2 h after injection. Northern blot analysis revealed that quercetin induced the increases in c-fos and p21WAF1CIP1 mRNA levels within 2 h. The expression of p21 protein was also enhanced, while p53 mRNA and protein levels were not affected by quercetin. These results suggest that quercetin-induced apoptosis is associated with the increase in c-fos mRNA level and the upregulation of p21 mRNA and protein expression, probably in a p53-independent pathway. (+info)Nucleolar DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from rat liver. 2. Two forms and their physiological significance. (7/1771)
RNA polymerase I (or A) was extracted from nuclear, nucleolar and nucleoplasmic fractions, and resolved into IA and IB forms on a phosphocellulose column. During the course of cycloheximide treatment, the activity of RNA polymerase IB decreased in the nucleoli with concomitant increase in the nucleoplasmic fraction, suggesting strongly that cycloheximide induced specific leakage of IB enzyme from the nucleolus. The activity of IA enzyme did not change in the nucleoli. When nucleoli were incubated in the presence of actinomycin D, all the IA enzyme activity and approximately 30% of the total IB enzyme activity were released in the incubation medium, whereaa 70% of IB activity remained associated with the nucleolar pellet where no IA activity was detected. The enzyme which was released into the incubation medium was tentatively designated as free or unbound RNA polymerase I and that which was associated with the nucleolar pellet as template-bound enzyme. During the treatment with cycloheximide, the activity of bound enzyme, which contained exclusively IB form, decreased rapidly, with kinetics almost identical to that of nucleolar RNA synthesis in vivo. The activity of free enzyme did not change appreciably. At 2 h after partial hepatectomy, IB enzyme activity in the free RNA polymerase fraction increased to almost twice the control, while the bound enzyme activity did not increase appreciably until 4h of regeneration. Enhancement of nucleolar RNA synthesis in vivo was not apparent at 2 h but became significant by 4 h after partial hepatectomy. These results strongly suggest that (a) the above-mentioned procedure is actually fractionating RNA polymerase I into free and bound forms, (b) RNA polymerase IB is the transcriptionally active form in vivo, (c) RNA polymerase IB exists in excess in the nucleoli, but the amount of bound IB molecules, which are engaged in transcription in vivo, must be determined by some other factor(s) than the mere concentration of IB enzyme in the nucleolus, and (d) IA form is not an artifact of isolation but is always present in vivo at a certain amount, although the exact nature of this molecule is not known at present. (+info)Effect of cyclosporine A on cytochrome P-450-mediated drug metabolism in the partially hepatectomized rat. (8/1771)
Despite its hepatotoxic potential, cyclosporine A (CsA) has been reported to positively influence compensatory liver growth. To probe the physiological consequences of CsA on the recovery of liver function, studies were initiated in the 2/3 partially hepatectomized (PHx) rat, taking the recovery of cytochromes P-450-dependent drug metabolism as primary outcome. CsA was administered at a dose of 3. 33 mg/kg/day for 10 days. Drug metabolism was evaluated by the recovery of 14CO2 after administration of isotopically labeled model drugs and by studying the expression of the P-450 transcripts involved in their biotransformation before and 24 to 96 h after PHx. Before PHx, neither the steady-state mRNA nor the in vivo disposition of caffeine (CYP1A2), erythromycin (CYP3A2 and 3A1), or aminopyrine (CYP2B1 and 2C11) were influenced by CsA. Studies 24 h after PHx revealed a 29 to 39% reduction in the elimination of [14C]aminopyrine and [14C]erythromycin, which was unaffected by CsA. Their metabolism at 48 to 96 h after PHx also remained unaffected by CsA. By contrast, postPHx, [14C]caffeine elimination decreased to a level closely proportional to the loss in liver mass. In addition, CsA accelerated the recovery and/or prevented the decrease of caffeine elimination 24 h after PHx but not at later time points, indicating an early, but unsustained, beneficial effect of CsA on the recovery of CYP1A2-mediated activities. These data show that at the critical time of greatest loss in liver mass, CsA has only a selective influence on the biotransformation of cytochrome P-450 protein-dependent activities and that its effect on the regeneration process does not translate into an overall accelerated recovery of the hepatic drug-metabolizing function. (+info)Liver regeneration is the ability of the liver to restore its original mass and function after injury or surgical resection. This complex process involves the proliferation and differentiation of mature hepatocytes, as well as the activation and transdifferentiation of various types of stem and progenitor cells located in the liver. The mechanisms that regulate liver regeneration include a variety of growth factors, hormones, and cytokines, which act in a coordinated manner to ensure the restoration of normal liver architecture and function. Liver regeneration is essential for the survival of individuals who have undergone partial hepatectomy or who have suffered liver damage due to various causes, such as viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, or drug-induced liver injury.
Regeneration in a medical context refers to the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that replaces damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, or even whole limbs in some organisms. This complex biological process involves various cellular and molecular mechanisms, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, which work together to restore the structural and functional integrity of the affected area.
In human medicine, regeneration has attracted significant interest due to its potential therapeutic applications in treating various conditions, including degenerative diseases, trauma, and congenital disorders. Researchers are actively studying the underlying mechanisms of regeneration in various model organisms to develop novel strategies for promoting tissue repair and regeneration in humans.
Examples of regeneration in human medicine include liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, where the remaining liver lobes can grow back to their original size within weeks, and skin wound healing, where keratinocytes migrate and proliferate to close the wound and restore the epidermal layer. However, the regenerative capacity of humans is limited compared to some other organisms, such as planarians and axolotls, which can regenerate entire body parts or even their central nervous system.
Hepatectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of part or all of the liver. This procedure can be performed for various reasons, such as removing cancerous or non-cancerous tumors, treating liver trauma, or donating a portion of the liver to another person in need of a transplant (live donor hepatectomy). The extent of the hepatectomy depends on the medical condition and overall health of the patient. It is a complex procedure that requires significant expertise and experience from the surgical team due to the liver's unique anatomy, blood supply, and regenerative capabilities.
The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:
1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.
Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.
Hepatocytes are the predominant type of cells in the liver, accounting for about 80% of its cytoplasmic mass. They play a key role in protein synthesis, protein storage, transformation of carbohydrates, synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids, detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances, initiation of formation and secretion of bile, and enzyme production. Hepatocytes are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis in the body.
Nerve regeneration is the process of regrowth and restoration of functional nerve connections following damage or injury to the nervous system. This complex process involves various cellular and molecular events, such as the activation of support cells called glia, the sprouting of surviving nerve fibers (axons), and the reformation of neural circuits. The goal of nerve regeneration is to enable the restoration of normal sensory, motor, and autonomic functions impaired due to nerve damage or injury.
Liver diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the normal functioning of the liver. The liver is a vital organ responsible for various critical functions such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.
Liver diseases can be categorized into acute and chronic forms. Acute liver disease comes on rapidly and can be caused by factors like viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E), drug-induced liver injury, or exposure to toxic substances. Chronic liver disease develops slowly over time, often due to long-term exposure to harmful agents or inherent disorders of the liver.
Common examples of liver diseases include hepatitis, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver tissue), fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune liver diseases, genetic/hereditary liver disorders (like Wilson's disease and hemochromatosis), and liver cancers. Symptoms may vary widely depending on the type and stage of the disease but could include jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss.
Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent progression and potential complications associated with liver diseases.
Liver transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a diseased or failing liver is replaced with a healthy one from a deceased donor or, less commonly, a portion of a liver from a living donor. The goal of the procedure is to restore normal liver function and improve the patient's overall health and quality of life.
Liver transplantation may be recommended for individuals with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, certain genetic liver disorders, or liver cancers that cannot be treated effectively with other therapies. The procedure involves complex surgery to remove the diseased liver and implant the new one, followed by a period of recovery and close medical monitoring to ensure proper function and minimize the risk of complications.
The success of liver transplantation has improved significantly in recent years due to advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive medications, and post-transplant care. However, it remains a major operation with significant risks and challenges, including the need for lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection of the new liver, as well as potential complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.
Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the liver that can be benign or malignant. Benign liver neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant liver neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and spread to other organs.
Liver neoplasms can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or secondary, meaning they have metastasized (spread) to the liver from another part of the body. Primary liver neoplasms can be further classified into different types based on their cell of origin and behavior, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic hemangioma.
The diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type and extent of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation.
Bone regeneration is the biological process of new bone formation that occurs after an injury or removal of a portion of bone. This complex process involves several stages, including inflammation, migration and proliferation of cells, matrix deposition, and mineralization, leading to the restoration of the bone's structure and function.
The main cells involved in bone regeneration are osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which resorb damaged or old bone tissue. The process is tightly regulated by various growth factors, hormones, and signaling molecules that promote the recruitment, differentiation, and activity of these cells.
Bone regeneration can occur naturally in response to injury or surgical intervention, such as fracture repair or dental implant placement. However, in some cases, bone regeneration may be impaired due to factors such as age, disease, or trauma, leading to delayed healing or non-union of the bone. In these situations, various strategies and techniques, including the use of bone grafts, scaffolds, and growth factors, can be employed to enhance and support the bone regeneration process.
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scarred (fibrotic) tissue, leading to loss of function. The scarring is caused by long-term damage from various sources such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other causes. As the disease advances, it can lead to complications like portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), impaired brain function (hepatic encephalopathy), and increased risk of liver cancer. It is generally irreversible, but early detection and treatment of underlying causes may help slow down its progression.
Fatty liver, also known as hepatic steatosis, is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver. The liver's primary function is to process nutrients, filter blood, and fight infections, among other tasks. When excess fat builds up in the liver cells, it can impair liver function and lead to inflammation, scarring, and even liver failure if left untreated.
Fatty liver can be caused by various factors, including alcohol consumption, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), viral hepatitis, and certain medications or medical conditions. NAFLD is the most common cause of fatty liver in the United States and other developed countries, affecting up to 25% of the population.
Symptoms of fatty liver may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain or discomfort, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). However, many people with fatty liver do not experience any symptoms, making it essential to diagnose and manage the condition through regular check-ups and blood tests.
Treatment for fatty liver depends on the underlying cause. Lifestyle changes such as weight loss, exercise, and dietary modifications are often recommended for people with NAFLD or alcohol-related fatty liver disease. Medications may also be prescribed to manage related conditions such as diabetes, high cholesterol, or metabolic syndrome. In severe cases of liver damage, a liver transplant may be necessary.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) is a paracrine growth factor that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and organ regeneration. It is primarily produced by mesenchymal cells and exerts its effects on epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes (liver parenchymal cells).
HGF has mitogenic, motogenic, and morphogenic properties, promoting cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. It is particularly important in liver biology, where it stimulates the growth and regeneration of hepatocytes following injury or disease. HGF also exhibits anti-apoptotic effects, protecting cells from programmed cell death.
The receptor for HGF is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase called c-Met, which is expressed on the surface of various cell types, including hepatocytes and epithelial cells. Upon binding to its receptor, HGF activates several intracellular signaling pathways, such as the Ras/MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and JAK/STAT pathways, which ultimately regulate gene expression, cell survival, and cell cycle progression.
Dysregulation of HGF and c-Met signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer, fibrosis, and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, targeting this signaling axis represents a potential therapeutic strategy for these disorders.
Cell proliferation is the process by which cells increase in number, typically through the process of cell division. In the context of biology and medicine, it refers to the reproduction of cells that makes up living tissue, allowing growth, maintenance, and repair. It involves several stages including the transition from a phase of quiescence (G0 phase) to an active phase (G1 phase), DNA replication in the S phase, and mitosis or M phase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells.
Abnormal or uncontrolled cell proliferation is a characteristic feature of many diseases, including cancer, where deregulated cell cycle control leads to excessive and unregulated growth of cells, forming tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites in the body.
Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) is a medical term that refers to liver damage or injury caused by the use of medications or drugs. This condition can vary in severity, from mild abnormalities in liver function tests to severe liver failure, which may require a liver transplant.
The exact mechanism of DILI can differ depending on the drug involved, but it generally occurs when the liver metabolizes the drug into toxic compounds that damage liver cells. This can happen through various pathways, including direct toxicity to liver cells, immune-mediated reactions, or metabolic idiosyncrasies.
Symptoms of DILI may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and dark urine. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as ascites, encephalopathy, and bleeding disorders.
The diagnosis of DILI is often challenging because it requires the exclusion of other potential causes of liver injury. Liver function tests, imaging studies, and sometimes liver biopsies may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment typically involves discontinuing the offending drug and providing supportive care until the liver recovers. In some cases, medications that protect the liver or promote its healing may be used.
Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless, heavy, and nonflammable liquid with a mild ether-like odor. Its chemical formula is CCl4. It was previously used as a solvent and refrigerant, but its use has been largely phased out due to its toxicity and ozone-depleting properties.
Inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with carbon tetrachloride can cause harmful health effects. Short-term exposure can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Long-term exposure has been linked to liver and kidney damage, as well as an increased risk of cancer.
Carbon tetrachloride is also a potent greenhouse gas and contributes to climate change. Its production and use are regulated by international agreements aimed at protecting human health and the environment.
Liver function tests (LFTs) are a group of blood tests that are used to assess the functioning and health of the liver. These tests measure the levels of various enzymes, proteins, and waste products that are produced or metabolized by the liver. Some common LFTs include:
1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found primarily in the liver, ALT is released into the bloodstream in response to liver cell damage. Elevated levels of ALT may indicate liver injury or disease.
2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): Another enzyme found in various tissues, including the liver, heart, and muscles. Like ALT, AST is released into the bloodstream following tissue damage. High AST levels can be a sign of liver damage or other medical conditions.
3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): An enzyme found in several organs, including the liver, bile ducts, and bones. Elevated ALP levels may indicate a blockage in the bile ducts, liver disease, or bone disorders.
4. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): An enzyme found mainly in the liver, pancreas, and biliary system. Increased GGT levels can suggest liver disease, alcohol consumption, or the use of certain medications.
5. Bilirubin: A yellowish pigment produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile. High bilirubin levels can indicate liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or certain types of anemia.
6. Albumin: A protein produced by the liver that helps maintain fluid balance in the body and transports various substances in the blood. Low albumin levels may suggest liver damage, malnutrition, or kidney disease.
7. Total protein: A measure of all proteins present in the blood, including albumin and other types of proteins produced by the liver. Decreased total protein levels can indicate liver dysfunction or other medical conditions.
These tests are often ordered together as part of a routine health checkup or when evaluating symptoms related to liver function or disease. The results should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings, medical history, and other diagnostic tests.
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) is a protein that plays an essential role in the process of DNA replication and repair in eukaryotic cells. It functions as a cofactor for DNA polymerase delta, enhancing its activity during DNA synthesis. PCNA forms a sliding clamp around DNA, allowing it to move along the template and coordinate the actions of various enzymes involved in DNA metabolism.
PCNA is often used as a marker for cell proliferation because its levels increase in cells that are actively dividing or have been stimulated to enter the cell cycle. Immunostaining techniques can be used to detect PCNA and determine the proliferative status of tissues or cultures. In this context, 'proliferating' refers to the rapid multiplication of cells through cell division.
Acute liver failure is a sudden and severe loss of liver function that occurs within a few days or weeks. It can be caused by various factors such as drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis, or metabolic disorders. In acute liver failure, the liver cannot perform its vital functions, including protein synthesis, detoxification, and metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
The symptoms of acute liver failure include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), coagulopathy (bleeding disorders), hepatic encephalopathy (neurological symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, and coma), and elevated levels of liver enzymes in the blood. Acute liver failure is a medical emergency that requires immediate hospitalization and treatment, which may include medications, supportive care, and liver transplantation.
Microsomes, liver refers to a subcellular fraction of liver cells (hepatocytes) that are obtained during tissue homogenization and subsequent centrifugation. These microsomal fractions are rich in membranous structures known as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), particularly the rough ER. They are involved in various important cellular processes, most notably the metabolism of xenobiotics (foreign substances) including drugs, toxins, and carcinogens.
The liver microsomes contain a variety of enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, that are crucial for phase I drug metabolism. These enzymes help in the oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis of xenobiotics, making them more water-soluble and facilitating their excretion from the body. Additionally, liver microsomes also host other enzymes involved in phase II conjugation reactions, where the metabolites from phase I are further modified by adding polar molecules like glucuronic acid, sulfate, or acetyl groups.
In summary, liver microsomes are a subcellular fraction of liver cells that play a significant role in the metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics, contributing to the overall protection and maintenance of cellular homeostasis within the body.
In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.
For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.
Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.
Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.
"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.
Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.
Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.
F344 is a strain code used to designate an outbred stock of rats that has been inbreeded for over 100 generations. The F344 rats, also known as Fischer 344 rats, were originally developed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and are now widely used in biomedical research due to their consistent and reliable genetic background.
Inbred strains, like the F344, are created by mating genetically identical individuals (siblings or parents and offspring) for many generations until a state of complete homozygosity is reached, meaning that all members of the strain have identical genomes. This genetic uniformity makes inbred strains ideal for use in studies where consistent and reproducible results are important.
F344 rats are known for their longevity, with a median lifespan of around 27-31 months, making them useful for aging research. They also have a relatively low incidence of spontaneous tumors compared to other rat strains. However, they may be more susceptible to certain types of cancer and other diseases due to their inbred status.
It's important to note that while F344 rats are often used as a standard laboratory rat strain, there can still be some genetic variation between individual animals within the same strain, particularly if they come from different suppliers or breeding colonies. Therefore, it's always important to consider the source and history of any animal model when designing experiments and interpreting results.
STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3) is a transcription factor protein that plays a crucial role in signal transduction and gene regulation. It is activated through phosphorylation by various cytokines and growth factors, which leads to its dimerization, nuclear translocation, and binding to specific DNA sequences. Once bound to the DNA, STAT3 regulates the expression of target genes involved in various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and angiogenesis. Dysregulation of STAT3 has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory conditions.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Hyptis" is not a medical term. It is a genus of plants in the mint family, also known as "Brazilian mint" or " bushmint." Some Hyptis species have been used in traditional medicine, but there is limited scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness. If you have any questions about specific medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help if I can!
Carbon tetrachloride poisoning refers to the harmful effects on the body caused by exposure to carbon tetrachloride, a volatile and toxic chemical compound. This substance has been widely used in various industrial applications, such as a solvent for fats, oils, and rubber, a fire extinguishing agent, and a refrigerant. However, due to its high toxicity, the use of carbon tetrachloride has been significantly reduced or phased out in many countries.
Ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption of carbon tetrachloride can lead to poisoning, which may cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of exposure. Acute exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride can result in:
1. Central nervous system depression: Dizziness, headache, confusion, drowsiness, and, in severe cases, loss of consciousness or even death.
2. Respiratory irritation: Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and pulmonary edema (fluid accumulation in the lungs).
3. Cardiovascular effects: Increased heart rate, low blood pressure, and irregular heart rhythms.
4. Gastrointestinal symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
5. Liver damage: Hepatitis, jaundice, and liver failure in severe cases.
6. Kidney damage: Acute kidney injury or failure.
Chronic exposure to carbon tetrachloride can lead to long-term health effects, including:
1. Liver cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver cancer.
2. Kidney damage and kidney disease.
3. Peripheral neuropathy (damage to the nerves in the limbs), causing numbness, tingling, or weakness.
4. Increased risk of miscarriage and birth defects in pregnant women exposed to carbon tetrachloride.
Treatment for carbon tetrachloride poisoning typically involves supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, fluid replacement, and monitoring of vital signs. In some cases, specific treatments like activated charcoal or gastric lavage may be used to remove the substance from the body. Prevention is crucial in minimizing exposure to this harmful chemical by following safety guidelines when handling it and using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.
C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.
The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.
C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.
One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.
Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.
Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.
Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.
These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.
'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.
Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) is a surgical procedure used in periodontics and implant dentistry that aims to regenerate lost periodontal tissues, such as the alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament, which have been destroyed due to periodontal disease or trauma. The goal of GTR is to restore the architectural and functional relationship between the teeth and their supporting structures.
The procedure involves placing a barrier membrane between the tooth root and the surrounding soft tissues, creating a protected space that allows the periodontal tissues to regenerate. The membrane acts as a physical barrier, preventing the rapid growth of epithelial cells and fibroblasts from the soft tissue into the defect area, while allowing the slower-growing cells derived from the periodontal ligament and bone to repopulate the space.
There are two main types of membranes used in GTR: resorbable and non-resorbable. Resorbable membranes are made of materials that degrade over time, eliminating the need for a second surgical procedure to remove them. Non-resorbable membranes, on the other hand, must be removed after a period of healing.
GTR has been shown to be effective in treating intrabony defects, furcation involvements, and ridge augmentations, among other applications. However, the success of GTR depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the size and location of the defect, and the surgeon's skill and experience.
I'd be happy to help! However, I believe there might be a slight misunderstanding in your question. Mitochondria are organelles found in the cells of all complex living organisms, including humans, while the liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen. They don't have a medical definition together. I can certainly provide you with separate definitions for each:
1. Mitochondria: These are double-membrane-bound cellular organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Commonly known as the "powerhouse of the cell," mitochondria convert organic substrates, such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are dynamic structures that can change their shape, size, and number through fission (division) and fusion (merging) processes. They play essential roles in various cellular functions, including calcium signaling, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and the regulation of cellular metabolism.
2. Liver: The liver is a large, lobulated organ that lies mainly in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, such as detoxification, protein synthesis, metabolism, and nutrient storage. The liver is responsible for removing toxins from the bloodstream, producing bile to aid in digestion, regulating glucose levels, synthesizing plasma proteins, and storing glycogen, vitamins, and minerals. It also contributes to the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, helping maintain energy homeostasis in the body.
I hope this clarifies any confusion! If you have any further questions or need more information, please don't hesitate to ask.
2-Acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) is a chemical compound that has been used in research to study the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. It is an aromatic amine and a derivative of fluorene, with the chemical formula C14H11NO.
2-AAF is not naturally occurring and is synthesized in the laboratory. It has been found to be carcinogenic in animal studies, causing tumors in various organs including the liver, lung, and bladder. The compound is metabolically activated in the body to form reactive intermediates that can bind to DNA and other cellular components, leading to mutations and cancer.
2-AAF has been used as a tool in research to investigate the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis and the role of metabolic activation in the process. It is not used in medical treatments or therapies.
Experimental liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the liver that are intentionally created or manipulated in a laboratory setting for the purpose of studying their development, progression, and potential treatment options. These experimental models can be established using various methods such as chemical induction, genetic modification, or transplantation of cancerous cells or tissues. The goal of this research is to advance our understanding of liver cancer biology and develop novel therapies for liver neoplasms in humans. It's important to note that these experiments are conducted under strict ethical guidelines and regulations to minimize harm and ensure the humane treatment of animals involved in such studies.
According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), stem cells are "initial cells" or "precursor cells" that have the ability to differentiate into many different cell types in the body. They can also divide without limit to replenish other cells for as long as the person or animal is still alive.
There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which come from human embryos, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues throughout the body. Embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into all cell types in the body, while adult stem cells have more limited differentiation potential.
Stem cells play an essential role in the development and repair of various tissues and organs in the body. They are currently being studied for their potential use in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and neurological disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the properties and capabilities of these cells before they can be used safely and effectively in clinical settings.
A "knockout" mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been deleted or "knocked out" using molecular biology techniques. This allows researchers to study the function of specific genes and their role in various biological processes, as well as potential associations with human diseases. The mice are generated by introducing targeted DNA modifications into embryonic stem cells, which are then used to create a live animal. Knockout mice have been widely used in biomedical research to investigate gene function, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets.
An animal model in medicine refers to the use of non-human animals in experiments to understand, predict, and test responses and effects of various biological and chemical interactions that may also occur in humans. These models are used when studying complex systems or processes that cannot be easily replicated or studied in human subjects, such as genetic manipulation or exposure to harmful substances. The choice of animal model depends on the specific research question being asked and the similarities between the animal's and human's biological and physiological responses. Examples of commonly used animal models include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and non-human primates.
Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a type of enzyme found primarily in the cells of the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cells of other tissues such as the heart, muscles, and kidneys. Its primary function is to catalyze the reversible transfer of an amino group from alanine to another alpha-keto acid, usually pyruvate, to form pyruvate and another amino acid, usually glutamate. This process is known as the transamination reaction.
When liver cells are damaged or destroyed due to various reasons such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or drug-induced liver injury, ALT is released into the bloodstream. Therefore, measuring the level of ALT in the blood is a useful diagnostic tool for evaluating liver function and detecting liver damage. Normal ALT levels vary depending on the laboratory, but typically range from 7 to 56 units per liter (U/L) for men and 6 to 45 U/L for women. Elevated ALT levels may indicate liver injury or disease, although other factors such as muscle damage or heart disease can also cause elevations in ALT.
Liver circulation, also known as hepatic circulation, refers to the blood flow through the liver. The liver receives blood from two sources: the hepatic artery and the portal vein.
The hepatic artery delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver, accounting for about 25% of the liver's blood supply. The remaining 75% comes from the portal vein, which carries nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver.
In the liver, these two sources of blood mix in the sinusoids, small vessels with large spaces between the endothelial cells that line them. This allows for efficient exchange of substances between the blood and the hepatocytes (liver cells). The blood then leaves the liver through the hepatic veins, which merge into the inferior vena cava and return the blood to the heart.
The unique dual blood supply and extensive sinusoidal network in the liver enable it to perform various critical functions, such as detoxification, metabolism, synthesis, storage, and secretion of numerous substances, maintaining body homeostasis.
Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.
The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.
Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
Cell division is the process by which a single eukaryotic cell (a cell with a true nucleus) divides into two identical daughter cells. This complex process involves several stages, including replication of DNA, separation of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. It is a fundamental process for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. The stages of mitosis include prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm.
Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) during the production of gametes (sex cells). Meiosis results in four genetically unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity. The stages of meiosis include meiosis I and meiosis II, which are further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
In summary, cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two daughter cells, either through mitosis or meiosis. This process is critical for growth, development, tissue repair, and sexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material present in the cells of organisms where it is responsible for the storage and transmission of hereditary information. DNA is a long molecule that consists of two strands coiled together to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a series of four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - that are linked together by phosphate and sugar groups. The sequence of these bases along the length of the molecule encodes genetic information, with A always pairing with T and C always pairing with G. This base-pairing allows for the replication and transcription of DNA, which are essential processes in the functioning and reproduction of all living organisms.
Cytochrome reductases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the electron transport chain, a process that occurs in the mitochondria of cells and is responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Specifically, cytochrome reductases are responsible for transferring electrons from one component of the electron transport chain to another, specifically to cytochromes.
There are several types of cytochrome reductases, including NADH dehydrogenase (also known as Complex I), succinate dehydrogenase (also known as Complex II), and ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase (also known as Complex III). These enzymes help to facilitate the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain, which is essential for the production of ATP and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis.
Defects in cytochrome reductases can lead to a variety of mitochondrial diseases, which can affect multiple organ systems and may be associated with symptoms such as muscle weakness, developmental delays, and cardiac dysfunction.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine, a type of protein that plays a crucial role in communication between cells, especially in the immune system. It is produced by various cells including T-cells, B-cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in response to infection, injury, or inflammation.
IL-6 has diverse effects on different cell types. In the immune system, it stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells that produce antibodies. It also promotes the activation and survival of T-cells. Moreover, IL-6 plays a role in fever induction by acting on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature during an immune response.
In addition to its functions in the immune system, IL-6 has been implicated in various physiological processes such as hematopoiesis (the formation of blood cells), bone metabolism, and neural development. However, abnormal levels of IL-6 have also been associated with several diseases, including autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammation, and cancer.
Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages that reside in the liver, particularly in the sinusoids of the liver's blood circulation system. They play a crucial role in the immune system by engulfing and destroying bacteria, microorganisms, and other particles that enter the liver via the portal vein. Kupffer cells also contribute to the clearance of damaged red blood cells, iron metabolism, and the regulation of inflammation in the liver. They are named after the German pathologist Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer who first described them in 1876.
"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.
Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.
It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.
"Inbred strains of rats" are genetically identical rodents that have been produced through many generations of brother-sister mating. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the genes at any particular locus in the genome are identical in all members of the strain.
Inbred strains of rats are widely used in biomedical research because they provide a consistent and reproducible genetic background for studying various biological phenomena, including the effects of drugs, environmental factors, and genetic mutations on health and disease. Additionally, inbred strains can be used to create genetically modified models of human diseases by introducing specific mutations into their genomes.
Some commonly used inbred strains of rats include the Wistar Kyoto (WKY), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains. Each strain has its own unique genetic characteristics, making them suitable for different types of research.
Thioacetamide is not a medical term, but a chemical compound with the formula TAA or CH3CSNH2. It's used in research and industry, and can be harmful or fatal if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It can cause damage to the eyes, skin, respiratory system, and digestive tract, and may be harmful to the liver and kidneys with long-term exposure.
However, in a medical context, thioacetamide is sometimes used as a laboratory animal model of hepatotoxicity (liver toxicity) because it can cause centrilobular necrosis (death of cells in the center of liver lobules) and other liver damage when given repeatedly in small doses.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.
Experimental liver cirrhosis refers to a controlled research setting where various factors and substances are intentionally introduced to induce liver cirrhosis in animals or cell cultures. The purpose is to study the mechanisms, progression, potential treatments, and prevention strategies for liver cirrhosis. This could involve administering chemicals, drugs, alcohol, viruses, or manipulating genes associated with liver damage and fibrosis. It's important to note that results from experimental models may not directly translate to human conditions, but they can provide valuable insights into disease pathophysiology and therapeutic development.
Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.
The Mitotic Index (MI) is a measure of cell proliferation that reflects the percentage of cells in a population or sample that are undergoing mitosis, which is the process of cell division. It is often expressed as the number of mitotic figures (dividing cells) per 100 or 1,000 cells counted in a microscopic field. The Mitotic Index is used in various fields, including pathology and research, to assess the growth fraction of cells in tissues or cultures, and to monitor the effects of treatments that affect cell division, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.
The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.
Examples of animal disease models include:
1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.
Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein produced by the yolk sac and the liver during fetal development. In adults, AFP is normally present in very low levels in the blood. However, abnormal production of AFP can occur in certain medical conditions, such as:
* Liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
* Germ cell tumors, including non-seminomatous testicular cancer and ovarian cancer
* Hepatitis or liver inflammation
* Certain types of benign liver disease, such as cirrhosis or hepatic adenomas
Elevated levels of AFP in the blood can be detected through a simple blood test. This test is often used as a tumor marker to help diagnose and monitor certain types of cancer, particularly HCC. However, it's important to note that an elevated AFP level alone is not enough to diagnose cancer, and further testing is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis. Additionally, some non-cancerous conditions can also cause elevated AFP levels, so it's important to interpret the test results in the context of the individual's medical history and other diagnostic tests.
Planarians are not a medical term, but rather a type of flatworms that belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes. They are known for their ability to regenerate and reproduce asexually. Planarians are often studied in the fields of biology and regenerative medicine due to their unique capacity to regrow lost body parts. However, some planarian species can also be parasitic and infect humans, causing diseases such as intestinal schistosomiasis or cercarial dermatitis. Therefore, while planarians themselves are not a medical term, they have relevance to certain medical fields.
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a broad term that refers to liver damage or inflammation caused by medications or drugs. When this condition persists for more than three months, it is referred to as chronic DILI. This type of liver injury can be caused by both prescription and over-the-counter medications, as well as herbal supplements and recreational drugs.
Chronic DILI can present with a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, and light-colored stools. In some cases, chronic DILI may lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) and liver failure.
The diagnosis of chronic DILI is often challenging, as it requires a thorough evaluation of the patient's medical history, medication use, and laboratory test results. A liver biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of the injury. Treatment typically involves discontinuing the offending drug or medication and providing supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "mythology" is not a term that has a medical definition. Mythology refers to the body of myths associated with a culture, religion, or historical stage of development. It's often used in the context of studying ancient civilizations and their belief systems, folklore, and literature. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!
Hepatic stellate cells, also known as Ito cells or lipocytes, are specialized perisinusoidal cells located in the space of Disse in the liver. They play a crucial role in maintaining the normal architecture and function of the liver. In response to liver injury or disease, these cells can become activated and transform into myofibroblasts, which produce extracellular matrix components and contribute to fibrosis and scarring in the liver. This activation process is regulated by various signaling pathways and mediators, including cytokines, growth factors, and oxidative stress. Hepatic stellate cells also have the ability to store vitamin A and lipids, which they can release during activation to support hepatocyte function and regeneration.
Galactosamine is not a medical condition but a chemical compound. Medically, it might be referred to in the context of certain medical tests or treatments. Here's the scientific definition:
Galactosamine is an amino sugar, a type of monosaccharide (simple sugar) that contains a functional amino group (-NH2) as well as a hydroxyl group (-OH). More specifically, galactosamine is a derivative of galactose, with the chemical formula C6H13NO5. It is an important component of many glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are complex carbohydrates found in animal tissues, particularly in connective tissue and cartilage.
In some medical applications, galactosamine has been used as a building block for the synthesis of GAG analogs or as a component of substrates for enzyme assays. It is also used in research to study various biological processes, such as cell growth and differentiation.
Transgenic mice are genetically modified rodents that have incorporated foreign DNA (exogenous DNA) into their own genome. This is typically done through the use of recombinant DNA technology, where a specific gene or genetic sequence of interest is isolated and then introduced into the mouse embryo. The resulting transgenic mice can then express the protein encoded by the foreign gene, allowing researchers to study its function in a living organism.
The process of creating transgenic mice usually involves microinjecting the exogenous DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The offspring that result from this procedure are screened for the presence of the foreign DNA, and those that carry the desired genetic modification are used to establish a transgenic mouse line.
Transgenic mice have been widely used in biomedical research to model human diseases, study gene function, and test new therapies. They provide a valuable tool for understanding complex biological processes and developing new treatments for a variety of medical conditions.
Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. It is a normal byproduct of hemoglobin metabolism and is usually conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver before being excreted through the bile into the digestive system. Elevated levels of bilirubin can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Increased bilirubin levels may indicate liver disease or other medical conditions such as gallstones or hemolysis. It is also measured to assess liver function and to help diagnose various liver disorders.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults. It originates from the hepatocytes, which are the main functional cells of the liver. This type of cancer is often associated with chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or C virus infection, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and aflatoxin exposure.
The symptoms of HCC can vary but may include unexplained weight loss, lack of appetite, abdominal pain or swelling, jaundice, and fatigue. The diagnosis of HCC typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as blood tests to measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Treatment options for Hepatocellular carcinoma depend on the stage and extent of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and liver function. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or liver transplantation.
The portal vein is the large venous trunk that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver. It is formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein (draining the small intestine and a portion of the large intestine) and the splenic vein (draining the spleen and pancreas). The portal vein then divides into right and left branches within the liver, where the blood flows through the sinusoids and gets enriched with oxygen and nutrients before being drained by the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava. This unique arrangement allows the liver to process and detoxify the absorbed nutrients, remove waste products, and regulate metabolic homeostasis.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds found in various plants, particularly in the families Boraginaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. These compounds have a pyrrolizidine ring structure and can be toxic or carcinogenic to humans and animals. They can contaminate food and feed sources, leading to poisoning and health issues. Chronic exposure to PAs has been linked to liver damage, veno-occlusive disease, and cancer. It is important to avoid consumption of plants containing high levels of PAs and to monitor food and feed sources for PA contamination.
The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. It consists of four main phases: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase.
During the G1 phase, the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for DNA replication. In the S phase, the cell's DNA is copied, resulting in two complete sets of chromosomes. During the G2 phase, the cell continues to grow and produces more proteins and organelles necessary for cell division.
The M phase is the final stage of the cell cycle and consists of mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division). Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter nuclei, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm and creates two separate daughter cells.
The cell cycle is regulated by various checkpoints that ensure the proper completion of each phase before progressing to the next. These checkpoints help prevent errors in DNA replication and division, which can lead to mutations and cancer.
An axon is a long, slender extension of a neuron (a type of nerve cell) that conducts electrical impulses (nerve impulses) away from the cell body to target cells, such as other neurons or muscle cells. Axons can vary in length from a few micrometers to over a meter long and are typically surrounded by a myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect the axon and allows for faster transmission of nerve impulses.
Axons play a critical role in the functioning of the nervous system, as they provide the means by which neurons communicate with one another and with other cells in the body. Damage to axons can result in serious neurological problems, such as those seen in spinal cord injuries or neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis.
Liver extracts are preparations made from animal livers, often from cows or pigs, that contain various nutrients, vitamins, and minerals found in liver tissue. They have been used historically in medicine as a source of nutrition and to treat certain medical conditions.
Liver extracts contain high levels of vitamin B12, iron, and other essential nutrients. They were once commonly prescribed to treat anemia, pernicious anemia (a type of anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency), and other conditions related to malnutrition. However, with the advent of more modern treatments and better methods for addressing nutritional deficiencies, liver extracts are less commonly used in modern medicine.
It's important to note that while liver extracts can be a good source of nutrition, they should not be used as a substitute for a balanced diet. Moreover, individuals with certain medical conditions, such as liver disease or hemochromatosis (a condition characterized by excessive iron absorption), should avoid liver extracts or use them only under the supervision of a healthcare provider.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein or RNA molecule. This process involves several steps: transcription, RNA processing, and translation. During transcription, the genetic information in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then undergoes RNA processing, which includes adding a cap and tail to the mRNA and splicing out non-coding regions called introns. The resulting mature mRNA is then translated into a protein on ribosomes in the cytoplasm through the process of translation.
The regulation of gene expression is a complex and highly controlled process that allows cells to respond to changes in their environment, such as growth factors, hormones, and stress signals. This regulation can occur at various stages of gene expression, including transcriptional activation or repression, RNA processing, mRNA stability, and translation. Dysregulation of gene expression has been implicated in many diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and neurological conditions.
Salamandridae is not a medical term, but a taxonomic designation in the field of biology. It refers to a family of amphibians commonly known as newts and salamanders. These creatures are characterized by their slender bodies, moist skin, and four legs. Some species have the ability to regenerate lost body parts, including limbs, spinal cord, heart, and more.
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Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.
The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.
In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.
RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.
Hepatic insufficiency, also known as liver insufficiency, refers to the reduced ability of the liver to perform its vital functions due to damage or disease. The liver plays a crucial role in metabolism, detoxification, synthesis, storage, and secretion. When it becomes insufficient, it can lead to various complications such as:
1. Impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
2. Buildup of toxic substances in the blood due to reduced detoxification capacity
3. Decreased synthesis of essential proteins, including clotting factors
4. Reduced glycogen storage and impaired glucose regulation
5. Fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites) and legs (edema) due to decreased production of albumin and increased pressure in the portal vein
6. Impaired immune function, making the individual more susceptible to infections
7. Hormonal imbalances leading to various symptoms such as changes in appetite, weight loss, and sexual dysfunction
Hepatic insufficiency can range from mild to severe, and if left untreated, it may progress to liver failure, a life-threatening condition requiring immediate medical attention.
Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is a synthetic thymidine analog that can be incorporated into DNA during cell replication. It is often used in research and medical settings as a marker for cell proliferation or as a tool to investigate DNA synthesis and repair. When cells are labeled with BrdU and then examined using immunofluorescence or other detection techniques, the presence of BrdU can indicate which cells have recently divided or are actively synthesizing DNA.
In medical contexts, BrdU has been used in cancer research to study tumor growth and response to treatment. It has also been explored as a potential therapeutic agent for certain conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, where promoting cell proliferation and replacement of damaged cells may be beneficial. However, its use as a therapeutic agent is still experimental and requires further investigation.
Ambystoma mexicanum is the scientific name for the axolotl, a type of salamander that is native to Mexico. The axolotl is also known as the Mexican walking fish, although it is not actually a fish but an amphibian. It is unique because it exhibits neoteny, which means it can remain in its larval form throughout its entire life and never undergo complete metamorphosis into a terrestrial form.
The axolotl is a popular organism in scientific research due to its ability to regenerate lost body parts, including limbs, spinal cord, heart, and other organs. This has made it an important model organism for studying the mechanisms of regeneration and repair in mammals, including humans.
Aspartate aminotransferases (ASTs) are a group of enzymes found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, liver, and muscles. They play a crucial role in the metabolic process of transferring amino groups between different molecules.
In medical terms, AST is often used as a blood test to measure the level of this enzyme in the serum. Elevated levels of AST can indicate damage or injury to tissues that contain this enzyme, such as the liver or heart. For example, liver disease, including hepatitis and cirrhosis, can cause elevated AST levels due to damage to liver cells. Similarly, heart attacks can also result in increased AST levels due to damage to heart muscle tissue.
It is important to note that an AST test alone cannot diagnose a specific medical condition, but it can provide valuable information when used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluation.
The term "extremities" in a medical context refers to the most distant parts of the body, including the hands and feet (both fingers and toes), as well as the arms and legs. These are the farthest parts from the torso and head. Medical professionals may examine a patient's extremities for various reasons, such as checking circulation, assessing nerve function, or looking for injuries or abnormalities.
Apoptosis is a programmed and controlled cell death process that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a natural process that helps maintain tissue homeostasis by eliminating damaged, infected, or unwanted cells. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes a series of morphological changes, including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation into membrane-bound vesicles called apoptotic bodies. These bodies are then recognized and engulfed by neighboring cells or phagocytic cells, preventing an inflammatory response. Apoptosis is regulated by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways that involve proteins such as caspases, Bcl-2 family members, and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs).
A nerve crush injury is a type of peripheral nerve injury that occurs when there is excessive pressure or compression applied to a nerve, causing it to become damaged or dysfunctional. This can happen due to various reasons such as trauma from accidents, surgical errors, or prolonged pressure on the nerve from tight casts, clothing, or positions.
The compression disrupts the normal functioning of the nerve, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain in the affected area. In severe cases, a nerve crush injury can cause permanent damage to the nerve, leading to long-term disability or loss of function. Treatment for nerve crush injuries typically involves relieving the pressure on the nerve, providing supportive care, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the damaged nerve.
Bile ducts are tubular structures that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage or directly to the small intestine to aid in digestion. There are two types of bile ducts: intrahepatic and extrahepatic. Intrahepatic bile ducts are located within the liver and drain bile from liver cells, while extrahepatic bile ducts are outside the liver and include the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and common bile duct. These ducts can become obstructed or inflamed, leading to various medical conditions such as cholestasis, cholecystitis, and gallstones.
Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a potent chemical carcinogen that belongs to the class of nitrosamines. It is known to induce tumors in various organs, including the liver, kidney, and lungs, in different animal species. Diethylnitrosamine requires metabolic activation by enzymes such as cytochrome P450 to exert its carcinogenic effects.
Diethylnitrosamine is not typically used for medical purposes but may be employed in laboratory research to study the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis and cancer development. It is essential to handle this compound with care, following appropriate safety protocols, due to its potential hazards.
Western blotting is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to detect and quantify specific proteins in a mixture of many different proteins. This technique is commonly used to confirm the expression of a protein of interest, determine its size, and investigate its post-translational modifications. The name "Western" blotting distinguishes this technique from Southern blotting (for DNA) and Northern blotting (for RNA).
The Western blotting procedure involves several steps:
1. Protein extraction: The sample containing the proteins of interest is first extracted, often by breaking open cells or tissues and using a buffer to extract the proteins.
2. Separation of proteins by electrophoresis: The extracted proteins are then separated based on their size by loading them onto a polyacrylamide gel and running an electric current through the gel (a process called sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or SDS-PAGE). This separates the proteins according to their molecular weight, with smaller proteins migrating faster than larger ones.
3. Transfer of proteins to a membrane: After separation, the proteins are transferred from the gel onto a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane using an electric current in a process called blotting. This creates a replica of the protein pattern on the gel but now immobilized on the membrane for further analysis.
4. Blocking: The membrane is then blocked with a blocking agent, such as non-fat dry milk or bovine serum albumin (BSA), to prevent non-specific binding of antibodies in subsequent steps.
5. Primary antibody incubation: A primary antibody that specifically recognizes the protein of interest is added and allowed to bind to its target protein on the membrane. This step may be performed at room temperature or 4°C overnight, depending on the antibody's properties.
6. Washing: The membrane is washed with a buffer to remove unbound primary antibodies.
7. Secondary antibody incubation: A secondary antibody that recognizes the primary antibody (often coupled to an enzyme or fluorophore) is added and allowed to bind to the primary antibody. This step may involve using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated or alkaline phosphatase (AP)-conjugated secondary antibody, depending on the detection method used later.
8. Washing: The membrane is washed again to remove unbound secondary antibodies.
9. Detection: A detection reagent is added to visualize the protein of interest by detecting the signal generated from the enzyme-conjugated or fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody. This can be done using chemiluminescent, colorimetric, or fluorescent methods.
10. Analysis: The resulting image is analyzed to determine the presence and quantity of the protein of interest in the sample.
Western blotting is a powerful technique for identifying and quantifying specific proteins within complex mixtures. It can be used to study protein expression, post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and more. However, it requires careful optimization and validation to ensure accurate and reproducible results.
A liver abscess is a localized collection of pus within the liver tissue caused by an infection. It can result from various sources such as bacterial or amebic infections that spread through the bloodstream, bile ducts, or directly from nearby organs. The abscess may cause symptoms like fever, pain in the upper right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. If left untreated, a liver abscess can lead to serious complications, including sepsis and organ failure. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scan, followed by drainage of the pus and antibiotic treatment.
Growth substances, in the context of medical terminology, typically refer to natural hormones or chemically synthesized agents that play crucial roles in controlling and regulating cell growth, differentiation, and division. They are also known as "growth factors" or "mitogens." These substances include:
1. Proteins: Examples include insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). They bind to specific receptors on the cell surface, activating intracellular signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
2. Steroids: Certain steroid hormones, such as androgens and estrogens, can also act as growth substances by binding to nuclear receptors and influencing gene expression related to cell growth and division.
3. Cytokines: Some cytokines, like interleukins (ILs) and hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs), contribute to the regulation of hematopoiesis, immune responses, and inflammation, thus indirectly affecting cell growth and differentiation.
These growth substances have essential roles in various physiological processes, such as embryonic development, tissue repair, and wound healing. However, abnormal or excessive production or response to these growth substances can lead to pathological conditions, including cancer, benign tumors, and other proliferative disorders.
A living donor is a person who voluntarily donates an organ or part of an organ to another person while they are still alive. This can include donations such as a kidney, liver lobe, lung, or portion of the pancreas or intestines. The donor and recipient typically undergo medical evaluation and compatibility testing to ensure the best possible outcome for the transplantation procedure. Living donation is regulated by laws and ethical guidelines to ensure that donors are fully informed and making a voluntary decision.
Proto-oncogene proteins c-MET are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in normal cell growth and development. They are encoded by the c-MET gene, which provides instructions for making a receptor protein called MET. This receptor is located on the surface of certain cells and becomes active when it binds to a specific molecule called hepatocyte growth factor (HGF).
Activation of the MET receptor triggers a series of signaling pathways inside the cell that promote cell growth, survival, and motility. Proto-oncogene proteins c-MET help regulate various biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels).
However, when the c-MET gene undergoes mutations or is abnormally activated, it can lead to the production of excessive or constantly active MET receptors. This results in uncontrolled cell growth and division, contributing to the development and progression of various types of cancer, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and glioblastomas. Therefore, c-MET and its signaling pathways are attractive targets for cancer therapy.
Albumins are a type of protein found in various biological fluids, including blood plasma. The most well-known albumin is serum albumin, which is produced by the liver and is the most abundant protein in blood plasma. Serum albumin plays several important roles in the body, such as maintaining oncotic pressure (which helps to regulate fluid balance in the body), transporting various substances (such as hormones, fatty acids, and drugs), and acting as an antioxidant.
Albumins are soluble in water and have a molecular weight ranging from 65,000 to 69,000 daltons. They are composed of a single polypeptide chain that contains approximately 585 amino acid residues. The structure of albumin is characterized by a high proportion of alpha-helices and beta-sheets, which give it a stable, folded conformation.
In addition to their role in human physiology, albumins are also used as diagnostic markers in medicine. For example, low serum albumin levels may indicate liver disease, malnutrition, or inflammation, while high levels may be seen in dehydration or certain types of kidney disease. Albumins may also be used as a replacement therapy in patients with severe protein loss, such as those with nephrotic syndrome or burn injuries.
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a term that encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption. The three main stages of ALD are:
1. Fatty Liver: This is the earliest stage of ALD, characterized by the accumulation of fat droplets within liver cells (hepatocytes). It's often reversible with abstinence from alcohol.
2. Alcoholic Hepatitis: This is a more severe form of ALD, characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver cells. It can range from mild to severe, and severe cases can lead to liver failure. Symptoms may include jaundice, abdominal pain, and fever.
3. Cirrhosis: This is the most advanced stage of ALD, characterized by widespread scarring (fibrosis) and nodular transformation of the liver. It's irreversible and can lead to complications such as liver failure, portal hypertension, and increased risk of liver cancer.
The development and progression of ALD are influenced by various factors, including the amount and duration of alcohol consumption, genetic predisposition, nutritional status, and co-existing viral hepatitis or other liver diseases. Abstaining from alcohol is the most effective way to prevent and manage ALD.
Northern blotting is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to detect and analyze specific RNA molecules (such as mRNA) in a mixture of total RNA extracted from cells or tissues. This technique is called "Northern" blotting because it is analogous to the Southern blotting method, which is used for DNA detection.
The Northern blotting procedure involves several steps:
1. Electrophoresis: The total RNA mixture is first separated based on size by running it through an agarose gel using electrical current. This separates the RNA molecules according to their length, with smaller RNA fragments migrating faster than larger ones.
2. Transfer: After electrophoresis, the RNA bands are denatured (made single-stranded) and transferred from the gel onto a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane using a technique called capillary transfer or vacuum blotting. This step ensures that the order and relative positions of the RNA fragments are preserved on the membrane, similar to how they appear in the gel.
3. Cross-linking: The RNA is then chemically cross-linked to the membrane using UV light or heat treatment, which helps to immobilize the RNA onto the membrane and prevent it from washing off during subsequent steps.
4. Prehybridization: Before adding the labeled probe, the membrane is prehybridized in a solution containing blocking agents (such as salmon sperm DNA or yeast tRNA) to minimize non-specific binding of the probe to the membrane.
5. Hybridization: A labeled nucleic acid probe, specific to the RNA of interest, is added to the prehybridization solution and allowed to hybridize (form base pairs) with its complementary RNA sequence on the membrane. The probe can be either a DNA or an RNA molecule, and it is typically labeled with a radioactive isotope (such as ³²P) or a non-radioactive label (such as digoxigenin).
6. Washing: After hybridization, the membrane is washed to remove unbound probe and reduce background noise. The washing conditions (temperature, salt concentration, and detergent concentration) are optimized based on the stringency required for specific hybridization.
7. Detection: The presence of the labeled probe is then detected using an appropriate method, depending on the type of label used. For radioactive probes, this typically involves exposing the membrane to X-ray film or a phosphorimager screen and analyzing the resulting image. For non-radioactive probes, detection can be performed using colorimetric, chemiluminescent, or fluorescent methods.
8. Data analysis: The intensity of the signal is quantified and compared to controls (such as housekeeping genes) to determine the relative expression level of the RNA of interest. This information can be used for various purposes, such as identifying differentially expressed genes in response to a specific treatment or comparing gene expression levels across different samples or conditions.
A portal system in medicine refers to a venous system in which veins from various tissues or organs (known as tributaries) drain into a common large vessel (known as the portal vein), which then carries the blood to a specific organ for filtration and processing before it is returned to the systemic circulation. The most well-known example of a portal system is the hepatic portal system, where veins from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and stomach merge into the portal vein and then transport blood to the liver for detoxification and nutrient processing. Other examples include the hypophyseal portal system, which connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland, and the renal portal system found in some animals.
"Notophthalmus viridescens" is the scientific name for a species of salamander, commonly known as the Eastern Newt or the Red-spotted Newt. It is not a medical term. The Eastern Newt is found in the eastern parts of North America and undergoes three distinct life stages: aquatic larva, terrestrial juvenile (known as an "ef," short for "effluent"), and fully aquatic adult. They are known for their distinctive coloration and toxic skin secretions, which serve as a defense against predators.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Dimethylnitrosamine is a chemical compound with the formula (CH3)2NNO. It is a potent carcinogen, and is classified as a Class 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). It is known to cause cancer in various organs, including the liver, kidney, and lungs.
Dimethylnitrosamine is formed when nitrogen oxides react with secondary amines under conditions that are commonly encountered in industrial processes or in certain food preservation methods. It can also be found as a contaminant in some foods and cosmetics.
Exposure to dimethylnitrosamine can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. The toxic effects of this compound are due to its ability to form DNA adducts, which can lead to mutations and cancer. It is important to minimize exposure to this compound and to take appropriate safety measures when working with it.
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."
1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.
2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.
3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.
4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).
Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.
A zebrafish is a freshwater fish species belonging to the family Cyprinidae and the genus Danio. Its name is derived from its distinctive striped pattern that resembles a zebra's. Zebrafish are often used as model organisms in scientific research, particularly in developmental biology, genetics, and toxicology studies. They have a high fecundity rate, transparent embryos, and a rapid development process, making them an ideal choice for researchers. However, it is important to note that providing a medical definition for zebrafish may not be entirely accurate or relevant since they are primarily used in biological research rather than clinical medicine.
Cell transplantation is the process of transferring living cells from one part of the body to another or from one individual to another. In medicine, cell transplantation is often used as a treatment for various diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. The goal of cell transplantation is to replace damaged or dysfunctional cells with healthy ones, thereby restoring normal function to the affected area.
In the context of medical research, cell transplantation may involve the use of stem cells, which are immature cells that have the ability to develop into many different types of specialized cells. Stem cell transplantation has shown promise in the treatment of a variety of conditions, including spinal cord injuries, stroke, and heart disease.
It is important to note that cell transplantation carries certain risks, such as immune rejection and infection. As such, it is typically reserved for cases where other treatments have failed or are unlikely to be effective.
Cyclin A2 is a type of cyclin protein that regulates the cell cycle, which is the series of events that cells undergo as they grow and divide. Specifically, Cyclin A2 plays a role in the progression from the G1 phase to the S phase (DNA synthesis phase) and from the G2 phase to the M phase (mitosis phase) of the cell cycle. It does this by binding to and activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are enzymes that help regulate the cell cycle.
Cyclin A2 is expressed at various points during the cell cycle, but its levels peak during the S and G2 phases. The protein is degraded during mitosis, ensuring that it is not present in excess during the next cell cycle. Dysregulation of Cyclin A2 has been implicated in the development of cancer, as uncontrolled cell growth and division are hallmarks of this disease.
Up-regulation is a term used in molecular biology and medicine to describe an increase in the expression or activity of a gene, protein, or receptor in response to a stimulus. This can occur through various mechanisms such as increased transcription, translation, or reduced degradation of the molecule. Up-regulation can have important functional consequences, for example, enhancing the sensitivity or response of a cell to a hormone, neurotransmitter, or drug. It is a normal physiological process that can also be induced by disease or pharmacological interventions.
I could not find a medical definition for "animal fins" as a single concept. However, in the field of comparative anatomy and evolutionary biology, fins are specialized limbs that some aquatic animals use for movement, stability, or sensory purposes. Fins can be found in various forms among different animal groups, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, and even mammals like whales and dolphins.
Fins consist of either bony or cartilaginous structures that support webs of skin or connective tissue. They may contain muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and sensory organs, which help animals navigate their underwater environment efficiently. The specific structure and function of fins can vary greatly depending on the animal's taxonomic group and lifestyle adaptations.
In a medical context, studying animal fins could provide insights into the evolution of limbs in vertebrates or contribute to the development of biomimetic technologies inspired by nature. However, there is no standalone medical definition for 'animal fins.'
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine, a type of small signaling protein involved in immune response and inflammation. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although other cell types such as T-cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells can also produce it.
TNF-α plays a crucial role in the body's defense against infection and tissue injury by mediating inflammatory responses, activating immune cells, and inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain types of cells. It does this by binding to its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are found on the surface of many cell types.
In addition to its role in the immune response, TNF-α has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, as well as cancer, where it can promote tumor growth and metastasis.
Therapeutic agents that target TNF-α, such as infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept, have been developed to treat these conditions. However, these drugs can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects, so their use must be carefully monitored.
Tissue engineering is a branch of biomedical engineering that combines the principles of engineering, materials science, and biological sciences to develop functional substitutes for damaged or diseased tissues and organs. It involves the creation of living, three-dimensional structures that can restore, maintain, or improve tissue function. This is typically accomplished through the use of cells, scaffolds (biodegradable matrices), and biologically active molecules. The goal of tissue engineering is to develop biological substitutes that can ultimately restore normal function and structure in damaged tissues or organs.
Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process that occurs after tissue injury, aiming to restore the integrity and functionality of the damaged tissue. It involves a series of overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
1. Hemostasis: This initial phase begins immediately after injury and involves the activation of the coagulation cascade to form a clot, which stabilizes the wound and prevents excessive blood loss.
2. Inflammation: Activated inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, infiltrate the wound site to eliminate pathogens, remove debris, and release growth factors that promote healing. This phase typically lasts for 2-5 days post-injury.
3. Proliferation: In this phase, various cell types, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes, proliferate and migrate to the wound site to synthesize extracellular matrix (ECM) components, form new blood vessels (angiogenesis), and re-epithelialize the wounded area. This phase can last up to several weeks depending on the size and severity of the wound.
4. Remodeling: The final phase of wound healing involves the maturation and realignment of collagen fibers, leading to the restoration of tensile strength in the healed tissue. This process can continue for months to years after injury, although the tissue may never fully regain its original structure and function.
It is important to note that wound healing can be compromised by several factors, including age, nutrition, comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, vascular disease), and infection, which can result in delayed healing or non-healing chronic wounds.
Necrosis is the premature death of cells or tissues due to damage or injury, such as from infection, trauma, infarction (lack of blood supply), or toxic substances. It's a pathological process that results in the uncontrolled and passive degradation of cellular components, ultimately leading to the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular space. This can cause local inflammation and may lead to further tissue damage if not treated promptly.
There are different types of necrosis, including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, and gangrenous necrosis, each with distinct histological features depending on the underlying cause and the affected tissues or organs.
Proteins are complex, large molecules that play critical roles in the body's functions. They are made up of amino acids, which are organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. They are essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues, and they play a crucial role in many biological processes, including metabolism, immune response, and cellular signaling. Proteins can be classified into different types based on their structure and function, such as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural proteins. They are found in various foods, especially animal-derived products like meat, dairy, and eggs, as well as plant-based sources like beans, nuts, and grains.
Tissue scaffolds, also known as bioactive scaffolds or synthetic extracellular matrices, refer to three-dimensional structures that serve as templates for the growth and organization of cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These scaffolds are designed to mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) found in biological tissues, providing a supportive environment for cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and migration.
Tissue scaffolds can be made from various materials, including naturally derived biopolymers (e.g., collagen, alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid), synthetic polymers (e.g., polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)), or a combination of both. The choice of material depends on the specific application and desired properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical strength, and porosity.
The primary functions of tissue scaffolds include:
1. Cell attachment: Providing surfaces for cells to adhere, spread, and form stable focal adhesions.
2. Mechanical support: Offering a structural framework that maintains the desired shape and mechanical properties of the engineered tissue.
3. Nutrient diffusion: Ensuring adequate transport of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the scaffold to support cell survival and function.
4. Guided tissue growth: Directing the organization and differentiation of cells through spatial cues and biochemical signals.
5. Biodegradation: Gradually degrading at a rate that matches tissue regeneration, allowing for the replacement of the scaffold with native ECM produced by the cells.
Tissue scaffolds have been used in various applications, such as wound healing, bone and cartilage repair, cardiovascular tissue engineering, and neural tissue regeneration. The design and fabrication of tissue scaffolds are critical aspects of tissue engineering, aiming to create functional substitutes for damaged or diseased tissues and organs.
Biogenic polyamines are organic compounds that contain multiple amino groups and are produced by living organisms. The most common biogenic polyamines found in mammalian cells include putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. These molecules play important roles in various cellular processes such as gene expression, cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). They are derived from the decarboxylation of amino acids, particularly ornithine and arginine, through enzymatic reactions involving polyamine biosynthetic pathways. Abnormal levels of biogenic polyamines have been associated with several diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
The Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction is a histological staining method used to detect the presence of certain carbohydrates, such as glycogen and glycoproteins, in tissues or cells. This technique involves treating the tissue with periodic acid, which oxidizes the vicinal hydroxyl groups in the carbohydrates, creating aldehydes. The aldehydes then react with Schiff's reagent, forming a magenta-colored complex that is visible under a microscope.
The PAS reaction is commonly used to identify and analyze various tissue components, such as basement membranes, fungal cell walls, and mucins in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. It can also be used to diagnose certain medical conditions, like kidney diseases, where abnormal accumulations of carbohydrates occur in the renal tubules or glomeruli.
In summary, the Periodic Acid-Schiff reaction is a staining method that detects specific carbohydrates in tissues or cells, which can aid in diagnostic and research applications.
Liver regeneration
Regeneration in humans
Hitoshi Okamura
Liver
Chain reactions in living organisms
Tees Valley Regeneration
309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group
Tees Valley Giants
Salamander
Rotating locomotion in living systems
Custard Factory
The Divine Comedy (band)
Made in Britain (album)
Ant Henson
GlobeScan
Serotonin
Alfred McAlpine
Water City
Busulfan
MTA1
Collegelands
Portrack Marsh Nature Reserve
Regeneration (biology)
Sarah Dyke
Tissue engineering
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
Richard Kretz
Prometheus in popular culture
John Darwell
Light rail in Bristol
Liver regeneration - Wikipedia
Liver regeneration tied to bile acids
Nuclear receptor-dependent bile acid signaling is required for normal liver regeneration
How North Wales high street could look under regeneration proposals - North Wales Live
Public invited to view plans for Addlestone town centre regeneration - Surrey Live
Cells | Free Full-Text | Paradoxical Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Liver Injury and Regeneration after Sterile Acute...
Scientists identify cells responsible for liver tissue maintenance and regeneration
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 134 : Auxiliary liver transplantation: regeneration of the native liver and outcome in 30 patients...
Researchers Unlock the Secrets of Liver Regeneration - NYU Abu Dhabi
Prediction of Remnant Liver Regeneration after Right Hepatectomy in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Preoperative...
liver regeneration Archives - Academy of Surgical Research
Huge new film and TV studios could replace former depot and kickstart 'creative' regeneration - Teesside Live
CD44 and HAP-Conjugated hADSCs as Living Materials for Targeted Tumor Therapy and Bone Regeneration. | StemBook
Liver regeneration.
KAKEN - Research Projects | The lineage plasticity fo mature hepatocytes during liver injury and regeneration (KAKENHI-PROJECT...
Multi-million regeneration bids to change Torquay and Paignton - Devon Live
Induction of stathmin expression during liver regeneration. - Wikidata
The liver: Structure, function, and disease
Groundbreaking skin regeneration startup helps patients | Fox Business Video
REGENERATION - Dare To Live
"Immunoregulation of Liver Regeneration by the Aryl Hydrocarbon Recepto" by Christopher John Horras
Can you live without a liver?
Regeneration | Bible Doctrines to Live By
The Involving Roles of Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Stem/Progenitor Cells (SPCs) to Liver Regeneration [Abstract]
Promenade regeneration project inaugurated | Live News Malta
Regeneration Alchemy: LIVE in the Ascension Library
Scientist - Plant Regeneration Systems @ Living Carbon | Homebrew Job Board
Stations Community Regeneration Fund | ScotRail
Review Articles | Cell Death & Disease
HepaMarine sea phospholipids for liver regeneration | Доктор Море - PharmOcean Lab
Hepatectomy19
- There are two types of damage from which the liver is able to regenerate, one being a partial hepatectomy and the other being damage to the liver by toxins or infection. (wikipedia.org)
- The following describes regeneration following a partial hepatectomy. (wikipedia.org)
- Following partial hepatectomy, regeneration occurs in three phases. (wikipedia.org)
- Immediately after a hepatectomy, numerous signaling pathways activate to start the process of regeneration. (wikipedia.org)
- To predict the regenerative rate of liver in patients with HCCs after right hepatectomy using texture analysis on preoperative CT combined with clinical features. (hindawi.com)
- The use of texture analysis on preoperative CT combined with clinical features can be helpful in predicting the liver regeneration rate in patients with HCCs after right hepatectomy. (hindawi.com)
- This may be explained by the fact that the remnant liver volume is inadequate after hepatectomy and cannot meet the body's normal metabolic needs and may directly lead to liver dysfunction, liver failure, and even death [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
- To our knowledge, few studies have investigated the relationship between the results of CT texture analysis and rate of liver regeneration after right hepatectomy in patients with HCCs. (hindawi.com)
- A previous report indicates that exposure to TCDD suppresses hepatocyte proliferation in a mouse model of liver regeneration induced by 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). (boisestate.edu)
- Here, we explored the role of Gal1 in liver regeneration using 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) of C57BL/6 wild type and Gal1-knockout (Gal1-KO, Lgals1-/- ) mice. (oncotarget.com)
- Liver architecture remodeling following partial hepatectomy (PHx) involves the formation of a complex network of liver sinusoids through which the blood flows. (biu.ac.il)
- Here, we explored the role and the clinical potential of Nr1i3 (constitutive androstane receptor, Car) in liver failure following hepatectomy. (unica.it)
- Following partial hepatectomy (PH), recovery of residual liver weight was initially retarded in the mutant mice by down-regulation of hepatocyte proliferation, but occurred comparably between the mutant and control mice at 72 h after PH. (elsevierpure.com)
- We developed support System for hepatectomy considering regeneration of the liver after resection. (elsevierpure.com)
- Takahashi, S, Uchiyama, A & Suzuki, N 1996, ' Development of Support System for Hepatectomy Considering Liver Regeneration ', Japanese journal of medical electronics and biological engineering , vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 7-8. (elsevierpure.com)
- Therefore, the liver regeneration was examined in ahnak knock-out mice after 70% partial hepatectomy. (snu.ac.kr)
- Accordingly, cell cycle related proteins, including cyclin D1, PCNA, and CDK4 (cyclin dependent kinase 4) were increased in the liver of ahnak knock-out mice compared wild type mice at 24, 48 and 72hrs after hepatectomy. (snu.ac.kr)
- We obtained the rat liver tissue gene datasets (GSE63742) collected following partial hepatectomy (PH) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), from which, this study screened the late stage LR samples (7 days post-PH) using the R/Bioconductor packages for the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). (jomh.org)
- After partial hepatectomy ( PH ), the liver remnant (LR) shows a regenerative response, always keeping a percent relationship with the host. (bvsalud.org)
Hepatic17
- Acetaminophen (APAP) poisoning is one of the leading causes of acute hepatic failure and liver transplantation is often the only lifesaving alternative. (mdpi.com)
- Auxiliary liver transplantation (LT) is a special procedure of LT which could be proposed to patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and has for aim that complete regeneration of the native liver (NL) left in place will allow the graft recipient to resume normal liver function after allograft withdrawal. (erowid.org)
- In addition, the remnant liver volume can not only directly reflect the amount of the normal hepatic cells, but provide the chance to further evaluate the hepatic function [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Three hepatic veins remove blood from the liver. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Our results demonstrate that Gal1 protein is essential for efficient liver regeneration following PHx through the regulation of liver inflammation, hepatic cell proliferation, and the control of lipid storage in the regenerating liver. (oncotarget.com)
- Conclusions Impaired hepatic Car-Foxm1 signaling provides a first molecular characterization of liver that fails to recover after tissue loss. (unica.it)
- Coordinated recovery of hepatic glucose metabolism is prerequisite for normal liver regeneration. (elsevierpure.com)
- Such analyses have defined general principles that govern the hepatic regenerative response and implicated specific extracellular and intracellular signals as regulated during and essential for normal liver regeneration. (wustl.edu)
- Acute" hepatic encephalopathy referred to acute liver failure or acute decompensation in the setting of chronic liver failure. (medscape.com)
- The term "chronic" was used to describe the hepatic encephalopathy seen in chronic liver failure. (medscape.com)
- In cases of chronic liver disease, type C hepatic encephalopathy can be episodic or persistent. (medscape.com)
- There are no studies on hepatic LR regeneration during hypothermic preservation. (bvsalud.org)
- Ed metabolic liver zonation and controls hepatic development and size during development, homeostasis, and regeneration.120 Human ZnRF3 (UniProt ID: Q9ULT6) is often a singlepass transmembrane protein containing N-terminal signal peptide ( IFN-alpha 2a Proteins Recombinant Proteins residues 15), extracellular domain (residues 5619), transmembrane helix (residues 22040), in addition to a cytoplasmic domain (residues 241936), where the zinc finger domain (RING-type, residues 29334) is embedded. (calcium-channel.com)
- this results in an increase in hepatic MNA and improved fatty liver. (elsevierpure.com)
- Spectral Doppler ultrasonographic waveform of the right hepatic artery in a 60-year-old man, 8 years after orthotopic liver transplantation. (medscape.com)
- The hepatic artery supplies 30% of the blood flow to the normal liver parenchyma but greater than 90% to hepatic tumors, including both HCC and metastatic lesions. (medscape.com)
- The primary venous drainage of the liver is through three large hepatic veins that enter the inferior vena cava adjacent to the diaphragm. (medscape.com)
Hepatocytes21
- Once these processes are complete, hepatocytes are able to enter the liver to start the process of proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
- Sometimes, hepatocytes do not have the ability to proliferate and an alternative form of regeneration may take place to rebuild the liver. (wikipedia.org)
- Individual lobules are organized in concentric zones in which hepatocytes, the primary liver cell type, carry out diverse functions. (medicalxpress.com)
- Previous efforts to identify the cells most responsible for liver regeneration were hindered by a lack of markers to distinguish and compare the functions of distinct types of hepatocytes in different regions of the liver. (medicalxpress.com)
- Scientists in the Zhu lab addressed this issue by comparing the genes that mark hepatocytes throughout the liver. (medicalxpress.com)
- These experiments allowed researchers to directly compare how different subsets of hepatocytes contributed to liver maintenance and regeneration. (medicalxpress.com)
- Liver section images showing fluorescently label hepatocytes in distinct zones. (medicalxpress.com)
- Members of the Zhu lab discovered that cells in zone 2 gave rise to new hepatocytes that populated all three zones of liver lobules while cells from zones 1 and 3 disappeared. (medicalxpress.com)
- These unexpected observations suggested that there is not a rare population of stem cells responsible for liver maintenance, but instead, a common set of mature hepatocytes within a specific region of the liver that regularly divide to make new hepatocytes throughout the liver. (medicalxpress.com)
- The Zhu lab also exposed mice to chemicals that mimicked common forms of liver damage, showing that cells in zone 2 were most able to evade death, regenerate hepatocytes, and sustain liver function. (medicalxpress.com)
- To learn more about mechanisms that hepatocytes in zone 2 use to regenerate liver function, members of the Zhu lab performed genetic screens to look for genes important for growth and regeneration. (medicalxpress.com)
- The identification of zone 2 hepatocytes as a regenerative population answers some fundamental questions about liver biology and could have important implications for liver disease. (medicalxpress.com)
- In addition, the tools we created to study different types of hepatocytes can be used to examine how different cells respond to liver damage or to genetic changes that cause liver cancer ," says Zhu. (medicalxpress.com)
- Liver homeostasis is maintained by midlobular zone 2 hepatocytes" Science (2021). (medicalxpress.com)
- We focus on the lineage plasticity of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes during development and regeneration. (nii.ac.jp)
- After acetaminophen administration, SOX9(+) dedifferentiated hepatocytes appeared around the necrotic area, which was suppressed in aged livers. (nii.ac.jp)
- ON the other hand, Grhl2 null cholangiocytes isolated from chronically injured liver differentiated into hepatocytes in vitro. (nii.ac.jp)
- Lobules are the functional units of the liver and consist of millions of cells called hepatocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Liver regeneration is usually attributed to mature hepatocytes, which possess a remarkable potential to proliferate under mild to moderate injury. (ijbs.com)
- In addition to the restoration of the liver parenchymal tissue by hepatocytes or/and LSPCs, or in some cases bone marrow (BM) derived cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the wound healing after injury in terms of angiopoiesis by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) or/and sinusoidal endothelial progenitor cells (SEPCs) is another important aspect taking place during regeneration. (ijbs.com)
- Phospholipids promote the normalization of liver functions and enzymatic activity of hepatocytes, improve (normalize) the metabolism of neutral fats and cholesterol, exchange lipids, proteins, detoxification function, stabilize the physicochemical properties of the liver, slow the formation of connective tissue in the liver. (pharmocean.ru)
Tissue21
- Liver regeneration is the process by which the liver is able to replace lost liver tissue. (wikipedia.org)
- During compensatory hyperplasia, the remaining liver tissue becomes larger so that the organ can continue to function. (wikipedia.org)
- These two types of cells can repair liver tissue even when the normal mechanism of liver regeneration fails. (wikipedia.org)
- Bile plays an integral role in the regeneration of damaged liver tissue, a study finds. (sciencenews.org)
- Structurally, the liver is comprised of tissue units called lobules that, when cross-sectioned, resemble honeycombs. (medicalxpress.com)
- Given that the survival of mice was remarkably decreased, hepatocyte de-differentiation could be correlated with the protection of liver tissue. (nii.ac.jp)
- This ligament is a band of tissue that keeps the liver anchored to the diaphragm. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A layer of fibrous tissue called Glisson's capsule covers the outside of the liver. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Removal of two-thirds of the liver in mice causes the remaining liver tissue to regrow to its original size and restore function within 7-10 days . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- As our Scientist- Plant Regeneration Systems, you will play an essential role developing tissue culture regeneration systems in woody species. (homebrew.co)
- Extensive hands-on experience with plant tissue culture regeneration systems is required. (homebrew.co)
- We demonstrated that Gal1 transcript and protein expression was induced in the liver tissue of wild type mice upon PHx. (oncotarget.com)
- If tissue loss is too excessive, however, liver failure will develop as is known from the small-for-size-syndrome (SFSS). (unica.it)
- Methods Activators of Car, various hepatectomies, Car-/- mice, humanized CAR mice, human tissue and ex vivo liver slice cultures were used to study Car in the SFSS. (unica.it)
- Results Excessive tissue loss causing liver failure is associated with deficient induction of Car. (unica.it)
- Following tissue loss that is too excessive, such as through extended resection in the clinic, liver failure may develop. (unica.it)
- In this edition, we turn our spotlight to Nicholas Leigh, a distinguished fellow in Regenerative Immunology specializing in Salamanders, a species known for remarkable tissue regeneration capabilities and extraordinary resistance against cancer. (lu.se)
- While we usually think of the immune system when we talk about viruses or bacteria, it also plays a critical role in tissue regeneration. (lu.se)
- Recent advances in live imaging and genetics of mammalian division, movement and cell differentiation leading to development which integrate observations of biochemical tissue formation [14 ]. (lu.se)
- ASCs are present in a number of posnatal tissues and are responsible for normal tissue renewal as well as for regeneration and healing after injuries. (bvsalud.org)
- Due to the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into cells that are found throughout the body, there is a great interest in using stem cells for the regeneration of injured tissues as well as to develop tissue-engineered implants and bio-hybrid organs, in order to restore tissue function. (bvsalud.org)
Mice7
- The findings are a significant advance in the understanding of the liver regeneration process, which is unique among the organs of humans, mice, and other mammals. (nyu.edu)
- To determine the relevance of NK cells to the TCDD-mediated suppression of liver regeneration, mice were treated with an α-asialo-GM-1 antibody to deplete NK cells prior to TCDD administration and PH. (boisestate.edu)
- Depletion of NK cells did not restore hepatocyte proliferation in TCDD-treated mice, indicating that NK cells are not required for the attenuation of liver regeneration by TCDD. (boisestate.edu)
- Activation of human CAR mitigates SFSS in humanized CAR mice and improves the culture of human liver slices. (unica.it)
- At this time point, the mutant mice showed lowered blood glucose levels with enhanced accumulation of glycogen in the liver. (elsevierpure.com)
- Comparing with ahnak wild type mice, liver mass restoration in ahnak knock-out mice was accelerated, which was associated with increased expression levels in immediate early gene c-myc, c-fos, c-jun. (snu.ac.kr)
- The collected exosomes or MSCs were injected intravenously into liver injury mice that had been prepared by the intravenous con-A injection. (biomedcentral.com)
20221
- Introduction: About 41,260 new cases (28,600 in men and 12,660 in women) over liver cancer will be diagnosed in 2022 according to the American Cancer Society website. (surgicalresearch.org)
Metabolic4
- FXR, and possibly other nuclear receptors, may promote homeostasis not only by regulating expression of appropriate metabolic target genes but also by driving homeotrophic liver growth. (nih.gov)
- This review provides an overview of the data in support of a metabolic model of liver regeneration and reflects on the clinical implications and areas for further study suggested by these findings. (wustl.edu)
- Huang, J & Rudnick, DA 2014, ' Elucidating the metabolic regulation of liver regeneration ', American Journal of Pathology , vol. 184, no. 2, pp. 309-321. (wustl.edu)
- Philipp Kaldis is a professor in "Metabolic disorders and liver disease" at the Department of Clinical Sciences and a vice-coordinator of the Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), where he contributes to the leadership of the centre. (lu.se)
Normal liver1
- Here, we identify a role for nuclear receptor-dependent bile acid signaling in normal liver regeneration. (nih.gov)
20231
- Physical Regeneration Alchemy is one of the most powerful programs Judy has channeled to date, and will be live in the Library as of 15th June 2023! (ascensionlibrary.org)
Genes8
- During this portion, hundreds of genes are activated and prepare the liver for regeneration. (wikipedia.org)
- The result is that when these marks are taken away from their normal role, the genes they usually repress are activated early and are sustained during the regenerative response to the surgical removal of part of the liver. (nyu.edu)
- They found when they removed part of the liver, the remaining lobes responded more readily by activating pro-regenerative genes activated earlier, and this regeneration program stayed active longer, resulting in enhanced liver regeneration. (nyu.edu)
- When this mark is redistributed, it is removed from its role in repressing genes that promote liver regeneration. (nyu.edu)
- Transcripts of several known regulators of inflammation, cell cycle and cell signaling, including some known PHx-induced genes, were aberrantly expressed (mainly down-regulated) in Gal1-KO compared to control livers at 2, 6 and 24 hours post-PHx. (oncotarget.com)
- Transient steatosis, which is imperative for liver regeneration following PHx, was significantly delayed and decreased in the Gal1-KO compared to the control liver and was accompanied by a significantly decreased expression in the mutant liver of several genes encoding lipid metabolism regulators. (oncotarget.com)
- Liver regeneration (LR) is a complex process influenced by various genes and pathways, the majority of the of research on LR focus on the initiation and proliferation phase while studies on termination phase is lacking. (jomh.org)
- We aimed to identify potential genes and reveal the underlying the molecular mechanisms involved in the precise regulation of liver size during the termination phase of LR. (jomh.org)
Partial2
- The liver can regenerate after partial surgical removal or chemical injury. (wikipedia.org)
- Experimental pathology of liver: restora-tion of liver of white rat following partial surgical removal. (jomh.org)
Stimulate liver regeneration2
- For the first time, research led by Associate Professor Duc Dong, Ph.D., demonstrated that a drug can stimulate liver regeneration in Alagille syndrome . (justcarehealth.com)
- Nevertheless, the most proximal events that stimulate liver regeneration and the distal signals that terminate this process remain incompletely understood. (wustl.edu)
Hepatology1
- The Columbia University Digestive and Liver Diseases Research Center (CU-DLDRC) promotes collaborative and multidisciplinary research in digestive and liver diseases, integrating expertise in clinical and basic gastroenterology and hepatology with state-of-the-art computational bioinformatics. (dldrc.org)
Transplantation6
- 13 ] investigated the use of CT texture analysis in liver regeneration prediction and found that texture analysis can be useful in predicting the liver regeneration rate in patients with liver transplantation. (hindawi.com)
- Journal Article] Transplantation of Thy1+ cells accelerates liver regeneration by enhancing the growth of small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells via IL17RB signaling. (nii.ac.jp)
- Considering the advantage of exosomes as its non-living nature and dosing adjustability over MSC, exosome will be one alternative of MSC transplantation. (biomedcentral.com)
- [ 4 ] Doppler ultrasonography plays an important role in the postoperative management of liver transplantation. (medscape.com)
- Lee et al retrospectively enrolled 75 patients who had undergone liver transpalantation and found that although MDCT in the late period should be interpreted with caution in patients with suspected biliary complication, MDCT is a reliable diagnostic technique for the identification of early and late abdominal complications after liver transplantation. (medscape.com)
- Many patients are not candidates given the advanced stage of their cancer at diagnosis or their degree of liver disease and, ideally, could be cured by liver transplantation . (medscape.com)
Inflammation4
- However, more severe cases can lead to inflammation that damages the liver, resulting in serious liver disease and, sometimes, liver failure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Hepatitis means liver inflammation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Background Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to reduce chronic inflammation and risk of many cancers, but their effect on risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and death due to chronic liver disease (CLD) has not been investigated. (medscape.com)
- In general, chronic inflammation is associated with persistent cell damage and consecutive regeneration, potentially leading to changes such as fibrosis and cirrhosis and eventual hepatocellular carcinoma. (medscape.com)
Metabolism4
- The liver performs vital functions, including chemical detoxification, blood protein production, bile excretion, and regulation of energy metabolism. (medicalxpress.com)
- Senior investigators with a strong record of excellence in epithelial biology, regeneration and metabolism lead a highly interactive group of investigators studying intestinal and liver epithelial cell and stem cell biology, regeneration as well as lipid metabolism. (dldrc.org)
- In this model, CYP450 metabolism of DZN to the oxon and detoxification to 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMHP) are both mediated by CYP450s in the liver. (cdc.gov)
- He is currently studying changes in metabolism, especially in the context of fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetes. (lu.se)
Findings6
- These findings, reported today in Science , could help scientists answer important questions about liver maintenance, liver damage (such as from fatty liver or alcoholic liver disease), and liver cancer. (medicalxpress.com)
- In this review, we focus on the recent findings of liver regeneration, especially on those related to stem/progenitor cells (SPCs)-mediated regeneration and their potential clinical applications and challenges. (ijbs.com)
- Our findings place deficient regeneration as a principal cause behind the SFSS and suggest CAR agonists may bear clinical potential against liver failure. (unica.it)
- In conclusion, these findings provide evidence for roles of HIF-1α in the regulation of gluconeogenesis under liver regeneration. (elsevierpure.com)
- These findings indicated that the combination of exogenous SAM with AO inhibitors, such as HYD, has beneficial effects for improving fatty liver with NAM. (elsevierpure.com)
- Histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings in the livers of neotropical nonhuman primates that died of yellow fever, Espirito Santo, Brazil, January 2017. (cdc.gov)
Growth and regeneration1
- Moreover, this results in poor liver duct growth and regeneration. (justcarehealth.com)
Cirrhosis7
- Histological changes observed in the NL included complete regeneration in 68%, incomplete regeneration with obvious fibrous sequelae in 14% and severe liver fibrosis or cirrhosis in 18%, of the 22 patients studied. (erowid.org)
- Various injuries and diseases - such as cirrhosis and hepatitis - can cause liver problems. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In contrast, cirrhosis, which is a more severe type of liver disease, can significantly shorten life expectancy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Phospholipids are widely used in medical practice for liver diseases: viral hepatitis and cirrhosis, toxic and medicinal lesions of the liver, fatty degeneration. (pharmocean.ru)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver and occurs predominantly in patients with underlying chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. (medscape.com)
- Whereas in the past, HCC generally presented at an advanced stage with right-upper-quadrant pain, weight loss, and signs of decompensated liver disease, it is now increasingly recognized at a much earlier stage as a consequence of the routine screening of patients with known cirrhosis , using cross-sectional imaging studies and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) measurements. (medscape.com)
- There is also a growing problem with cirrhosis, which develops in the setting of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (medscape.com)
Processes7
- These processes occur outside of the hepatocyte and prime the liver for regeneration. (wikipedia.org)
- Healing and regeneration are processes of positive change, within a responsive and dynamic system. (daretolive.org.uk)
- Taking the food Salmonid fishes liver nutritional product , you help the liver cope with the daily load and help in speeding up the recovery processes in damaged cells. (pharmocean.ru)
- The molecular processes underlying liver failure are ill-understood. (unica.it)
- Hydrolysis of the oxon via A-EST occurs in the liver and blood and interactions with target B-EST (acetyl, butyryl- and carboxyl-) were modeled as second order processes occurring in the liver, blood, diaphragm and brain. (cdc.gov)
- We are focused on characterizing regeneration processes using a simple approach. (lu.se)
- There are a lot of incredible sequencing technologies now that have let us characterize the regeneration processes at a level that we couldn't have imagined just 10 years ago. (lu.se)
Resection3
- This type of surgery is relevant to humans, as it is used in resection of liver tumors and the regenerative response is essential for the liver to respond to damage. (nyu.edu)
- A model resecting approximately 60% of the liver by weight in cynomolgus monkeys is valuable in evaluating potential therapies that encourage natural regrowth of the liver post resection in human patients. (surgicalresearch.org)
- Background & Aims Liver can recover following resection. (unica.it)
Progenitor Cells2
Process of regeneration2
- The process of regeneration in mammals is mainly compensatory growth because while the lost mass of the liver is replaced, it does not regain its original shape. (wikipedia.org)
- This allows us to do a full circle experiment where we characterize, perturb the system, and then can characterize the perturbation, leading to a nuanced view of the process of regeneration and its requirements. (lu.se)
Transplant6
- Many liver transplant patients require their transplant because of acetaminophen overdose. (wikipedia.org)
- For the same reason, if a person needs a liver transplant , a living donor only needs to donate part of this organ. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Although dialysis can support a failing liver, a person usually needs a transplant. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The patients frequently require a liver transplant, but donor's livers are limited, and not all children qualify. (justcarehealth.com)
- In 2018, 8,250 patients received a liver transplant and 12,975 patients were on the waiting list for a liver transplant. (medscape.com)
- As of June 30, 2017, nearly 83,925 liver transplant recepients were living with a functioning liver graft. (medscape.com)
Detoxification1
- The roles of the liver include detoxification, protein synthesis, and the production of chemicals that help digest food. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Analyzed by flow cytometry1
- Lymphocytes were collected from the spleen and remnant liver and analyzed by flow cytometry. (boisestate.edu)
Town centre2
- Regeneration schemes for Torquay will focus on the town centre but also include a new rail station at Edginswell, near Torbay Hospital. (devonlive.com)
- Cabinet member Christine Carter said the bid was "another step closer to the regeneration of Paignton town centre. (devonlive.com)
20191
- See also the 2019 American Association for the Study of Liver Disease's practice guidelines for Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease . (msdmanuals.com)
Injury11
- Acute liver disease presents more suddenly, usually due to an injury such as poisoning or an infection such as viral hepatitis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- as well as mechanisms of regeneration following injury and the interplay and roles of different cell types in this setting. (dldrc.org)
- Zebrafish fin regeneration involves generic and regeneration-specific osteoblast injury responses. (uni-ulm.de)
- This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes on an immune-induced liver injury model. (biomedcentral.com)
- This research is undertaken to evaluate the effect of MSC-derived exosome on concanavalin-A (con-A)-induced liver injury. (biomedcentral.com)
- Suppression of con-A-induced liver injury by injection of exosomes was observed as same extent as MSC. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this study, we investigated the suppressive effect of exosomes on an immune-induced liver injury model. (biomedcentral.com)
- The liver injury was induced by injection of concanavalin A (con-A), a lectin derived from jack beans. (biomedcentral.com)
- This type of liver injury is mediated through activation of the adaptive immune system including natural killer and Kupffer cells, which is employed as a method to evaluate the induction liver tolerance [ 19 - 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The suppressive effects of MSC-derived exosomes and the MSCs in this injury model were evaluated by the level of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), histopathological examinations, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and the population alteration of regulatory T cells (Treg) among non-parenchymal liver cells (NPCs). (biomedcentral.com)
- Shukla V, Cuenin C, Dubey N, Herceg Z. (2011) Loss of histone acetyltransferase cofactor transformation/transcription domain-associated protein impairs liver regeneration after toxic injury. (who.int)
Stem cell2
- New mRNA stem cell therapy, akin to COVID-19 vaccine tech, shows potential against chronic and acute liver diseases. (medindia.net)
- and stem cell regeneration. (lu.se)
Diseases4
- Factors that increase the probability liver diseases are developed include but are not limited to obesity, type 2 diabetes, tattoos or body piercings, the injection of drugs using shared needles, exposure to other people's blood and body fluids, unprotected sex, and exposure to chemicals and toxins. (wikipedia.org)
- Non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease is one of the most common liver diseases. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In chronic diseases, at some point the liver can suddenly stop functioning. (lisym.org)
- Artificial intelligence models for the diagnosis and management of liver diseases. (cdc.gov)
Vivo1
- Our results indicate that ahnak is an important role in the liver regeneration in vivo. (snu.ac.kr)
Regenerate7
- The liver is the only visceral organ with the capacity to regenerate. (wikipedia.org)
- As little as 51% of the original liver mass is required for the organ to regenerate back to full size. (wikipedia.org)
- So it makes sense that cells in zone 2, which are sheltered from toxic injuries affecting either end of the lobule, would be in a prime position to regenerate the liver. (medicalxpress.com)
- The liver is the only solid organ that can regenerate itself in mammals, but what confers this special property to the liver has not been uncovered, despite decades of research. (nyu.edu)
- In a recent study published in the journal Developmental Cell , NYU Abu Dhabi researchers have reported a new way in which the liver is primed to regenerate itself. (nyu.edu)
- It will be exciting to explore whether drugs that can modify the epigenome have the potential to induce epigenetic compensation and increase the liver's ability to regenerate in cases of liver disease or failure. (nyu.edu)
- The liver is the only visceral organ that can regenerate. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Important role in evaluatin1
- Of these imaging modalities, the volumetric CT plays an important role in evaluating the liver volume as it has good reconstructive ability [ 13 , 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Disease17
- Scarring in the liver is very dangerous and can lead to further complications and liver disease. (wikipedia.org)
- These cells destroy disease-causing viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms that might enter the liver through the gut. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In liver failure and liver disease, excess bilirubin accumulates, which can cause a yellowing of the skin known as jaundice . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- When a person has liver disease, the body may struggle to digest and absorb certain nutrients. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Liver disease can be acute, which means that signs and symptoms appear within 4 weeks of onset, or it can become chronic, meaning a long-term illness. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Chronic liver disease means that symptoms appear more gradually, often over months or years. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Both types of disease can cause liver failure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Chronic liver disease often responds well to treatment or lifestyle changes, especially in the early stages when people have minimal symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Similar to fatty liver disease, acute fatty liver of pregnancy causes a fat buildup in the liver during pregnancy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- We unite investigators with interests in digestive, liver, and pancreatic physiology and disease in the exploration of creative experimental approaches. (dldrc.org)
- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which has been rapidly increasing in the world in recent years, is roughly classified into nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (elsevierpure.com)
- [ 3 ] . An increasing number of orthotopic and living-donor liver transplantations are being performed to salvage patients with otherwise incurable end-stage liver disease (ESLD). (medscape.com)
- This work will help to provide a better understanding of liver disease & diabetes and open new avenues for therapeutic approaches. (lu.se)
- There appears to be a threshold effect above which the amount and duration of alcohol use increases the risk of the development of liver disease. (msdmanuals.com)
- Binge drinking may also increase alcohol-related liver disease. (msdmanuals.com)
- The incidence of HCC is highest in Asia and Africa, where the endemic high prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C strongly predisposes to the development of chronic liver disease and subsequent development of HCC. (medscape.com)
- Almost all HCCs occur in persons with preexisting chronic liver disease (CLD). (medscape.com)
Clinical4
- A postoperative, both clinical and histological follow-up of more than 3 weeks was obtained in 22 patients, enabling us to look for indicators predictive of NL regeneration and outcome. (erowid.org)
- LiSyM, is a multidisciplinary research network, in which molecular and cell biologists, clinical researchers, pharmacologists and experts in mathematical modeling examine the liver in its entirety. (lisym.org)
- Liver regeneration-mechanisms and models to clinical application. (jomh.org)
- Transjugular portography demonstrates extensive portal vein thrombus in the whole-liver allograft of a 40-year-old woman whose clinical condition rapidly deteriorated on postoperative day 39. (medscape.com)
Cause liver1
- Acetaminophen, found in many over-the-counter medications, is the most common drug that can cause liver damage if taken incorrectly. (wikipedia.org)
Patients5
- In otherwise healthy patients, the liver is capable of regenerating up to half its mass in 30 days. (wikipedia.org)
- The cause of FHF was hepatitis A virus (HAV) in 4 patients, hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 7, paracetamol overdose in 5, ecstasy in 2, hepatotoxic drugs in 4, autoimmune hepatitis in 2, liver lesions of preeclampsia in 1 and unknown in 5. (erowid.org)
- Complete NL regeneration was observed in 15 patients, out of whom 14 were younger than 40 years. (erowid.org)
- The drug is currently being tested on miniature livers cultured in the lab with stem cells derived from patients' cells. (justcarehealth.com)
- This is the leading cause of death in liver patients and is often provoked by the use of transcription or freely available drugs or alcohol abuse. (lisym.org)
NAFLD1
- Liver Systems Medicine : striving to develop non-invasive methods for diagnosing and treating NAFLD by combining mathematical modeling and biological research. (lisym.org)
Regenerative ability1
- These parameters were calculated from three-dimensional structure of the liver, and the three-dimensional distribution of regenerative ability in the model was obtained, Regeneration of the liver was then simulated three dimensionally based on the distribution. (elsevierpure.com)
Occurs1
- Regeneration occurs in connection with baptism (Titus 3:5). (bibledoctrines.org)
Bile acids2
- Bile acids are important liver products, and their levels are tightly regulated. (nih.gov)
- The liver of salmonids is a source of valuable bile acids (ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic), which help dissolve cholesterol gallstones, reduce the amount of cholesterol, and quantitatively and qualitatively change the composition of bile. (pharmocean.ru)
Remnant liver3
- The future remnant liver was semiautomatically segmented, and the volume of future remnant liver on preoperative CT (LV pre ) and the volume of remnant liver on following-up CT (LV fu ) were measured. (hindawi.com)
- At present, multiple imaging modalities have been explored to measure the volume of remnant liver, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound [ 4 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Hepatocyte proliferation in the remnant liver was measured based on the incorporation of a thymidine analog, bromodeoxyuridine. (boisestate.edu)
Decreased functional1
- We propose that FXR activation by increased bile acid flux is a signal of decreased functional capacity of the liver. (nih.gov)
Negatively2
- Based on reports that liver regeneration is negatively regulated by interferon (IFN)-γ produced by activated natural killer (NK) cells, along with the well-established immunotoxic effects of TCDD in other model systems, we hypothesized that TCDD treatment attenuates liver regeneration by enhancing NK cell activation and IFN-γ production in the regenerating liver. (boisestate.edu)
- NF-κB signaling negatively regulates osteoblast dedifferentiation during zebrafish bone regeneration. (uni-ulm.de)
Role3
- These two factors play a major role in liver regeneration. (wikipedia.org)
- LSPCs in the developing liver have been extensively characterized, however, their contributing role to liver regeneration has not been completely understood. (ijbs.com)
- However still, there is no report on the role of ahnak during liver regeneration. (snu.ac.kr)
MRNA1
- Liver and serum samples were collected 24 h later to evaluate the macro- and microscopic images, the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanism2
Cell proliferation1
- We have previously demonstrated the capacity of exogenous VEGF165 to stimulate liver cell proliferation following PHx. (biu.ac.il)
Donor1
- The remaining portions of the liver then regrow in both the donor and the recipient. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Mechanisms2
- The regenerative capability of liver is well known, and the mechanisms that regulate liver regeneration are extensively studied. (wustl.edu)
- Zebrafish Fin: Complex Molecular Interactions and Cellular Mechanisms Guiding Regeneration. (uni-ulm.de)
Regrowth1
- Elevated bile acid levels accelerate regeneration, and decreased levels inhibit liver regrowth, as does the absence of the primary nuclear bile acid receptor FXR. (nih.gov)
Bone3
- CD44 and HAP-Conjugated hADSCs as Living Materials for Targeted Tumor Therapy and Bone Regeneration. (stembook.org)
- The liver or bone marrow stores iron released from hemoglobin, which makes the next generation of blood cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- These cells have been studied for the treatment of periodontitis, bone repair, regeneration of the pulp after necrosis as well as the development of new teeth. (bvsalud.org)
Protects2
- This helps hold the liver in place and protects it from physical damage. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Protects and restores liver cells. (pharmocean.ru)
Spleen2
- However, contrary to our hypothesis, exposure to TCDD had no effect on the number of lymphocytes in the spleen or liver after PH, nor did it increase IFN-γ+ production by lymphocytes in the regenerating liver. (boisestate.edu)
- Liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and lung samples were collected and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for routine histopathology and in liquid nitrogen for RNA real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR. (cdc.gov)